1
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Mofokeng NN, Madikizela LM, Tiggelman I, Sanganyado E, Chimuka L. Suspect screening of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in paper by selective and non-selective extraction with UHPLC-Q orbitrap MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142904. [PMID: 39033859 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Non-targeted analysis and suspect screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various matrices have gained traction with advancements in accurate mass analytical instruments. This study employed ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry for PFAS suspect screening of paper grades used in the paper recycling chain. The samples were prepared using two extraction techniques; selective accelerated solvent extraction with weak anionic exchange solid-phase extraction and non-selective ultrasonic-assisted extraction. A suspect screening protocol was established to tentatively identify suspected PFAS against spectral databases using a systematic approach of peak filtering and study-specific thresholds for reporting, linked to a confidence level. The possible prevalence of previously unreported PFAS in several paper materials across the various collection sites in the paper recycling chain was inferred by the common detection of short-chain polyfluoroalkyl ketones and diketones in the paper recycling chain. The suspect screening tentatively identified 41 unique PFAS, with 3 common to both pre-treatment techniques. The detection of unique PFAS by the two sample pre-treatment techniques highlighted the significance of both selective and non-selective extraction in PFAS screening endeavours. Further, it showed the importance of understanding the acquisition mechanisms employed in mass spectrometry where data-dependent acquisition triggered fragmentation in certain identified compounds, and not in others. The tentatively identified PFAS indicated that there were several previously unreported PFAS in the paper recycling chain and that additional studies were required to investigate their abundance, possible persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, in relation to their functional groups and carbon chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nondumiso N Mofokeng
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa; Mpact Innovation, Research & Development, Devon Valley Road, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Lawrence M Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 28 Pioneer Ave, Roodepoort, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa
| | - Ineke Tiggelman
- Mpact Innovation, Research & Development, Devon Valley Road, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa
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2
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Dudášová S, Wurz J, Berger U, Reemtsma T, Fu Q, Lechtenfeld OJ. An automated and high-throughput data processing workflow for PFAS identification in biota by direct infusion ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4833-4848. [PMID: 39090266 PMCID: PMC11330400 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The increasing recognition of the health impacts from human exposure to per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) has surged the need for sophisticated analytical techniques and advanced data analyses, especially for assessing exposure by food of animal origin. Despite the existence of nearly 15,000 PFAS listed in the CompTox chemicals dashboard by the US Environmental Protection Agency, conventional monitoring and suspect screening methods often fall short, covering only a fraction of these substances. This study introduces an innovative automated data processing workflow, named PFlow, for identifying PFAS in environmental samples using direct infusion Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (DI-FT-ICR MS). PFlow's validation on a bream liver sample, representative of low-concentration biota, involves data pre-processing, annotation of PFAS based on their precursor masses, and verification through isotopologues. Notably, PFlow annotated 17 PFAS absent in the comprehensive targeted approach and tentatively identified an additional 53 compounds, thereby demonstrating its efficiency in enhancing PFAS detection coverage. From an initial dataset of 30,332 distinct m/z values, PFlow thoroughly narrowed down the candidates to 84 potential PFAS compounds, utilizing precise mass measurements and chemical logic criteria, underscoring its potential in advancing our understanding of PFAS prevalence and of human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dudášová
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johann Wurz
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolism, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Oliver J Lechtenfeld
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
- ProVIS - Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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3
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Murcia-Morales M, Díaz-Galiano FJ, Valderrama-Conca C, Van der Steen JJM, Fernández-Alba AR. One sampler to see it all: The use of APIStrips for beehive characterization and pesticide residue evaluation based on mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143151. [PMID: 39178964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Environmental monitoring is crucial for assessing the overall state of the ecosystems in terms of contaminant impact and chemical landscape. The use of honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies considerably eases the sampling activities, as honey bees are exposed to a wide range of substances that are transported and accumulated within the beehives. In this work, combining low-resolution and high-resolution mass spectrometry, the APIStrip passive sampler has been employed to evaluate the presence of pesticide residues and the overall characterization of beehive environments. A total of 180 APIStrips have been deployed in 10 Danish apiaries, located in different landscapes, during a five-month sampling period. The targeted methodology for pesticide analysis was based on gas and liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, covering 430 pesticide residues. A total of 29 pesticide residues were identified (fluopyram and azoxystrobin being the most frequently detected), with remarkable differences in the pesticide load between apiaries. For its part, the use of non-targeted approaches through liquid chromatography coupled with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer allowed the detection of unknown compounds that were specific of certain environments. Natural products such as eupatilin and gnaphaliin, which are derived from plant sources, were present exclusively in one of the apiaries. Additionally, the detection of drimane sesquiterpenoids, including compounds potentially originating from the Aspergillus genus, suggests the capability of APIStrips to early detect fungal contamination within beehives. This dual approach of low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry maximizes the analytical potential of APIStrips as a tool capable of detecting a wide range of substances with implications for both agricultural practices and ecological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Murcia-Morales
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco José Díaz-Galiano
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - Cristian Valderrama-Conca
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- University of Almería, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
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4
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Pasecnaja E, Bartkevics V, Zacs D. Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl compounds in commercially available baby food produced in different European countries - levels, dietary intake, and exposure assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024:143074. [PMID: 39151581 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in commercial baby food products from various European countries was investigated in this study. A total of 96 samples were collected and analyzed to assess PFASs levels, composition profiles, and potential dietary intake among infants. The results indicated detectable levels of PFASs in the sampled baby food products, with carboxylic acid prevalence over sulfonic acids. Among the various baby food groups studied, dry cereals exhibited the highest PFASs concentrations. This finding emphasizes the need for further monitoring and investigation of PFASs contamination in this specific food category. While the concentrations detected were generally low, they indicated the widespread presence of PFASs in various types of baby food. Furthermore, a preliminary exposure assessment was conducted on the basis of the measured PFASs concentrations, providing an initial insight into the potential exposure levels among infants from three months to three years old. Calculations based on two scenario types revealed the best-case scenario likely underestimating actual exposure, while the worst-case scenario occasionally exceeded the limits set by the governmental institutions. Further research is needed to understand the sources, pathways, and potential health effects of PFASs exposure in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pasecnaja
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia; University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - V Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia; University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - D Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes iela 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
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5
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Begum S, Prince N, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Chen Y, Soeteman DI, Fangal V, Huang M, Wheelock C, Mendez K, Litonjua AA, Weiss ST, Lasky-Su J, Kelly RS. Pregnancy complications and birth outcomes following low-level exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the vitamin D antenatal asthma reduction trial. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. ADVANCES 2024:d4va00001c. [PMID: 39156222 PMCID: PMC11328948 DOI: 10.1039/d4va00001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic, highly fluorinated aliphatic compounds, commonly utilised in a wide variety of consumer products with diverse applications. Since the genesis of these compounds, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated adverse health effects associated with PFAS exposure. In a racially diverse cohort of 459 pregnant mothers, demographically weighted towards minority representation (black 44.4%, white 38.4%, other 17.2%), across three major populous cities of the US, PFAS profiling was performed. Nine distinct PFAS species were quantified using mass spectrometry in plasma samples collected during the third trimester. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted to interrogate the associations of PFAS with gestational and birth outcomes: gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, gestational age at delivery, low birth weight, birth weight-, birth length- and head circumference-for-gestational-age. Detectable levels for eight out of nine profiled PFAS species were found in the plasma of pregnant mothers with a median range of 0.1-2.70 ng ml-1. Using a mixtures approach, we observe that increased quantile-based g-computation (Qg-comp) "total" PFAS levels were associated with increased newborn birth-weight-for-gestational-age (β 1.28; 95% CI 1.07-1.52; FDR p 0.006). In study centre-stratified analyses, we observed a similar trend in Boston pregnant mothers, with Qg-comp total PFAS associated with higher newborn birth-weight-for-gestational-age (β 1.39; 95% CI 1.01-1.92, FDR p 0.05). We additionally found elevated PFUA concentrations were associated with longer gestational terms in San Diego pregnant mothers (β 0.60; 95% CI 0.18-1.02, FDR p 0.05). In this multi-city study, we detected lower levels of PFAS than in many previous US environmental studies, concordant with current US trends indicating environmental PFAS levels are falling, and we note geographical variation in the associations between PFAS levels and birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofina Begum
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 181 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA +1 (617) 525-0065
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London London UK
| | - Nicole Prince
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 181 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA +1 (617) 525-0065
| | - Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 181 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA +1 (617) 525-0065
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA USA
| | - Yulu Chen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 181 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA +1 (617) 525-0065
| | - Djøra I Soeteman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 181 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA +1 (617) 525-0065
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health Boston MA USA
| | - Vrushali Fangal
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 181 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA +1 (617) 525-0065
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Mengna Huang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 181 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA +1 (617) 525-0065
| | - Craig Wheelock
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | - Kevin Mendez
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 181 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA +1 (617) 525-0065
| | - Augusto A Litonjua
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester NY USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 181 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA +1 (617) 525-0065
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 181 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA +1 (617) 525-0065
| | - Rachel S Kelly
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School 181 Longwood Avenue Boston MA 02115 USA +1 (617) 525-0065
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6
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Qian M, Zhang Y, Bian Y, Feng XS, Zhang ZB. Nitrophenols in the environment: An update on pretreatment and analysis techniques since 2017. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 281:116611. [PMID: 38909393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Nitrophenols, a versatile intermediate, have been widely used in leather, medicine, chemical synthesis, and other fields. Because these components are widely applied, they can enter the environment through various routes, leading to many hazards and toxicities. There has been a recent surge in the development of simple, rapid, environmentally friendly, and effective techniques for determining these environmental pollutants. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research progress on the pretreatment and analysis methods of nitrophenols since 2017, with a focus on environmental samples. Pretreatment methods include liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, dispersive extraction, and microextraction methods. Analysis methods mainly include liquid chromatography-based methods, gas chromatography-based methods, supercritical fluid chromatography. In addition, this review also discusses and compares the advantages/disadvantages and development prospects of different pretreatment and analysis methods to provide a reference for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yu Bian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Zhong-Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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7
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López A, Fuentes-Ferragud E, Mora MJ, Blasco-Ferre J, Barber G, Lopez-Labrador FX, Camaró M, Coscollà C. Air quality of health facilities in Spain. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142615. [PMID: 38880262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The present study examines indoor air pollution in health facilities, focusing on compounds from various sources, such as industrial products, healthcare activities and building materials. It assesses chemical and microbiological concentrations in two public hospitals, two public healthcare centres, and one public health laboratory in Spain. Measurements included indoor air quality, microbiological contaminants, ambient parameters and non-target analysis across ten different locations. Outdoor air quality was also assessed in the surroundings of the hospitals. The results showed that around 350 substances were tentatively identified at a high confidence level, with over 50 % of compounds classified as of high toxicological risk. Three indoor and 26 outdoor compounds were fully confirmed with standards. These confirmed substances were linked to medical, industrial and agricultural activities. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) results revealed that CO, CO2, formaldehyde (HCHO), O3 and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) showed average values above the recommended guideline levels in at least one of the evaluated locations. Moreover, maximum concentrations detected for CO, HCHO, O3 and TVOCs in hospitals surpassed those previously reported in the literature. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in three air environments, corresponding to COVID-19 patient areas. Fungi and bacteria concentrations were acceptable in all assessed locations, identifying different fungi genera, such as Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and Botrytis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio López
