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Freeling F, Armbruster D, Nödler K, Kunkel U, Scheurer M, Koschorreck J, Ternes TA. Metabolites are overlooked in environmental risk assessments and monitoring of pharmaceuticals: The case study of pantoprazole. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121596. [PMID: 38685172 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The proton-pump inhibitor pantoprazole (PPZ) is one of the most consumed pharmaceuticals worldwide. Despite its high usage, reported PPZ concentrations in environmental water samples are comparatively low, which can be explained by the extensive metabolism of PPZ in the human body. Since most previous studies did not consider human PPZ metabolites it can be assumed that the current environmental exposure associated with the application of PPZ is substantially underestimated. In our study, 4'-O-demethyl-PPZ sulfide (M1) was identified as the predominant PPZ metabolite by analyzing urine of a PPZ consumer as well as the influent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). M1 was found to be ubiquitously present in WWTP effluents (max. concentration: 3 000 ng/L) and surface waters in Germany. On average, the surface water concentrations of M1 were approximately 30 times higher than those of the parent compound PPZ. Laboratory scale experiments demonstrated that activated carbon can considerably adsorb M1 und thus improve its removal during wastewater and drinking water treatment. Laboratory ozonation experiments showed a fast oxidation of M1, accompanied by the formation of several ozonation products. Certain ozonation products (identities confirmed via synthesized reference standards) were also detected in water samples collected after ozonation in a full-scale WWTP. Overall lower signal intensities were observed in the effluents of a sand filter and biologically active granular activated carbon filter, suggesting that the compounds were significantly removed during these post-ozonation treatment stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finnian Freeling
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, Karlsruhe 76139, Germany
| | - Dominic Armbruster
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, Karlsruhe 76139, Germany
| | - Karsten Nödler
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, Karlsruhe 76139, Germany
| | - Uwe Kunkel
- Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU), Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Straße 160, 86179, Germany
| | - Marco Scheurer
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, Karlsruhe 76139, Germany; Landesanstalt für Umwelt Baden-Württemberg (LUBW), Griesbachstr.1-3, Karlsruhe 76185, Germany
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency, Bismarckplatz 1, Berlin 14193, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56068, Germany.
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2
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Schmiemann D, Bicks F, Bartels I, Cordes A, Jäger M, Gutmann JS, Hoffmann-Jacobsen K. Enzymatic degradability of diclofenac ozonation products: A mechanistic analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142112. [PMID: 38677613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of waterborne micropollutants, such as diclofenac, presents a significant challenge to wastewater treatment plants due to their incomplete removal by conventional methods. Ozonation is an effective technique for the degradation of micropollutants. However, incomplete oxidation can lead to the formation of ecotoxic by-products that require a subsequent post-treatment step. In this study, we analyze the susceptibility of micropollutant ozonation products to enzymatic digestion with laccase from Trametes versicolor to evaluate the potential of enzymatic treatment as a post-ozonation step. The omnipresent micropollutant diclofenac is used as an example, and the enzymatic degradation kinetics of all 14 detected ozonation products are analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS2). The analysis shows that most of the ozonation products are responsive to chemo-enzymatic treatment but show considerable variation in enzymatic degradation kinetics and efficiencies. Mechanistic investigation of representative transformation products reveals that the hydroxylated aromatic nature of the ozonation products matches the substrate spectrum, facilitating their rapid recognition as substrates by laccase. However, after initiation by laccase, the subsequent chemical pathway of the enzymatically formed radicals determines the global degradability observed in the enzymatic process. Substrates capable of forming stable molecular oxidation products inhibit complete detoxification by oligomerization. This emphasizes that it is not the enzymatic uptake of the substrates but the channelling of the reaction of the substrate radicals towards the oligomerization of the substrate radicals that is the key step in the further development of an enzymatic treatment step for wastewater applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Schmiemann
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and CENIDE (Center for Nanointegration), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Bicks
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Indra Bartels
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Arno Cordes
- ASA Spezialenzyme GmbH, Am Exer 19c, 38302, Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - Martin Jäger
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Jochen Stefan Gutmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and CENIDE (Center for Nanointegration), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstr. 1, 47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hoffmann-Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany.
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3
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Qian Y, Guan L, Ke Y, Wang L, Wang X, Yu N, Yu Q, Wei S, Geng J. Unveiling intricate transformation pathways of emerging contaminants during wastewater treatment processes through simplified network analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121299. [PMID: 38387265 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
As the key stage for purifying wastewater, elimination of emerging contaminants (ECs) is found to be fairly low in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, less knowledge is obtained regarding the transformation pathways between various chemical structures of ECs under different treatment processes. This study unveiled the transformation pathways of ECs with different structures in 15 WWTPs distributed across China by simplified network analysis (SNA) we proposed. After treatment, the molecular weight of the whole component of wastewater decreased and the hydrophilicity increased. There are significant differences in the structure of eliminated, consistent and formed pollutants. Amino acids, peptides, and analogues (AAPAs) were detected most frequently and most removable. Benzenoids were refractory. Triazoles were often produced. The high-frequency reactions in different WWTPs were similar, (de)methylation and dehydration occurred most frequently. Different biological treatment processes performed similarly, while some advanced treatment processes differed, such as a significant increase of -13.976 (2HO reaction) paired mass distances (PMDs) in the chlorine alone process. Further, the common structural transformation was uncovered. 4 anti-hypertensive drugs, including irbesartan, valsartan, olmesartan, and losartan, were identified, along with 22 transformation products (TPs) of them. OH2 and H2O PMDs occurred most frequently and in 80.81 % of the parent-transformation product pairs, the intensity of the product was higher than parent in effluents, whose risk should be considered in future assessment activity. Together our results provide a macrography perspective on the transformation processes of ECs in WWTPs. In the future, selectively adopting wastewater treatment technology according to structures is conductive for eliminating recalcitrant ECs in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Linchang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunhao Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Liye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingmiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023 Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023 Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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4
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von Gunten U. Oxidation processes and me. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121148. [PMID: 38387263 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This publication summarizes my journey in the field of chemical oxidation processes for water treatment over the last 30+ years. Initially, the efficiency of the application of chemical oxidants for micropollutant abatement was assessed by the abatement of the target compounds only. This is controlled by reaction kinetics and therefore, second-order rate constant for these reactions are the pre-requisite to assess the efficiency and feasibility of such processes. Due to the tremendous efforts in this area, we currently have a good experimental data base for second-order rate constants for many chemical oxidants, including radicals. Based on this, predictions can be made for compounds without experimental data with Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships with Hammet/Taft constants or energies of highest occupied molecular orbitals from quantum chemical computations. Chemical oxidation in water treatment has to be economically feasible and therefore, the extent of transformation of micropollutants is often limited and mineralization of target compounds cannot be achieved under realistic conditions. The formation of transformation products from the reactions of the target compounds with chemical oxidants is inherent to oxidation processes and the following questions have evolved over the years: Are the formed transformation products biologically less active than the target compounds? Is there a new toxicity associated with transformation products? Are transformation products more biodegradable than the corresponding target compounds? In addition to the positive effects on water quality related to abatement of micropollutants, chemical oxidants react mainly with water matrix components such as the dissolved organic matter (DOM), bromide and iodide. As a matter of fact, the fraction of oxidants consumed by the DOM is typically > 99%, which makes such processes inherently inefficient. The consequences are loss of oxidation capacity and the formation of organic and inorganic disinfection byproducts also involving bromide and iodide, which can be oxidized to reactive bromine and iodine with their ensuing reactions with DOM. Overall, it has turned out in the last three decades, that chemical oxidation processes are complex to understand and to manage. However, the tremendous research efforts have led to a good understanding of the underlying processes and allow a widespread and optimized application of such processes in water treatment practice such as drinking water, municipal and industrial wastewater and water reuse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland; ENAC, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, CH-1000, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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5
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Minakata D, von Gunten U. Predicting Transformation Products during Aqueous Oxidation Processes: Current State and Outlook. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18410-18419. [PMID: 37824098 PMCID: PMC10691424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Water quality and its impacts on human and ecosystem health presents tremendous global challenges. While oxidative water treatment can solve many of these problems related to hygiene and micropollutants, identifying and predicting transformation products from a large variety of micropollutants induced by dosed chemical oxidants and in situ formed radicals is still a major challenge. To this end, a better understanding of the formed transformation products and their potential toxicity is needed. Currently, no theoretical tools alone can predict oxidatively induced transformation products in aqueous systems. Coupling experimental and theoretical studies has advanced the understanding of reaction kinetics and mechanisms significantly. This perspective article highlights the key progress made concerning experimental and computational approaches to predict transformation products. Knowledge gaps are identified, and the research required to advance the predictive capability is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Minakata
- Civil,
Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstraße 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
(EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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6
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Palm EH, Chirsir P, Krier J, Thiessen PA, Zhang J, Bolton EE, Schymanski EL. ShinyTPs: Curating Transformation Products from Text Mining Results. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023; 10:865-871. [PMID: 37840815 PMCID: PMC10569035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Transformation product (TP) information is essential to accurately evaluate the hazards compounds pose to human health and the environment. However, information about TPs is often limited, and existing data is often not fully Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR). FAIRifying existing TP knowledge is a relatively easy path toward improving access to data for identification workflows and for machine-learning-based algorithms. ShinyTPs was developed to curate existing transformation information derived from text-mined data within the PubChem database. The application (available as an R package) visualizes the text-mined chemical names to facilitate the user validation of the automatically extracted reactions. ShinyTPs was applied to a case study using 436 tentatively identified compounds to prioritize TP retrieval. This resulted in the extraction of 645 reactions (associated with 496 compounds), of which 319 were not previously available in PubChem. The curated reactions were added to the PubChem Transformations library, which was used as a TP suspect list for identification of TPs using the open-source workflow patRoon. In total, 72 compounds from the library were tentatively identified, 18% of which were curated using ShinyTPs, showing that the app can help support TP identification in non-target analysis workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H. Palm
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue
du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Parviel Chirsir
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue
du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jessy Krier
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue
du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Paul A. Thiessen
- National
Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health
(NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- National
Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health
(NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
| | - Evan E. Bolton
- National
Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health
(NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20894, United States
| | - Emma L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg
Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University
of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue
du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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7
