1
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Porras N, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Rodríguez-Bertos A, Kosowska A, Barasona JÁ. Tertiary lymphoid organs in wild boar exposed to a low-virulent isolate of African swine fever virus. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-13. [PMID: 38533618 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2331525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the great interest in the development of a vaccine against African swine fever (ASF) in wild boar, the immunological mechanisms that induce animal protection are still unknown. For this purpose, tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) of wild boar were characterised and compared with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) by histopathology, histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry (CD3, CD79, PAX5, LYVE1, fibronectin). In addition, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (p72) were used to evaluate the presence of ASF virus (ASFV) in blood and tissues samples, respectively. TLOs were observed in animals infected with a low-virulent ASFV isolate (LVI), animals co-infected with low and high-virulent ASFV isolates (LVI-HVI) and animals infected only with the high virulence isolate (HVI). TLOs in LVI and LVI-HVI groups were located adjacent to the mucosa and presented a similar structure to MALT. Immunoexpresion of p72 observed in the inflammatory cells adjacent to TLOs/MALTs confirmed its development and reactivity generated by ASF attenuated isolates. Immunohistochemical evaluation, based on cellular composition (T and B lymphocytes), and histomorphometrical study revealed a more pronounced maturation of TLOs/MALTs in the LVI-HVI group. It is currently unclear whether these formations play a protective role by contributing to local immunity in chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the structural similarities between TLOs and MALTs and the location of TLOs close to the mucosa suggest that they may perform a similar function, facilitating a local protective response. Nevertheless, further investigations are warranted to assess the cellular and humoral dynamics of these lymphoid organs induced by attenuated isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Porras
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Kosowska
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Á Barasona
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Ruedas-Torres I, Thi to Nga B, Salguero FJ. Pathogenicity and virulence of African swine fever virus. Virulence 2024; 15:2375550. [PMID: 38973077 PMCID: PMC11232652 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2375550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease with a high impact on the pork industry worldwide. ASF virus (ASFV) is a very complex pathogen, the sole member of the family Asfaviridae, which induces a state of immune suppression in the host through infection of myeloid cells and apoptosis of lymphocytes. Moreover, haemorrhages are the other main pathogenic effect of ASFV infection in pigs, related to the infection of endothelial cells, as well as the activation and structural changes of this cell population by proinflammatory cytokine upregulation within bystander monocytes and macrophages. There are still many gaps in the knowledge of the role of proteins produced by the ASFV, which is related to the difficulty in producing a safe and effective vaccine to combat the disease, although few candidates have been approved for use in Southeast Asia in the past couple of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Ruedas-Torres
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre (VDEC), United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
| | - Bui Thi to Nga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre (VDEC), United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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3
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Liang Y, Kuang Q, Zheng X, Xu Y, Feng Y, Xiang Q, Zhang G, Zhou P. Monoclonal antibody development for early detection of ASFV I73R protein: Identification of a linear antigenic epitope. Virology 2024; 597:110145. [PMID: 38941747 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), which was first identified in northern China in 2018, causes high mortality in pigs. Since the I73R protein in ASFV is abundantly expressed during the early phase of virus replication, it can be used as a target protein for early diagnosis. In this study, the I73R protein of ASFV was expressed, and we successfully prepared a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb), 8G11D7, that recognizes this protein. Through both indirect immunofluorescence and Western blotting assays, we demonstrated that 8G11D7 can detect ASFV strains. By evaluating the binding of the antibody to a series of I73R-truncated peptides, the definitive epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody 8G11D7 was determined to be 58 DKTNTIYPP 66. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the antigenic epitope had a high antigenic index and conservatism. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of ASFV protein structure and function, helping establish ASFV-specific detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Qiyuan Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yongzhi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qinxin Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Pei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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4
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Zhou J, Yu W, Zhu X, Liu H, Liu D, Wang A, Zhang G. Development of quantum dot-based immunochromatographic strip for detection of antibodies against ASFV pp62. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:134559. [PMID: 39128749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
ASFV is the only known double-stranded insect-borne DNA virus, which can rapidly infect domestic pigs and wild boars with ticks as transmission medium. Since it was first discovered in 1921, it quickly spread to all parts of the world and brought huge economic losses to the pig industry all over the world. At present, there is still no safe and effective vaccine for ASFV. Here, we developed a quantum-dot labeled antibody test strip for the detection of antibodies against ASFV pp62. The pp62 protein was labeled with quantum dots, and the antibody test strip was developed uses it in a detection mode of labeled antigen-SPA interceptor-monoclonal antibody quality control. The test strip showed high sensitivity, the positive detection limit of the strip was 1: 106 by continuous multiple dilution using the positive standard serum of ASFV antibody as reference. The test strip showed good specificity, and there was no cross reaction with other swine diseases virus (PCV2, PRRSV, CSFV, PPV). Using the detection results of commercialized kit for African swine fever virus as reference, 80 ASFV antibody negative sera and 4 different ASFV antibody positive sera were detected using the ASFV pp62 quantum-dot labeled antibody test strip. The results were consistent with the commercial kit. This study provides a new detection method for the prevention and control of African swine fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Zhou
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 4500000, Henan, China
| | - Wan Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 4500000, Henan, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 4500000, Henan, China
| | - DongMin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 4500000, Henan, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 4500000, Henan, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 4500000, Henan, China.
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5
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Chen H, Zhu J, Niu X, Cheng Y, Jian W, Gao F, Sunkang Y, Qi W, Huang L. Development of a P30 protein-based indirect ELISA for detecting African swine fever antibodies utilizing the HEK293F expression system. Vet J 2024; 306:106186. [PMID: 38936461 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, febrile, and highly lethal infectious disease in pigs caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Effective detection methods and strict biosecurity measures are crucial for preventing and controlling ASF, especially since there are currently no commercially available vaccines or antiviral drugs to combat ASFV infection effectively. However, the emergence of low-virulence strains of ASFV in recent years has led to false-positive results, highlighting the importance of early-produced antibody detection methods. Therefore, detecting antibodies against ASFV produced early in the infection can facilitate the prompt identification of infected pigs. This study focused on the p30 protein, an early expressed protein during ASFV infection, to develop an indirect ELISA. This method was established using the HEK293F suspension cell expression system, which has the ability to produce large quantities of correctly folded proteins with normal functionality. In this study, we developed an indirect ELISA test utilizing the p30 recombinant protein produced by the HEK293F suspension cell expression system as the antigen coating. The concentration of the p30 protein obtained from the HEK293F suspension cell expression system was measured at 4.668 mg/mL, serving as the foundation for establishing the indirect ELISA. Our findings indicate that the indirect ELISA method exhibits a sensitivity of 1:12800. Furthermore, it demonstrates high specificity and excellent reproducibility. Comparing our results to those obtained from the commercial kit, we found a coincidence rate of 98.148 % for the indirect ELISA. In summary, we have developed a sensitive method for detecting ASFV, providing a valuable tool for monitoring ASFV infection in pig herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junhai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuefeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China; National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou 510120, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yuanyi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou 510120, China; National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou 510120, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Weijun Jian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongjie Sunkang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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6
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Shaw C, McLure A, Glass K. Modelling African swine fever introduction in diverse Australian feral pig populations. Prev Vet Med 2024; 228:106212. [PMID: 38704921 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease that affects domestic and feral pigs. While not currently present in Australia, ASF outbreaks have been reported nearby in Indonesia, Timor-Leste, and Papua New Guinea. Feral pigs are found in all Australian states and territories and are distributed in a variety of habitats. To investigate the impacts of an ASF introduction event in Australia, we used a stochastic network-based metapopulation feral pig model to simulate ASF outbreaks in different regions of Australia. Outbreak intensity and persistence in feral pig populations was governed by local pig recruitment rates, population size, carcass decay period, and, if applicable, metapopulation topology. In Northern Australia, the carcass decay period was too short for prolonged persistence, while endemic transmission could possibly occur in cooler southern areas. Populations in Macquarie Marshes in New South Wales and in Namadgi National Park in the Australian Capital Territory had the highest rates of persistence. The regions had different modes of transmission that led to long-term persistence. Endemic Macquarie Marshes simulations were characterised by rapid transmission caused by high population density that required a fragmented metapopulation to act as a bottleneck to slow transmission. Endemic simulations in Namadgi, with low density and relatively slow transmission, relied on large, well-connected populations coupled with long carcass decay times. Despite the potential for endemic transmission, both settings required potentially unlikely population sizes and dynamics for prolonged disease survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Shaw
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Angus McLure
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kathryn Glass
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Friedrichs V, Reicks D, Zimmerman JJ, Nelson EA, Sauter-Louis C, Beer M, Christopher-Hennings J, Blome S. Establishment of a Suitable Diagnostic Workflow to Ensure Sensitive Detection of African Swine Fever Virus Genome in Porcine Semen. Pathogens 2024; 13:537. [PMID: 39057764 PMCID: PMC11280010 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of African swine fever virus (ASFV), causing severe and often lethal disease in domestic pigs and Eurasian wild boar, continues to be a threat to pig populations and dependent industries. Despite scientific achievements that have deepened our understanding of ASFV pathogenesis, alternative transmission routes for ASFV remain to be elucidated. We previously demonstrated the efficient transmission of ASFV from infected boars to naïve recipient gilts via artificial insemination, thereby highlighting the importance of surveillance of boar semen prior to its shipment. Since the accurate and reliable detection of even low amounts of ASFV in boar semen is key to disease prevention and control, we established a suitable diagnostic workflow to efficiently detect the ASFV genome in boar semen. Here, we assessed the sensitivity of various routine nucleic acid extraction kits as well as qPCR protocols in detecting the ASFV genome in the blood and semen of infected boars. The feasibility of the respective kits and methods for future use in boar studs was also considered. Variability in sensitivity mostly concerned samples with low to very low amounts of the ASFV genome. Ultimately, we defined a well-suited workflow for precisely detecting the ASFV genome in boar semen as early as 2 days post ASFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Friedrichs
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.F.); (C.S.-L.); (M.B.)
| | - Darwin Reicks
- Reicks Veterinary Research and Consulting, Saint Peter, MN 56082, USA;
| | - Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Eric A. Nelson
- Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.F.); (C.S.-L.); (M.B.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.F.); (C.S.-L.); (M.B.)
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (V.F.); (C.S.-L.); (M.B.)