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencia Region, FISABIO-Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Esther Fuentes-Ferragud
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencia Region, FISABIO-Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, S/N, Avenida Sos Baynat, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - María José Mora
- Foundation for the Promotion of the Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Xativa/Ontinyent Department, 21, Ctra. Xàtiva-Silla, km. 2, Xàtiva, 46800, Valencia, Spain; Foundation for the Promotion of the Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Alcoy Departament, Polígono Caramanxell, s/n. 03804 Alcoy, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jordi Blasco-Ferre
- Foundation for the Promotion of the Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Xativa/Ontinyent Department, 21, Ctra. Xàtiva-Silla, km. 2, Xàtiva, 46800, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gema Barber
- Foundation for the Promotion of the Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Xativa/Ontinyent Department, 21, Ctra. Xàtiva-Silla, km. 2, Xàtiva, 46800, Valencia, Spain
| | - F Xavier Lopez-Labrador
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencia Region, FISABIO-Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Microbiology Department, University of Valencia Medical School, 13, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 46010, Valencia, Spain; CIBERESP, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Institute of Health Carlos III), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Camaró
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Coscollà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencia Region, FISABIO-Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020, Valencia, Spain
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8
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Cioni L, Nikiforov V, Benskin JP, Coêlho ACM, Dudášová S, Lauria MZ, Lechtenfeld OJ, Plassmann MM, Reemtsma T, Sandanger TM, Herzke D. Combining Advanced Analytical Methodologies to Uncover Suspect PFAS and Fluorinated Pharmaceutical Contributions to Extractable Organic Fluorine in Human Serum (Tromsø Study). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12943-12953. [PMID: 38985529 PMCID: PMC11271008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
A growing number of studies have reported that routinely monitored per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are not sufficient to explain the extractable organic fluorine (EOF) measured in human blood. In this study, we address this gap by screening pooled human serum collected over 3 decades (1986-2015) in Tromsø (Norway) for >5000 PFAS and >300 fluorinated pharmaceuticals. We combined multiple analytical techniques (direct infusion Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-high-resolution mass spectrometry, and total oxidizable precursors assay) in a three-step suspect screening process which aimed at unequivocal suspect identification. This approach uncovered the presence of one PFAS and eight fluorinated pharmaceuticals (including some metabolites) in human serum. While the PFAS suspect only accounted for 2-4% of the EOF, fluorinated pharmaceuticals accounted for 0-63% of the EOF, and their contribution increased in recent years. Although fluorinated pharmaceuticals often contain only 1-3 fluorine atoms, our results indicate that they can contribute significantly to the EOF. Indeed, the contribution from fluorinated pharmaceuticals allowed us to close the organofluorine mass balance in pooled serum from 2015, indicating a good understanding of organofluorine compounds in humans. However, a portion of the EOF in human serum from 1986 and 2007 still remained unexplained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cioni
- NILU,
Fram Centre, Tromsø NO-9296, Norway
- Department
of Community Medicine, UiT—the Arctic
University of Norway, Tromsø NO-9037, Norway
| | | | - Jonathan P. Benskin
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | | | - Silvia Dudášová
- Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Leipzig DE-04103, Germany
| | - Melanie Z. Lauria
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | | | - Merle M. Plassmann
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Leipzig DE-04103, Germany
| | - Torkjel M. Sandanger
- NILU,
Fram Centre, Tromsø NO-9296, Norway
- Department
of Community Medicine, UiT—the Arctic
University of Norway, Tromsø NO-9037, Norway
| | - Dorte Herzke
- NILU,
Fram Centre, Tromsø NO-9296, Norway
- Norwegian
Institute for Public Health, Oslo NO-0213, Norway
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9
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Lai Y, Koelmel JP, Walker DI, Price EJ, Papazian S, Manz KE, Castilla-Fernández D, Bowden JA, Nikiforov V, David A, Bessonneau V, Amer B, Seethapathy S, Hu X, Lin EZ, Jbebli A, McNeil BR, Barupal D, Cerasa M, Xie H, Kalia V, Nandakumar R, Singh R, Tian Z, Gao P, Zhao Y, Froment J, Rostkowski P, Dubey S, Coufalíková K, Seličová H, Hecht H, Liu S, Udhani HH, Restituito S, Tchou-Wong KM, Lu K, Martin JW, Warth B, Godri Pollitt KJ, Klánová J, Fiehn O, Metz TO, Pennell KD, Jones DP, Miller GW. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Human Exposomics: Expanding Chemical Space Coverage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12784-12822. [PMID: 38984754 PMCID: PMC11271014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
In the modern "omics" era, measurement of the human exposome is a critical missing link between genetic drivers and disease outcomes. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), routinely used in proteomics and metabolomics, has emerged as a leading technology to broadly profile chemical exposure agents and related biomolecules for accurate mass measurement, high sensitivity, rapid data acquisition, and increased resolution of chemical space. Non-targeted approaches are increasingly accessible, supporting a shift from conventional hypothesis-driven, quantitation-centric targeted analyses toward data-driven, hypothesis-generating chemical exposome-wide profiling. However, HRMS-based exposomics encounters unique challenges. New analytical and computational infrastructures are needed to expand the analysis coverage through streamlined, scalable, and harmonized workflows and data pipelines that permit longitudinal chemical exposome tracking, retrospective validation, and multi-omics integration for meaningful health-oriented inferences. In this article, we survey the literature on state-of-the-art HRMS-based technologies, review current analytical workflows and informatic pipelines, and provide an up-to-date reference on exposomic approaches for chemists, toxicologists, epidemiologists, care providers, and stakeholders in health sciences and medicine. We propose efforts to benchmark fit-for-purpose platforms for expanding coverage of chemical space, including gas/liquid chromatography-HRMS (GC-HRMS and LC-HRMS), and discuss opportunities, challenges, and strategies to advance the burgeoning field of the exposome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Lai
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Jeremy P. Koelmel
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School
of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Elliott J. Price
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Papazian
- Department
of Environmental Science, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- National
Facility for Exposomics, Metabolomics Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Katherine E. Manz
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Delia Castilla-Fernández
- Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - John A. Bowden
- Center for
Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences,
College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | | | - Arthur David
- Univ Rennes,
Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement
et travail) − UMR_S, 1085 Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Bessonneau
- Univ Rennes,
Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement
et travail) − UMR_S, 1085 Rennes, France
| | - Bashar Amer
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | | | - Xin Hu
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Elizabeth Z. Lin
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School
of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Akrem Jbebli
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Brooklynn R. McNeil
- Biomarkers
Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Dinesh Barupal
- Department
of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Marina Cerasa
- Institute
of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Italian National Research Council, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Hongyu Xie
- Department
of Environmental Science, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vrinda Kalia
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Renu Nandakumar
- Biomarkers
Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Randolph Singh
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peng Gao
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, and Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- UPMC Hillman
Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, United States
| | - Yujia Zhao
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Saurabh Dubey
- Biomarkers
Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Kateřina Coufalíková
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Seličová
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helge Hecht
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School
of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hanisha H. Udhani
- Biomarkers
Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Sophie Restituito
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Kam-Meng Tchou-Wong
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Kun Lu
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Martin
- Department
of Environmental Science, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- National
Facility for Exposomics, Metabolomics Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna 171 65, Sweden
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Krystal J. Godri Pollitt
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School
of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast
Metabolomics Center, University of California−Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Kurt D. Pennell
- School
of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Department
of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Gary W. Miller
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
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10
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Idjaton BIT, Togola A, Ghestem JP, Kastler L, Bristeau S, Ronteltap M, Colombano S, Devau N, Lions J, van Hullebusch ED. Determination of organic fluorinated compounds content in complex samples through combustion ion chromatography methods: a way to define a "Total Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)" parameter? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172589. [PMID: 38657803 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants are a growing concern for scientists and public authorities. The group of per-polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), known as 'forever chemicals', in complex environmental liquid and solid matrices was analysed in this study. The development of global analytical methods based on combustion ion chromatography (CIC) is expected to provide accurate picture of the overall PFAS contamination level via the determination of extractable organic fluorine (EOF) and adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF). The obtained results may be put into perspective with other methods such as targeted analyses (LC-MS/MS). The impact of pH, the presence of dissolved organic carbon and suspended particles on AOF measurements were explored. The effectiveness of the washing step to remove adsorbed inorganic fluorine (IF) has been proven for samples containing up to 8 mgF.L-1. CIC-based methods showed good repeatability and reproducibility for the complex matrices studied. Environmental applications of these methods have been tested. AOF and EOF analyses could explain between 1 % and 23 % and 0.1 % to 2 % of total organic fluorine (TOF), respectively. The sum of PFAS compounds expressed as fluorine could explain from 0.2 % to 11 % and from 0.003 % to 5 % for AOF and EOF, respectively. These results also suggest that some fluorinated compounds are not adsorbed or extractable and/or lost by volatilisation during the application of AOF and EOF analytical procedure. These findings highlight that AOF and EOF are not entirely efficient as proxy to assess "total PFAS" for assessing environmental contamination by PFAS. However, these methods could still be applied to gain a better understanding of the sources and fate of PFAS in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatoundé I T Idjaton
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France; Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne Togola
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France.
| | - Jean Philippe Ghestem
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Laura Kastler
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Sébastien Bristeau
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Mariska Ronteltap
- Delfland Water Authority, Phoenixstraat 32, the Netherlands; TU Delft, Water Management Department, Stevinweg 1, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Stéfan Colombano
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Nicolas Devau
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Julie Lions
- BRGM, Direction Eau Environnement Procédés et Analyses, 3 av. Claude-Guillemin - BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Eric D van Hullebusch
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
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11
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Chen Y, Guo R, Liao K, Yu W, Wu P, Jin H. Discovery of novel benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers in surface water. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 257:121709. [PMID: 38728781 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The comprehensive understanding of the occurrence of benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BZT-UVs) in environmental surface water is imperative due to their widespread application and potential aquatic toxicity. We conducted an analysis of 13 traditional BZT-UVs in surface water samples collected from Taihu Lake (TL, n = 23) and Qiantang River (QR, n = 22) in China. The results revealed that 5‑chloro-2-(3,5-di-tertbutyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole (UV-327) was consistently the predominant BZT-UV in water samples from TL (mean 16 ng/L; detection frequency 96 %) and QR (14 ng/L; 91 %). Furthermore, we developed a characteristic fragment ion-based strategy to screen and identify unknown BZT-UVs in collected surface water, utilizing a high-resolution mass spectrometer. A total of seven novel BZT-UVs were discovered in water samples, and their chemical structures were proposed. Four of these novel BZT-UVs were further confirmed with standards provided by industrial manufacturers. Semi-quantitative analysis revealed that among discovered novel BZT-UVs, 2-(2‑hydroxy-3‑tert‑butyl‑5-methylphenyl)-benzotriazole was consistently the predominant novel BZT-UV in TL (mean 4.1 ng/L, detection frequency 70 %) and QR (2.8 ng/L, 77 %) water. In TL water, the second predominant novel BZT-UV was 2-(3-allyl-2‑hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole (mean 3.9 ng/L,
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Ruyue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Kaizhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Wenfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China.