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van Gijn K, van Dam MRHP, de Wilt HA, de Wilde V, Rijnaarts HHM, Langenhoff AAM. Removal of micropollutants and ecotoxicity during combined biological activated carbon and ozone (BO 3) treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120179. [PMID: 37302178 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is a viable option to improve the removal of micropollutants (MPs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Nevertheless, the application of ozonation is hindered by its high energy requirements and by the uncertainties regarding the formation of toxic transformation products in the process. Energy requirements of ozonation can be reduced with a pre-ozone treatment, such as a biological activated carbon (BAC) filter, that removes part of the effluent organic matter before ozonation. This study investigated a combination of BAC filtration followed by ozonation (the BO3 process) to remove MPs at low ozone doses and low energy input, and focused on the formation of toxic organic and inorganic products during ozonation. Effluent from a WWTP was collected, spiked with MPs (approximately 1 µg/L) and treated with the BO3 process. Different flowrates (0.25-4 L/h) and specific ozone doses (0.2-0.6 g O3/g TOC) were tested and MPs, ecotoxicity and bromate were analyzed. For ecotoxicity assessment, three in vivo (daphnia, algae and bacteria) and six in vitro CALUX assays (Era, GR, PAH, P53, PR, andNrf2 CALUX) were used. Results show that the combination of BAC filtration and ozonation has higher MP removal and higher ecotoxicity removal than only BAC filtration and only ozonation. The in vivo assays show a low ecotoxicity in the initial WWTP effluent samples and no clear trend with increasing ozone doses, while most of the in vitro assays show a decrease in ecotoxicity with increasing ozone dose. This suggests that for the tested bioassays, feed water and ozone doses, the overall ecotoxicity of the formed transformation products during ozonation was lower than the overall ecotoxicity of the parent compounds. In the experiments with bromide spiking, relevant formation of bromate was observed above specific ozone doses of approximately 0.4 O3/g TOC and more bromate was formed for the samples with BAC pre-treatment. This indirectly indicates the effectivity of the pre-treatment in removing organic matter and making ozone more available to react with other compounds (such as MPs, but also bromide), but also underlines the importance of controlling the ozone dose to be below the threshold to avoid formation of bromate. It was concluded that treatment of the tested WWTP effluent in the BO3 process at a specific ozone dose of 0.2 g O3/g TOC, results in high MP removal at limited energy input while no increase in ecotoxicity, nor formation of bromate was observed under this condition. This indicates that the hybrid BO3 process can be implemented to remove MPs and improve the ecological quality of this WWTP effluent with a lower energy demand than conventional MP removal processes such as standalone ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K van Gijn
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M R H P van Dam
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H A de Wilt
- Royal HaskoningDHV, 3800 BC Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - V de Wilde
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H H M Rijnaarts
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A A M Langenhoff
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Hofman‐Caris R, Dingemans M, Reus A, Shaikh SM, Muñoz Sierra J, Karges U, der Beek TA, Nogueiro E, Lythgo C, Parra Morte JM, Bastaki M, Serafimova R, Friel A, Court Marques D, Uphoff A, Bielska L, Putzu C, Ruggeri L, Papadaki P. Guidance document on the impact of water treatment processes on residues of active substances or their metabolites in water abstracted for the production of drinking water. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08194. [PMID: 37644961 PMCID: PMC10461463 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This guidance document provides a tiered framework for risk assessors and facilitates risk managers in making decisions concerning the approval of active substances (AS) that are chemicals in plant protection products (PPPs) and biocidal products, and authorisation of the products. Based on the approaches presented in this document, a conclusion can be drawn on the impact of water treatment processes on residues of the AS or its metabolites in surface water and/or groundwater abstracted for the production of drinking water, i.e. the formation of transformation products (TPs). This guidance enables the identification of actual public health concerns from exposure to harmful compounds generated during the processing of water for the production of drinking water, and it focuses on water treatment methods commonly used in the European Union (EU). The tiered framework determines whether residues from PPP use or residues from biocidal product use can be present in water at water abstraction locations. Approaches, including experimental methods, are described that can be used to assess whether harmful TPs may form during water treatment and, if so, how to assess the impact of exposure to these water treatment TPs (tTPs) and other residues including environmental TPs (eTPs) on human and domesticated animal health through the consumption of TPs via drinking water. The types of studies or information that would be required are described while avoiding vertebrate testing as much as possible. The framework integrates the use of weight-of-evidence and, when possible alternative (new approach) methods to avoid as far as possible the need for additional testing.
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9
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Neale PA, Escher BI, de Baat ML, Dechesne M, Dingemans MML, Enault J, Pronk GJ, Smeets PWMH, Leusch FDL. Application of Effect-Based Methods to Water Quality Monitoring: Answering Frequently Asked Questions by Water Quality Managers, Regulators, and Policy Makers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6023-6032. [PMID: 37026997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Effect-based methods (EBM) have great potential for water quality monitoring as they can detect the mixture effects of all active known and unknown chemicals in a sample, which cannot be addressed by chemical analysis alone. To date, EBM have primarily been applied in a research context, with a lower level of uptake by the water sector and regulators. This is partly due to concerns regarding the reliability and interpretation of EBM. Using evidence from the peer-reviewed literature, this work aims to answer frequently asked questions about EBM. The questions were identified through consultation with the water industry and regulators and cover topics related to the basis for using EBM, practical considerations regarding reliability, sampling for EBM and quality control, and what to do with the information provided by EBM. The information provided in this work aims to give confidence to regulators and the water sector to stimulate the application of EBM for water quality monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Beate I Escher
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
- Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Toxicology, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Milo L de Baat
- KWR Water Research Institute, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Magali Dechesne
- Veolia Research & Innovation,765 rue Henri Becquerel, 34965 Montpellier, France
| | - Milou M L Dingemans
- KWR Water Research Institute, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jérôme Enault
- SUEZ CIRSEE, 38 rue du President Wilson, 78230 Le Pecq, France
| | - Geertje J Pronk
- KWR Water Research Institute, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
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10
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Luan H, Zhao J, Yang J, Gao X, Song J, Chen X, Cai Q, Yang C, Zhao L, Ji M, Zhai H, Chen Z, Li X, Liu W. Integrated genotoxicity of secondary and tertiary treatment effluents in North China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161241. [PMID: 36586681 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxic effects on aquatic organisms caused by wastewater discharging have raised extensive concerns. However, the efficiency of various wastewater treatment processes to reduce effluent genotoxicity was not well known. Genotoxic effects of effluents from four secondary wastewater treatment plants (SWTPs) and a tertiary wastewater treatment plant (TTP) in north China on Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) were evaluated and the toxicity reduction efficiency of various treatment techniques was compared. SWTPs and TTP final effluents disturbed the antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation, with malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in the fish livers and gills increasing to 1.4-2.4 folds and 1.6-3.1 folds of control, respectively. Significant increases in erythrocytes micronucleus (MN) frequency were induced by effluent, and liver DNA damage caused by final SWTPs effluent was 29-54 % lower than TTP effluent. Further, DNA repair gene atm and growth arrest gene gadd45a were remarkably upregulated by SWTP and TTP final effluents to 1.8-12 folds and 4.1-15 folds, respectively, being consistent with the chromosomal aberration and DNA damage in liver tissue. Integrated biomarker response (IBR) of the tertiary effluent was 49 %-69 % lower than the secondary effluents. However, the final ozone disinfection at TTP caused an increase in the DNA damage, suggesting the generation of genotoxic by-products. UV disinfection at secondary treatment removed part of genotoxicity, with a reduction in IBR of 0 %-47 %. The total semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) detected in the final effluent contained 5 %-56 % potential genotoxic substances, removal of which was 9 %-51 % lower than non-genotoxic compounds. Microfiltration and reverse osmosis process exhibited good performance in removing both the integrated genotoxicity and the potential genotoxic SVOCs. Our finding shows that TTP is superior than SWTP for wastewater treatment due to higher genotoxicity removal, but ozone disinfection needs improvement by optimizing performance parameters or adding post-treatment processes, to achieve better protection for aquatic organisms against genotoxic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Luan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyang Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qinyu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Liqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Min Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongyan Zhai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xuehua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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11
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Manasfi T, Houska J, Gebhardt I, von Gunten U. Formation of carbonyl compounds during ozonation of lake water and wastewater: Development of a non-target screening method and quantification of target compounds. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 237:119751. [PMID: 37141690 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation of natural waters is typically associated with the formation of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes, ketones and ketoacids), a main class of organic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). However, the detection of carbonyl compounds in water and wastewater is challenged by multiple difficulties inherent to their physicochemical properties. A non-target screening method involving the derivatisation of carbonyl compounds with p-toluenesulfonylhydrazine (TSH) followed by their analysis using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-HRMS) and an advanced non-target screening and data processing workflow was developed. The workflow was applied to investigate the formation of carbonyl compounds during ozonation of different water types including lake water, aqueous solutions containing Suwannee River Fulvic acid (SRFA), and wastewater. A higher sensitivity for most target carbonyl compounds was achieved compared to previous derivatisation methods. Moreover, the method allowed the identification of known and unknown carbonyl compounds. 8 out of 17 target carbonyl compounds were consistently detected above limits of quantification (LOQs) in most ozonated samples. Generally, the concentrations of the 8 detected target compounds decreased in the order: formaldehyde > acetaldehyde > glyoxylic acid > pyruvic acid > glutaraldehyde > 2,3-butanedione > glyoxal > 1-acetyl-1-cyclohexene. The DOC concentration-normalised formation of carbonyl compounds during ozonation was higher in wastewater and SRFA-containing water than in lake water. The specific ozone doses and the type of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) played a predominant role for the extent of formation of carbonyl compounds. Five formation trends were distinguished for different carbonyl compounds. Some compounds were produced continuously upon ozonation even at high ozone doses, while others reached a maximum concentration at a certain ozone dose above which they decreased. Concentrations of target and peak areas of non-target carbonyl compounds during full-scale ozonation at a wastewater treatment plant showed an increase as a function of the specific ozone dose (sum of 8 target compounds ∼ 280 µg/L at 1 mgO3/mgC), followed by a significant decrease after biological sand filtration (> 64-94% abatement for the different compounds). This highlights the biodegradability of target and non-target carbonyl compounds and the importance of biological post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Manasfi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Houska
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Gebhardt
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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12
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Merkus VI, Sommer C, Smollich E, Sures B, Schmidt TC. Acute ecotoxicological effects on daphnids and green algae caused by the ozonation of ibuprofen. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157611. [PMID: 35896135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to its ubiquitous presence in wastewaters, wastewater treatment plant effluents and even surface waters, the removal of the pharmaceutical ibuprofen from water is of special interest. Ozonation is widely applied for the treatment of micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants and is already known to also degrade ibuprofen. However, the formation of a wide range of transformation products during such oxidation steps might affect the aquatic environment. This study focuses on the acute ecotoxicological impact of the ibuprofen ozonation products on the two model organisms Daphnia magna and Desmodesmus subspicatus. For the identification of possibly ecotoxic products, a new workflow combining ecotoxicological testing, analytical methods and toxicity prediction was applied. Examination at different pH conditions with increasing ozone doses can point to respective products for further systematic examination. Seven ozonation products were confirmed in this study, two of them for the first time. Five previously postulated products were rejected. For pH 7 the inhibition of green algae growth was observed for mixtures oxidized with low ozone doses, while at pH 3 the mixtures with higher ozone doses caused toxic effects on the mobility of daphnids. Together with the analytical measurements in combination with ecotoxicity prediction, six products were identified which might have caused the toxic effect on green algae. However, no assignment to the observed toxic effects on daphnids was possible. The gained results indicate that mixture toxicity might play a role in oxidation processes and needs to be considered in ozonation studies concerning the ecotoxicological impact. Furthermore, the different observed toxicity for the two organisms underlines the importance of using multiple test systems for a comprehensive evaluation of the ecotoxicity during ozonation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina I Merkus