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8
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Fernandez-Colorado CP, Kim WH, Flores RA, Min W. African Swine Fever in the Philippines: A Review on Surveillance, Prevention, and Control Strategies. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1816. [PMID: 38929435 PMCID: PMC11200829 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious disease of swine, has posed a significant global threat to the swine industry. As an archipelago, the Philippines has a geographic advantage when it comes to the risk of ASF transmission. However, since its introduction to the Philippines in 2019, it has proliferated not only in backyard and commercial farms but also in wild pig populations. While certain parts of the country were more affected than others, the epidemiologic features of ASF necessitate that all affected areas must be closely monitored and that confirmed cases be treated with the utmost care. With the very limited data on ASF epidemiology and surveillance in the Philippines, future efforts to combat ASF must place even greater emphasis on improved prevention and control strategies. It is worth mentioning that the government's efforts toward comprehensive ASF surveillance and epidemiological investigation into the possible ASFV sources or transmission pathways are the most important measures in the prevention and control of ASF outbreaks. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current swine industry and ASF situation in the Philippines, which includes its epidemiology, surveillance, prevention, and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherry P. Fernandez-Colorado
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños 4031, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Woo Hyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (W.H.K.); (R.A.F.); (W.M.)
| | - Rochelle A. Flores
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (W.H.K.); (R.A.F.); (W.M.)
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (W.H.K.); (R.A.F.); (W.M.)
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9
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Zhao Y, Yang M, Zhou C, Guo B, Wang K, Song C, Wang H. Establishment of a simple, sensitive, and specific ASFV detection method based on Pyrococcus furiosus argonaute. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 254:116230. [PMID: 38520983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), which is casued by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a fatal infectious disease of pigs that results in significant losses to the breeding industry. Therefore, screening and detection are crucial for the control and prevention of the ASFV. Argonaute is a new detection tool that is being extensively used due to its high specificity and programmability. This study reports on a new nucleic acid assay method, termed REPD, which uses recombinase-aided amplification and restriction endonuclease-assisted Pyrococcus furiosus argonaute (PfAgo) detection. One-pot REPD was developed for the detection of ASFV. The one-pot REPD could detect a single copy of ASFV nucleic acid and showed no cross-reactivity with other pathogens. Detection in clinical samples was 100% consistent with the results of real-time PCR analysis. The results showed that the one-pot REPD assay is convenient, sensitive, specific, and potentially adaptable to the detection of ASFV. In summary, this study highlights a novel method that can be employed for the detection of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changyu Zhou
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Boyan Guo
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kailu Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cailiang Song
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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10
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Franzoni G, Fiori MS, Mura L, Carta T, Di Nardo A, Floris M, Ferretti L, Zinellu S, Angioi PP, Sechi AM, Carusillo F, Brundu D, Fadda M, Bazzardi R, Giammarioli M, Cappai S, Dei Giudici S, Oggiano A. In vitro phenotypic characterisation of two genotype I African swine fever viruses with genomic deletion isolated from Sardinian wild boars. Vet Res 2024; 55:73. [PMID: 38849962 PMCID: PMC11157848 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a devastating disease affecting domestic and wild pigs. ASF was first introduced in Sardinia in 1978 and until 2019 only genotype I isolates were identified. A remarkable genetic stability of Sardinian ASFV isolates was described, nevertheless in 2019 two wild boar isolates with a sustained genomic deletion (4342 base pairs) were identified (7303WB/19, 7212WB/19). In this study, we therefore performed in vitro experiments with monocyte-derived macrophages (moMФ) to unravel the phenotypic characteristics of these deleted viruses. Both 7303WB/19 and 7212WB/19 presented a lower growth kinetic in moMФ compared to virulent Sardinian 26544/OG10, using either a high (1) or a low (0.01) multiplicity of infection (MOI). In addition, flow cytometric analysis showed that both 7303WB/19 and 7212WB/19 presented lower intracellular levels of both early and late ASFV proteins. We subsequently investigated whether deleted virus variants were previously circulating in wild boars in Sardinia. In the four years preceding the last genotype I isolation (February 2015-January 2019), other eight wild boar isolates were collected, all belonging to p72 genotype I, B602L subgroup X, but none of them presented a sustained genomic deletion. Overall, we observed the deleted virus isolates in Sardinia only in 2019, at the end of a strong eradication campaign, and our data suggest that it might possess an attenuated phenotype in vivo. A better understanding of ASFV evolution in endemic territories might contribute to development of effective control measures against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Franzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Mariangela S Fiori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Lorena Mura
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Tania Carta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Matteo Floris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Pandemic Sciences Institute and Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 4BH, UK
| | - Susanna Zinellu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Angioi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Sechi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Diego Brundu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Manlio Fadda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bazzardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Monica Giammarioli
- National Swine Fever Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell'Umbria e Delle Marche, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Cappai
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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11
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Liu W, Yang L, Di C, Sun J, Liu P, Liu H. Nonstructural Protein A238L of the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Enhances Antiviral Immune Responses by Activating the TBK1-IRF3 Pathway. Vet Sci 2024; 11:252. [PMID: 38921999 PMCID: PMC11209439 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a double-stranded DNA virus with an envelope. ASFV has almost the largest genome among all DNA viruses, and its mechanisms of immune evasion are complex. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ASFV genes will improve vaccine design. A238L, a nonstructural protein of ASFV, inhibits NF-κB activation by suppressing the HAT activity of p300. Whether A238L also affects the transcriptional activity of IRF3 remains unexplored. Here we first confirmed the ability of A238L to suppress NF-κB-activity in L929 cells. A238L inhibits the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes. In contrast, A238L increased the phosphorylation levels of TBK1 and IRF3 in three different cell lines. A238L increases the IRF3-driven promoter activity and induces IRF3 nuclear translocation. Furthermore, A238L enhanced innate antiviral immunity in the absence or presence of poly d (A:T) or poly (I:C) stimulation, or herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or Sendai virus (SeV) infection. This study reveals a previously unrecognized role of A238L in promoting antiviral immune responses by TBK1-IRF3 pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lanlan Yang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
| | - Chuanyuan Di
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
| | - Penggang Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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12
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Cong J, Xin Y, Kang H, Yang Y, Wang C, Zhao D, Li X, Rao Z, Chen Y. Structural insights into the DNA topoisomerase II of the African swine fever virus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4607. [PMID: 38816407 PMCID: PMC11139879 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Type II topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes that play a pivotal role in modulating the topological configuration of double-stranded DNA. These topoisomerases are required for DNA metabolism and have been extensively studied in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. However, our understanding of virus-encoded type II topoisomerases remains limited. One intriguing example is the African swine fever virus, which stands as the sole mammalian-infecting virus encoding a type II topoisomerase. In this work, we use several approaches including cryo-EM, X-ray crystallography, and biochemical assays to investigate the structure and function of the African swine fever virus type II topoisomerase, pP1192R. We determine the structures of pP1192R in different conformational states and confirm its enzymatic activity in vitro. Collectively, our results illustrate the basic mechanisms of viral type II topoisomerases, increasing our understanding of these enzymes and presenting a potential avenue for intervention strategies to mitigate the impact of the African swine fever virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Cong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Xin
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiling Kang
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunge Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenlong Wang
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zihe Rao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yutao Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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13
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O’Donnell V, Pierce JL, Osipenko O, Xu L, Berninger A, Lakin SM, Barrette RW, Gladue DP, Faburay B. Rapid Detection and Quick Characterization of African Swine Fever Virus Using the VolTRAX Automated Library Preparation Platform. Viruses 2024; 16:731. [PMID: 38793613 PMCID: PMC11125638 DOI: 10.3390/v16050731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of a severe and highly contagious viral disease affecting domestic and wild swine. The current ASFV pandemic strain has a high mortality rate, severely impacting pig production and, for countries suffering outbreaks, preventing the export of their pig products for international trade. Early detection and diagnosis of ASFV is necessary to control new outbreaks before the disease spreads rapidly. One of the rate-limiting steps to identify ASFV by next-generation sequencing platforms is library preparation. Here, we investigated the capability of the Oxford Nanopore Technologies' VolTRAX platform for automated DNA library preparation with downstream sequencing on Nanopore sequencing platforms as a proof-of-concept study to rapidly identify the strain of ASFV. Within minutes, DNA libraries prepared using VolTRAX generated near-full genome sequences of ASFV. Thus, our data highlight the use of the VolTRAX as a platform for automated library preparation, coupled with sequencing on the MinION Mk1C for field sequencing or GridION within a laboratory setting. These results suggest a proof-of-concept study that VolTRAX is an effective tool for library preparation that can be used for the rapid and real-time detection of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian O’Donnell
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Jim L. Pierce
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA; (J.L.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Oleg Osipenko
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (O.O.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Lizhe Xu
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Amy Berninger
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA; (J.L.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Steven M. Lakin
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (O.O.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Roger W. Barrette
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Orient, NY 11957, USA
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (O.O.); (S.M.L.)