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12
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Liu J, Xiang T, Song XC, Zhang S, Wu Q, Gao J, Lv M, Shi C, Yang X, Liu Y, Fu J, Shi W, Fang M, Qu G, Yu H, Jiang G. High-Efficiency Effect-Directed Analysis Leveraging Five High Level Advancements: A Critical Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9925-9944. [PMID: 38820315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Organic contaminants are ubiquitous in the environment, with mounting evidence unequivocally connecting them to aquatic toxicity, illness, and increased mortality, underscoring their substantial impacts on ecological security and environmental health. The intricate composition of sample mixtures and uncertain physicochemical features of potential toxic substances pose challenges to identify key toxicants in environmental samples. Effect-directed analysis (EDA), establishing a connection between key toxicants found in environmental samples and associated hazards, enables the identification of toxicants that can streamline research efforts and inform management action. Nevertheless, the advancement of EDA is constrained by the following factors: inadequate extraction and fractionation of environmental samples, limited bioassay endpoints and unknown linkage to higher order impacts, limited coverage of chemical analysis (i.e., high-resolution mass spectrometry, HRMS), and lacking effective linkage between bioassays and chemical analysis. This review proposes five key advancements to enhance the efficiency of EDA in addressing these challenges: (1) multiple adsorbents for comprehensive coverage of chemical extraction, (2) high-resolution microfractionation and multidimensional fractionation for refined fractionation, (3) robust in vivo/vitro bioassays and omics, (4) high-performance configurations for HRMS analysis, and (5) chemical-, data-, and knowledge-driven approaches for streamlined toxicant identification and validation. We envision that future EDA will integrate big data and artificial intelligence based on the development of quantitative omics, cutting-edge multidimensional microfractionation, and ultraperformance MS to identify environmental hazard factors, serving for broader environmental governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tongtong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xue-Chao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meilin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Chunzhen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yanna Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Turnipseed SB. Analysis of chemical contaminants in fish using high resolution mass spectrometry - A review. TRENDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2024; 42:e00227. [PMID: 38957876 PMCID: PMC11215702 DOI: 10.1016/j.teac.2024.e00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has become an important tool in environmental and food safety analysis. This review highlights how HRMS has been used to analyze chemical contaminants in fish. Measuring and documenting chemical contaminants in fish serves not only as an indicator of environmental conditions but can also monitor the health of these animals and help protect an important source of human food. The incidence and significance of contaminants including veterinary drugs, human drugs and personal care products, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, per- and poly fluorinated substances, and marine toxins will be reviewed. The advantage of HRMS over traditional MS is its ability to expand the number of compounds that can be detected and identified. This is true whether HRMS is used for targeted analytes, or more broadly for suspect screening and nontargeted analyses. The classes of compounds, types of fish or seafood, options for data acquisition and analysis, and reports of unexpected findings from recent HMRS methods for chemical contaminants in fish are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri B Turnipseed
- US Food and Drug Administration, Animal Drugs Research Center, Denver, CO, USA
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14
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Li N, Liu J, Ying G, Lee JCK, Leung TF, Covaci A, Deng WJ. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in children's and their parents' urine: Is the exposure related to the Chinese and Western lifestyle? Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 259:114383. [PMID: 38652942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Children are known to be more vulnerable to exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) compared to adults, but evaluating the exposure pathways can be challenging. This research employed target and non-target analysis (NTA) to examine the exposure characteristics of EDCs in spot urine samples collected from 46 children's (aged 3-12 years) and their parents in Hong Kong (Chinese/Western lifestyle) and Guangzhou (mainly Chinese lifestyle). The results revealed that the geometric mean concentrations of phthalate esters metabolites (mPAEs) and bisphenols (BPs) in children's urine were 127.3 μg/gcrea and 2.5 μg/gcrea in Guangzhou, and 93.7 μg/gcrea and 2.9 μg/gcrea in Hong Kong, respectively, which were consistent with global levels. NTA identified a total of 1069 compounds, including 106 EDCs, commonly detected in food, cosmetics, and drugs. Notable regional differences were observed between Guangzhou and Hong Kong with potential sources of EDCs including dietary and cosmetic additives, toys, flooring and dust, as well as differences in lifestyles, diet, and living environment. However, age was found to significantly impact EDC exposure. The quantified EDCs (mPAEs and BPs) posed possible health risks to 60% of the children. Moreover, the presence of caffeine in children's urine, which exhibited higher detection rates in children from Hong Kong (95.6%) and Guangzhou (44.4%), warrants further attention. The sources of EDCs exposure in these regions need to be fully confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guangguo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - John Chi-Kin Lee
- Academy of Applied Policy Studies and Education Futures, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong China
| | - Ting Fan Leung
- Department of Paediatrics & Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Wen-Jing Deng
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong China.
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15
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Weed RA, Campbell G, Brown L, May K, Sargent D, Sutton E, Burdette K, Rider W, Baker ES, Enders JR. Non-Targeted PFAS Suspect Screening and Quantification of Drinking Water Samples Collected through Community Engaged Research in North Carolina's Cape Fear River Basin. TOXICS 2024; 12:403. [PMID: 38922083 PMCID: PMC11209479 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
A community engaged research (CER) approach was used to provide an exposure assessment of poly- and perfluorinated (PFAS) compounds in North Carolina residential drinking water. Working in concert with community partners, who acted as liaisons to local residents, samples were collected by North Carolina residents from three different locations along the Cape Fear River basin: upper, middle, and lower areas of the river. Residents collected either drinking water samples from their homes or recreational water samples from near their residence that were then submitted by the community partners for PFAS analysis. All samples were processed using weak anion exchange (WAX) solid phase extraction and analyzed using a non-targeted suspect screening approach as well as a quantitative approach that included a panel of 45 PFAS analytes, several of which are specific to chemical industries near the collection site locations. The non-targeted approach, which utilized a suspect screening list (obtained from EPA CompTox database) identified several PFAS compounds at a level two confidence rating (Schymanski scale); compounds identified included a fluorinated insecticide, a fluorinated herbicide, a PFAS used in polymer chemistry, and another that is used in battery production. Notably, at several locations, PFOA (39.8 ng/L) and PFOS (205.3 ng/L) were at levels that exceeded the mandatory EPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 4 ng/L. Additionally, several sites had detectable levels of PFAS that are unique to a local chemical manufacturer. These findings were communicated back to the community partners who then disseminated this information to the local residents to help empower and aid in making decisions for reducing their PFAS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Weed
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Grace Campbell
- Center for Environmental and Health Effects of PFAS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (L.B.)
| | - Lacey Brown
- Center for Environmental and Health Effects of PFAS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (L.B.)
| | - Katlyn May
- Center for Environmental and Health Effects of PFAS, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA (L.B.)