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Christina Sommer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Esther Smollich
- Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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13
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Dos Santos Mendonça JM, Navoni JA, de Medeiros GF, Mina IMCAP. Ecotoxicological assessment of estuarine surface waters receiving treated and untreated sanitary wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:908. [PMID: 36253654 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pollution from sewage discharge is one of the most critical environmental problems worldwide, e.g., in Brazil, where basic sanitation is still scarce. As pollution can affect biomes, especially estuaries where intensive ecological and human activities occur, has caused widespread concern. This work aimed to study the water quality of the Jundiaí/Potengi Estuary (JPE) in an area close to the discharge of treated and untreated wastewater for 18 months. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters were measured and integrated using the Water Quality Index of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Ecotoxicological tests were performed with Brazilian endemic organisms to assess the impact of water pollution on biota. A generalized linear regression model was applied to understand the effects of water quality on ecotoxicological responses. Concentrations of metals, dissolved oxygen, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, and thermotolerant coliforms did not comply with Brazilian environmental regulations. A significant increase in the mortality rate of Mysidopsis juniae and Nitocra sp. and a significant decrease in the reproductive rate of Nitocra sp. indicated the most affected areas related to the discharge of treated and untreated wastewater. Only 10% of the samples from sites without direct wastewater impact showed a toxic response in at least one organism. Both water quality and sampling sites were statistical predictors of ecotoxicological response, describing not only the pollutant load but also the type of effluent. This study demonstrated the degradation of the environmental quality of the JPE, particularly due to the discharge of sanitary wastewater, and highlights the importance of protection and remediation measures to preserve this protected area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaísa Marília Dos Santos Mendonça
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte - IFRN, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 1559, RN 59015-000, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Julio Alejandro Navoni
- Postgraduate Program in Development and Environment at the, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Sustainable Use of Natural Resources at the, Federal Institute of Rio Grande Do Norte, IFRN, Natal, Brazil
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14
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MacKeown H, von Gunten U, Criquet J. Iodide sources in the aquatic environment and its fate during oxidative water treatment - A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118417. [PMID: 35452971 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is a naturally-occurring halogen in natural waters generally present in concentrations between 0.5 and 100 µg L-1. During oxidative drinking water treatment, iodine-containing disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) can be formed. The formation of I-DBPs was mostly associated to taste and odor issues in the produced tap water but has become a potential health problem more recently due to the generally more toxic character of I-DBPs compared to their chlorinated and brominated analogues. This paper is a systematic and critical review on the reactivity of iodide and on the most common intermediate reactive iodine species HOI. The first step of oxidation of I- to HOI is rapid for most oxidants (apparent second-order rate constant, kapp > 103 M-1s-1 at pH 7). The reactivity of hypoiodous acid with inorganic and organic compounds appears to be intermediate between chlorine and bromine. The life times of HOI during oxidative treatment determines the extent of the formation of I-DBPs. Based on this assessment, chloramine, chlorine dioxide and permanganate are of the highest concern when treating iodide-containing waters. The conditions for the formation of iodo-organic compounds are also critically reviewed. From an evaluation of I-DBPs in more than 650 drinking waters, it can be concluded that one third show low levels of I-THMs (<1 µg L-1), and 18% exhibit concentrations > 10 µg L-1. The most frequently detected I-THM is CHCl2I followed by CHBrClI. More polar I-DBPs, iodoacetic acid in particular, have been reviewed as well. Finally, the transformation of iodide to iodate, a safe iodine-derived end-product, has been proposed to mitigate the formation of I-DBPs in drinking water processes. For this purpose a pre-oxidation step with either ozone or ferrate(VI) to completely oxidize iodide to iodate is an efficient process. Activated carbon has also been shown to be efficient in reducing I-DBPs during drinking water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry MacKeown
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Justine Criquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France.
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15
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Changes in Organics and Nitrogen during Ozonation of Anaerobic Digester Effluent. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14091425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the consequence of ozone dosage rate on the qualitative change in organic compounds and nitrogen in anaerobic digester effluent during the ozone process. Therefore, ozonation improves the biodegradability of recalcitrant organic compounds, quickly oxidizes the unsaturated bond, and forms radicals that continue to deteriorate other organic matter. In this study, ozonation was performed in a microbubble column reactor; the use of microbubble ozone improves the status of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and changes of organic nitrogen to inorganic compounds. The ozone injection rates were 1.0, 3.2, and 6.2 mg/L/min. The samples obtained during the ozone treatments were monitored for CODMn, CODCr, TOC, NO2−-N, NO3−-N, NH4+-N, T-N, and Org-N. The ozone dose increased 1.0 to 6.2 mg/L and it increased the degradation ratio 40% and the total organic carbon 20% during 20 min of reaction time. During the ozonation, the CODCr and CODMn values were increased per unit of ozone consumption. The ozone treatment showed organic nitrogen mineralization and degradation of organic compounds with the contribution of the microbubble ozone oxidation process and is a good option for removing non-biodegradable organic compounds. The original application of the microbubble ozone process, with the degradation of organic compounds from a domestic wastewater treatment plant, was investigated.
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16
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Lim S, Shi JL, von Gunten U, McCurry DL. Ozonation of organic compounds in water and wastewater: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 213:118053. [PMID: 35196612 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation has been applied in water treatment for more than a century, first for disinfection, later for oxidation of inorganic and organic pollutants. In recent years, ozone has been increasingly applied for enhanced municipal wastewater treatment for ecosystem protection and for potable water reuse. These applications triggered significant research efforts on the abatement efficiency of organic contaminants and the ensuing formation of transformation products. This endeavor was accompanied by developments in analytical and computational chemistry, which allowed to improve the mechanistic understanding of ozone reactions. This critical review assesses the challenges of ozonation of impaired water qualities such as wastewaters and provides an up-to-date compilation of the recent kinetic and mechanistic findings of ozone reactions with dissolved organic matter, various functional groups (olefins, aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, aliphatic nitrogen-containing compounds, sulfur-containing compounds, hydrocarbons, carbanions, β-diketones) and antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungeun Lim
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Jiaming Lily Shi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel L McCurry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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17
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Kienle C, Werner I, Fischer S, Lüthi C, Schifferli A, Besselink H, Langer M, McArdell CS, Vermeirssen ELM. Evaluation of a full-scale wastewater treatment plant with ozonation and different post-treatments using a broad range of in vitro and in vivo bioassays. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 212:118084. [PMID: 35114528 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutants present in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) after biological treatment are largely eliminated by effective advanced technologies such as ozonation. Discharge of contaminants into freshwater ecosystems can thus be minimized, while simultaneously protecting drinking water resources. However, ozonation can lead to reactive and potentially toxic transformation products. To remove these, the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment recommends additional "post-treatment" of ozonated WWTP effluent using sand filtration, but other treatments may be similarly effective. In this study, 48 h composite wastewater samples were collected before and after full-scale ozonation, and after post-treatments (full-scale sand filtration, pilot-scale fresh and pre-loaded granular activated carbon, and fixed and moving beds). Ecotoxicological tests were performed to quantify the changes in water quality following different treatment steps. These included standard in vitro bioassays for the detection of endocrine, genotoxic and mutagenic effects, as well as toxicity to green algae and bacteria, and flow-through in vivo bioassays using oligochaetes and early life stages of rainbow trout. Results show that ozonation reduced a number of ecotoxicological effects of biologically treated wastewater by 66 - 93%: It improved growth and photosynthesis of green algae, decreased toxicity to luminescent bacteria, reduced concentrations of hormonally active contaminants and significantly changed expression of biomarker genes in rainbow trout liver. Bioassay results showed that ozonation did not produce problematic levels of reaction products overall. Small increases in toxicity observed in a few samples were reduced or eliminated by post-treatments. However, only relatively fresh granular activated carbon (analyzed at 13,000 - 20,000 bed volumes) significantly reduced effects additionally (by up to 66%) compared to ozonation alone. Inhibition of algal photosynthesis, rainbow trout liver histopathology and biomarker gene expression proved to be sufficiently sensitive endpoints to detect the change in water quality achieved by post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Kienle
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Inge Werner
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christina Lüthi
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Schifferli
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harrie Besselink
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Netherlands
| | - Miriam Langer
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christa S McArdell
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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18
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Wolf Y, Oster S, Shuliakevich A, Brückner I, Dolny R, Linnemann V, Pinnekamp J, Hollert H, Schiwy S. Improvement of wastewater and water quality via a full-scale ozonation plant? - A comprehensive analysis of the endocrine potential using effect-based methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149756. [PMID: 34492496 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutants (MPs), especially endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), are mainly released from WWTPs into surface water bodies and can subsequently lead to adverse effects in biota. Treatment with ozone proved to be a suitable method for eliminating such MPs. This method was implemented at the WWTP Aachen-Soers by commissioning the largest full-scale ozonation plant in Europe at the moment. Recently, effect-based methods (EBMs) have been successfully proved for compliance monitoring, e.g. estrogenic compounds. Therefore, the impact of ozone treatment on endocrine potential (agonistic and antagonistic) of treated wastewater was investigated using the ERα- and AR CALUX assays. Additionally, the impact on the receiving stream and a potential preload of the water body was assessed. Therefore, the current study could deal as a case study for small rivers being highly impacted by WWTPs. The estrogenic potential was nearly fully eliminated after ozone treatment. Contrary, the antagonistic (anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic) potential did not show a clear elimination pattern after ozone treatment independent of the applied ozone dosage and control system. Therefore, further investigations are required regarding the antagonistic potential. Additionally, preloading of the receiving stream was found during the study period. One significant impact is a rain overflow basin (ROB) located upstream of the WWTP effluent. The highest endocrine potential was found after a ROB overflow (2.7 ng EEQ/L, 2.4 μg TMX-EQ/L, 104 μg FLU-EQ/L), suggesting that such runoff events after a heavy rainfall may act as a driver of endocrine loading to the water body. This manuscript contributes significantly to the basic understanding of the efficiency of eliminating the endocrine potential of ozone treatment by, e.g., showing that there is a further need for improving the removal efficiency of antagonistic potential. Moreover, it highlights the need to include other point sources, such as ROBs, to assess polluted surface waters comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Wolf
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sophie Oster
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; iES Institute for Environmental Science, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Aliaksandra Shuliakevich
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology (E(3)T), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Regina Dolny
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Volker Linnemann
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Pinnekamp
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology (E(3)T), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology (E(3)T), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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19