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14
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Shaw C, McLure A, Glass K. African swine fever in wild boar: investigating model assumptions and structure. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231319. [PMID: 39076820 PMCID: PMC11285759 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly virulent viral disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar. Current ASF transmission in Europe is in part driven by wild boar populations, which act as a disease reservoir. Wild boar are abundant throughout Europe and are highly social animals with complex social organization. Despite the known importance of wild boar in ASF spread and persistence, knowledge gaps remain surrounding wild boar transmission. We developed a wild boar modelling framework to investigate the influence of contact-density functions and wild boar social structure on disease dynamics. The framework included an ordinary differential equation model, a homogeneous stochastic model and various network-based stochastic models that explicitly included wild boar social grouping. We found that power-law functions (transmission∝ density0.5) and frequency-based contact-density functions were best able to reproduce recent Baltic outbreaks; however, power-law function models predicted considerable carcass transmission, while frequency-based models had negligible carcass transmission. Furthermore, increased model heterogeneity caused a decrease in the relative importance of carcass-based transmission. The transmission pathways predicted by each model type affected the efficacy of idealized interventions, which highlights the importance of evaluating model type and structure when modelling systems with significant uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Shaw
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory2601, Australia
| | - Angus McLure
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory2601, Australia
| | - Kathryn Glass
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory2601, Australia
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15
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Pavone S, Bellini S, Iscaro C, Farioli M, Chiari M, Lavazza A, Ruocco L, Lelli D, Pintus G, Prati P, Feliziani F. Strategic Challenges to the Eradication of African Swine Fever Genotype II in Domestic Pigs in North Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1295. [PMID: 38731299 PMCID: PMC11083415 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe viral disease characterized by high lethality in suids and caused by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). The ASF genotype I virus was introduced to Europe in 1957, marking the onset of the first European epidemic wave. In 2007, ASFV genotype II was detected in Georgia, affecting domestic pigs and wild boars before spreading to various European and extra-European countries, including Italy. The first case of ASFV in Italy was documented on 7 January 2022, in a wild boar in the Piedmont region. Since then, several ASFV-positive wild boar carcasses have been identified in the Piedmont and Liguria regions. By June 2023, ASFV had spread to Lombardy, one of the major pig-producing regions in northern Italy; the virus was first detected in early summer in wild boar carcasses. Two months later, it was diagnosed in a commercial pig farm as a consequence of the disease's spread amongst wild boars and an increase in the viral environmental load. This report aims to describe the features of ASFV domestic pig outbreaks that occurred in the Zinasco municipality (Lombardy) and the joint efforts to mitigate potential direct and indirect economic impacts on the Italian and global pig industry. The epidemiological investigation and the measures implemented, which were all performed according to national and European regulations, as well as exceptional ad hoc measures aimed at protecting the pig industry, are described in order to provide a practical and effective approach to combating ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pavone
- National Reference Laboratory for Pestivirus and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Silvia Bellini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.B.); (A.L.); (D.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Carmen Iscaro
- National Reference Laboratory for Pestivirus and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Marco Farioli
- Regione Lombardia UO Veterinaria Direzione Generale Welfare, Piazza Città di Lombardia, 1, 20124 Milano, Italy; (M.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Mario Chiari
- Regione Lombardia UO Veterinaria Direzione Generale Welfare, Piazza Città di Lombardia, 1, 20124 Milano, Italy; (M.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.B.); (A.L.); (D.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Luigi Ruocco
- Ministero della Salute Direzione Generale della Sanità Animale e del Farmaco Veterinario, Ufficio III Sanità Animale e Gestione Operativa del Centro Nazionale di Lotta ed Emergenza Contro le Malattie Animali e Unità Centrale di Crisi, Viale Giorgio Ribotta, 5, 00144 Roma, Italy;
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.B.); (A.L.); (D.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Giorgia Pintus
- Local Health Authority (ATS), Via Indipendenza, 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Paola Prati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.B.); (A.L.); (D.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Laboratory for Pestivirus and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.I.); (F.F.)
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16
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Harlow M, Torremorell M, Rademacher CJ, Gebhardt J, Holck T, Linhares LCM, Main RG, Trevisan G. Biosecurity Insights from the United States Swine Health Improvement Plan: Analyzing Data to Enhance Industry Practices. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1134. [PMID: 38612372 PMCID: PMC11011101 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Biosecurity practices aim to reduce the frequency of disease outbreaks in a farm, region, or country and play a pivotal role in fortifying the country's pork industry against emerging threats, particularly foreign animal diseases (FADs). This article addresses the current biosecurity landscape of the US swine industry by summarizing the biosecurity practices reported by the producers through the United States Swine Health Improvement Plan (US SHIP) enrollment surveys, and it provides a general assessment of practices implemented. US SHIP is a voluntary, collaborative effort between industry, state, and federal entities regarding health certification programs for the swine industry. With 12,195 sites surveyed across 31 states, the study provides a comprehensive snapshot of current biosecurity practices. Key findings include variability by site types that have completed Secure Pork Supply plans, variability in outdoor access and presence of perimeter fencing, and diverse farm entry protocols for visitors. The data also reflect the industry's response to the threat of FADs, exemplified by the implementation of the US SHIP in 2020. As the US SHIP program advances, these insights will guide industry stakeholders in refining biosecurity practices, fostering endemic re-emerging and FAD preparedness, and ensuring the sustainability of the swine industry in the face of evolving challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Harlow
- College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine (VPM), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Cristopher J. Rademacher
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jordan Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Tyler Holck
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Leticia C. M. Linhares
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Rodger G. Main
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Giovani Trevisan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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17
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Muzykina L, Barrado-Gil L, Gonzalez-Bulnes A, Crespo-Piazuelo D, Cerón JJ, Alonso C, Montoya M. Overview of Modern Commercial Kits for Laboratory Diagnosis of African Swine Fever and Swine Influenza A Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:505. [PMID: 38675848 PMCID: PMC11054272 DOI: 10.3390/v16040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid and early detection of infectious diseases in pigs is important, especially for the implementation of control measures in suspected cases of African swine fever (ASF), as an effective and safe vaccine is not yet available in most of the affected countries. Additionally, analysis for swine influenza is of significance due to its high morbidity rate (up to 100%) despite a lower mortality rate compared to ASF. The wide distribution of swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) across various countries, the emergence of constantly new recombinant strains, and the danger of human infection underscore the need for rapid and accurate diagnosis. Several diagnostic approaches and commercial methods should be applied depending on the scenario, type of sample and the objective of the studies being implemented. At the early diagnosis of an outbreak, virus genome detection using a variety of PCR assays proves to be the most sensitive and specific technique. As the disease evolves, serology gains diagnostic value, as specific antibodies appear later in the course of the disease (after 7-10 days post-infection (DPI) for ASF and between 10-21 DPI for SwIAV). The ongoing development of commercial kits with enhanced sensitivity and specificity is evident. This review aims to analyse recent advances and current commercial kits utilised for the diagnosis of ASF and SwIAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larysa Muzykina
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, The Margarita Salas Centre for Biological Research (CIB) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C. Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Lucía Barrado-Gil
- Department of Biotechnology, INIA-CSIC, Centro Nacional Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (C.A.)
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
- R&D Department, Cuarte S.L., Grupo Jorge, Ctra. de Logroño km 9.2, Monzalbarba, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (D.C.-P.)
| | - Daniel Crespo-Piazuelo
- R&D Department, Cuarte S.L., Grupo Jorge, Ctra. de Logroño km 9.2, Monzalbarba, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (D.C.-P.)
| | - Jose Joaquin Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Covadonga Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology, INIA-CSIC, Centro Nacional Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (C.A.)
| | - María Montoya
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, The Margarita Salas Centre for Biological Research (CIB) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C. Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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18
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Macalalad MAB, Orosco FL. In silico identification of multi-target inhibitors from medicinal fungal metabolites against the base excision repair pathway proteins of African swine fever virus. RSC Adv 2024; 14:10039-10055. [PMID: 38533097 PMCID: PMC10964135 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00819g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) has emerged as a serious threat to the pork industry resulting in significant economic losses and heightened concerns about food security. With no known cure presently available, existing control measures center on animal quarantine and culling. Considering the severity and challenges posed by ASFV, it is imperative to discover new treatment strategies and implement additional measures to prevent its further spread. This study recognized the potential of 1830 fungal metabolites from medicinal fungi as antiviral compounds against base excision repair (BER) proteins of ASFV, specifically ASFVAP, ASFVPolX, and ASFVLig. A wide array of computer-aided drug discovery techniques were employed to carry out the virtual screening process: ADMET profiling revealed 319 molecules with excellent bioavailability and toxicity properties; consensus docking identified the 10 best-scoring ligands against all targets; molecular dynamics simulation elucidated the stability of the protein-ligand complexes; and MM/PB(GB)SA energy calculations predicted the binding energies of the compounds as well as the key residues integral to binding. Through in silico methods, we identified two theoretical lead candidates against ASFVAP, four against ASFVLig, and five against ASFVPolX. Two compounds, methyl ganoderate E and antcamphin M, exhibited potential multi-target inhibitory characteristics against ASFVPolX and ASFVLig, while compound cochlactone A showed promising antagonistic results against all three BER proteins. It is recommended to prioritize these hit compounds in future in vitro and in vivo studies to validate their potential as antiviral drugs against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Andrian B Macalalad
- Virology and Vaccine Research and Development Program, Department of Science and Technology - Industrial Technology Development Institute Taguig Metro Manila 1632 Philippines
| | - Fredmoore L Orosco
- Virology and Vaccine Research and Development Program, Department of Science and Technology - Industrial Technology Development Institute Taguig Metro Manila 1632 Philippines
- S&T Fellows Program, Department of Science and Technology Taguig Metro Manila 1632 Philippines
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila Manila Metro Manila 1000 Philippines
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19
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Klein L, Gerdes U, Blome S, Campe A, Grosse Beilage E. Biosecurity measures for the prevention of African swine fever on German pig farms: comparison of farmers' own appraisals and external veterinary experts' evaluations. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:14. [PMID: 38468332 PMCID: PMC10926670 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since its first introduction into the German wild boar population in 2020, African swine fever (ASF) has been spreading slowly from the eastern border westwards and has been introduced into eight domestic pig farms thus far. The European Food Safety Authority has named deficits in farm biosecurity and increased human activity as major risk factors for the introduction of the ASF virus into pig farms. Studies have shown that pig farms in Germany generally have a high level of biosecurity. However, veterinary practitioners and policy-makers have expressed concerns that not all pig farmers are appropriately prepared to deal with the threat of ASF. This study aimed to evaluate the level of biosecurity on pig farms in Lower Saxony and explore the reasons for deficits in the implementation of biosecurity measures. For this purpose, pig farmers were interviewed in open structured face-to-face interviews about their perception of ASF and biosecurity, and the implemented measures on their farms were assessed with a checklist. In the data analysis, the farmers' answers and the results of the biosecurity check were compared to gain further insights into the factors influencing the implementation of biosecurity measures on the farms. RESULTS The biosecurity check showed that on most farms, a high level of biosecurity had been implemented. Nevertheless, deficits were found concerning the fences and the delimitation of clean and dirty areas on farm grounds and in the anteroom. Overall, the farmers were well informed about ASF and had a realistic perception of their own biosecurity. They considered the farm layout, financial means and practicality of hygiene measures to be the main barriers to implementing biosecurity measures against ASF. However, the results also suggested that farmers' attitudes and legal regulations were major influencing factors. CONCLUSION The results indicated a high level of biosecurity against ASF on most pig farms and a realistic perception of their own biosecurity by the farmers. Current knowledge transfer and information should focus on building upon the farmers' own motivation and expertise and supporting them to put existing knowledge into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Klein
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Buenteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ursula Gerdes
- Niedersaechsische Tierseuchenkasse (Animal Disease Fund), Bruehlstrasse 9, 30169, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Blome
- Department of Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Amely Campe
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Buenteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Grosse Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Buescheler Strasse 9, 49456, Bakum, Germany
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20
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Bora M. From pigs to wild boars, the rise of African swine fever in India. Virusdisease 2024; 35:66-68. [PMID: 38817405 PMCID: PMC11133263 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-023-00853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious transboundary disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. In India, introduction of ASF in early 2020 from outbreaks in domestic pigs reported from two north-eastern states and its further spread to several Indian states inflicted severe losses in pig and pork production. ASF has also been reported in wild boars (Sus scrofa) indicating a local transmission from domestic pigs with a high likelihood that it might attain an endemic status and threaten wildlife conservation by endangering the pygmy hogs (Porcula salvania), the world's smallest wild pig native to this region. To ensure future food security and prevent the implications of ASF in India, biosecurity and border measures, disease control strategies and production systems must be improved and modernized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Bora
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141001 India
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21
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Chandana MS, Nair SS, Chaturvedi VK, Abhishek, Pal S, Charan MSS, Balaji S, Saini S, Vasavi K, Deepa P. Recent progress and major gaps in the vaccine development for African swine fever. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:997-1010. [PMID: 38311710 PMCID: PMC10920543 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The swine industry across the globe is recently facing a devastating situation imparted by a highly contagious and deadly viral disease, African swine fever. The disease is caused by a DNA virus, the African swine fever virus (ASFV) of the genus Asfivirus. ASFV affects both wild boars and domestic pigs resulting in an acute form of hemorrhagic fever. Since the first report in 1921, the disease remains endemic in some of the African countries. However, the recent occurrence of ASF outbreaks in Asia led to a fresh and formidable challenge to the global swine production industry. Culling of the infected animals along with the implementation of strict sanitary measures remains the only options to control this devastating disease. Efforts to develop an effective and safe vaccine against ASF began as early as in the mid-1960s. Different approaches have been employed for the development of effective ASF vaccines including inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, virus-vectored vaccines, and live attenuated vaccines (LAVs). Inactivated vaccines are a non-feasible strategy against ASF due to their inability to generate a complete cellular immune response. However genetically engineered vaccines, such as subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines, and virus vector vaccines, represent tailored approaches with minimal adverse effects and enhanced safety profiles. As per the available data, gene deleted LAVs appear to be the most potential vaccine candidates. Currently, a gene deleted LAV (ASFV-G-∆I177L), developed in Vietnam, stands as the sole commercially available vaccine against ASF. The major barrier to the goal of developing an effective vaccine is the critical gaps in the knowledge of ASFV biology and the immune response induced by ASFV infection. The precise contribution of various hosts, vectors, and environmental factors in the virus transmission must also be investigated in depth to unravel the disease epidemiology. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent progress in vaccine development against ASF and the major gaps associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Chandana
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India.