| | - Dana Sargent
- Cape Fear River Watch, Wilmington, NC 28401, USA; (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | | | - Kemp Burdette
- Cape Fear River Watch, Wilmington, NC 28401, USA; (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Wayne Rider
- Sustainable Sandhills, Fayetteville, NC 28303, USA;
| | - Erin S. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Jeffrey R. Enders
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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16
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Wang X, Yu N, Jiao Z, Li L, Yu H, Wei S. Machine learning-enhanced molecular network reveals global exposure to hundreds of unknown PFAS. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn1039. [PMID: 38781329 PMCID: PMC11114235 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Unknown forever chemicals like per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are difficult to identify. Current platforms designed for metabolites and natural products cannot capture the diverse structural characteristics of PFAS. Here, we report an automatic PFAS identification platform (APP-ID) that screens for PFAS in environmental samples using an enhanced molecular network and identifies unknown PFAS structures using machine learning. Our networking algorithm, which enhances characteristic fragment matches, has lower false-positive rate (0.7%) than current algorithms (2.4 to 46%). Our support vector machine model identified unknown PFAS in test set with 58.3% accuracy, surpassing current software. Further, APP-ID detected 733 PFASs in real fluorochemical wastewater, 39 of which are previously unreported in environmental media. Retrospective screening of 126 PFASs against public data repository from 20 countries show PFAS substitutes are prevalent worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhaoyu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Laihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Petali JM, Pulster EL, McCarthy C, Pickard HM, Sunderland EM, Bangma J, Carignan CC, Robuck A, Crawford KA, Romano ME, Lohmann R, von Stackelburg K. Considerations and challenges in support of science and communication of fish consumption advisories for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2024. [PMID: 38752651 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Federal, state, tribal, or local entities in the United States issue fish consumption advisories (FCAs) as guidance for safer consumption of locally caught fish containing contaminants. Fish consumption advisories have been developed for commonly detected compounds such as mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls. The existing national guidance does not specifically address the unique challenges associated with bioaccumulation and consumption risk related to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). As a result, several states have derived their own PFAS-related consumption guidelines, many of which focus on one frequently detected PFAS, known as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). However, there can be significant variation between tissue concentrations or trigger concentrations (TCs) of PFOS that support the individual state-issued FCAs. This variation in TCs can create challenges for risk assessors and risk communicators in their efforts to protect public health. The objective of this article is to review existing challenges, knowledge gaps, and needs related to issuing PFAS-related FCAs and to provide key considerations for the development of protective fish consumption guidance. The current state of the science and variability in FCA derivation, considerations for sampling and analytical methodologies, risk management, risk communication, and policy challenges are discussed. How to best address PFAS mixtures in the development of FCAs, in risk assessment, and establishment of effect thresholds remains a major challenge, as well as a source of uncertainty and scrutiny. This includes developments better elucidating toxicity factors, exposures to PFAS mixtures, community fish consumption behaviors, and evolving technology and analytical instrumentation, methods, and the associated detection limits. Given the evolving science and public interests informing PFAS-related FCAs, continued review and revision of FCA approaches and best practices are vital. Nonetheless, consistent, widely applicable, PFAS-specific approaches informing methods, critical concentration thresholds, and priority compounds may assist practitioners in PFAS-related FCA development and possibly reduce variability between states and jurisdictions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;00:1-20. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Michael Petali
- Environmental Health Program, New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Concord, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Erin L Pulster
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Heidi M Pickard
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elsie M Sunderland
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacqueline Bangma
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Courtney C Carignan
- Department Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Anna Robuck
- Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kathryn A Crawford
- Environmental Studies Programs, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont, USA
| | - Megan E Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Katherine von Stackelburg
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Kikanme KN, Dennis NM, Orikpete OF, Ewim DRE. PFAS in Nigeria: Identifying data gaps that hinder assessments of ecotoxicological and human health impacts. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29922. [PMID: 38694092 PMCID: PMC11061687 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This review examines the extensive use and environmental consequences of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) on a global scale, specifically emphasizing their potential impact in Nigeria. Recognized for their resistance to water and oil, PFAS are under increased scrutiny for their persistent nature and possible ecotoxicological risks. Here, we consolidate existing knowledge on the ecological and human health effects of PFAS in Nigeria, focusing on their neurological effects and the risks they pose to immune system health. We seek to balance the advantages of PFAS with their potential ecological and health hazards, thereby enhancing understanding of PFAS management in Nigeria and advocating for more effective policy interventions and the creation of safer alternatives. The review concludes with several recommendations: strengthening regulatory frameworks, intensifying research into the ecological and health impacts of PFAS, developing new methodologies and longitudinal studies, fostering collaborative efforts for PFAS management, and promoting public awareness and education to support sustainable environmental practices and healthier communities in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole M. Dennis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Ochuko Felix Orikpete
- Centre for Occupational Health, Safety and Environment (COHSE), University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria
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19
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Feng C, Lin Y, Le S, Ji J, Chen Y, Wang G, Xiao P, Zhao Y, Lu D. Suspect, Nontarget Screening, and Toxicity Prediction of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Landfill Leachate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4737-4750. [PMID: 38408453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Landfills are the final stage of urban wastes containing perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). PFASs in the landfill leachate may contaminate the surrounding groundwater. As major environmental pollutants, emerging PFASs have raised global concern. Besides the widely reported legacy PFASs, the distribution and potential toxic effects of numerous emerging PFASs remain unclear, and unknown PFASs still need discovery and characterization. This study proposed a comprehensive method for PFAS screening in leachate samples using suspect and nontarget analysis. A total of 48 PFASs from 10 classes were identified; nine novel PFASs including eight chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylates (Cl-PFPECAs) and bistriflimide (HNTf2) were reported for the first time in the leachate, where Cl-PFPECA-3,1 and Cl-PFPECA-2,2 were first reported in environmental media. Optimized molecular docking models were established for prioritizing the PFASs with potential activity against peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and estrogen receptor α. Our results indicated that several emerging PFASs of N-methyl perfluoroalkyl sulfonamido acetic acids (N-MeFASAAs), n:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (n:3 FTCA), and n:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (n:2 FTSA) have potential health risks that cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Feng
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Yuanjie Lin
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Sunyang Le
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Jieyun Ji
- Shanghai Changning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Guoquan Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai 200336, China
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20
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Szabo D, Falconer TM, Fisher CM, Heise T, Phillips AL, Vas G, Williams AJ, Kruve A. Online and Offline Prioritization of Chemicals of Interest in Suspect Screening and Non-targeted Screening with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3707-3716. [PMID: 38380899 PMCID: PMC10918621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) have enabled the detection of thousands of chemicals from a single sample, while computational methods have improved the identification and quantification of these chemicals in the absence of reference standards typically required in targeted analysis. However, to determine the presence of chemicals of interest that may pose an overall impact on ecological and human health, prioritization strategies must be used to effectively and efficiently highlight chemicals for further investigation. Prioritization can be based on a chemical's physicochemical properties, structure, exposure, and toxicity, in addition to its regulatory status. This Perspective aims to provide a framework for the strategies used for chemical prioritization that can be implemented to facilitate high-quality research and communication of results. These strategies are categorized as either "online" or "offline" prioritization techniques. Online prioritization techniques trigger the isolation and fragmentation of ions from the low-energy mass spectra in real time, with user-defined parameters. Offline prioritization techniques, in contrast, highlight chemicals of interest after the data has been acquired; detected features can be filtered and ranked based on the relative abundance or the predicted structure, toxicity, and concentration imputed from the tandem mass spectrum (MS2). Here we provide an overview of these prioritization techniques and how they have been successfully implemented and reported in the literature to find chemicals of elevated risk to human and ecological environments. A complete list of software and tools is available from https://nontargetedanalysis.org/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Szabo
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Travis M. Falconer
- Forensic
Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory
Affairs, US Food and Drug Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, United States
| | - Christine M. Fisher
- Center
for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Ted Heise
- MED
Institute Inc, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Allison L. Phillips
- Center
for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, United States
| | - Gyorgy Vas
- VasAnalytical, Flemington, New Jersey 08822, United States
- Intertek
Pharmaceutical Services, Whitehouse, New Jersey 08888, United States
| | - Antony J. Williams
- Center
for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and
Development, US Environmental Protection
Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
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21
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Antonopoulou M, Spyrou A, Tzamaria A, Efthimiou I, Triantafyllidis V. Current state of knowledge of environmental occurrence, toxic effects, and advanced treatment of PFOS and PFOA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169332. [PMID: 38123090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic synthetic compounds, with high chemical and thermal stability and a persistent, stable and bioaccumulative nature that renders them a potential hazard for the environment, its organisms, and humans alike. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are the most well-known substances of this category and even though they are phased out from production they are still highly detectable in several environmental matrices. As a result, they have been spread globally in water sources, soil and biota exerting toxic and detrimental effects. Therefore, up and coming technologies, namely advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and advanced reduction processes (ARPs) are being tested for their implementation in the degradation of these pollutants. Thus, the present review compiles the current knowledge on the occurrence of PFOS and PFOA in the environment, the various toxic effects they have induced in different organisms as well as the ability of AOPs and ARPs to diminish and/or eliminate them from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonopoulou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30131 Agrinio, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Spyrou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30131 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Anna Tzamaria
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30131 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Ioanna Efthimiou
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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22
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Smith SJ, Lauria M, Higgins CP, Pennell KD, Blotevogel J, Arp HPH. The Need to Include a Fluorine Mass Balance in the Development of Effective Technologies for PFAS Destruction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2587-2590. [PMID: 38314573 PMCID: PMC10867837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne J. Smith
- Department
of Water Management, Delft University of
Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mélanie Lauria
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher P. Higgins
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Kurt D. Pennell
- School
of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Street, Box D, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Jens Blotevogel
- Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Environment, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Hans Peter H. Arp
- Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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23
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Reynolds AJ, Smith AM, Qiu TA. Detection, Quantification, and Isomer Differentiation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Using MALDI-TOF with Trapped Ion Mobility. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:317-325. [PMID: 38251632 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of organic compounds that have attracted global attention for their persistence in the environment, exposure to biological organisms, and their adverse health effects. There is an urgent need to develop analytical methodologies for the characterization of PFAS in various sample matrices. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) represents a chromatography-free MS method that performs laser-based ionization and in situ analysis on samples. In this study, we present PFAS analysis by MALDI-time-of-flight (TOF) MS with trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS), which provides an additional dimension of gas phase separation based on the size-to-charge ratios. MALDI matrix composition and key instrument parameters were optimized to produce different ranges of calibration curves. Parts per billion (ppb) range of calibration curves were achieved for a list of legacy and alternative perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), while ion mobility spectrum filtering enabled parts per trillion (ppt) range of calibration curves for PFSAs. We also successfully demonstrated the separation of three perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) structural isomers in the gas phase using TIMS. Our results demonstrated the new development of utilizing MALDI-TOF-MS coupled with TIMS for fast, quantitative, and sensitive analysis of PFAS, paving ways to future high-throughput and in situ analysis of PFAS such as MS imaging applications.