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Dong S, Page MA, Hur A, Hur K, Bokenkamp KV, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ, Massalha N. Comparison of Estrogenic, Spectroscopic, and Toxicological Analyses of Pilot-Scale Water, Wastewaters, and Processed Wastewaters at Select Military Installations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13103-13112. [PMID: 34533942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reuse of water requires the removal of contaminants to ensure human health. We report the relative estrogenic activity (REA) of reuse treatment design scenarios for water, wastewaters, and processed wastewaters before and after pilot-scale treatment systems tested at select military facilities. The comparative relationships between REA, several composite toxicological endpoints, and spectroscopic indicators were evaluated for different reuse treatment trains. Four treatment processes including conventional and advanced treatments reduced the estrogenicity by at least 33%. Biologically based methods reduced estrogenicity to below detection levels. Conventional treatment scenarios led to significantly less reduction of adverse biological endpoints compared to the advanced treatment scenarios. Incorporating the anaerobic membrane bioreactor reduced more endpoints with higher reduction percentages compared to the sequencing batch reactor design. Membrane technology and advanced oxidation generated reductions across all biological endpoints, from 65% (genotoxicity) to 100% (estrogenicity). The design scenarios featuring a low-cutoff mechanical screen filter, intermittent activated carbon biofilter, and membrane filtration achieved the highest percent reduction and produced water with the lowest negative biological endpoints. Spectroscopic indicators demonstrated case-specific relationships with estrogenicity and toxicity. Estrogenicity consistently correlated with cytotoxicity and thiol reactivity, indicating the potential for preliminary estrogenicity screening using thiol reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security in Southern China of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Martin A Page
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 2902 Newmark Dr., Champaign, Illinois 61822, United States
| | - Andy Hur
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 2902 Newmark Dr., Champaign, Illinois 61822, United States
| | - Kyu Hur
- Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Katherine V Bokenkamp
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nedal Massalha
- The Institute of Applied Research, Galilee Society, P.O. Box 437, Shefa-Amr 20200, Israel
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Management, Faculty of Management, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Avenue, Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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20
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Rothe LE, Botha TL, Feld CK, Weyand M, Zimmermann S, Smit NJ, Wepener V, Sures B. Effects of conventionally-treated and ozonated wastewater on mortality, physiology, body length, and behavior of embryonic and larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117241. [PMID: 33975214 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To date, micropollutants from anthropogenic sources cannot be completely removed from effluents of wastewater treatment plants and therefore enter freshwater systems, where they may impose adverse effects on aquatic organisms, for example, on fish. Advanced treatment such as ozonation aims to reduce micropollutants in wastewater effluents and, thus, to mitigate adverse effects on the environment. To investigate the impact and efficiency of ozonation, four different water types were tested: ozonated wastewater (before and after biological treatment), conventionally-treated wastewater, and water from a river (River Ruhr, Germany) upstream of the wastewater treatment plant effluent. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were used to study lethal and sublethal effects in a modified fish early life-stage test. Mortality occurred during exposure in the water samples from the wastewater treatment plant and the river in the first 24 h post-fertilization, ranging from 12% (conventional wastewater) to 40% (river water). Regarding sublethal endpoints, effects compared to the negative control resulted in significantly higher heart rates (ozonated wastewater), and significantly reduced swimming activity (highly significant in ozonated wastewater and ozone reactor water, significant in only the last time interval in river water). Moreover, the respiration rates were highly increased in both ozonated wastewater samples in comparison to the negative control. Significant differences between the ozonated wastewater samples occurred in the embryonic behavior and heart rates, emphasizing the importance of subsequent biological treatment of the ozonated wastewater. Only the conventionally-treated wastewater sample did not elicit negative responses in zebrafish, indicating that the discharge of conventional wastewater poses no greater risk to embryonic and larval zebrafish than water from the river Ruhr itself. The sublethal endpoints embryonic- and larval behavior, heart rates, and respiration were found to be the most sensitive endpoints in this fish early life-stage test and can add valuable information on the toxicity of environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa E Rothe
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Tarryn L Botha
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council - Soil, Climate and Water, Private Bag X79, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Christian K Feld
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Weyand
- Ruhrverband, Department of River Basin Management, Kronprinzenstr. 37, 45128, Essen, Germany
| | - Sonja Zimmermann
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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21
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Lashuk B, Yargeau V. A review of ecotoxicity reduction in contaminated waters by heterogeneous photocatalytic ozonation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147645. [PMID: 34000552 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread deterioration of our water systems requires new wastewater treatment technologies to ensure environmental protection. Conventional wastewater treatments were not designed for, and are therefore ineffective, at removing contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, and industrial chemicals. Furthermore, treatment processes capable of breaking down CECs may produce toxic transformation products more harmful than the parent chemicals. Heterogeneous photocatalytic ozonation provides a promising option with high degradation and mineralization of organic compounds. The aim of the present paper is to review ecotoxicity reduction in water treated by heterogeneous photocatalytic ozonation as a measure of process viability. The discussion investigates changes in toxicity based on a variety of toxicity tests performed to evaluate potential effects on ecosystems, the types of catalysts and radiation sources used, the nature of the target contaminants, and the type of water matrix treated. Acute toxicity testing, TiO2 catalysts, and mercury-vapour lamps including blacklights were dominant in the reviewed studies, investigated in 86%, 84% and 79% of the papers, respectively. Pharmaceuticals were the main group of chemicals treated and the water matrices used were predominantly pure water and secondary effluent. Overall, the findings of these studies provide evidence that photocatalytic ozonation is an efficient process to remove persistent organic compounds while, most of the time, not increasing the toxicity of the effluent (as reported by 86% of the studies). Due to the wide variation in experimental set-ups, no clear correlation between reaction conditions and toxicity was determined, however, V. fischeri acute toxicity assays and chronic/sublethal tests appeared most sensitive to transformation products. Future studies need to a) incorporate multiple toxicity tests to produce a more reliable and inclusive ecotoxicity assessment of treated effluent and b) investigate immobilized catalysts and energy efficient radiation sources (i.e. solar and LEDs) for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Lashuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada.
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22
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Gulde R, Rutsch M, Clerc B, Schollée JE, von Gunten U, McArdell CS. Formation of transformation products during ozonation of secondary wastewater effluent and their fate in post-treatment: From laboratory- to full-scale. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117200. [PMID: 34051461 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is increasingly applied in water and wastewater treatment for the abatement of micropollutants (MPs). However, the transformation products formed during ozonation (OTPs) and their fate in biological or sorptive post-treatments is largely unknown. In this project, a high-throughput approach, combining laboratory ozonation experiments and detection by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS/MS), was developed and applied to identify OTPs formed during ozonation of wastewater effluent for a large number of relevant MPs (total 87). For the laboratory ozonation experiments, a simplified experimental solution, consisting of surrogate organic matter (methanol and acetate), was created, which produced ozonation conditions similar to realistic conditions in terms of ozone and hydroxyl radical exposures. The 87 selected parent MPs were divided into 19 mixtures, which enabled the identification of OTPs with an optimized number of experiments. The following two approaches were considered to identify OTPs. (1) A screening of LC-HR-MS signal formation in these experiments was performed and revealed a list of 1749 potential OTP candidate signals associated to 70 parent MPs. This list can be used in future suspect screening studies. (2) A screening was performed for signals that were formed in both batch experiments and in samples of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This second approach was ultimately more time-efficient and was applied to four different WWTPs with ozonation (specific ozone doses in the range 0.23-0.55 gO3/gDOC), leading to the identification of 84 relevant OTPs of 40 parent MPs in wastewater effluent. Chemical structures could be proposed for 83 OTPs through the interpretation of MS/MS spectra and expert knowledge in ozone chemistry. Forty-eight OTPs (58%) have not been reported previously. The fate of the verified OTPs was studied in different post-treatment steps. During sand filtration, 87-89% of the OTPs were stable. In granular activated carbon (GAC) filters, OTPs were abated with decreasing efficiency with increasing run times of the filters. For example, in a GAC filter with 16,000 bed volumes, 53% of the OTPs were abated, while in a GAC filter with 35,000 bed volumes, 40% of the OTPs were abated. The highest abatement (87% of OTPs) was observed when 13 mg/L powdered activated carbon (PAC) was dosed onto a sand filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Gulde
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Moreno Rutsch
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Clerc
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer E Schollée
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christa S McArdell
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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23
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Wei J, Ma D, Ma X, Sheng Q, Sun X, Li J, Liu X, Shen J, Zheng M, Wang L. New insight into increased toxicity during ozonation of chlorophenol: The significant contribution of oxidizing intermediates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144569. [PMID: 33477043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biological safety evaluation and toxic by-products identification are critical issues in the partial oxidation process. Previous studies have shown that the whole toxicity increased in the effluent of an ozonation process for chlorophenols removal. Here, this study systematically investigated the changes of acute toxicity during the ozonation of 3-chlorophenol under four key operational conditions, including initial 3-chlorophenol concentration (20-60 mg/L), ozone concentration (14-42 mg/L), reaction pH (3-10) and ozonation time (0-50 min). The results found that the ozonation process induced a significant increase in the acute toxicity, followed by its gradual decrease. The observation of higher acute toxicity increase generally happened at higher initial 3-chlorophenol concentration, lower ozone concentration and lower reaction pH. At the toxicity peaks, the oxidizing intermediates posed acute toxicity equal to 65.8%-96.3% of the whole toxicity. Among them, free active chlorine (FAC) contributed 21.4%-51.6%, and its concentrations significantly correlated to the acute toxicity change. Therefore, two possible FAC generation pathways initiated by ozone molecule were proposed: (i) bond breaking of the oxychloride complex formed by the combination of chloride ion and zwitterion; or (ii) hydrolysis of ozonides formed by the electrophilic reaction of ozone molecule. Together, these results firstly revealed the significant toxicity contribution of oxidizing intermediates during the ozonation of chlorophenols, supporting further development of safe and effective ozone-based water treatment schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dehua Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xuerou Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinyou Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lianjun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
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24
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Sgroi M, Anumol T, Vagliasindi FGA, Snyder SA, Roccaro P. Comparison of the new Cl 2/O 3/UV process with different ozone- and UV-based AOPs for wastewater treatment at pilot scale: Removal of pharmaceuticals and changes in fluorescing organic matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142720. [PMID: 33572038 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work critically compared the removal of fluorescing PARAFAC components and selected pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, fluoxetine, gemfibrozil, primidone, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim) from a tertiary wastewater effluent by different UV- and ozone-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) operated at pilot-scale. Investigated AOPs included UV/H2O2, UV/Cl2, O3, O3/UV, H2O2/O3/UV, and the new Cl2/O3/UV. AOPs comparison was accomplished using various ozone doses (0-9 mg/L), UV fluences (191-981 mJ/cm2) and radical promoter concentrations of Cl2 = 0.04 mM and H2O2 = 0.29 mM. Chlorine-based AOPs produced radical species that reacted more selectively with pharmaceuticals than radical species and oxidants generated by other AOPs. Tryptophan-like substances and humic-like fluorescing compounds were the most degraded components by all AOPs, which were better removed than microbial products and fulvic-like fluorescing substances. Removal of UV absorbance at 254 (UV254) nm was always low. Overall, chlorine-based AOPs were more effective to reduce fluorescence intensities than similar H2O2-based AOPs. The Cl2/O3/UV process was the most effective AOP to degrade all target micro-pollutants except primidone. On the other hand, the oxidation performance of pharmaceuticals by other ozone-based AOPs followed the order H2O2/O3/UV > O3/UV > O3. UV/Cl2 process outcompeted UV/H2O2 only for the removal of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Correlations between the removal of pharmaceuticals and spectroscopic indexes (PARAFAC components and UV254) had unique regression parameters for each compound, surrogate parameter and oxidation process. Particularly, a diverse PARAFAC component for each investigated AOP resulted to be the most sensitive surrogate parameter able to monitor small changes of pharmaceuticals removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Sgroi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Tarun Anumol
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 2850 Centerville Road, Wilmington, DE 19808, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Federico G A Vagliasindi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, 637141, Singapore.