| | - Sonu S Nair
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India.
| | - V K Chaturvedi
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Abhishek
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Santanu Pal
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | | | - Shilpa Balaji
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Muktheswhar 263138, Utharakand, India
| | - Shubham Saini
- Division of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Koppu Vasavi
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, India
| | - Poloju Deepa
- Division of CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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22
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Phillips CJC. Farm Animal Welfare-From the Farmers' Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:671. [PMID: 38473056 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Improvements in the welfare of animals in the intensive production industries are increasingly being demanded by the public. Scientific methods of welfare improvement have been developed and are beginning to be used on farms, including those provided by precision livestock farming. The number of welfare challenges that animals are facing in the livestock production industries is growing rapidly, and farmers are a key component in attempts to improve welfare because their livelihood is at stake. The challenges include climate change, which not only exposes animals to heat stress but also potentially reduces forage and water availability for livestock production systems. Heat-stressed animals have reduced welfare, and it is important to farmers that they convert feed to products for human consumption less efficiently, their immune system is compromised, and both the quality of the products and the animals' reproduction are adversely affected. Livestock farmers are also facing escalating feed and fertiliser costs, both of which may jeopardise feed availability for the animals. The availability of skilled labour to work in livestock industries is increasingly limited, with rural migration to cities and the succession of older farmers uncertain. In future, high-energy and protein feeds are unlikely to be available in large quantities when required for the expanding human population. It is expected that livestock farming will increasingly be confined to marginal land offering low-quality pasture, which will favour ruminant livestock, at the expense of pigs and poultry unable to readily digest coarse fibre in plants. Farmers also face disease challenges to their animals' welfare, as the development of antibiotic resistance in microbes has heralded an era when we can no longer rely on antibiotics to control disease or improve the feed conversion efficiency of livestock. Farmers can use medicinal plants, pro-, pre- and synbiotics and good husbandry to help maintain a high standard of health in their animals. Loss of biodiversity in livestock breeds reduces the availability of less productive genotypes that survive better on nutrient-poor diets than animals selected for high productivity. Farmers have a range of options to help address these challenges, including changing to less intensive diets, diversification from livestock farming to other enterprises, such as cereal and pseudocereal crops, silvopastoral systems and using less highly selected breeds. These options may not always produce good animal welfare, but they will help to give farm animals a better life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive J C Phillips
- Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute, Kent St., Bentley 6102, Australia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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23
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Desmet C, Coelho-Cruz B, Mehn D, Colpo P, Ruiz-Moreno A. ASFV epitope mapping by high density peptides microarrays. Virus Res 2024; 339:199287. [PMID: 38029799 PMCID: PMC10711508 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, highly contagious and deadly infectious disease. It is a threat to animal health with major potential economic and societal impact. Despite decades of ASF vaccine research, still some gaps in knowledge are hindering the development of a functional vaccine. Worth mentioning are gaps in understanding the mechanism of ASF infection and immunity, as well as the fact that - in case of this disease - virus proteins, so-called protective antigens, responsible for inducing protective immune responses in pigs are not identified yet. In this paper we elaborate on a methodology to identify protective antigens based on epitope mapping by microarray technology. High density peptide microarrays, combined with fluorescence scanning, have been used to analyze the interaction of peptide sequences of African swine fever virus (ASFV) proteins with antibodies present in inactivated serum from infected and healthy animals. The study evidenced ASFV proteins already under the radar for vaccine development, such as p54, and identified specific sequences in those proteins that may become the focus for future vaccine candidates. Such methodology is amenable to automation and high-throughput and may help developing better targeting for next generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Desmet
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Pascal Colpo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Ana Ruiz-Moreno
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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24
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Dei Giudici S, Loi F, Ghisu S, Angioi PP, Zinellu S, Fiori MS, Carusillo F, Brundu D, Franzoni G, Zidda GM, Tolu P, Bandino E, Cappai S, Oggiano A. The Long-Jumping of African Swine Fever: First Genotype II Notified in Sardinia, Italy. Viruses 2023; 16:32. [PMID: 38257733 PMCID: PMC10820622 DOI: 10.3390/v16010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating infectious disease of domestic pigs and wild boar that is spreading quickly around the world and causing huge economic losses. Although the development of effective vaccines is currently being attempted by several labs, the absence of globally recognized licensed vaccines makes disease prevention and early detection even more crucial. ASF has spread across many countries in Europe and about two years ago affected the Italian susceptible population. In Italy, the first case of ASF genotype II in wild boar dates back to January 2022, while the first outbreak in a domestic pig farm was notified in August 2023. Currently, four clusters of infection are still ongoing in northern (Piedmont-Liguria and Lombardy), central (Lazio), and southern Italy (Calabria and Campania). In early September 2023, the first case of ASFV genotype II was detected in a domestic pig farm in Sardinia, historically affected by genotype I and in the final stage of eradication. Genomic characterization of p72, p54, and I73R/I329L genome regions revealed 100% similarity to those obtained from isolates that have been circulating in mainland Italy since January 2022 and also with international strains. The outbreak was detected and confirmed due to the passive surveillance plan on domestic pig farms put in place to provide evidence on genotype I's absence. Epidemiological investigations suggest 24 August as the most probable time of ASFV genotype II's arrival in Sardinia, likely due to human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dei Giudici
- Laboratory of Virology, Deapartment of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.D.G.); (P.P.A.); (S.Z.); (M.S.F.); (G.F.); (A.O.)
| | - Federica Loi
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale della Sardegna, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 09125 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Sonia Ghisu
- Diagnostic Laboratories, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 08100 Nuoro, Italy; (S.G.); (F.C.); (D.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Pier Paolo Angioi
- Laboratory of Virology, Deapartment of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.D.G.); (P.P.A.); (S.Z.); (M.S.F.); (G.F.); (A.O.)
| | - Susanna Zinellu
- Laboratory of Virology, Deapartment of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.D.G.); (P.P.A.); (S.Z.); (M.S.F.); (G.F.); (A.O.)
| | - Mariangela Stefania Fiori
- Laboratory of Virology, Deapartment of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.D.G.); (P.P.A.); (S.Z.); (M.S.F.); (G.F.); (A.O.)
| | - Francesca Carusillo
- Diagnostic Laboratories, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 08100 Nuoro, Italy; (S.G.); (F.C.); (D.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Diego Brundu
- Diagnostic Laboratories, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 08100 Nuoro, Italy; (S.G.); (F.C.); (D.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Laboratory of Virology, Deapartment of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.D.G.); (P.P.A.); (S.Z.); (M.S.F.); (G.F.); (A.O.)
| | | | - Paolo Tolu
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale della Sardegna, 08100 Nuoro, Italy; (G.M.Z.); (P.T.)
| | - Ennio Bandino
- Diagnostic Laboratories, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 08100 Nuoro, Italy; (S.G.); (F.C.); (D.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Stefano Cappai
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale della Sardegna, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 09125 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Laboratory of Virology, Deapartment of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.D.G.); (P.P.A.); (S.Z.); (M.S.F.); (G.F.); (A.O.)