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24
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Chen Z, Chen J, Tan S, Yang Z, Zhang Y. Dechlorination Helps Defluorination: Insights into the Defluorination Mechanism of Florfenicol by S-nZVI and DFT Calculations on the Reaction Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2542-2553. [PMID: 38262936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Defluorination is essential to eliminate the antibiotic resistance and detrimental effects of florfenicol (C12H14Cl2FNO4S, FF), which is achievable by sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI), yet a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism is lacking. Herein, we used experimental data and density functional theory calculations to demonstrate four dechlorination-promoted defluorination pathways of FF, depending on S-nZVI or not. FF was defluorinated in a rapid and then slow but continuous manner, accompanying a consecutive dechlorination to deschloro (dFF) and dideschloro FF (ddFF). Unexpectedly, the predominant defluorination occurs by spontaneous hydrolysis of ddFF to form the hydrolyzed byproduct (HO-ddFF), i.e., independent of S-nZVI, which is initiated by intramolecular attack from carbonyl O to alkyl F and is thus limited for FF and dFF owing to the diminished nucleophilicity by electron-withdrawing Cl. The removal of Cl also makes the reductive defluorination of ddFF by S-nZVI amenable. The other two minor but more rapid defluorination pathways occur in synergy with the dechlorination of FF and dFF, which are mediated by the reactive carbanion intermediates and generate HO-dFF and HO-ddFF, respectively. The reliability of these dechlorination-facilitated defluorination pathways was verified by the consistency of theoretical calculations with experimental data, providing valuable insights into the degradation of fluorinated contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuan Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Jingdan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shendong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Zilin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310030, China
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25
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Lauria MZ, Sepman H, Ledbetter T, Plassmann M, Roos AM, Simon M, Benskin JP, Kruve A. Closing the Organofluorine Mass Balance in Marine Mammals Using Suspect Screening and Machine Learning-Based Quantification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2458-2467. [PMID: 38270113 PMCID: PMC10851419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based suspect and nontarget screening has identified a growing number of novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment. However, without analytical standards, the fraction of overall PFAS exposure accounted for by these suspects remains ambiguous. Fortunately, recent developments in ionization efficiency (IE) prediction using machine learning offer the possibility to quantify suspects lacking analytical standards. In the present work, a gradient boosted tree-based model for predicting log IE in negative mode was trained and then validated using 33 PFAS standards. The root-mean-square errors were 0.79 (for the entire test set) and 0.29 (for the 7 PFASs in the test set) log IE units. Thereafter, the model was applied to samples of liver from pilot whales (n = 5; East Greenland) and white beaked dolphins (n = 5, West Greenland; n = 3, Sweden) which contained a significant fraction (up to 70%) of unidentified organofluorine and 35 unquantified suspect PFASs (confidence level 2-4). IE-based quantification reduced the fraction of unidentified extractable organofluorine to 0-27%, demonstrating the utility of the method for closing the fluorine mass balance in the absence of analytical standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Z. Lauria
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen Sepman
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Ledbetter
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Merle Plassmann
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna M. Roos
- Department
of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malene Simon
- Greenland
Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute
of Natural Resources, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Jonathan P. Benskin
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Partington JM, Rana S, Szabo D, Anumol T, Clarke BO. Comparison of high-resolution mass spectrometry acquisition methods for the simultaneous quantification and identification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:895-912. [PMID: 38159142 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Simultaneous identification and quantification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were evaluated for three quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF) acquisition methods. The acquisition methods investigated were MS-Only, all ion fragmentation (All-Ions), and automated tandem mass spectrometry (Auto-MS/MS). Target analytes were the 25 PFAS of US EPA Method 533 and the acquisition methods were evaluated by analyte response, limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, precision, and target-suspect screening identification limit (IL). PFAS LOQs were consistent across acquisition methods, with individual PFAS LOQs within an order of magnitude. The mean and range for MS-Only, All-Ions, and Auto-MS/MS are 1.3 (0.34-5.1), 2.1 (0.49-5.1), and 1.5 (0.20-5.1) pg on column. For fast data processing and tentative identification with lower confidence, MS-Only is recommended; however, this can lead to false-positives. Where high-confidence identification, structural characterisation, and quantification are desired, Auto-MS/MS is recommended; however, cycle time should be considered where many compounds are anticipated to be present. For comprehensive screening workflows and sample archiving, All-Ions is recommended, facilitating both quantification and retrospective analysis. This study validated HRMS acquisition approaches for quantification (based upon precursor data) and exploration of identification workflows for a range of PFAS compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Partington
- Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Sahil Rana
- Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Drew Szabo
- Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tarun Anumol
- Agilent Technologies Inc, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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27
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Salihovic S, Dunder L, Lind M, Lind L. Assessing the performance of a targeted absolute quantification isotope dilution liquid chromatograhy tandem mass spectrometry assay versus a commercial nontargeted relative quantification assay for detection of three major perfluoroalkyls in human blood. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e4999. [PMID: 38263897 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Isotope dilution ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) is commonly used for trace analysis of polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in difficult matrices. Commercial nontargeted analysis of major PFAS where relative concentrations are obtained cost effectively is rapidly emerging and is claimed to provide comparable results to that of absolute quantification using matrix matched calibration and isotope dilution UHPLC-MS/MS. However, this remains to be demonstrated on a large scale. We aimed to assess the performance of a targeted absolute quantification isotope dilution LC-MS/MS assay versus a commercial nontargeted relative quantification assay for detection of three major PFAS in human blood. We evaluated a population-based cohort of 503 individuals. Correlations were assessed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (rho). Precision and bias were assessed using Bland-Altman plots. For perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, the median concentrations were 5.10 ng/mL (interquartile range [IQR] 3.50-7.24 ng/mL), the two assays correlated with rho 0.83. For perfluorooctanoic acid, the median concentrations were 2.14 ng/mL (IQR 1.60-3.0 ng/mL), the two assays correlated with rho 0.92. For perfluorohexanesulfonate, the median concentrations were 5.5 ng/mL (IQR 2.50-11.61 ng/mL), the two assays correlated with rho 0.96. The Bland-Altman statistical test showed agreement of the mean difference for the majority of samples (97-98%) between the two assays. Absolute plasma concentrations of PFAS obtained using matrix matched calibration and isotope dilution UHPLC-MS/MS show agreement with relative plasma concentrations from a nontargeted commercial platform by Metabolon. We observed striking consistency between the two assays when examining the associations of the three PFAS with cholesterol, offering additional confidence in the validity of utilizing the nontargeted approach for correlations with various health phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Salihovic
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Linda Dunder
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ulrich H, Macherius A, Kunkel U, Sengl M, Letzel T. Novel PFAS-specific monitoring approach for highly impacted surface waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140893. [PMID: 38072205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
In regulatory environmental monitoring programs, only a very small fraction of the vast number of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are investigated by target analysis. Therefore, non-target analysis (NTA) studies are increasingly conducted to detect unknown or unnoticed PFAS. These studies are often based on a few grab samples. Thus, discontinuously emitted PFAS from industrial batch processes might be easily overlooked. To address this deficiency and obtain in-depth information on the occurrence and temporal trend of PFAS in surface water impacted by treated industrial waste water, a comprehensive target and NTA study was implemented for 29 months. Elevated PFAS concentrations with up to 10.8 μg L-1 were detected in the river water by target analysis. In addition to PFAS target analysis, the water samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). Data processing strategies and various filtering steps were applied to prioritize PFAS. Substances were identified by comparing data to available internal and external PFAS suspect lists, a fragment ion and neutral loss list, and spectral libraries. Several compounds were unequivocally identified based on reference standards. Fifty-five PFAS were (tentatively) identified using NTA. Of those, 43 could be assigned to 13 different homologous series. Partly fluorinated short-chain carboxylic acids (H-PFCA) and sulfonic acids (H-PFSA) were predominantly found in addition to perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA) and the alkyl ether carboxylic acid DONA. To the best of our knowledge, 12 PFAS were reported in surface water for the first time. Signal intensities of individual PFAS and signal ratios varied widely over time, which may indicate batch operations leading to discontinuous emission. Results and insights from this screening approach on PFAS can be used to optimize forthcoming surface water monitoring programs by including newly identified PFAS and selecting appropriate sampling intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ulrich
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Demollstr. 31, 82407 Wielenbach, Germany; Technical University of Munich (Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering), Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - A Macherius
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Buergermeister-Ulrich-Straße 160, 86179 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - U Kunkel
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Buergermeister-Ulrich-Straße 160, 86179 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - M Sengl
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Buergermeister-Ulrich-Straße 160, 86179 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - T Letzel
- Technical University of Munich (Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering), Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany; Analytisches Forschungsinstitut fuer Non-Target Screening (AFIN-TS) GmbH, Augsburg, Germany.
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29
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Chu S, Letcher RJ. A targeted and non-targeted discovery screening approach for poly-and per-fluoroalkyl substances in model environmental biota samples. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464584. [PMID: 38157583 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive analytical approach for targeted and non-targeted discovery screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was developed and applied to model complex environmental biotic samples. Samples were extracted by formic acid-acetonitrile solution and cleaned up and fractionated by SPE (WAX). Target PFAS quantification was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography interfaced with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS). Non-targeted analysis (NTA) PFAS screening was performed with UPLC coupled with a quadrupole-Exactive orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer (UPLC-Q-Exactive-HRMS). An iterative exclusion (IE) approach was applied to data acquisition for NTA suspect screening to increase the potential for unknown PFAS discovery with MS/MS. A complex workflow in Compound Discoverer was set up to automate data processing of the PFAS suspects search. New mass lists and MS/MS databases, which included a large number of PFAS, were set up and introduced into the search for high-throughput structure identification using HRMS techniques. The integrated targeted-NTA method successfully analyzed for legacy and alternative PFAS in model environmental biota samples, namely polar bear liver and bird egg samples. Targeted analysis provided unequivocal identification of well known/established PFAS (mainly perfluoroalkyl acids) with quantification at very low levels. The NTA suspect screening was able to determine a broader range of PFAS. The data analysis method offered high-confidence annotations for PFAS despite lacking available authentic standards. Overall, the analytical coverage of PFAS was greater and elucidated other PFAS present in these model apex predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogang Chu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
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30