| | - Paolo Roccaro
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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25
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Shen Q, Liu YD, Zhong R. Degradation mechanisms of simple aliphatic amines under ozonation: a DFT study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:480-490. [PMID: 33595042 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00476f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic amines as common constituents of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) exhibit high reactivity during ozonation; however, our understanding of their degradation mechanisms is very limited. In this study, methylamine (MA) and ethylamine (EA), as well as their secondary and tertiary amines (DMA, DEA, TMA and TEA) were chosen as aliphatic amine models and their degradation mechanisms during ozonation were investigated by using the DFT method. The oxygen-transfer reaction occurs initially and rapidly in the ozonation of all the above amines with a ΔG≠ value of 8-10 kcal mol-1 in great agreement with the experimental rate constant of 104 to 107 M-1 s-1. Moreover, N-oxide as the main degradation product for tertiary amines directly forms after oxygen-transfer, while nitroalkanes as main products for secondary and primary amines are yielded after a series of reactions mediated by hydroxylamine and nitrosoalkane with a ΔG≠ value of 10-13 kcal mol-1. Regarding the minor N-dealkylated products for all amines, alkylamino alcohol is an important intermediate possibly generated via a radical reaction pathway with a ΔG≠ value of 21-34 kcal mol-1. Additionally, comparison of the reactivity of aliphatic amines, hydroxylamines and alkylamino alcohols with ozone was made and elucidated in this study. The results are expected to expand our understanding of the degradation mechanisms for nitrogenous compounds during ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfang Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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26
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Edefell E, Falås P, Kharel S, Hagman M, Christensson M, Cimbritz M, Bester K. MBBRs as post-treatment to ozonation: Degradation of transformation products and ozone-resistant micropollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142103. [PMID: 32920394 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The degradation potential of micropollutants and transformation products in biological post-treatment after ozonation is partly unknown. A pilot plant with ozonation and subsequent biological treatment in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was thus operated over 16 months to investigate the removal of micropollutants and the formation and removal of N-oxide transformation products. Lab-scale kinetic experiments were performed in parallel. At a moderate ozone dose of 0.5 g O3 g-1 DOC, further degradation of gabapentin and 3 iodinated contrast media (iomeprol, iopamidol, and iohexol) could be induced by the biofilm at prolonged exposure times. To facilitate comparison of feeding regimens in biofilm systems a new surface-related degradation rate constant was introduced. The availability of substrates in the pilot MBBR influenced the micropollutant degradation kinetics with increasing and decreasing degradation rates. N-oxides from erythromycin, clarithromycin, tramadol, and venlafaxine were formed during ozonation and could not be degraded by the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Edefell
- Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, 223 70 Lund, Sweden; Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Per Falås
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Suman Kharel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Marinette Hagman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies AB, AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, 226 47 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael Cimbritz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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27
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Mišík M, Ferk F, Schaar H, Yamada M, Jaeger W, Knasmueller S, Kreuzinger N. Genotoxic activities of wastewater after ozonation and activated carbon filtration: Different effects in liver-derived cells and bacterial indicators. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116328. [PMID: 32866931 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to investigate the impact of advanced wastewater treatment techniques (combining ozonation with activated carbon filtration) on acute and genotoxic activities of tertiary treated wastewater. Concentrated samples were tested in Salmonella/microsome assays. Furthermore, induction of DNA damage was measured in liver-derived cells (human hepatoma and primary rat hepatocytes) in single cell gel electrophoresis experiments, which are based on the measurement of DNA migration in an electric field. These cell types possess phase I and phase II enzymes, which catalyze the activation/detoxification of mutagens. Acute toxicity was determined with the trypan blue exclusion technique. We found no evidence for mutagenic effects of non-ozonated samples in several bacterial tester strains (TA98, TA100, YG7108, YG7104, YG7112 and YG7113) but clear induction of His+ mutants after O3 treatment in two strains with defective genes encoding for DNA repair, which are highly sensitive towards alkylating agents (YG7108 and YG7104). These effects were reduced after activated carbon filtration. Furthermore, we detected a slight increase of mutagenic activity in strain YG1024 with increased acetyltransferase activity, which is sensitive towards aromatic amines and nitro compounds in untreated water, which was not reduced by O3 treatment. A completely different pattern of mutagenic activity was seen in liver-derived cells; non ozonated samples caused in both cell types pronounced DNA damage, which was reduced (by ca. 25%) after ozonation. Activated carbon treatment did not cause a substantial further reduction of DNA damage. Additional experiments with liver homogenate indicate that the compounds which cause the effects in the human cells are promutagens which require enzymatic activation. None of the waters caused acute toxicity in the liver-derived cells and in the bacterial indicators. Assuming that hepatic mammalian cells reflect the genotoxic properties of the waters in vertebrates (including humans) more adequately as genetically modified bacterial indicators, we conclude that ozonation has beneficial effects in regard to the reduction of genotoxic properties of treated wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Mišík
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Franziska Ferk
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Heidemarie Schaar
- Technische Universität Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13/226-1, Austria
| | | | - Walter Jaeger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Knasmueller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Norbert Kreuzinger
- Technische Universität Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13/226-1, Austria
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28
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Schneider I, Abbas A, Bollmann A, Dombrowski A, Knopp G, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Seitz W, Wagner M, Oehlmann J. Post-treatment of ozonated wastewater with activated carbon and biofiltration compared to membrane bioreactors: Toxicity removal in vitro and in Potamopyrgus antipodarum. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116104. [PMID: 33086463 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants are major point sources of (micro)pollutant emissions and advanced wastewater treatment technologies can improve their removal capacity. While abundant data on individual advanced treatment technologies is available, there is limited knowledge regarding the removal performance of ozonation combined with multiple post-treatments and stand-alone membrane bioreactors. This is especially true for the removal of in vitro and in vivo toxicity. Therefore, we investigated the removal of 40 micropollutants and toxicity by a pilot-scale ozonation with four post-treatments: non-aerated and aerated granular activated carbon and biological filtration. In addition, two stand-alone membrane bioreactors fed with untreated wastewater and one MBR operating with ozonated partial flow recirculation were analysed. Aqueous and extracted samples were analysed in vitro for (anti)estrogenic, (anti)androgenic and mutagenic effects. To assess in vivo effects, the mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum was exposed in an on-site flow-through system. Multiple in vitro effects were detected in conventionally treated wastewater including estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity. Ozonation largely removed these effects, while anti-estrogenic and mutagenic effects increased suggesting the formation of toxic transformation products. These effects were significantly reduced by granular activated carbon being more effective than biological filtration. The membrane bioreactor performed similarly to the conventional treatment while the membrane bioreactor with ozonation had a comparable removal performance like ozonation. Conventionally treated wastewater increased the growth of P. antipodarum. Ozonation reduced the reproduction indicating a potential formation of toxic transformation products. In the post-treatments, these effects were compensated or remained unaffected. The effluents of the membrane bioreactors induced reproductive toxicity. Our results show that ozonation is effective in further reducing toxicity and micropollutant concentrations. However, the formation of toxicity requires a post-treatment. Here, ozonation coupled to granular activated carbon filtration seemed the most promising treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Schneider
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Aennes Abbas
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Bollmann
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, D-89129, Langenau, Germany
| | - Andrea Dombrowski
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gregor Knopp
- Department of Wastewater Technology and Water Reuse, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Franziska-Braun-Str. 7, D-64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schulte-Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolfram Seitz
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, D-89129, Langenau, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von Laue-Straße 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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29
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Hermes N, Jewell KS, Falås P, Lutze HV, Wick A, Ternes TA. Ozonation of Sitagliptin: Removal Kinetics and Elucidation of Oxidative Transformation Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10588-10598. [PMID: 32867484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing use and high excretion rates, high quantities of the antidiabetic drug sitagliptin (STG) enter wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In conventional biological treatment, only a moderate removal was achieved, and thus, STG can be detected in WWTP effluents with concentrations in the higher ng/L range. Ozonation is a widely discussed technique for advanced wastewater treatment. In lab-scale experiments, STG showed pH-dependent removal kinetics with a maximum apparent rate constant of k ∼1 × 104 M-1 s-1 at pH ≥ 9. With an apparent rate constant of kO3 = (1.8 ± 0.7) × 103 M-1 s-1 at pH 8, STG can be considered to be readily degraded by ozonation of WWTP effluents. Ozone attacks the primary amine moiety of STG, leading to nitro-STG (TP 437) (the primary amine moiety is transformed into a nitro group). Furthermore, a diketone (TP 406) was formed, which can be further degraded by ozone. Lab-scale and pilot-scale experiments on ozonation of WWTP effluents confirmed that the ozone attack of STG was incomplete even at high ozone doses of 1.7 and 0.9 mg O3/mg DOC, respectively. These experiments confirmed that nitro-STG was formed as the main TP in the wastewater matrix. Two other TPs, TP 421c and TP 206b, were also detected, albeit with low intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hermes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56068, Germany
| | - Kevin S Jewell
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56068, Germany
| | - Per Falås
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Holger V Lutze
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56068, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56068, Germany
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Rizzo L, Gernjak W, Krzeminski P, Malato S, McArdell CS, Perez JAS, Schaar H, Fatta-Kassinos D. Best available technologies and treatment trains to address current challenges in urban wastewater reuse for irrigation of crops in EU countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136312. [PMID: 32050367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Conventional urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) are poorly effective in the removal of most contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), including antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARB&ARGs). These contaminants result in some concern for the environment and human health, in particular if UWTPs effluents are reused for crop irrigation. Recently, stakeholders' interest further increased in Europe, because the European Commission is currently developing a regulation on water reuse. Likely, conventional UWTPs will require additional advanced treatment steps to meet water quality limits yet to be officially established for wastewater reuse. Even though it seems that CECs will not be included in the proposed regulation, the aim of this paper is to provide a technical contribution to this discussion as well as to support stakeholders by recommending possible advanced treatment options, in particular with regard to the removal of CECs and ARB&ARGs. Taking into account the current knowledge and the precautionary principle, any new or revised water-related Directive should address such contaminants. Hence, this review paper gathers the efforts of a group of international experts, members of the NEREUS COST Action ES1403, who for three years have been constructively discussing the efficiency of the best available technologies (BATs) for urban wastewater treatment to abate CECs and ARB&ARGs. In particular, ozonation, activated carbon adsorption, chemical disinfectants, UV radiation, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and membrane filtration are discussed with regard to their capability to effectively remove CECs and ARB&ARGs, as well as their advantages and drawbacks. Moreover, a comparison among the above-mentioned processes is performed for CECs relevant for crop uptake. Finally, possible treatment trains including the above-discussed BATs are discussed, issuing end-use specific recommendations which will be useful to UWTPs managers to select the most suitable options to be implemented at their own facilities to successfully address wastewater reuse challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pawel Krzeminski
- Section of Systems Engineering and Technology, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sixto Malato
- Plataforma Solar de Almería (CIEMAT), Carretera de Senés, km. 4, Tabernas, Almería 04200, Spain; Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Universitiy of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, ES04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Christa S McArdell
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jose Antonio Sanchez Perez
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Universitiy of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, ES04120 Almería, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, ES04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Heidemarie Schaar
- Technische Universität Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13/2261, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas, International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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31