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25
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Wu Q, Lei Y, Zuo Y, Zhang J, Guo F, Xu W, Xie T, Wang D, Peng G, Wang X, Chen H, Fu Z, Cao G, Dai J. Interactome between ASFV and host immune pathway proteins. mSystems 2023; 8:e0047123. [PMID: 37966252 PMCID: PMC10734461 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00471-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), has become a major crisis for the pork industry in recent years. The mechanism for ASFV pathology and the clinical symptoms difference of ASF between domestic pigs and reservoir hosts remain to be elucidated. We deciphered the comprehensive protein-protein interaction (PPI) network between ASFV and host immune pathways. The intensive PPI network contained both ASFV-host immune pathway PPI and ASFV-ASFV PPI information, providing a comprehensive ASFV-host interaction landscape. Furthermore, the ASFV-host PPI difference between domestic pigs and warthogs was explored, which will be instructive for exploring essential candidates involved in ASFV pathology. Moreover, we screened the inhibitory effect of ASFV proteins in the PPI with cGAS-STING pathway on IFN-I and NF-κB, further providing possible functions of ASFV-host PPI network in innate immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingying Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fenglin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weize Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tanghui Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Departments of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Gang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxia Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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26
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Rajala E, Gröndal H, Sternberg Lewerin S. The first outbreak of African swine fever in Sweden: a survey of pig farmers' perceptions of information received, risks, biosecurity measures and future prospects. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:58. [PMID: 38110953 PMCID: PMC10729408 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African swine fever (ASF), a viral hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar with up to 100% case fatality, was confirmed in Swedish wild boar in September 2023. The responsible authorities launched a control programme to eradicate the infection. The aim of the current study was to understand (i) how Swedish pig farmers have perceived the information issued by authorities and other stakeholders since the discovery of ASF in wild boar, (ii) which risks they see for introducing the infection to their farm, (iii) what biosecurity measures they have taken on their farms, and (iv) their outlook on the future. Such information is important for evaluating the effectiveness of the early stages of ASF control in Sweden. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to members of the Swedish pig producers' organisation. RESULTS A total of 155 farmers responded to the survey (response rate 36%). Almost all respondents had received general information about ASF (91%, n = 138), and 72% (n = 109) had received information about how they can protect their farm from ASF introduction. A majority (87%, n = 118) thought the information was easy to understand, 90% (n = 137) that is was relevant, and 77% (n = 117) that they currently did not lack any information. If given the resources necessary, 58% (n = 84) of the farmers would like to take additional measures such as fencing, and heavily reduce or eradicate the wild boar population. Wild boars were considered the greatest risk for introduction of ASF into their herd (39%, n = 57), followed by people (30%, n = 44), and transports (16%, n = 23). Many farmers (66%, n = 88) had a positive outlook on the future, and 89% (n = 127) have not changed their plans for the future since the ASF outbreak. CONCLUSIONS The responding farmers were in general satisfied with the information received in the beginning of the ASF outbreak. The majority have a positive outlook on the future and the outbreak has not caused them to change their plans. Actions that were highlighted as important to safeguard Sweden's pig production included measures to control the wild boar population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Rajala
- Division of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Hedvig Gröndal
- Division of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanna Sternberg Lewerin
- Division of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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Schambow RA, Hussain S, Antognoli MC, Kreindel S, Reyes R, Perez AM. Epidemiological Assessment of African Swine Fever Spread in the Dominican Republic. Pathogens 2023; 12:1414. [PMID: 38133297 PMCID: PMC10746036 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Since African Swine Fever (ASF) was detected in the Dominican Republic in July 2021, it has negatively impacted the country's swine industry. Assessing the epidemiological situation is crucial to helping local authorities and industry stakeholders control the disease. Here, data on 155 reported outbreaks in the Dominican Republic from November 2022 to June 2023 were evaluated. Descriptive spatiotemporal analysis was performed to characterize disease distribution and spread, and between-herd R0 was calculated for the study period. The Knox test and a space-time permutation model were used to evaluate clustering. Data on clinical presentation, biosecurity measures, and suspected reasons for introduction were categorized and summarized. The majority (78%) of outbreaks occurred on backyard farms which generally had low biosecurity. Across farm types, the majority of pigs were still alive at the time of depopulation. Spatiotemporal findings and R0 estimates suggest an endemic pattern of disease geographically located centrally within the country. Clustering was detected even at small temporal and spatial distances due to outbreaks amongst neighboring backyard farms. These results provide critical information on the current state of the ASF epidemic in the Dominican Republic and will aid government officials and swine industry leaders in developing effective ASF control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Schambow
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (S.H.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Syed Hussain
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (S.H.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Maria C. Antognoli
- International Services Action Programs, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.A.); (S.K.)
| | - Silvia Kreindel
- International Services Action Programs, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; (M.C.A.); (S.K.)
| | - Raysa Reyes
- Instituto del Estudio de las Enfermedades Zoonóticas, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo 10904, Dominican Republic;
| | - Andres M. Perez
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (S.H.); (A.M.P.)
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Ranathunga L, Dodantenna N, Cha JW, Chathuranga K, Chathuranga WAG, Weerawardhana A, Subasinghe A, Haluwana DK, Gamage N, Lee JS. African swine fever virus B175L inhibits the type I interferon pathway by targeting STING and 2'3'-cGAMP. J Virol 2023; 97:e0079523. [PMID: 37902401 PMCID: PMC10688321 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00795-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV), the only known DNA arbovirus, is the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF), an acutely contagious disease in pigs. ASF has recently become a crisis in the pig industry in recent years, but there are no commercially available vaccines. Studying the immune evasion mechanisms of ASFV proteins is important for the understanding the pathogenesis of ASFV and essential information for the development of an effective live-attenuated ASFV vaccines. Here, we identified ASFV B175L, previously uncharacterized proteins that inhibit type I interferon signaling by targeting STING and 2'3'-cGAMP. The conserved B175L-zf-FCS motif specifically interacted with both cGAMP and the R238 and Y240 amino acids of STING. Consequently, this interaction interferes with the interaction of cGAMP and STING, thereby inhibiting downstream signaling of IFN-mediated antiviral responses. This novel mechanism of B175L opens a new avenue as one of the ASFV virulent genes that can contribute to the advancement of ASFV live-attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakmal Ranathunga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Niranjan Dodantenna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Won Cha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Asela Weerawardhana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ashan Subasinghe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - D. K. Haluwana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Nuwan Gamage
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Juszkiewicz M, Walczak M, Woźniakowski G, Podgórska K. African Swine Fever: Transmission, Spread, and Control through Biosecurity and Disinfection, Including Polish Trends. Viruses 2023; 15:2275. [PMID: 38005951 PMCID: PMC10674562 DOI: 10.3390/v15112275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a contagious disease, affecting pigs and wild boars, which poses a major threat to the pig industry worldwide and, therefore, to the agricultural economies of many countries. Despite intensive studies, an effective vaccine against the disease has not yet been developed. Since 2007, ASFV has been circulating in Eastern and Central Europe, covering an increasingly large area. As of 2018, the disease is additionally spreading at an unprecedented scale in Southeast Asia, nearly ruining China's pig-producing sector and generating economic losses of approximately USD 111.2 billion in 2019. ASFV's high resistance to environmental conditions, together with the lack of an approved vaccine, plays a key role in the spread of the disease. Therefore, the biosecurity and disinfection of pig farms are the only effective tools through which to prevent ASFV from entering the farms. The selection of a disinfectant, with research-proven efficacy and proper use, taking into account environmental conditions, exposure time, pH range, and temperature, plays a crucial role in the disinfection process. Despite the significant importance of ASF epizootics, little information is available on the effectiveness of different disinfectants against ASFV. In this review, we have compiled the current knowledge on the transmission, spread, and control of ASF using the principles of biosecurity, with particular attention to disinfection, including a perspective based on Polish experience with ASF control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Juszkiewicz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.W.); (K.P.)
| | - Marek Walczak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.W.); (K.P.)
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.W.); (K.P.)
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Pérez-Núñez D, García-Belmonte R, Riera E, Fernández-Sesma MH, Vigara-Astillero G, Revilla Y. Signal peptide and N-glycosylation of N-terminal-CD2v determine the hemadsorption of African swine fever virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0103023. [PMID: 37768082 PMCID: PMC10617588 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01030-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the cause of the current major animal epidemic worldwide. This disease affects domestic pigs and wild boars, has spread since 2007 through Russia, Eastern Europe, and more recently to Western European countries, and since 2018 emerged in China, from where it spread throughout Southeast Asia. Recently, outbreaks have appeared in the Caribbean, threatening the Americas. It is estimated that more than 900,000 animals have died directly or indirectly from ASFV since 2021 alone. One of the features of ASFV infection is hemoadsorption (HAD), which has been linked to virulence, although the molecular and pathological basis of this hypothesis remains largely unknown. In this study, we have analyzed and identified the key players responsible of HAD, contributing to the identification of new determinants of ASFV virulence, the understanding of ASFV pathogenesis, and the rational development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Riera
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta H. Fernández-Sesma
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Vigara-Astillero
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Diarra AZ, Kelly P, Davoust B, Parola P. Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans and Animals in West Africa. Pathogens 2023; 12:1276. [PMID: 38003741 PMCID: PMC10675719 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are a significant group of arthropod vectors that transmit a large variety of pathogens responsible for human and animal diseases worldwide. Ticks are the second biggest transmitters of vector-borne diseases, behind mosquitoes. However, in West Africa, there is often only limited knowledge of tick-borne diseases. With the scarcity of appropriate diagnostic services, the prevalence of tick-borne diseases is generally underestimated in humans. In this review, we provide an update on tick-borne pathogens reported in people, animals and ticks in West Africa by microscopic, immunological and molecular methods. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. The selection criteria included all studies conducted in West Africa reporting the presence of Rickettsia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Coxiella burnetii, Theileria, Babesia, Hepatozoon and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viruses in humans, animals or ticks. Our intention is to raise awareness of tick-borne diseases amongst human and animal health workers in West Africa, and also physicians working with tourists who have travelled to the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Zan Diarra
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Bernard Davoust
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
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Olesen AS, Lohse L, Johnston CM, Rasmussen TB, Bøtner A, Belsham GJ. Increased Presence of Circulating Cell-Free, Fragmented, Host DNA in Pigs Infected with Virulent African Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:2133. [PMID: 37896910 PMCID: PMC10612093 DOI: 10.3390/v15102133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes severe hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar, often with high case fatality rates. The virus replicates in the circulating cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage and within lymphoid tissues. The infection leads to high fever and a variety of clinical signs. In this study, it was observed that ASFV infection in pigs resulted in a >1000-fold increase in the level of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), derived from the nuclei of host cells in the serum. This change occurred in parallel with the increase in circulating ASFV DNA. In addition, elevated levels (about 30-fold higher) of host mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were detected in the serum from ASFV-infected pigs. For comparison, the release of the cellular enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a commonly used marker of cellular damage, was also found to be elevated during ASFV infection, but later and less consistently. The sera from pigs infected with classical swine fever virus (CSFV), which causes a clinically similar disease to ASFV, were also tested but, surprisingly, this infection did not result in the release of cfDNA, mtDNA, or LDH. It was concluded that the level of cfDNA in the serum is a sensitive host marker of virulent ASFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sofie Olesen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Louise Lohse
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Camille Melissa Johnston
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.L.); (C.M.J.); (T.B.R.)