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Chen X, Lv Z, Yang Y, Yang R, Shan G, Zhu L. Screening Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Human Blood Based on Nontarget Analysis and Underestimated Potential Health Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:150-159. [PMID: 38153813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Nontarget analysis has gained prominence in screening novel perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment, yet remaining limited in human biological matrices. In this study, 155 whole blood samples were collected from the general population in Shijiazhuang City, China. By nontarget analysis, 31 legacy and novel PFASs were assigned with the confidence level of 3 or above. For the first time, 11 PFASs were identified in human blood, including C1 and C3 perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), C4 ether PFSA, C8 ether perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (ether PFCA), C4-5 unsaturated perfluoroalkyl alcohols, C9-10 carboxylic acid-perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (CA-PFSMs), and C1 perfluoroalkyl sulfonamide. It is surprising that the targeted PFASs were the highest in the suburban population which was impacted by industrial emission, while the novel PFASs identified by nontarget analysis, such as C1 PFSA and C9-11 CA-PFSMs, were the highest in the rural population who often drank contaminated groundwater. Combining the toxicity prediction results of the bioaccumulation potential, lethality to rats, and binding affinity to target proteins, C3 PFSA, C4 and C7 ether PFSAs, and C9-11 CA-PFSMs exhibit great health risks. These findings emphasize the necessity of broadening nontarget analysis in assessing the PFAS exposure risks, particularly in rural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Rongyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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31
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Mu H, Yang Z, Chen L, Gu C, Ren H, Wu B. Suspect and nontarget screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances based on ion mobility mass spectrometry and machine learning techniques. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132669. [PMID: 37797577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based suspect and nontarget screening techniques are powerful tools for the comprehensive identification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), but the interference of complex matrices (especially for wastewater) pose an analytical challenge. This study explored the potential of combining ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) with HRMS and machine learning techniques to achieve the rapid and accurate suspect and nontarget screening of PFAS in wastewater. There were fewer interfering peaks and a clearer spectrum in the data acquired by IMS-HRMS than conventional HRMS. The introduction of collision cross section (CCS) in PFAS homologous series search could filter out 63% of false positive results. Retention time and CCS prediction models were helpful in improving the confidence for PFAS qualitative identification and the random forest algorithm combined with RDKit descriptor performed best for CCS prediction. With the inclusion of extra dimensional information, this study also proposed a comprehensive and concise confidence assignment criterion to better convey the certainty of the qualitative identification of PFAS. Finally, a total of 56 potential PFASs were identified in the wastewater sample using the newly developed method and 45 of them were identified outside reference standards, emphasizing the importance of suspect and nontarget screening for PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhongchao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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32
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Zweigle J, Bugsel B, Fabregat-Palau J, Zwiener C. PFΔScreen - an open-source tool for automated PFAS feature prioritization in non-target HRMS data. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:349-362. [PMID: 38030884 PMCID: PMC10761406 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a huge group of anthropogenic chemicals with unique properties that are used in countless products and applications. Due to the high stability of their C-F bonds, PFAS or their transformation products (TPs) are persistent in the environment, leading to ubiquitous detection in various samples worldwide. Since PFAS are industrial chemicals, the availability of authentic PFAS reference standards is limited, making non-target screening (NTS) approaches based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) necessary for a more comprehensive characterization. NTS usually is a time-consuming process, since only a small fraction of the detected chemicals can be identified. Therefore, efficient prioritization of relevant HRMS signals is one of the most crucial steps. We developed PFΔScreen, a Python-based open-source tool with a simple graphical user interface (GUI) to perform efficient feature prioritization using several PFAS-specific techniques such as the highly promising MD/C-m/C approach, Kendrick mass defect analysis, diagnostic fragments (MS2), fragment mass differences (MS2), and suspect screening. Feature detection from vendor-independent MS raw data (mzML, data-dependent acquisition) is performed via pyOpenMS (or custom feature lists) with subsequent calculations for prioritization and identification of PFAS in both HPLC- and GC-HRMS data. The PFΔScreen workflow is presented on four PFAS-contaminated agricultural soil samples from south-western Germany. Over 15 classes of PFAS (more than 80 single compounds with several isomers) could be identified, including four novel classes, potentially TPs of the precursors fluorotelomer mercapto alkyl phosphates (FTMAPs). PFΔScreen can be used within the Python environment and is easily automatically installable and executable on Windows. Its source code is freely available on GitHub ( https://github.com/JonZwe/PFAScreen ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zweigle
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Boris Bugsel
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joel Fabregat-Palau
- Hydrogeochemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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33
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San Román A, Abilleira E, Irizar A, Santa-Marina L, Gonzalez-Gaya B, Etxebarria N. Optimization for the analysis of 42 per- and polyfluorinated substances in human plasma: A high-throughput method for epidemiological studies. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464481. [PMID: 37948771 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness about the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in many environmental and biological compartments, including human biofluids and tissues. However, the increase of PFAS replacements, including alternatives with shorter chain or less bioaccumulative potential, has broaden the exposure and the need for wider identification procedures. Moreover, the low volumes available for human blood or plasma, and the high number of samples needed to assess adequately epidemiologic studies, require particularly fast, reproducible and, if possible, miniaturized protocols. Therefore, accurate and robust analytical methods are still needed to quantify the PFAS's burden in humans and to understand potential health risks. In this study, we have developed and validated the analysis of 42 PFAS in human plasma by means of a Captiva 96-well micro extraction plate and a LC-q-Orbitrap. For the optimization of the analytical workflow, three extraction/clean-up methods were tested, and the selected one was validated using spiked artificial and bovine plasma at four concentration levels. The final method showed high absolute recoveries for the 42 PFAS, ranging from 52% to 130%, instrumental detection limits between 0.001-0.6 ng mL-1, overall good precision (CV < 20% for most of the PFAS) and a low uncertainty (< 30% of relative expanded deviation, k = 2). The method was further validated both with the NIST plasma Standard Reference Material 1950, showing that the accuracy of the provided results was between 63%-101%, and by the proficiency test arranged by the Arctic Monitoring Assessment Program (AMAP, 2022) obtaining satisfactory results within 95% confidence interval of the assigned value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne San Román
- Institute of Health Research Biodonostia, Paseo Dr. Begiristain, s/n, 20014 Donostia Gipuzkoa, Basque Country; Plentzia Marine Station (PiE), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Hiribidea, 47, 48620 Plentzia, Bizkaia, Basque Country; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Department of Public Health from the Basque Government, Avenida Navarra, 4, 20013 Donostia Gipuzkoa, Basque Country.
| | - Eunate Abilleira
- Institute of Health Research Biodonostia, Paseo Dr. Begiristain, s/n, 20014 Donostia Gipuzkoa, Basque Country; Department of Public Health from the Basque Government, Avenida Navarra, 4, 20013 Donostia Gipuzkoa, Basque Country
| | - Amaia Irizar
- Institute of Health Research Biodonostia, Paseo Dr. Begiristain, s/n, 20014 Donostia Gipuzkoa, Basque Country
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- Institute of Health Research Biodonostia, Paseo Dr. Begiristain, s/n, 20014 Donostia Gipuzkoa, Basque Country; Department of Public Health from the Basque Government, Avenida Navarra, 4, 20013 Donostia Gipuzkoa, Basque Country
| | - Belen Gonzalez-Gaya
- Plentzia Marine Station (PiE), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Hiribidea, 47, 48620 Plentzia, Bizkaia, Basque Country; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Plentzia Marine Station (PiE), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Hiribidea, 47, 48620 Plentzia, Bizkaia, Basque Country; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
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Qiao B, Song D, Fang B, Yu H, Li X, Zhao L, Yao Y, Zhu L, Chen H, Sun H. Nontarget Screening and Fate of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Tianjin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20127-20137. [PMID: 37800548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are typical point sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) released into the environment. The suspect and nontarget screening based on gas chromatography or liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry were performed on atmosphere, wastewater, and sludge samples collected from two WWTPs in Tianjin to discover emerging PFAS and their fate in this study. A total of 40 PFAS (14 neutral and 26 ionic) and 64 PFAS were identified in the atmosphere and wastewater/sludge, respectively, among which 5 short-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonamide derivatives, 4 ionic PFAS, and 15 aqueous film-forming foam-related cationic or zwitterionic PFAS have rarely or never been reported in WWTPs in China. Active air sampling is more conducive to the enrichment of emerging PFAS, while passive sampling is inclined to leave out some ultrashort-chain PFAS or unstable transformation intermediates. Moreover, most precursors and intermediates could be enriched in the atmosphere at night, while the PFAS associated with aerosols with high water content or particles enter the atmosphere easily during the day. Although most emerging PFAS could not be eliminated efficiently in conventional treatment units, deep bed filtration and advanced oxidation processes could partly remove some emerging precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biting Qiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dongbao Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Abilaji S, Narenkumar J, Das B, S S, Rajakrishnan R, Sathishkumar K, Rajamohan R, Rajasekar A. Electrochemical oxidation of azo dyes degradation by RuO 2-IrO 2-TiO 2 electrode with biodegradation Aeromonas hydrophila AR1 and its degradation pathway: An integrated approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140516. [PMID: 37879370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Azo dyes are the most varied class of synthetic chemicals with non-degradable characteristics. They are complex compounds made up of many different parts. It was primarily utilized for various application procedures in the dyeing industry. Therefore, it's crucial to develop an economical and environmentally friendly approach to treating azo dyes. Our present investigation is an integrated approach to the electrooxidation (EO) process of azo dyes using RuO2-IrO2-TiO2 (anode) and titanium mesh (cathode) electrodes, followed by the biodegradation process (BD) of the treated EO dyes. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency as follows MB (55%) ≥ MR (45%) ≥ TB (38%) ≥ CR (37%) correspondingly. The fragment generated during the degradation process which was identified with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and its degradation mechanism pathway was proposed as demethylation reaction and N-N and C-N/C-S cleavage reaction occurs during EO. In biodegradation studies by Aeromonas hydrophila AR1, the EO treated dyes were completely mineralized aerobically which was evident by the COD removal efficiency as MB (98%) ≥ MR (92.9%) ≥ TB (88%) ≥ CR (87%) respectively. The EO process of dyes produced intermediate components with lower molecular weights, which was effectively utilized by the Aeromonas hydrophila AR1 and resulted in higher degradation efficiency 98%. We reported the significance of the enhanced approach of electrochemical oxidation with biodegradation studies in the effective removal of the pollutants in dye industrial effluent contaminated water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramani Abilaji
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, 632115, India
| | - Jayaraman Narenkumar
- Department of Environmental & Water Resources Engineering.School of Civil Engineering (SCE). Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Bhaskar Das
- Department of Environmental & Water Resources Engineering.School of Civil Engineering (SCE). Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Suresh S
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Rajagopal Rajakrishnan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuppusamy Sathishkumar
- Rhizosphere Biology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajaram Rajamohan
- Organic Materials Synthesis Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Aruliah Rajasekar
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, 632115, India.