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Pohl J, Golovko O, Carlsson G, Eriksson J, Glynn A, Örn S, Weiss J. Carbamazepine Ozonation Byproducts: Toxicity in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Embryos and Chemical Stability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2913-2921. [PMID: 31990190 PMCID: PMC7307904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant medication with highly persistent properties in the aquatic environment, where it has the potential to affect nontarget biota. Because CBZ and many other pharmaceuticals are not readily removed in conventional sewage treatment plants (STP), additional STP effluent treatment technologies are being evaluated and implemented. Whole effluent ozonation is a prospective method to remove pharmaceuticals such as CBZ, yet knowledge on the toxicity of CBZ ozonation byproducts (OBPs) is lacking. This study presents, for the first time, in vivo individual and mixture toxicity of four putative OBPs, that is, carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide, 10,11-Dihydrocarbamazepine, 1-(2-benzaldehyde)-4-hydro-(1H,3H)-quinazoline-2-one (BQM), and 1-(2-benzaldehyde)-(1H,3H)-quinazoline-2,4-dione (BQD) in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. BQM and BQD were isolated from the ozonated solution as they were not commercially available. The study confirmed that the OBP mixture caused embryotoxic responses comparable to that of ozonated CBZ. Individual compound embryotoxicity assessment further revealed that BQM and BQD were the drivers of embryotoxicity. OBP chemical stability in ozonated CBZ water solution during 2 week dark storage at 22 °C was also assessed. The OBP concentrations remained over time, except for BQD which decreased by 94%. Meanwhile, ozonated CBZ persistently induced embryotoxicity over 2 week storage, potentially illustrating environmental concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pohl
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Carlsson
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Johan Eriksson
- Department
of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Stefan Örn
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
| | - Jana Weiss
- Department
of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
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Narain-Ford DM, Bartholomeus RP, Dekker SC, van Wezel AP. Natural Purification Through Soils: Risks and Opportunities of Sewage Effluent Reuse in Sub-surface Irrigation. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 250:85-117. [PMID: 32939618 DOI: 10.1007/398_2020_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique M Narain-Ford
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruud P Bartholomeus
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan C Dekker
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Science, Faculty of Management, Science and Technology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P van Wezel
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Oktem YA, Yuzer B, Aydin MI, Okten HE, Meric S, Selcuk H. Chloride or sulfate? Consequences for ozonation of textile wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 247:749-755. [PMID: 31279806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation of chloride-rich textile wastewater is a common pretreatment practice in order to increase biodegradability and therefore meet the discharge limits. This study is the first to investigate ozone-chloride/bromide interactions and formation of hazardous adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) in real textile wastewater. Initially effect of ozonation on chloride-rich real textile wastewater samples were investigated for adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) formation, biodegradability and toxicity. After 15 min of ozonation, maximum levels of chlorine/bromine generation (0.3 mg/l) and AOX formation (399 mg/l) were reached. OUR and SOUR levels both increased by approximately 58%. Daphnia magna toxicity peaked at 100% for 10 min ozonated sample. Considering adverse effects of ozonation on chloride-rich textile industry effluents, we proposed replacement of NaCl with Na2SO4. Comparative ozonation experiments were carried out for both chloride and sulfate containing synthetic dyeing wastewater samples. Results showed that use of sulfate in reactive dyeing increased biodegradability and decreased acute toxicity. Although sulfate is preferred over chloride for more effective dyeing performance, the switch has been hampered due to sodium sulfate's higher unit cost. However, consideration of indirect costs such as contributions to biodegradability, toxicity, water and salt recovery shall facilitate textile industry's switch from chloride to sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalcin Askin Oktem
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept. Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Burak Yuzer
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept. Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Iberia Aydin
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept. Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hatice Eser Okten
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept.,Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sureyya Meric
- Namik Kemal University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept., Corlu 59860, Tekirdag, 59860, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Selcuk
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Dept. Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ahmad J, Naeem S, Ahmad M, Usman ARA, Al-Wabel MI. A critical review on organic micropollutants contamination in wastewater and removal through carbon nanotubes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 246:214-228. [PMID: 31176983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in various environmental compartments is posing a serious health risks to all kinds of lives on the planet. The levels of OMPs such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, antibiotics, pesticides, contraceptive medicines, and personal care products in water bodies are increasing with each passing day. It is an urgent need of time to limit the release of OMPs into the environment, and to remove the prevailing OMPs for sustainable environmental management. The majority of the conventional means of water decontamination are either inefficient or expensive. However, due to nanosize, high surface area, and hollow and layered structure, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) serve as excellent sorbents for the removal of a diverse range of OMPs. The occurrence of emerging OMPs and their detrimental effects on human and animal health are collected and discussed in this review. The characteristics and efficacy of various CNTs (pristine and modified) for the efficient removal of different OMPs, and the removal mechanisms have been reviewed and discussed. The literature demonstrated that adsorption of OMPs onto CNTs is very complicated and rely on multiple factors including the properties of adsorbent and the adsorbate as well as solution chemistry. It was found that H-bonding, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions, H-π bongs, and π-π interactions were the major mechanisms responsible for the adsorption of OMPs onto various kinds of CNTs. Despite of higher affinities for OMPs, hydrophobicity and higher costs restrain the practical application of CNTs for wastewater treatment on large scale. However, continuous production may lead to the development of cost-effective, efficient and eco-friendly CTNs technology for wastewater treatments in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Ahmad
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 61000, Pakistan; Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Naeem
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Munir Ahmad
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel R A Usman
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohammad I Al-Wabel
- Soil Sciences Department, College of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Wang WL, Hu HY, Liu X, Shi HX, Zhou TH, Wang C, Huo ZY, Wu QY. Combination of catalytic ozonation by regenerated granular activated carbon (rGAC) and biological activated carbon in the advanced treatment of textile wastewater for reclamation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:369-377. [PMID: 31141739 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater reclamation in the textile industry has attracted considerable attention. In this study, catalytic ozonation by regenerated granular activated carbon (rGAC) and its combination with biological activated carbon (BAC) was investigated for the reclamation of a real bio-treated dyeing and finishing wastewater (BDFW). Catalytic ozonation by rGAC (O3/rGAC) was 1.6-2.0 times more efficient than ozonation alone for pollutants degradation. Although iron oxide loaded rGAC (rGAC-Fe) improved the performance of catalytic ozonation by 14%-25%, but was labile (<2 days) compared to stable rGAC (>20 days). Catalytic ozonation improved the generation of •OH, contributing 1.1-1.7 times faster of chromophores decomposition and 0.24-0.55 times more increase of biodegradability than ozonation. However, catalytic ozonation increased the acute toxicity of BDFW by two times. The combination of O3/rGAC and BAC can synergistically reduce COD, chromophores, and color in BDFW during 45-day's continuous operation, the improvements than O3/rGAC being 21.0%, 18.8%, and 13.6%, respectively. Moreover, although O3/rGAC of BDFW increased the toxicity from 98.3 to 146.5 μg-HgCl2/L, post BAC significantly reduced the toxicity to 13.1 μg-HgCl2/L. Engineering practice of water reclamation by O3/rGAC-BAC was approved to be feasible based on both the water quality of treated water and the operation cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hui-Xiang Shi
- College of Environment & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Huo
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), and School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Ma XY, Wang Y, Dong K, Wang XC, Zheng K, Hao L, Ngo HH. The treatability of trace organic pollutants in WWTP effluent and associated biotoxicity reduction by advanced treatment processes for effluent quality improvement. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:423-433. [PMID: 31121410 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As increasing attention is paid to surface water protection, there has been demand for improvements of domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. This has led to the application of many different advanced treatment processes (ATPs). In this study, the treatability of trace organic pollutants in secondary effluent (SE) and associated biotoxicity reduction by four types of ATPs, including coagulation, granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, ultraviolet (UV) photolysis and photocatalysis, and ozonation, were investigated at the bench-scale. The ATPs showed different removal capacity for the 48 chemicals, which were classified into seven categories. EDCs, herbicides, bactericides and pharmaceuticals were readily degraded, and insecticides, flame retardants, and UV filters were relatively resistant to removal. During these processes, the efficiency of the ATPs in reducing four biological effects were investigated. Of the four biological effects, the estrogenic activity from SE was not detected using the yeast estrogen screen. In contrast with genotoxicity and photosynthesis inhibition, bacterial cytotoxicity posed by SE was the most difficult biological effect to reduce with these ATPs. GAC adsorption and ozonation were the most robust treatment processes for reducing the three detected biotoxicities. UV photolysis and photocatalysis showed comparable efficiencies for the reduction of genotoxicity and photosynthesis inhibition. However, coagulation only performed well in genotoxicity reduction. The effect-based trigger values for the four bioassays, that were derived from the existing environmental quality standards and from HC5 (hazardous concentration for 5% of aquatic organisms), were all used to select and optimize these ATPs for ecological safety. Conducting ATPs in more appropriate ways could eliminate the negative effects of WWTP effluent on receiving water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Yongkun Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Ke Dong
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Kai Zheng
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Liwei Hao
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Völker J, Stapf M, Miehe U, Wagner M. Systematic Review of Toxicity Removal by Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies via Ozonation and Activated Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7215-7233. [PMID: 31120742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Upgrading wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with advanced technologies is one key strategy to reduce micropollutant emissions. Given the complex chemical composition of wastewater, toxicity removal is an integral parameter to assess the performance of WWTPs. Thus, the goal of this systematic review is to evaluate how effectively ozonation and activated carbon remove in vitro and in vivo toxicity. Out of 2464 publications, we extracted 46 relevant studies conducted at 22 pilot or full-scale WWTPs. We performed a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of in vitro (100 assays) and in vivo data (20 species), respectively. Data is more abundant on ozonation (573 data points) than on an activated carbon treatment (162 data points), and certain in vitro end points (especially estrogenicity) and in vivo models (e.g., daphnids) dominate. The literature shows that while a conventional treatment effectively reduces toxicity, residual effects in the effluents may represent a risk to the receiving ecosystem on the basis of effect-based trigger values. In general, an upgrade to ozonation or activated carbon treatment will significantly increase toxicity removal with similar performance. Nevertheless, ozonation generates toxic transformation products that can be removed by a post-treatment. By assessing the growing body of effect-based studies, we identify sensitive and underrepresented end points and species and provide guidance for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Völker
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim 7491 , Norway
| | - Michael Stapf
- Berlin Centre of Competence for Water (KWB) , Berlin 10709 , Germany
| | - Ulf Miehe
- Berlin Centre of Competence for Water (KWB) , Berlin 10709 , Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim 7491 , Norway
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38
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Lim S, McArdell CS, von Gunten U. Reactions of aliphatic amines with ozone: Kinetics and mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 157:514-528. [PMID: 30986698 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic amines are common constituents in micropollutants and dissolved organic matter and present in elevated concentrations in wastewater-impacted source waters. Due to high reactivity, reactions of aliphatic amines with ozone are likely to occur during ozonation in water and wastewater treatment. We investigated the kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of ozone with ethylamine, diethylamine, and triethylamine as model nitrogenous compounds. Species-specific second-order rate constants for the neutral parent amines ranged from 9.3 × 104 to 2.2 × 106 M-1s-1 and the apparent second-order rate constants at pH 7 for potential or identified transformation products were 6.8 × 105 M-1s-1 for N,N-diethylhydroxylamine, ∼105 M-1s-1 for N-ethylhydroxylamine, 1.9 × 103 M-1s-1 for N-ethylethanimine oxide, and 3.4 M-1s-1 for nitroethane. Product analyses revealed that all amines were transformed to products containing a nitrogen-oxygen bond (e.g., triethylamine N-oxide and nitroethane) with high yields, i.e., 64-100% with regard to the abated target amines. These findings could be confirmed by measurements of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical which are formed during the amine-ozone reactions. Based on the high yields of nitroethane from ethylamine and diethylamine, a significant formation of nitroalkanes can be expected during ozonation of waters containing high levels of dissolved organic nitrogen, as expected in wastewaters or wastewater-impaired source waters. This may pose adverse effects on the aquatic environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungeun Lim