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
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Qian X, Hu L, Shi K, Wei H, Shi Y, Hu X, Zhou Q, Feng S, Long F, Mo S, Li Z. Development of a triplex real-time quantitative PCR for detection and differentiation of genotypes I and II African swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1278714. [PMID: 37929278 PMCID: PMC10620837 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1278714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) was first identified in 1921 and is extensively prevalent around the world nowadays, which has a significant negative impact on the swine industry. In China, genotype II ASFV was first discovered in 2018, and has spread quickly to different provinces in a very short time; genotype I ASFV was first found in 2020, and has been reported in several provinces since then. To establish an accurate method for detection and differentiation of genotypes I and II ASFV, three primers and probes were designed targeting the ASFV B646L gene for different genotypes, the F1055L gene for genotype I, and the E183L gene for genotype II, and a triplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for differential detection of genotypes I and II ASFV was developed after optimizing the reaction conditions. The assay showed high sensitivity, and the limits of detection (LOD) of the B646L, F1055L, and E183L genes were 399.647 copies/reaction, 374.409 copies/reaction, and 355.083 copies/reaction, respectively; the coefficients of variation (CVs) of the intra-assay and the inter-assay were 0.22-1.88% and 0.16-1.68%, respectively, showing that this method had good repeatability; the assay could detect only ASFV, without cross-reactivity with other swine viruses including PRRSV, PEDV, PDCoV, CSFV, PRV, and PCV2, showing excellent specificity of this method. A total of 3,519 clinical samples from Guangxi province, southern China, were tested by the developed assay, and 8.16% (287/3,519) samples were found to be positive for ASFV, of which 0.17% (6/3,519) samples were positive for genotype I, 7.19% (253/3,519) samples for genotype II, and 0.80% (28/3,519) samples for genotypes I and II. At the same time, these clinical samples were also tested by a previously reported multiplex qPCR, and the agreement between these two methods was more than 99.94%. In summary, the developed triplex qPCR provided a fast, specific and accurate method for detection and differentiation of genotypes I and II ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiu Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Haina Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Shenglan Mo
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Poeta E, Liboà A, Mistrali S, Núñez-Carmona E, Sberveglieri V. Nanotechnology and E-Sensing for Food Chain Quality and Safety. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8429. [PMID: 37896524 PMCID: PMC10610592 DOI: 10.3390/s23208429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, it is well known that sensors have an enormous impact on our life, using streams of data to make life-changing decisions. Every single aspect of our day is monitored via thousands of sensors, and the benefits we can obtain are enormous. With the increasing demand for food quality, food safety has become one of the main focuses of our society. However, fresh foods are subject to spoilage due to the action of microorganisms, enzymes, and oxidation during storage. Nanotechnology can be applied in the food industry to support packaged products and extend their shelf life. Chemical composition and sensory attributes are quality markers which require innovative assessment methods, as existing ones are rather difficult to implement, labour-intensive, and expensive. E-sensing devices, such as vision systems, electronic noses, and electronic tongues, overcome many of these drawbacks. Nanotechnology holds great promise to provide benefits not just within food products but also around food products. In fact, nanotechnology introduces new chances for innovation in the food industry at immense speed. This review describes the food application fields of nanotechnologies; in particular, metal oxide sensors (MOS) will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Poeta
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via J.F. Kennedy, 17/i, 42124 Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy
| | - Aris Liboà
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/a, 43124 Parma, PR, Italy;
| | - Simone Mistrali
- Nano Sensor System srl (NASYS), Via Alfonso Catalani, 9, 42124 Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy;
| | - Estefanía Núñez-Carmona
- National Research Council, Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via J.F. Kennedy, 17/i, 42124 Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy;
| | - Veronica Sberveglieri
- Nano Sensor System srl (NASYS), Via Alfonso Catalani, 9, 42124 Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy;
- National Research Council, Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via J.F. Kennedy, 17/i, 42124 Reggio Emilia, RE, Italy;
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Zakharova OI, Korennoy FI, Yashin IV, Burova OA, Liskova EA, Gladkova NA, Razheva IV, Blokhin AA. Spatiotemporal Patterns of African Swine Fever in Wild Boar in the Russian Federation (2007-2022): Using Clustering Tools for Revealing High-Risk Areas. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3081. [PMID: 37835687 PMCID: PMC10571777 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease that affects both domestic pigs (DPs) and wild boar (WB). The WB population plays an important role in the spread of ASF as the WB acts as a natural reservoir of the virus and transmits it to other susceptible wild and domestic pigs. Our study was aimed at revealing the areas with a high concentration of the WB population, and their potential relationships with the grouping of ASF cases in WB during the course of the ASF spread in the Russian Federation (2007-2022). We collected the annual data on WB numbers by municipalities within the regions of the most intensive ASF spread. We then conducted spatiotemporal analysis to identify clustering areas of ASF cases and compare them with the territories with a high density of WB population. We found that some of the territories with elevated ASF incidence in WB demonstrated spatial and temporal coincidence with the areas with a high WB population density. We also visualized the zones ("emerging hot spots") with a statistically significant rise in the WB population density in recent years, which may be treated as areas of paramount importance for the application of surveillance measures and WB population control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga I. Zakharova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; (F.I.K.); (I.V.Y.); (O.A.B.); (E.A.L.); (N.A.G.); (I.V.R.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Fedor I. Korennoy
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; (F.I.K.); (I.V.Y.); (O.A.B.); (E.A.L.); (N.A.G.); (I.V.R.); (A.A.B.)
- Federal Center for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), Vladimir 600901, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Yashin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; (F.I.K.); (I.V.Y.); (O.A.B.); (E.A.L.); (N.A.G.); (I.V.R.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Olga A. Burova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; (F.I.K.); (I.V.Y.); (O.A.B.); (E.A.L.); (N.A.G.); (I.V.R.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Elena A. Liskova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; (F.I.K.); (I.V.Y.); (O.A.B.); (E.A.L.); (N.A.G.); (I.V.R.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Nadezhda A. Gladkova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; (F.I.K.); (I.V.Y.); (O.A.B.); (E.A.L.); (N.A.G.); (I.V.R.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Irina V. Razheva
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; (F.I.K.); (I.V.Y.); (O.A.B.); (E.A.L.); (N.A.G.); (I.V.R.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Andrey A. Blokhin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Branch in Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; (F.I.K.); (I.V.Y.); (O.A.B.); (E.A.L.); (N.A.G.); (I.V.R.); (A.A.B.)
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Sereda AD, Namsrayn S, Balyshev VM, Vlasov ME, Sindryakova IP, Koltsova G, Kolbasov DV. Seroimmunotyping of African swine fever virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1225587. [PMID: 37808306 PMCID: PMC10556738 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1225587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The extreme genetic and immunobiological heterogeneity exhibited by the African swine fever virus (ASFV) has been a significant impediment in the development of an efficacious vaccine against this disease. Consequently, the lack of internationally accepted protocols for the laboratory evaluation of candidate vaccines has become a major concern within the scientific community. The formulation of such protocols necessitates the establishment of a consensus at the international level on methods for the determination of homologous and heterologous isolates/strains of ASFV. The present article provides a comprehensive description of biological techniques employed in the classification of ASFV by seroimmunotypes. These techniques involve a holistic evaluation of ASFV isolates/strains based on their antigenic properties as determined by the hemadsorption inhibiting test (HAdI) using type-specific sera and an immunological test (IT) conducted on pigs inoculated with attenuated strains. The article outlines the methods for setting up the HAdI test, an IT on pigs, and the processes involved in the acquisition of type-specific serums for the HAdI test. It is pertinent to note that the definitive classification of seroimmunotype can only be ascertained after conducting an IT on pigs. The findings from the HAdI test or the phylogenetic analysis of the EP402R gene should be considered preliminary in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey D. Sereda
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVIM), Vladimir Region, Volginsky, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Irina P. Sindryakova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVIM), Vladimir Region, Volginsky, Russia
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Shi K, Zhao K, Wei H, Zhou Q, Shi Y, Mo S, Long F, Hu L, Feng S, Mo M. Triplex Crystal Digital PCR for the Detection and Differentiation of the Wild-Type Strain and the MGF505-2R and I177L Gene-Deleted Strain of African Swine Fever Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:1092. [PMID: 37764900 PMCID: PMC10534775 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe and highly contagious viral disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars, characterized by a high fever and internal bleeding. The disease is caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which is prevalent worldwide and has led to significant economic losses in the global pig industry. In this study, three pairs of specific primers and TaqMan probes were designed for the ASFV B646L, MGF505-2R and I177L genes. After optimizing the reaction conditions of the annealing temperature, primer concentration and probe concentration, triplex crystal digital PCR (cdPCR) and triplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) were developed for the detection and differentiation of the wild-type ASFV strain and the MGF505-2R and/or I177L gene-deleted ASFV strains. The results indicate that both triplex cdPCR and triplex qPCR were highly specific, sensitive and repeatable. The assays could detect only the B646L, MGF505-2R and I177L genes, without cross-reaction with other swine viruses (i.e., PRRSV, CSFV, PCV2, PCV3, PEDV, PDCoV and PRV). The limit of detection (LOD) of triplex cdPCR was 12 copies/reaction, and the LOD of triplex qPCR was 500 copies/reaction. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) for repeatability and reproducibility were less than 2.7% for triplex cdPCR and less than 1.8% for triplex qPCR. A total of 1510 clinical tissue samples were tested with both methods, and the positivity rates of ASFV were 14.17% (214/1510) with triplex cdPCR and 12.98% (196/1510) with triplex qPCR, with a coincidence rate of 98.81% between the two methods. The positivity rate for the MGF505-2R gene-deleted ASFV strains was 0.33% (5/1510), and no I177L gene-deleted ASFV strain was found. The results indicate that triplex cdPCR and triplex qPCR developed in this study can provide rapid, sensitive and accurate methods for the detection and differentiation of the ASFV B646L, MGF505-2R and I177L genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (K.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Kang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (K.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Haina Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (K.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Shenglan Mo
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Liping Hu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (H.W.); (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (F.L.); (L.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Meilan Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (K.Z.); (Y.S.)