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36
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Han BC, Liu JS, Bizimana A, Zhang BX, Kateryna S, Zhao Z, Yu LP, Shen ZZ, Meng XZ. Identifying priority PBT-like compounds from emerging PFAS by nontargeted analysis and machine learning models. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122663. [PMID: 37783416 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
As traditional per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are phased out, emerging PFAS are being developed and widely used. However, little is known about their properties, including persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT). Screening for emerging PFAS relies on available chemical inventory databases. Here, we compiled a database of emerging PFAS obtained from nontargeted analysis and assessed their PBT properties using machine learning models, including qualitative graph attention networks, Insubria PBT Index and quantitative EAS-E Suite, VEGA, and ProTox-II platforms. Totally 282 homologues (21.8% of emerging PFAS) were identified as PBT based on the combined qualitative and quantitative prediction, in which 140 homologues were detected in industrial and nonbiological/biological samples, belong to four categories, i.e. modifications of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, perfluoroalkane sulfonamido substances, fluorotelomers and modifications of perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids. Approximately 10.1% of prioritized emerging PFAS were matched to chemical vendors and 19.6% to patents. Aqueous film-forming foams and fluorochemical factories are the predominant sources for prioritized emerging PFAS. The database and screening results can update the assessment related to legislative bodies such as the US Toxic Substances Control Act and the Stockholm Convention. The combined qualitative and quantitative machine learning models can provide a methodological tool for prioritizing other emerging organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Cang Han
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Jin-Song Liu
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University. 572 South Yuexiu Road, Jiaxing, 314001, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Aaron Bizimana
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development (IESD), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bo-Xuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Sukhodolska Kateryna
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development (IESD), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Li-Ping Yu
- Suzhou Jingtian Lover Environmental Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou, 215228, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong-Zeng Shen
- Suzhou Jingtian Lover Environmental Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou, 215228, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Li Z, Lu Y, Chen T, He A, Huang Y, Li L, Pan W, Li J, Zhu N, Wang Y, Jiang G. Generation Mechanism of Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid from Polyfluoroalkyl Sulfonamide Derivatives During Chloramination in Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18462-18472. [PMID: 36633968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), as emerging persistent organic pollutants widely detected in drinking water, have drawn increasing concern. The PFHxS contamination of drinking water always results from direct and indirect sources, especially the secondary generations through environmental transformations of precursors. However, the mechanism of the transformation of precursors to PFHXS during the drinking water treatment processes remains unclear. Herein, the potential precursors and formation mechanisms of PFHxS were explored during drinking water disinfection. Simultaneously, the factors affecting PFHxS generation were also examined. This study found PFHxS could be generated from polyfluoroalkyl sulfonamide derivatives during chlorination and chloramination. The fate and yield of PFHxS varied from different precursors and disinfection processes. In particular, monochloramine more favorably formed PFHxS. Several perfluoroalkyl oxidation products and decarboxylation intermediates were detected and identified in the chloraminated samples using Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Combined with density functional theory calculations, the results indicated that the indirect oxidation via the attack of the nitrogen atom in sulfonamide groups might be the dominant pathway for generating PFHxS during chloramination, and the process could be highly affected by the monochloramine dose, pH, and temperature. This study provides important evidence of the secondary formation of PFHxS during drinking water disinfection and scientific support for chemical management of PFHxS and PFHxS-related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Li
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yao Lu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing100049, China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing100049, China
| | - Anen He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing100049, China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing100049, China
| | - Lingxiangyu Li
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing100049, China
| | - Wenxiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing100049, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing100049, China
| | - Nali Zhu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing100049, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing100049, China
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Kim Y, Pike KA, Gray R, Sprankle JW, Faust JA, Edmiston PL. Non-targeted identification and semi-quantitation of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in US rainwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1771-1787. [PMID: 36341487 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00349j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to screen for emerging per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in precipitation samples collected in summer 2019 at seven sites in the United States. We previously quantified the concentration of ten PFAS in the rainwater samples using the method of isotopic dilution (Pike et al., 2021). Nine of these targeted analytes belonged to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regional Screening Level list, herein referred to as EPA-monitored analytes. In this new work, we identify emerging PFAS compounds by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Several emerging PFAS were detected across all samples, with the most prevalent compounds being C3-C8 hydrogen-substituted perfluorocarboxylic acids (H-PFCAs) and fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCAs). Concentrations of emerging PFAS were in the 10-1000 ng L-1 range (approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than EPA-monitored PFAS) at all sites except Wooster, OH, where concentrations were even higher, with a maximum estimated ΣPFAS of 16 400 ng L-1. The elevated levels of emerging PFAS in the Wooster samples were predominantly even and odd chain-length H-PFCAs and FTCAs comprised of complex mixtures of branched isomers. This unique composition did not match any known manufactured PFAS formulation reported to date, but it could represent thermally transformed by-products emitted by a local point source. Overall, the results indicate that PFAS outside of the standard analyte lists make up a significant and previously unappreciated fraction of contaminants in rainwater collected within the central U.S.-and potentially world-wide-especially in proximity to localized point sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Kyndal A Pike
- Department of Chemistry, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA.
- Department of Mathematical & Computational Sciences, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Rebekah Gray
- Department of Chemistry, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Jameson W Sprankle
- Department of Chemistry, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA.
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA
| | | | - Paul L Edmiston
- Department of Chemistry, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA.
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Schymanski EL, Zhang J, Thiessen PA, Chirsir P, Kondic T, Bolton EE. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in PubChem: 7 Million and Growing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:16918-16928. [PMID: 37871188 PMCID: PMC10634333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are of high concern, with calls to regulate them as a class. In 2021, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) revised the definition of PFAS to include any chemical containing at least one saturated CF2 or CF3 moiety. The consequence is that one of the largest open chemical collections, PubChem, with 116 million compounds, now contains over 7 million PFAS under this revised definition. These numbers are several orders of magnitude higher than previously established PFAS lists (typically thousands of entries) and pose an incredible challenge to researchers and computational workflows alike. This article describes a dynamic, openly accessible effort to navigate and explore the >7 million PFAS and >21 million fluorinated compounds (September 2023) in PubChem by establishing the "PFAS and Fluorinated Compounds in PubChem" Classification Browser (or "PubChem PFAS Tree"). A total of 36500 nodes support browsing of the content according to several categories, including classification, structural properties, regulatory status, or presence in existing PFAS suspect lists. Additional annotation and associated data can be used to create subsets (and thus manageable suspect lists or databases) of interest for a wide range of environmental, regulatory, exposomics, and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jian Zhang
- National
Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
| | - Paul A. Thiessen
- National
Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
| | - Parviel Chirsir
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Todor Kondic
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Evan E. Bolton
- National
Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
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Kirkwood-Donelson KI, Dodds JN, Schnetzer A, Hall N, Baker ES. Uncovering per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with nontargeted ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry analyses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj7048. [PMID: 37878714 PMCID: PMC10599621 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj7048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Because of environmental and health concerns, legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been voluntarily phased out, and thousands of emerging PFAS introduced as replacements. Traditional analytical methods target a limited number of mainly legacy PFAS; therefore, many species are not routinely assessed in the environment. Nontargeted approaches using high-resolution mass spectrometry methods have therefore been used to detect and characterize unknown PFAS. However, their ability to elucidate chemical structures relies on generation of informative fragments, and many low concentration species are not fragmented in typical data-dependent acquisition approaches. Here, a data-independent method leveraging ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and size-dependent fragmentation was developed and applied to characterize aquatic passive samplers deployed near a North Carolina fluorochemical manufacturer. From the study, 11 PFAS structures for various per- and polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acids and multiheaded perfluorinated ether acids were elucidated in addition to 36 known PFAS. Eight of these species were previously unreported in environmental media, and three suspected species were validated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James N. Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Astrid Schnetzer
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC,, USA
| | - Nathan Hall
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC, USA
| | - Erin S. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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41
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Song D, Qiao B, Yao Y, Zhao L, Wang X, Chen H, Zhu L, Sun H. Target and nontarget analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in surface water, groundwater and sediments of three typical fluorochemical industrial parks in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132411. [PMID: 37666171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to identify both legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from three typical fluoridated industrial parks (FIPs) in China, and to assess their environmental occurrence and fate. Complementary suspect target and nontarget screening were implemented, and a total of 111 emerging PFAS were identified. Based on the multi-mass scale analysis, 25 emerging PFAS were identified for the first time, including 24 per- and polyfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECAs) and 1 ultra-short chlorinated perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (Cl-PFCAs, C2), with a maximum percentage of 48.2 % in nontarget PFAS (exclude target PFAS). The composition of PFAS identified in different media was influenced by functional groups, carbon chain length, substituents and ether bond insertion, with poly-hydrogen substituted being preferably in water and a more diverse pattern of PFECAs in sediments. The patterns of PFAS homologs revealed distinct differences among the three typical FIPs in the shift of PFAS production patterns. The C4-PFAS and short-chain carboxylic acids (≤C6) were the main PFAS in the Fuxin and Changshu, respectively. In contrast, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, C8) remained dominant in Zibo, and the highest point concentrations in water and sediment were up to 706 µg/L and 553 µg/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbao Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Biting Qiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Wilsey MK, Taseska T, Meng Z, Yu W, Müller AM. Advanced electrocatalytic redox processes for environmental remediation of halogenated organic water pollutants. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11895-11922. [PMID: 37740361 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03176d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated organic compounds are widespread, and decades of heavy use have resulted in global bioaccumulation and contamination of the environment, including water sources. Here, we introduce the most common halogenated organic water pollutants, their classification by type of halogen (fluorine, chlorine, or bromine), important policies and regulations, main applications, and environmental and human health risks. Remediation techniques are outlined with particular emphasis on carbon-halogen bond strengths. Aqueous advanced redox processes are discussed, highlighting mechanistic details, including electrochemical oxidations and reductions of the water-oxygen system, and thermodynamic potentials, protonation states, and lifetimes of radicals and reactive oxygen species in aqueous electrolytes at different pH conditions. The state of the art of aqueous advanced redox processes for brominated, chlorinated, and fluorinated organic compounds is presented, along with reported mechanisms for aqueous destruction of select PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances). Future research directions for aqueous electrocatalytic destruction of organohalogens are identified, emphasizing the crucial need for developing a quantitative mechanistic understanding of degradation pathways, the improvement of analytical detection methods for organohalogens and transient species during advanced redox processes, and the development of new catalysts and processes that are globally scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine K Wilsey
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
| | - Teona Taseska
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Ziyi Meng
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
| | - Wanqing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Astrid M Müller
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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43
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Li L, Gao R, Wang X, Deng Y, Sun H, Sun H, Zhang B, Yu N, Gu C, Pan B, Yu H, Wei S. SWATH-F: A Novel Nontarget Strategy Based on the SWATH-MS Deconvolution Method Assisting in Annotating PFAS Homologues in Multisample Studies. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14551-14557. [PMID: 37723602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