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christa S McArdell
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Abbas A, Schneider I, Bollmann A, Funke J, Oehlmann J, Prasse C, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Seitz W, Ternes T, Weber M, Wesely H, Wagner M. What you extract is what you see: Optimising the preparation of water and wastewater samples for in vitro bioassays. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 152:47-60. [PMID: 30660097 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of water quality is crucial for safeguarding drinking water resources and ecosystem integrity. To this end, sample preparation and extraction is critically important, especially when investigating emerging contaminants and the toxicity of water samples. As extraction methods are rarely optimised for bioassays but rather adopted from chemical analysis, this may result in a misrepresentation of the actual toxicity. In this study, surface water, groundwater, hospital and municipal wastewater were used to characterise the impacts of common sample preparation techniques (acidification, filtration and solid phase extraction (SPE)) on the outcomes of eleven in vitro bioassays. The latter covered endocrine activity (reporter gene assays for estrogen, androgen, aryl-hydrocarbon, retinoic acid, retinoid X, vitamin D, thyroid receptor), mutagenicity (Ames fluctuation test), genotoxicity (umu test) and cytotoxicity. Water samples extracted using different SPE sorbents (Oasis HLB, Supelco ENVI-Carb+, Telos C18/ENV) at acidic and neutral pH were compared for their performance in recovering biological effects. Acidification, commonly used for stabilisation, significantly altered the endocrine activity and toxicity of most (waste)water samples. Sample filtration did not affect the majority of endpoints but in certain cases affected the (anti-)estrogenic and dioxin-like activities. SPE extracts (10.4 × final concentration), including WWTP effluents, induced significant endocrine effects that were not detected in aqueous samples (0.63 × final concentration), such as estrogenic, (anti-)androgenic and dioxin-like activities. When ranking the SPE methods using multivariate Pareto optimisation an extraction with Telos C18/ENV at pH 7 was most effective in recovering toxicity. At the same time, these extracts were highly cytotoxic masking the endpoint under investigation. Compared to that, extraction at pH 2.5 enriched less cytotoxicity. In summary, our study demonstrates that sample preparation and extraction critically affect the outcome of bioassays when assessing the toxicity of water samples. Depending on the water matrix and the bioassay, these methods need to be optimised to accurately assess water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aennes Abbas
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Ilona Schneider
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Anna Bollmann
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, D-89129, Langenau, Germany
| | - Jan Funke
- IWW Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wasser Beratungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, Moritzstraße 26, D-45476, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carsten Prasse
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Ulrike Schulte-Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Wolfram Seitz
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, D-89129, Langenau, Germany
| | - Thomas Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Marcus Weber
- Department of Numerical Analysis and Modelling, Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin (ZIB), Takustraße 7, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Wesely
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
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40
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Leusch FDL, Neale PA, Busetti F, Card M, Humpage A, Orbell JD, Ridgway HF, Stewart MB, van de Merwe JP, Escher BI. Transformation of endocrine disrupting chemicals, pharmaceutical and personal care products during drinking water disinfection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:1480-1490. [PMID: 30677914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are frequently detected in drinking water sources. This raises concerns about the formation of potentially more toxic transformation products (TPs) after drinking water disinfection. This study applied a combination of computational and experimental methods to investigate the biological activity of eight EDCs and PPCPs commonly detected in source waters (acetaminophen, bisphenol A, carbamazepine, estrone, 17α-ethinylestradiol, gemfibrozil, naproxen and triclosan) before and after disinfection. Using a Stepped Forced Molecular Dynamics (SFMD) method, we detected 911 unique TPs, 36% of which have been previously reported in the scientific literature. We calculated the likelihood that TPs would cause damage to biomolecules or DNA relative to the parent compound based on lipophilicity and the occurrence of structural alerts, and applied two Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) tools to predict toxicity via receptor-mediated effects. In parallel, batch experiments were performed with three disinfectants, chlorine, chlorine dioxide and chloramine. After solid-phase extraction, the resulting TP mixtures were analyzed by chemical analysis and a battery of eleven in vitro bioassays covering a variety of endpoints. The laboratory results were in good agreement with the predictions. Overall, the combination of computational and experimental chemistry and toxicity methods used in this study suggest that disinfection of the studied EDCs and PPCPs will produce a large number of TPs, which are unlikely to increase specific toxicity (e.g., endocrine activity), but may result in increased reactive and non-specific toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.
| | - Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Marcella Card
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Andrew Humpage
- Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - John D Orbell
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Livable Cities (ISILC), College of Engineering & Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | | | - Matthew B Stewart
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Livable Cities (ISILC), College of Engineering & Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Beate I Escher
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia; The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Cell Toxicology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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41
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Xue F, Tang B, Bin L, Ye J, Huang S, Fu F, Li P, Cui J. Residual micro organic pollutants and their biotoxicity of the effluent from the typical textile wastewater treatment plants at Pearl River Delta. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:696-703. [PMID: 30677935 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the biotoxicity and the residual dissolved organic matter (DOM) of the effluents from nine typical full-scale textile plants located at Pearl River Delta (PRD) in Guangdong province, China. The fluorescence regional integration (FRI) analysis showed that the tryptophan-like (II), soluble microbial product-like (IV) and fulvic acid-like substances (III) were the dominant compounds in the DOM. The acute toxicity test showed toxic effects still remained in most textile effluents, which might attribute to the undegraded dyes or aromatic compounds. Combining with the results from multiple methods, it indicated that the selected nine textile wastewater treatment plants (tWWTPs) all contained some residual micro organic pollutants in their effluents, and the residual benzene-derived products or aromatic amines were probably the toxicity-causing substances. Both ozonization and membrane filtration were capable of further decreasing the content of residual DOM, but by comprehensively considering the effects of removing DOM and biotoxicity, membrane filtration was better than ozonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Xue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bing Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Liying Bin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jianwen Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shaosong Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Fenglian Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jiao Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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42
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Comparative analysis of toxicity reduction of wastewater in twelve industrial park wastewater treatment plants based on battery of toxicity assays. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3751. [PMID: 30842527 PMCID: PMC6403317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in industrial parks provide centralized treatment for industrial and domestic wastewater. However, the information on toxicity reduction of wastewater and its correlation with treatment process in industrial park is limited. This study compared the toxicity reduction of wastewater in 12 industrial park WWTPs based on battery of toxicity assays. Nine toxic endpoints involving microorganism, phytoplankton, zooplankton, plant and human cell lines were applied. All the influents of WWTPs induced high toxicities, which were significantly reduced after the treatments from 7 of the studied WWTPs. However, the effluents of five WWTPs induced higher toxicity in one or more toxic endpoints compared to the influents. This study also found that most of anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2/O)-based processes had good removal efficiency of wastewater toxicity, while the sequencing batch reactor (SBR)-based processes had the lowest removal efficiency. Moreover, low correlation coefficients were obtained among all toxic endpoints, indicating that battery of toxicity assays was necessary to completely characterize the toxicity and risk of wastewater in industrial parks. This study shed new lights to the toxicity reduction of wastewater and its correlation with treatment process, which is very useful for the design, management and operation of WWTPs in industrial parks.
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43
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Kümmerer K, Dionysiou DD, Olsson O, Fatta-Kassinos D. Reducing aquatic micropollutants - Increasing the focus on input prevention and integrated emission management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:836-850. [PMID: 30380490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and many other chemicals are an important basis for nearly all sectors including for example, food and agriculture, medicine, plastics, electronics, transport, communication, and many other products used nowadays. This comes along with a tremendous chemicalization of the globe, including ubiquitous presence of products of chemical and pharmaceutical industries in the aquatic environment. Use of these products will increase with population growth and living standard as will the need for clean water. In addition, climate change will exacerbate availability of water in sufficient quantity and quality. Since its implementation, conventional wastewater treatment has increasingly contributed to environmental protection and health of humans. However, with the increasing pollution of water by chemicals, conventional treatment turned out to be insufficient. It was also found that advanced effluent treatment methods such as extended filtration, the sorption to activated charcoal or advanced oxidation methods have their own limitations. These are, for example, increased demand for energy and hazardous chemicals, incomplete or even no removal of pollutants, the generation of unwanted products from parent compounds (transformation products, TPs) of often-unknown chemical structure, fate and toxicity. In many countries, effluent treatment is available only rarely if at all let alone advanced treatment. The past should teach us, that focusing only on technological approaches is not constructive for a sustainable water quality control. Therefore, in addition to conventional and advanced treatment optimization more emphasis on input prevention is urgently needed, including more and better control of what is present in the source water. Measures for input prevention are known for long. The main focus though has always been on the treatment, and measures taken at the source have gained only little attention so far. A more effective and efficient approach, however, would be to avoid pollution at the source, which would in turn allow more targeted treatment to meet treated water quality objectives globally. New developments within green and sustainable chemistry are offering new approaches that allow for input prevention and a more targeted treatment to succeed in pollution elimination in and at the source. To put this into practice, engineers, water scientists and chemists as well as microbiologists and scientists of other related disciplines need to cooperate more extensively than in the past. Applying principles such as the precautionary principle, or keeping water flows separate where possible will add to this. This implies not minimizing the efforts to improve wastewater treatment but to design effluents and chemicals in such a way that treatment systems and water environments can cope successfully with the challenge of micropollutants globally (Kümmerer et al., 2018). This paper therefore presents in its first part some of the limitations of effluent treatment in order to demonstrate the urgent need for minimizing water pollution at the source and, information on why source management is urgently needed to improve water quality and stimulate discussions how to protect water resources on a global level. Some principles of green and sustainable chemistry as well as other approaches, which are part of source management, are presented in the second part in order to stimulate discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany; International Sustainable Chemistry Collaboration Center (ISC(3)), Research and Education, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DCEE), 705 Engineering Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA; Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
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44
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Ultrafiltration/Granulated Active Carbon-Biofilter: Efficient Removal of a Broad Range of Micropollutants. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9040710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues, and other organic micropollutants that pass naturally through the human body into sewage, are in many cases unaffected by treatment processes at conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Accumulated in the environment, however, they can significantly affect aquatic ecosystems. The present study provides an evaluation of a treatment system for the removal of pharmaceutical residues and other micropollutants. The system is based on a Membrane Bioreactor (MBR), including ultrafiltration (UF), followed by a biofilter using granulated active carbon (GAC) as filter material. It was found that all investigated micropollutants, such as pharmaceutical residues, phenolic compounds, bacteria and microplastic particles, present in wastewater, could be removed by the treatment system to below detection limits or very low concentrations. This shows that the combination of filtration, adsorption and biodegradation provides a broad and efficient removal of micropollutants and effects. The tested treatment configuration appears to be one of the most sustainable solutions that meets today’s and future municipal sewage treatment requirements. The treatment system delivers higher resource utilization and security than other advanced treatment systems including solely GAC-filters without biology.