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Hsu CH, Schambow R, Montenegro M, Miclat-Sonaco R, Perez A. Factors Affecting the Spread, Diagnosis, and Control of African Swine Fever in the Philippines. Pathogens 2023; 12:1068. [PMID: 37624028 PMCID: PMC10459637 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease that threatens the swine industry globally. Since its introduction into the Philippines in 2019, ASF has spread extensively in both commercial and backyard farms. Here, using a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, including conjoint and SWOT analyses, world café discussions, and multivariable regression models, the most important factors that influence the spread, diagnosis, and control of ASF in the Philippines were identified. Research findings suggest that swill or contaminated feed, inadequate biosecurity protocols, and movement of personnel were the top risk factors favoring ASF spread among farms in general. For commercial farms, contaminated vehicles and personnel were also important, whereas for backyard farms, the introduction of new pigs, environmental contamination, and poor feeding quality were relevant risk factors. Notable clinical signs of ASF in pigs include reduced feed intake, huddled behavior, and reluctance to stand. This study highlights the need for timely reporting, trust-building initiatives, and enhanced biosecurity measures to effectively manage ASF outbreaks in the country. Results here contribute to the knowledge of factors affecting ASF spread in the Philippines and can help design prevention and control measures in ASF-infected countries while enhancing preparedness in countries free from the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Hsu
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (R.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Rachel Schambow
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (R.S.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Ruth Miclat-Sonaco
- National Livestock Program, Office of the Undersecretary for Livestock, Department of Agriculture, Elliptical Road, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;
| | - Andres Perez
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; (R.S.); (A.P.)
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Ekakoro JE, Nawatti M, Singler DF, Ochoa K, Kizza R, Ndoboli D, Ndumu DB, Wampande EM, Havas KA. A survey of biosecurity practices of pig farmers in selected districts affected by African swine fever in Uganda. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1245754. [PMID: 37662985 PMCID: PMC10469975 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1245754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Uganda, pig production is an important source of livelihood for many people and contributes to food security. African swine fever (ASF) is a major constraint to pig production in Uganda, threatening the food supply and sustainable livelihoods. Prevention of ASF primarily relies on good biosecurity practices along the pig value chain. Previous studies showed that biosecurity along the pig value chain and on farms in Uganda is poor. However, the biosecurity practices of pig farmers in ASF affected areas of Uganda and their opinions on on-farm ASF morbidity and mortality were previously not comprehensively characterized. The objectives of this study were to document pig farmers' experiences with ASF in their farms and to describe the pig biosecurity practices in districts of Uganda that were highly affected by ASF. Methods A total of 99 farmers were interviewed in five districts. Data were collected by way of triangulation through farmer interviews, field observations during the farmer interviews, and a survey of key informants. However, farmer interviews were considered the primary source of data for this study. Farmers' biosecurity practices were scored using a biosecurity scoring algorithm. Results Forty-one out of 96 (42.7%) farmers reported having pigs with ASF in the past 12 months. The level of pig farming experience (p = 0.0083) and herd size (p < 0.0001) were significantly associated with the reported occurrence of ASF. Overall, the biosecurity scores for the respondents were considered poor with 99% (98/99) scoring <70% and just one farmer obtaining a fair score of 72.2%. District (p = 0.0481), type of husbandry system (p = 0.014), and type of pig breed raised (p = 0.004) were significantly associated with farmer's biosecurity score. Conclusion Continued farmer education on ASF and the importance of good biosecurity practices is necessary. More in-depth scientific inquiry into the factors influencing the biosecurity practices among pig farmers in Uganda is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Ekakoro
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Margaret Nawatti
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David F. Singler
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Krista Ochoa
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Robinah Kizza
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dickson Ndoboli
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Deo B. Ndumu
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Eddie M. Wampande
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Karyn A. Havas
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Loundras EA, Netherton CL, Flannery J, Bowes MJ, Dixon L, Batten C. The Effect of Temperature on the Stability of African Swine Fever Virus BA71V Isolate in Environmental Water Samples. Pathogens 2023; 12:1022. [PMID: 37623982 PMCID: PMC10459264 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is known to be very stable and can remain infectious over long periods of time especially at low temperatures and within different matrices, particularly those containing animal-derived organic material. However, there are some gaps in our knowledge pertaining to the survivability and infectivity of ASFV in groundwater. This study aims to determine the stability and infectivity of the cell culture-adapted ASFV strain BA71V by plaque assay after incubation of the virus within river water samples at three different environmentally relevant temperatures (4 °C, 15 °C, and 21 °C) over the course of 42 days. The results from this study indicate that ASFV can remain stable and infectious when maintained at 4 °C in river water for more than 42 days, but as incubation temperatures are increased, the stability is reduced, and the virus is no longer able to form plaques after 28 days and 14 days, respectively, when stored at 15 °C and 21 °C. Characterizing the survivability of ASFV in groundwater can allow us to develop more appropriate inactivation and disinfection methods to support disease control and mitigate ASFV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni-Anna Loundras
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (E.-A.L.); (C.L.N.); (J.F.); (L.D.)
| | - Christopher L. Netherton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (E.-A.L.); (C.L.N.); (J.F.); (L.D.)
| | - John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (E.-A.L.); (C.L.N.); (J.F.); (L.D.)
- Department of Animal Health, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone Campus, N37HD68 Athlone, Ireland
| | - Michael J. Bowes
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford Oxon OX10 8BB, UK;
| | - Linda Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (E.-A.L.); (C.L.N.); (J.F.); (L.D.)
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (E.-A.L.); (C.L.N.); (J.F.); (L.D.)
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Franzoni G, Petrini S, Mészáros I, Dei Giudici S, Righi C, Olasz F, Zinellu S, Tamás V, Pela M, Gallardo C, Zádori Z, Oggiano A, Feliziani F. Evaluation of Haematological and Immunological Parameters of the ASFV Lv17/WB/Rie1 Strain and Its Derived Mutant Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L against ASFV Challenge Infection in Domestic Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1277. [PMID: 37515092 PMCID: PMC10383595 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a haemorrhagic disease that threatens the global pig industry. There is an urgency to develop a safe and efficient vaccine, but the knowledge of the immune-pathogenetic mechanisms behind ASFV infection is still very limited. In this paper, we evaluated the haematological and immunological parameters of domestic pigs vaccinated with the ASFV Lv17/WB/Rie1 strain or its derived mutant Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L and then challenged with virulent Armenia/07 ASFV. Circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), 13 key cytokines and 11 haematological parameters were evaluated throughout the study. Lv17/WB/Rie1 triggered an inflammatory response, with increased levels of CRP and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and induced lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and a decline in red blood cell (RBC) parameters, although this was transitory. Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L triggered only transitory thrombocytopenia and a mild inflammatory reaction, with no increase in serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but it raised IL-1Ra levels. Both strains counteracted several adverse reactions elicited by virulent challenge, like thrombocytopenia, a decline in RBC parameters, and inflammation. Within this paper, we provided a deep portrayal of the impact of diverse ASFV strains on the domestic pig's immune system. A better understanding of these immune-pathological mechanisms would help to design suitable vaccines against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Petrini
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - István Mészáros
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Cecilia Righi
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ferenc Olasz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Susanna Zinellu
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Vivien Tamás
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michela Pela
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Singh M, Pongenere N, Mollier RT, Patton RN, Yadav R, Katiyar R, Jaiswal P, Bhattacharjee M, Kalita H, Mishra VK. Participatory assessment of management and biosecurity practices of smallholder pig farms in North East India. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1196955. [PMID: 37465275 PMCID: PMC10352026 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1196955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at describing the pig production system, farm management, pig movement, and existing biosecurity level of smallholders' pig production system in North East India. A cross-sectional survey of 1,000 pig producers in four districts (two urban and two rural) in core pig-producing regions of India, where ASF occurrence had been reported, was conducted. The mean pig population was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in urban districts. In urban districts, most of the pig houses were isolated but located on the roadside, while in rural districts, commune pig houses along the roadside were more common. The majority of the respondent purchased (91%) or sold (60%) the pigs during the past 12 months. Swill feeding was common in the entire study area. The majority of the respondent (80%) in rural districts were unaware of ASF. Significant pig trade of live pigs and pork products was observed in the urban district. In the case of on-farm biosecurity measures, only 6.9% of respondents had fencing for the pig farm, 99.3% did not have provision for a footbath, and only 17.2% of the respondents restricted visitors' access to the pig farm. The study revealed that the pig production system is dominated by smallholding units with a frequent introduction or exit of pigs along with poor on-farm biosecurity measures. With the current level of farm management and biosecurity practices, smallholder pig farmers are at an increased risk of ASF and other contagious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahak Singh
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, India
| | - Nungshitula Pongenere
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, India
| | - R. T. Mollier
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, India
| | - R. N. Patton
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, India
| | - Rekha Yadav
- Department of Agronomy, School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Nagaland University, Medziphema Campus, Lumami, India
| | - Rahul Katiyar
- Division of Animal Health and Fisheries Science, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - Priyanka Jaiswal
- Amity School of Economics, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M. Bhattacharjee
- Amity School of Economics, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - H. Kalita
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, India
| | - V. K. Mishra
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
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Oh SI, Bui NA, Bui VN, Dao DT, Cho A, Lee HG, Jung YH, Do YJ, Kim E, Bok EY, Hur TY, Lee HS. Pathobiological analysis of african swine fever virus contact-exposed pigs and estimation of the basic reproduction number of the virus in Vietnam. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:30. [PMID: 37386526 PMCID: PMC10311738 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a fatal disease affecting wild and domestic pigs. Since China reported the first ASF outbreak in August 2018, ASFV has swept over the neighbouring Asian countries. However, studies involving experimental pig-to-pig ASFV transmission in Vietnam are lacking. The main objective of this experimental study was to demonstrate the pathobiological characteristics of ASFV contact-exposed pigs and estimate their basic reproduction number (R0) in Vietnam. Fifteen pigs were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n = 10) and negative control (n = 5) groups. One pig in the experimental group was intramuscularly inoculated with ASFV strain from Vietnam in 2020 and housed with the uninoculated pigs during the study period (28 days). RESULTS The inoculated pig died 6 days post-inoculation, and the final survival rate was 90.0%. We started observing viremia and excretion of ASFV 10 days post-exposure in contact-exposed pigs. Unlike the surviving and negative control pigs, all necropsied pigs showed severe congestive splenomegaly and moderate-to-severe haemorrhagic lesions in the lymph nodes. The surviving pig presented with mild haemorrhagic lesions in the spleen and kidneys. We used Susceptible-Infectious-Removed models for estimating R0. The R0 values for exponential growth (EG) and maximum likelihood (ML) were calculated to be 2.916 and 4.015, respectively. In addition, the transmission rates (β) were estimated to be 0.729 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.379-1.765) for EG and 1.004 (95% CI: 0.283-2.450) for ML. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed pathobiological and epidemiological information in about pig-to-pig ASFV transmission. Our findings suggested that culling infected herds within a brief period of time may mitigate the spread of ASF outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ik Oh
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Anh Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duy Tung Dao
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ara Cho
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Gyu Lee
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hun Jung
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Do
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Kim
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Bok