In order to identify emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their alternatives in the environment or population, we need to perform extensive profiling of PFASs to determine their distribution in samples. The sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra (SWATH mode) is capable of obtaining a wide range of MS2 spectra but is difficult for direct identification of PFASs due to its complex MS2 spectra, and the nontarget screening method is difficult to identify due to its lack of a priori information. In this study, we demonstrated the great potential of SWATH-F, a nontarget fragment-based homologue screening method in combination with the SWATH-MS deconvolution, for detecting PFASs. We evaluated the application of SWATH-F to gradient spiked samples and real population serum samples, compared it with nontarget homologue screening in the information-dependent acquisition mode (IDA mode), and obtained better results for SWATH-F with 276% improvement (IDA:17 PFASs, SWATH-F: 64 PFASs) in identification. In addition, we automated the screening and identification process of SWATH-F to facilitate its use by researchers. SWATH-F is freely available on GitHub (https://github.com/njuIrene/SWATH-F) under an MIT license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Rongjun Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Xuebing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yiyan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Environment and Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Huijing Sun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210019, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210019, China
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Bingcai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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44
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Haque F, Soerensen AL, Sköld M, Awad R, Spaan KM, Lauria MZ, Plassmann MM, Benskin JP. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in white-tailed sea eagle eggs from Sweden: temporal trends (1969-2021), spatial variations, fluorine mass balance, and suspect screening. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1549-1563. [PMID: 37622471 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00141e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Temporal and spatial trends of 15 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were determined in white-tailed sea eagle (WTSE) eggs (Haliaeetus albicilla) from two inland and two coastal regions of Sweden between 1969 and 2021. PFAS concentrations generally increased from ∼1969 to ∼1990s-2010 (depending on target and site) and thereafter plateaued or declined, with perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) declining faster than most perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). The net result was a shift in the PFAS profile from PFOS-dominant in 1969-2010 to an increased prevalence of PFCAs over the last decade. Further, during the entire period higher PFAS concentrations were generally observed in coastal populations, possibly due to differences in diet and/or proximity to more densely populated areas. Fluorine mass balance determination in pooled samples from three of the regions (2019-2021) indicated that target PFAS accounted for the vast majority (i.e. 81-100%) of extractable organic fluorine (EOF). Nevertheless, high resolution mass-spectrometry-based suspect screening identified 55 suspects (31 at a confidence level [CL] of 1-3 and 24 at a CL of 4-5), of which 43 were substances not included in the targeted analysis. Semi-quantification of CL ≤ 2 suspects increased the identified EOF to >90% in coastal samples. In addition to showing the impact of PFAS regulation and phase-out initiatives, this study demonstrates that most extractable organofluorine in WTSE eggs is made up of known (legacy) PFAS, albeit with low levels of novel substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Haque
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
| | - Anne L Soerensen
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Martin Sköld
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, Albanovägen 28, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raed Awad
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Valhallavägen 81, 114 28, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kyra M Spaan
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mélanie Z Lauria
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Merle M Plassmann
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonathan P Benskin
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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45
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Ruan T, Li P, Wang H, Li T, Jiang G. Identification and Prioritization of Environmental Organic Pollutants: From an Analytical and Toxicological Perspective. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10584-10640. [PMID: 37531601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental organic pollutants has triggered significant ecological impacts and adverse health outcomes, which have been received substantial and increasing attention. The contribution of unidentified chemical components is considered as the most significant knowledge gap in understanding the combined effects of pollutant mixtures. To address this issue, remarkable analytical breakthroughs have recently been made. In this review, the basic principles on recognition of environmental organic pollutants are overviewed. Complementary analytical methodologies (i.e., quantitative structure-activity relationship prediction, mass spectrometric nontarget screening, and effect-directed analysis) and experimental platforms are briefly described. The stages of technique development and/or essential parts of the analytical workflow for each of the methodologies are then reviewed. Finally, plausible technique paths and applications of the future nontarget screening methods, interdisciplinary techniques for achieving toxicant identification, and burgeoning strategies on risk assessment of chemical cocktails are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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46
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Dewapriya P, Nilsson S, Ghorbani Gorji S, O’Brien JW, Bräunig J, Gómez Ramos MJ, Donaldson E, Samanipour S, Martin JW, Mueller JF, Kaserzon SL, Thomas KV. Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Discovered in Cattle Exposed to AFFF-Impacted Groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13635-13645. [PMID: 37648245 PMCID: PMC10501377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The leaching of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from Australian firefighting training grounds has resulted in extensive contamination of groundwater and nearby farmlands. Humans, farm animals, and wildlife in these areas may have been exposed to complex mixtures of PFASs from aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs). This study aimed to identify PFAS classes in pooled whole blood (n = 4) and serum (n = 4) from cattle exposed to AFFF-impacted groundwater and potentially discover new PFASs in blood. Thirty PFASs were identified at various levels of confidence (levels 1a-5a), including three novel compounds: (i) perfluorohexanesulfonamido 2-hydroxypropanoic acid (FHxSA-HOPrA), (ii) methyl((perfluorohexyl)sulfonyl)sulfuramidous acid, and (iii) methyl((perfluorooctyl)sulfonyl)sulfuramidous acid, belonging to two different classes. Biotransformation intermediate, perfluorohexanesulfonamido propanoic acid (FHxSA-PrA), hitherto unreported in biological samples, was detected in both whole blood and serum. Furthermore, perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides, including perfluoropropane sulfonamide (FPrSA), perfluorobutane sulfonamide (FBSA), and perfluorohexane sulfonamide (FHxSA) were predominantly detected in whole blood, suggesting that these accumulate in the cell fraction of blood. The suspect screening revealed several fluoroalkyl chain-substituted PFAS. The results suggest that targeting only the major PFASs in the plasma or serum of AFFF-exposed mammals likely underestimates the toxicological risks associated with exposure. Future studies of AFFF-exposed populations should include whole-blood analysis with high-resolution mass spectrometry to understand the true extent of PFAS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Dewapriya
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Sandra Nilsson
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Sara Ghorbani Gorji
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Jake W. O’Brien
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
- Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1090 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - María José Gómez Ramos
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, University of
Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3
(ceiA3), Carretera Sacramento
s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería 04120, Spain
| | - Eric Donaldson
- Aviation
Medical Specialist, The Australasian Faculty of Occupational &
Environmental Medicine (AFOEM), The Royal
Australasian College of Physicians (RACP), Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
- Van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1090 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan W. Martin
- Department
of Environmental Science (ACES, Exposure & Effects), Science for
Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Jochen F. Mueller
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarit L. Kaserzon
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102 Queensland, Australia
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47
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Guo D, Zhou Y, Chen F, Wang Z, Li H, Wang N, Gan H, Fang S, Bao R. Temporal variation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) abundances in Shenzhen Bay sediments over past 65 years. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115387. [PMID: 37595453 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
We examined the vertical distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and total organic carbon in sediment cores located in Shenzhen Bay area. We investigated the 210Pbex specific activity of the sediments and calculated the flux of PFASs to understand the temporal variation of PFASs in the past 65 years. The results showed that the concentrations of PFASs generally decreased with depth, ranging from 13 to 251 pg/g dw. The highest PFASs detected were perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorohexanoic acid, which correspond to raw materials used in fire-fighting foam and food packaging industries. The flux of PFASs in Shenzhen Bay showed varying growth after 1978 when China's GDP entered a rapid growth stage. Our findings suggest that the vertical distribution of PFASs in Shenzhen Bay is fluctuating with the changes in industrial types and economic development, with implications for studying the fate of other persistent pollutants in the oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danxu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Engineering Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 5111458, China; Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 5111458, China; Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou, 511458, China.
| | - Zimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Engineering Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Haoshuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Engineering Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, MOE and College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huayang Gan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 5111458, China; Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Shuhong Fang
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China.
| | - Rui Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Engineering Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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48
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Boisacq P, De Keuster M, Prinsen E, Jeong Y, Bervoets L, Eens M, Covaci A, Willems T, Groffen T. Assessment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in commercially available drinking straws using targeted and suspect screening approaches. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1230-1241. [PMID: 37619405 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2240908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Many food contact materials (FCMs) and reusable plastics in the food industry contain poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a group of synthetic pollutants that are known to be potentially harmful for wildlife, humans, and the environment. PFAS may migrate from FCMs to food consumed by humans. As a replacement for plastics, often paper and other plant-based materials are used in commercial settings. This also applies to drinking straws, where plant-based and other presumably eco-friendly straws are increasingly used to reduce plastic pollution. In order to make these materials water-repellent, PFAS are added during manufacturing but can also already be present early in the supply chain due to the use of contaminated raw materials. In the present study, we examined the PFAS concentrations in 39 different brands of straws, made from five materials (i.e. paper, bamboo, glass, stainless steel, and plastic) commercially available on the Belgian market. We combined both targeted and suspect-screening approaches to evaluate a wide range of PFAS. PFAS were found to be present in almost all types of straws, except for those made of stainless steel. PFAS were more frequently detected in plant-based materials, such as paper and bamboo. We did not observe many differences between the types of materials, or the continents of origin. The presence of PFAS in plant-based straws shows that they are not necessarily biodegradable and that the use of such straws potentially contributes to human and environmental exposure of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Boisacq
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Keuster
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Prinsen
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yunsun Jeong
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Division for Environmental Health, Korea Environment Institute (KEI), Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tim Willems
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thimo Groffen
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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49
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Zhao J, Shi X, Wang Z, Xiong S, Lin Y, Wei X, Li Y, Tang X. Hepatotoxicity assessment investigations on PFASs targeting L-FABP using binding affinity data and machine learning-based QSAR model. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115310. [PMID: 37523843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent organic pollutants that have been detected in various environmental media and human serum, but their safety assessment remains challenging. PFASs may accumulate in liver tissues and cause hepatotoxicity by binding to liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP). Therefore, evaluating the binding affinity of PFASs to L-FABP is crucial in assessing the potential hepatotoxic effects. In this study, two binding sites of L-FABP were evaluated, results suggested that the outer site possessed high affinity to polyfluoroalkyl sulfates and the inner site preferred perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides, overall, the inner site of L-FABP was more sensitive to PFASs. The binding affinity data of PFASs to L-FABP were used as training set to develop a machine learning model-based quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for efficient prediction of potentially hazardous PFASs. Further Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) model disclosed flexibility as the determinant molecular property on PFASs-induced hepatotoxicity. It can influence affinity of PFASs to target protein through affecting binding conformations directly (individual effect) as well as integrating with other molecular properties (joint effect). Our present work provided more understanding on hepatotoxicity of PFASs, which could be significative in hepatotoxicity gradation, administration guidance, and safer alternatives development of PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhao
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoyue Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhiqin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Sijie Xiong
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoran Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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50
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Han Y, Cao X. Research Progress of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Edible Oil-A Review. Foods 2023; 12:2624. [PMID: 37444362 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been widely used in different types of consumer and industrial applications such as surfactants, household cleaning products, textiles, carpets, cosmetics, firefighting foams, and food packaging because of their good stability and special physicochemical properties of hydrophobicity, oleophobicity, high temperature resistance, etc. Meanwhile, PFASs are considered an emerging organic pollutant due to their persistence and potential toxicity to human health. PFASs occur in edible oil, an important component of the global diet, mainly in three ways: raw material contamination, process contamination, and migration from oil contact materials. Thus, the occurrence of PFAS in edible oils has drawn more and more attention in recent years. In this work, the pertinent literature of the last two decades from the Web of Science database was researched. This review systematically addressed the potential sources, the contamination levels, and the progress of the determination of PFASs in edible oil. It aims to provide a relatively whole profile of PFASs in edible oil, render assistance to minimise human exposure to PFASs, and standardise the detection methods of perfluoroalkyl substances in edible oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xueli Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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