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Pedrazzani R, Bertanza G, Brnardić I, Cetecioglu Z, Dries J, Dvarionienė J, García-Fernández AJ, Langenhoff A, Libralato G, Lofrano G, Škrbić B, Martínez-López E, Meriç S, Pavlović DM, Papa M, Schröder P, Tsagarakis KP, Vogelsang C. Opinion paper about organic trace pollutants in wastewater: Toxicity assessment in a European perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:3202-3221. [PMID: 30463169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pedrazzani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38 and University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health", University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Bertanza
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 43 and University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health", University of Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| | - Ivan Brnardić
- Faculty of Metallurgy, University of Zagreb, Aleja narodnih heroja 3, 44103 Sisak, Croatia.
| | - Zeynep Cetecioglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jan Dries
- Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Salesianenlaan 90, 2660 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jolanta Dvarionienė
- Kaunas University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Gedimino str. 50, 44239 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Antonio J García-Fernández
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Campus of Espinardo, Spain.
| | - Alette Langenhoff
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giusy Lofrano
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Biljana Škrbić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Emma Martínez-López
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Campus of Espinardo, Spain.
| | - Süreyya Meriç
- Çorlu Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Namik Kemal University, Çorlu, 59860, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
| | - Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Matteo Papa
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 43 and University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health", University of Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| | - Peter Schröder
- Helmholtz-Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Konstantinos P Tsagarakis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Vas. Sofias 12, 67100 Xanthi, Greece.
| | - Christian Vogelsang
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
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Baresel C, Ek M, Ejhed H, Allard AS, Magnér J, Dahlgren L, Westling K, Wahlberg C, Fortkamp U, Söhr S, Harding M, Fång J, Karlsson J. Sustainable treatment systems for removal of pharmaceutical residues and other priority persistent substances. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 79:537-543. [PMID: 30924808 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues and other emerging substances commonly summarised as micropollutants pass through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and end up in the receiving waters and sludge. Many studies have investigated the removal efficiency of various techniques but a holistic evaluation of various relevant treatment alternatives regarding both the removal efficiency for various micropollutants, investment and operating costs, environmental impacts and future comprehensiveness is still lacking. This paper provides the results from a large 3-year project about the evaluation of sustainable treatment systems for removal of various micropollutants or disruptive effects at Swedish WWTPs and their environmental, economic and future sustainability. The presented results are based on our own pilot tests and related assessment and modelling efforts and provide a holistic view on advanced treatment of wastewater for removal of micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baresel
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden E-mail:
| | - M Ek
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden E-mail:
| | - H Ejhed
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden E-mail:
| | - A-S Allard
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden E-mail:
| | - J Magnér
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden E-mail:
| | - L Dahlgren
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden E-mail:
| | - K Westling
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden E-mail:
| | - C Wahlberg
- Stockholm Vatten och Avfall, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Fortkamp
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden E-mail:
| | - S Söhr
- Sydvästra Stockholmsregionens VA-verksaktiebolag - SYVAB, Grödinge, Sweden
| | - M Harding
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden E-mail:
| | - J Fång
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden E-mail:
| | - J Karlsson
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden E-mail:
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Diehle M, Gebhardt W, Pinnekamp J, Schäffer A, Linnemann V. Ozonation of valsartan: Structural elucidation and environmental properties of transformation products. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:437-448. [PMID: 30384314 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical valsartan is classified as a trace organic compound and is released into wastewater from human consumption. Trace organic compounds are not completely removed during conventional wastewater treatment. In order to prevent their release into the aquatic environment, advanced wastewater treatment technologies such as ozonation are currently implemented. Ozonation leads to the formation of transformation products (TPs), which then enter the receiving waters. In the present work, laboratory-scale ozonation experiments of valsartan solutions were performed. The resulting TPs were analyzed by HPLC-MS and searched for using a non-targeted approach. Of the 51 compounds detected, 27 have tentative structural suggestions based on MS/MS experiments. Ozonation of valsartan does not lead to the formation of TPs with higher toxicity towards A. fischeri than the parent compound. According to QSAR-based environmental behavior estimations, most TPs reveal lower lipophilicity, increased biodegradability as well as decreased acute and chronic toxicities concerning fish, daphnia and algae compared to their parent compound valsartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Diehle
- Environmental Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Gebhardt
- Environmental Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Pinnekamp
- Environmental Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Volker Linnemann
- Environmental Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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48
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Zhou S, Wei Z, Chu T, Yu H, Li S, Zhang W, Gui W. Transcriptomic analysis of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to assess integrated biotoxicity of Xitiaoxi River waters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:42-53. [PMID: 29958174 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the toxicity posed by mixtures of unknown chemicals to aquatic organisms is challenging. In this study, water samples from six cross-sections along the Xitiaoxi River Basin (XRB) were monthly or bimonthly collected in 2014. The year-period physiochemical parameters as well as one-month-water sample based acute biotoxicity tests showed that the river water quality of the year was generally in a good status. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) screening based on one-month-water samples suggested that the organic pollutants might be non-to-moderately-polar chemicals in very low concentrations. One-month-water sample based RNA-seq was performed to measure the mRNA differential expression profile of zebrafish larvae to furtherly explore the potential bioeffect and the spatial water quality change of the river. Result indicated that the number of deferentially expressed genes (DEGs) tended to increase along the downstream direction of the river. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis implied that the key pollutants might mainly be the function disruptors of biological processes. Principle components analysis (PCA) combining with transcripts and one-month-water sample based physiochemical parameters indicated that the pollution might be similar at TP, DP and CTB sites while pollution homology existed on some extent between YBQ and JW sites. Although the water quality of the river had a complex time-space alternation during the year, and the one-month-data based RNA-seq could not reflex the whole year-water quality of a watershed, the gene expression profile via RNA-seq provided an alternative way for assessing integrated biotoxicity of surface water, and it was relatively fit for early-warning of water quality of a watershed with unobservable acute toxicity. However, the identification of detail toxicants and the links between DEGs and pollution level as well as physiological-biochemical toxicity needed further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Zhou
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Tianyi Chu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Environmental Science and Policy Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, USA
| | - Wenjun Gui
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Escapa C, Torres T, Neuparth T, Coimbra RN, García AI, Santos MM, Otero M. Zebrafish embryo bioassays for a comprehensive evaluation of microalgae efficiency in the removal of diclofenac from water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1024-1033. [PMID: 30021269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work deals with a preliminary study aimed at evaluating the efficiency of three different microalgae strains, namely Chlorella sorokiniana, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus in the bioremediation of diclofenac contaminated water. For this purpose, microalgae were cultured in bubbling column photobioreactors (PBRs) under batch operation until the end of the exponential growth phase. For the three strains, the concentration of diclofenac in the PBRs aquatic medium decreased along microalgae growing, which pointed to biodegradation as the main removal mechanism. Among the three strains, S. obliquus was the most capable to reduce diclofenac concentration (99% removal from an initial concentration of 25,000 μg l-1). However, such a large removal does not guarantee an efficient treatment since transformation products (TPs) exceeding the concentration and/or toxicity of the parent compound may be generated during biodegradation of diclofenac. Thus, for a comprehensive evaluation of the microalgae treatments efficiency, the final effluents from the PBRs were tested for their effects on the embryonic development of zebrafish. Again, the S. obliquus treatment was the most efficient in the reduction of toxicity, with the corresponding effluents having no effects on the embryo's mortality or abnormalities incidence (at 80 h post fertilization). In any case, for the three strains, the toxicity effects of effluents were equal or lower than those determined for diclofenac solutions with the same concentration. Therefore, it may be stated that, at the end of the batch culture, the removal of diclofenac by the considered strains did not involve the generation of toxic TPs to zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Escapa
- IMARENABIO-Institute of Environment, Natural Resources and Biodiversity, Department of Applied Chemistry and Physics, Universidad de León, Avenida de Portugal s/n, León, Spain.
| | - Tiago Torres
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo N Coimbra
- IMARENABIO-Institute of Environment, Natural Resources and Biodiversity, Department of Applied Chemistry and Physics, Universidad de León, Avenida de Portugal s/n, León, Spain.
| | - Ana I García
- IMARENABIO-Institute of Environment, Natural Resources and Biodiversity, Department of Applied Chemistry and Physics, Universidad de León, Avenida de Portugal s/n, León, Spain.
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, Porto, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marta Otero
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.
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50
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Knoop O, Woermann M, Lutze HV, Sures B, Schmidt TC. Ecotoxicological effects prior to and after the ozonation of tamoxifen. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 358:286-293. [PMID: 29990816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine disrupting micropollutant tamoxifen can induce several effects on aquatic organisms. It is introduced into the environment mainly by wastewater treatment plant effluents. To reduce the discharge of micropollutants into surface waters, ozonation can be used as additional wastewater treatment option. For only few transformation products (TPs) formed by ozonation ecotoxicological data are available. To enable an initial estimation of ecotoxicological potentials of the TPs formed after the ozonation of tamoxifen, acute toxicity (immobilization) to Daphnia magna and green algae growth inhibition using Desmodesmus subspicatus were determined for several ozone doses spiked at pH 3 and pH 7. The initial immobilization of D. magna by tamoxifen was not further observed after ozonation. In contrast, the green algae growth inhibition increased due to ozonation of tamoxifen. Overall, five transformation products were observed. For three TPs, positive correlations of green algae growth inhibition and peak area were determined, whereas two TPs do not induce the residual effects. Based on our observations, TP 270 can be assumed as most potent of the formed TPs concerning green algae growth inhibition. Since the effect is not induced by formed N-oxides, green algae growth inhibition could be reduced by sufficient ozone exposure during wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Knoop
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Aquatic and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Marion Woermann
- Aquatic Ecology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Holger V Lutze
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Aquatic and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstr. 26, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Centre for Aquatic and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany; Aquatic Ecology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Aquatic and Environmental Research (ZWU), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141 Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstr. 26, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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