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Lu W, Bai Y, Zhang S, Zhao X, Jin J, Zhu X, Wang R, Wu Y, Zhang A, Zhang G, Zhuang G, Sun A. An Intracellular Epitope of ASFV CD2v Protein Elicits Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1967. [PMID: 37370477 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes high mortality in domestic pigs. ASFV encodes an important protein target for subunit vaccine development, CD2v, but its most effective immunological regions are not known. Herein, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) named IF3 by immunizing mice against the intracellular region of the CD2v protein (CD2v-IR). 1F3 specifically recognized CD2v, which is expressed transiently in transfected Sf9 cells and also in inactivated ASFV-infected porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells. The epitope recognized by 1F3 is 264EPSPREP270, which is highly conserved in ASFV genotypes. Immunization of mice with this epitope elicited an increased IgG response, including IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes, and also increased CD8+ T cells and cytokine expression. Overall, these results indicate that this epitope induces both humoral and cellular immune responses that may be used for ASFV-related subunit vaccine design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yilin Bai
- Laboratory of Indigenous Cattle Germplasm Innovation, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jiaxin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guoqing Zhuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Aijun Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Aira C, Monedero A, Hernández-Antón S, Martínez-Cano J, Camuñas A, Casado N, Nieto R, Gallardo C, García-Durán M, Rueda P, Fresco-Taboada A. Improving African Swine Fever Surveillance Using Fluorescent Rapid Tests. Pathogens 2023; 12:811. [PMID: 37375501 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease of swine with a huge impact due to its high mortality. Lately, the disease has actively spread around the world, affecting new areas from which it had been eradicated long ago. To date, ASF control is carried out by the implementation of strict biosecurity measures such as the early identification of infected animals. In this work, two fluorescent rapid tests were developed to improve the sensitivity of point-of-care diagnosis of ASF. For antigen (Ag) detection in blood, a double-antibody sandwich fluorescent lateral flow assay (LFA) was developed, employing a newly developed recombinant antibody to the VP72 of the virus. To complement the diagnosis, a double-recognition fluorescent LFA was developed using the VP72 for the detection of specific antibodies (Ab) in sera or blood. Both assays statistically improved the detection of the disease when compared to the commercial colorimetric assays INgezim® ASFV CROM Ag and INgezim® PPA CROM Anticuerpo, respectively, with higher statistical significance between 11 and 39 days post-infection. From the observation of results, it can be concluded that the combination of both Ag-LFA and Ab-LFA assays would facilitate the identification of infected animals, regardless of post-infection time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Aira
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Monedero
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Hernández-Antón
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Martínez-Cano
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Camuñas
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Casado
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Carretera Algete-El Casar de Talamanca, Km. 8.1, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Nieto
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Carretera Algete-El Casar de Talamanca, Km. 8.1, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), Carretera Algete-El Casar de Talamanca, Km. 8.1, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marga García-Durán
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Rueda
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Fresco-Taboada
- Gold Standard Diagnostics Madrid (GSD Madrid), Calle de los Hermanos García Noblejas 39, 28037 Madrid, Spain
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Watanabe M, Kitamura T, Nagata K, Ikezawa M, Kameyama KI, Masujin K, Kokuho T. Development of a Novel Indirect ELISA for the Serological Diagnosis of African Swine Fever Using p11.5 Protein as a Target Antigen. Pathogens 2023; 12:774. [PMID: 37375464 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a hemorrhagic viral disease with a mortality rate of nearly 100% in pigs. Hence, it is classified as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. Because no field-available vaccine exists, African swine fever virus (ASFV) control and eradication solely depend on good farm biosecurity management and rapid and accurate diagnosis. In this study, we developed a new indirect serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant p11.5 protein from ASFV as a solid-phase target antigen. The cutoffs were determined by receiver operating curve analysis performed with serum samples obtained from naïve and infected pigs. Based on the results of a commercially available serological ELISA, the relative sensitivity and specificity of our assay were 93.4% and 94.4% (N = 166; area under the curve = 0.991; 95% confidence interval = 0.982-0.999), respectively. Furthermore, to compare the performance of the serological ELISAs, we conducted the assays on a panel of sera collected from pigs and boars experimentally infected with different ASFV isolates. The results indicated the greater sensitivity of the newly developed assay and its ability to detect anti-ASFV antibodies earlier after virus inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Watanabe
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kitamura
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Koji Nagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Ikezawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kameyama
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kentaro Masujin
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kokuho
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
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Huang M, Zheng H, Tan W, Xiang C, Fang N, Xie W, Wen L, Liu D, Chen R. Molecular Signatures in Swine Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to African Swine Fever Virus Antigens p30/p54/CD2v Expressed Using a Highly Efficient Semliki Forest Virus Replicon System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119316. [PMID: 37298266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a devastating viral hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and Eurasian wild boars, posing a foremost threat to the swine industry and pig farming. The development of an effective vaccine is urgently needed, but has been hampered by the lack of an in-depth, mechanistic understanding of the host immune response to ASFV infection and the induction of protective immunity. In this study, we report that immunization of pigs with Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) replicon-based vaccine candidates expressing ASFV p30, p54, and CD2v, as well as their ubiquitin-fused derivatives, elicits T cell differentiation and expansion, promoting specific T cell and humoral immunity. Due to significant variations in the individual non-inbred pigs in response to the vaccination, a personalized analysis was conducted. Using integrated analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), Venn, KEGG and WGCNA, Toll-like receptor, C-type lectin receptor, IL17 receptor, NOD-like receptor and nucleic acid sensor-mediated signaling pathways were demonstrated to be positively correlated to the antigen-stimulated antibody production and inversely correlated to the IFN-γ secreting cell counts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). An up-regulation of CIQA, CIQB, CIQC, C4BPA, SOSC3, S100A8 and S100A9, and down-regulation of CTLA4, CXCL2, CXCL8, FOS, RGS1, EGR1 and SNAI1 are general in the innate immune response post-the second boost. This study reveals that pattern recognition receptors TLR4, DHX58/DDX58 and ZBP1, and chemokines CXCL2, CXCL8 and CXCL10 may play important roles in regulating this vaccination-stimulated adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Huang
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Hanghui Zheng
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Weixiong Tan
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Chengwei Xiang
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Niran Fang
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Wenting Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lianghai Wen
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Dingxiang Liu
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, China
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruiai Chen
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526238, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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48
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Afe AE, Shen ZJ, Guo X, Zhou R, Li K. African Swine Fever Virus Interaction with Host Innate Immune Factors. Viruses 2023; 15:1220. [PMID: 37376520 DOI: 10.3390/v15061220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) adversely affects pig farming owing to its 100% mortality rate. The condition is marked by elevated body temperature, bleeding, and ataxia in domestic pigs, whereas warthogs and ticks remain asymptomatic despite being natural reservoirs for the virus. Breeding ASFV-resistant pigs is a promising solution for eradicating this disease. ASFV employs several mechanisms to deplete the host antiviral response. This review explores the interaction of ASFV proteins with innate host immunity and the various types of machinery encompassed by viral proteins that inhibit and induce different signaling pathways, such as cGAS-STING, NF-κB, Tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-β), ubiquitination, viral inhibition of apoptosis, and resistance to ASFV infection. Prospects for developing a domestic pig that is resistant to ASFV are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoola Ebenezer Afe
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhao-Ji Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaorong Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kui Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Ko YS, Tark D, Moon SH, Kim DM, Lee TG, Bae DY, Sunwoo SY, Oh Y, Cho HS. Alteration of the Gut Microbiota in Pigs Infected with African Swine Fever Virus. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050360. [PMID: 37235443 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors that influence the pathogenicity of African swine fever (ASF) are still poorly understood, and the host's immune response has been indicated as crucial. Although an increasing number of studies have shown that gut microbiota can control the progression of diseases caused by viral infections, it has not been characterized how the ASF virus (ASFV) changes a pig's gut microbiome. This study analyzed the dynamic changes in the intestinal microbiome of pigs experimentally infected with the high-virulence ASFV genotype II strain (N = 4) or mock strain (N = 3). Daily fecal samples were collected from the pigs and distributed into the four phases (before infection, primary phase, clinical phase, and terminal phase) of ASF based on the individual clinical features of the pigs. The total DNA was extracted and the V4 region of the 16 s rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced on the Illumina platform. Richness indices (ACE and Chao1) were significantly decreased in the terminal phase of ASF infection. The relative abundances of short-chain-fatty-acids-producing bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae, Roseburia, and Blautia, were decreased during ASFV infection. On the other hand, the abundance of Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes increased. Furthermore, predicted functional analysis using PICRUSt resulted in a significantly reduced abundance of 15 immune-related pathways in the ASFV-infected pigs. This study provides evidence for further understanding the ASFV-pig interaction and suggests that changes in gut microbiome composition during ASFV infection may be associated with the status of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Seung Ko
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Min Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Geun Lee
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Yun Bae
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yeonsu Oh
- Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
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50
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Yu Z, Xie L, Shuai P, Zhang J, An W, Yang M, Zheng J, Lin H. New perspective on African swine fever: a bibliometrics study and visualization analysis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1085473. [PMID: 37266383 PMCID: PMC10229902 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1085473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease that can have devastating effects on domestic pigs and wild boars. Over the past decade, there has been a new wave of this ancient disease spreading around the world, prompting many scholars to dedicate themselves to researching this disease. This research aims to use bibliometric methods to organize, analyze and summarize the scientific publications on ASF that have been amassed in the past two decades. Methods This paper used VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and a bibliometric online analysis platform to conduct performance analysis and visualization studies on 1,885 academic papers about ASF in the Web of Science from January 2003 to December 2022. Results The amount of literature published on ASF has increased exponentially in recent years, and the development trend of related research is good. A group of representative scholars have appeared in this research field, and some cooperative networks have been formed. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases is the journal with the most publications in this field, while Virus Research is the journal with the most citation per article. High-productivity countries are led by China in terms of the number of articles published followed by the United States and Spain. In regard to the average number of citations, the scholars in the UK are in the lead. The institution with the most articles was the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The analysis of high-frequency keywords showed that the pathogens and epidemiology of ASF were the research hotspots in this field, and the research content was closely related to molecular biology and immunology. The burst keywords "transmission", "identification", "virulence", "replication", and "gene" reflects the research frontier. In addition, by collating and analyzing highly cited journals and highly co-cited references, we explored the knowledge structure and theoretical basis of this field. Discussion This is the first bibliometric analysis report on ASF research, which highlights the key characteristics of ASF research and presents the research status and evolution trend in this field from a new perspective. It provides a valuable reference for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Yu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiqiang Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei An
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
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