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Zhang L, Yan S, Hong X, Zhao G, Zha J. Integrative time series of cellular, humoral and molecular response revealed immunotoxicity of bifenthrin to Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) following Pseudomonas fluorescens challenge. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 256:106427. [PMID: 36805112 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bifenthrin is a common pesticide that is widespread in aquatic environments. Although it has been shown to be toxic to aquatic organisms, its immunotoxicity and mechanism are unclear. Herein, we reported the immunotoxicity of bifenthrin on adult Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) after 28 days of exposure to different concentrations of bifenthrin (0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 μg/L) and 36-h Pseudomonas fluorescens challenge. Bifenthrin inhibited the fish humoral immune response to bacteria by altering the lymphocyte and neutrophil ratios and decreasing the production of lysozyme, complement component 3, immunoglobulin M, and C-reactive protein, particularly were 1.0 μg/L. Bifenthrin caused intestinal damage and significantly reduced the volume of intestinal mucus at 12 and 36 hours postinjection (hpi) (p < 0.05). Moreover, 1.0 μg/L bifenthrin significantly increased the fish mortality and bacterial loads at 12 and 36 hpi (p < 0.05). RNA-seq analysis revealed several enriched genes involved in pathogen attachment and recognition, inflammatory responses, and complement system at the early-to-mid stage of infection (4-12 hpi). Overall, our results corroborated that bifenthrin induced immunotoxicity in Gobiocypris rarus, resulting in immune dysfunction of fish and increasing their sensitivity to bacterial infection and accelerating mortality. Moreover, 4-12 hpi was better than 36 hpi for analyzing immune responses against pathogen infection in fish exposed to bifenthrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Gaofeng Zhao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, CAAS, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Scharsack JP, Franke F. Temperature effects on teleost immunity in the light of climate change. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:780-796. [PMID: 35833710 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is an important environmental modulator of teleost immune activity. Susceptibility of teleosts to temperature variation depends on the species-specific adaptive temperature range, and the activity of the teleost immune system is generally temperature-dependent. Similar to many physiological and metabolic traits of ectotherms, temperature modulates the activity of immune traits. At low temperatures, acquired immunity of many teleost species is down-modulated, and their immuno-competence mainly depends on innate immunity. At intermediate temperatures, both innate and acquired immunity are fully active and provide optimal protection, including long-lasting immunological memory. When temperatures increase and reach the upper permissive range, teleost immunity is compromised. Moreover, temperature shifts may have negative effects on teleost immune functions, in particular if shifts occur rapidly with high amplitudes. On the contrary, short-term temperature increase may help teleost immunity to fight against pathogens transiently. A major challenge to teleosts therefore is to maintain immuno-competence throughout the temperature range they are exposed to. Climate change coincides with rising temperatures, and more frequent and more extreme temperature shifts. Both are likely to influence the immuno-competence of teleosts. Nonetheless, teleosts exist in habitats that differ substantially in temperature, ranging from below zero in the Arctic's to above 40°C in warm springs, illustrating their enormous potential to adapt to different temperature regimes. The present review seeks to discuss how changes in temperature variation, induced by climate change, might influence teleost immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Peter Scharsack
- Department for Fish Diseases, Thuenen-Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Frederik Franke
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Department of Biodiversity, Nature Protection & Wildlife Management, Freising, Germany
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Zhang L, Hong X, Yan S, Zha J. Environmentally relevant concentrations of fenvalerate induces immunotoxicity and reduces pathogen resistance in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156347. [PMID: 35671856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fenvalerate is a broadly used type II pyrethroid with a potential toxic effect in fish. However, information on the immunotoxicity of fenvalerate in fish is scarce. Here, to discover the immunotoxicity of fenvalerate and its underlying mechanism in fish, adult Chinese rare minnow was exposed to fenvalerate at 0, 0.3, 1, and 3 μg/L for 28 days and then subjected to Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) challenge. Fenvalerate induced significant pathological changes, with disintegration of cell boundaries in the intestine, epithelial hyperplasia in gills, and vacuolation of hepatocytes at 3 μg/L treatment. Additionally, the pathological characteristics were more serious during P. fluorescens infection after fenvalerate exposure. A significant increase in neutrophil counts was observed after 3 μg/L fenvalerate exposure for 28 days (p < 0.05), whereas significantly increased monocyte and neutrophil counts and greatly decreased lymphocyte counts were detected at 24 h post-injection (hpi) with P. fluorescens (p < 0.05). Furthermore, obvious decreases in LYS, IgM, ALP, and C3 levels were detected in plasma after 3 μg/L fenvalerate exposure for 28 days, which was consistent with the results at 24 and 48 hpi. Notably, fish exposed to fenvalerate suppressed the transcription of TLR-NF-κB signaling pathway-relevant genes in response to P. fluorescens, accompanied by high mortalities and bacterial loads. Therefore, our results demonstrate that fenvalerate at environmentally relevant concentrations caused immunotoxicity in fish. This study highlights the importance of considering the combined effects of chemicals and pathogens to refine our ability to predict the effects of environmental contaminants on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Mahboub HH, Faggio C, Hendam BM, Algharib SA, Alkafafy M, Abo Hashem M, Mahmoud YK, Khamis T, Abdel-Ghany HM, Masoud SR, Abdel Rahman AN. Immune-antioxidant trait, Aeromonas veronii resistance, growth, intestinal architecture, and splenic cytokines expression of Cyprinus carpio fed Prunus armeniaca kernel-enriched diets. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:182-191. [PMID: 35398527 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the intervention of plant by-products in the fish diet has gained tremendous attention owing to the economic and high nutritious value. The current study is a pioneer attempt to incorporate the apricot, Prunus armeniaca kernel powder (PAKP) into the Common carp, Cyprinus carpio diets, and assess its efficacy on growth, digestion, intestinal morphology, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and splenic cytokines expression, besides the antibacterial role against Aeromonas veronii infection. Apparently healthy fish (N = 120) with an initial body weight of 24.76 ± 0.03g were allotted in 12 glass aquaria (60 L) and randomly distributed into four groups (triplicates, 10 fish/aquarium). The control group (PAKP0) was fed a basal diet without additives. The second, third, and fourth groups were provided PAKP diets with various concentrations (2.5 (PAKP2.5), 5 (PAKP5), and 10 g kg-1 (PAKP10)) respectively. After 60 days (feeding trial), sub-samples of the fish (12 fish/group) were intraperitoneally injected with 1 × 107 CFU mL-1 of A. veronii. Results revealed that body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and specific growth rates were significantly augmented in the PAKP10 group in comparison to the other groups. The dietary inclusion of PAKP at all concentrations boosted the digestive capacity and maintained the intestinal morphology (average villus length, villus width, and goblet cells count) with a marked improvement in PAKP10. Moreover, fish fed on PAKP10 followed by PAKP5 then PAKP2.5 diets had noticeably elevated values of immunological biomarkers (IgM, antiprotease, and lysozyme activity) and antioxidant capabilities (the total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione) as well as significant up-regulation of immune and antioxidant-related genes (TGF-β2, TLR-2, TNF-α, IL-10, SOD, GPx, and GSS). Fourteen days post-infection with A. veronii, the highest relative percentage survival of fish was observed in PAKP10 (83.33%), followed by PAKP5 (66.67%), and PAKP2.5 (50%). Our results indicated that a dietary intervention with PAKP could promise growth, digestion, immunity, and protect C. carpio against A. veronii infection in a dose-dependent manner. This offers a framework for future application of such seeds as a growth promotor, immune-stimulant, and antioxidant, besides an alternative cheap therapeutic antibacterial agent for sustaining the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba H Mahboub
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Basma M Hendam
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansura University, P.O. Box 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Samah Attia Algharib
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, 13736, QG, Egypt; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, China
| | - Mohamed Alkafafy
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Abo Hashem
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, P.O. Box 41522, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yasmina K Mahmoud
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, P.O. Box 41522, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Heba M Abdel-Ghany
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Shimaa R Masoud
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Afaf N Abdel Rahman
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
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Segner H, Rehberger K, Bailey C, Bo J. Assessing Fish Immunotoxicity by Means of In Vitro Assays: Are We There Yet? Front Immunol 2022; 13:835767. [PMID: 35296072 PMCID: PMC8918558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing awareness that a range of environmental chemicals target the immune system of fish and may compromise the resistance towards infectious pathogens. Existing concepts to assess chemical hazards to fish, however, do not consider immunotoxicity. Over recent years, the application of in vitro assays for ecotoxicological hazard assessment has gained momentum, what leads to the question whether in vitro assays using piscine immune cells might be suitable to evaluate immunotoxic potentials of environmental chemicals to fish. In vitro systems using primary immune cells or immune cells lines have been established from a wide array of fish species and basically from all immune tissues, and in principal these assays should be able to detect chemical impacts on diverse immune functions. In fact, in vitro assays were found to be a valuable tool in investigating the mechanisms and modes of action through which environmental agents interfere with immune cell functions. However, at the current state of knowledge the usefulness of these assays for immunotoxicity screening in the context of chemical hazard assessment appears questionable. This is mainly due to a lack of assay standardization, and an insufficient knowledge of assay performance with respect to false positive or false negative signals for the different toxicant groups and different immune functions. Also the predictivity of the in vitro immunotoxicity assays for the in vivo immunotoxic response of fishes is uncertain. In conclusion, the currently available database is too limited to support the routine application of piscine in vitro assays as screening tool for assessing immunotoxic potentials of environmental chemicals to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Pathobiology and Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Helmut Segner,
| | - Kristina Rehberger
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Pathobiology and Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jun Bo
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, China
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Adeshina I, Tiamiyu LO, Abubakar MI, Ogundayomi OO, Adesanmi O. Effects of dietary Mitracarpus scaber leaves extract on growth, physiological, antioxidants, and mucosal immune profiles of North African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, and resistance against Edwardsiella tarda infection. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:541. [PMID: 34762183 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of Mitracarpus scaber leaves extract (MSLE) as a dietary supplement on growth performance, physiological, antioxidants, and mucosal immune profiles of North African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, and resistance to Edwardsiella tarda infection. Four isonitrogenous diets containing 0, 2, 4, or 6 MSLE g/kg were fed to North African catfish fingerlings (n = 240; mean weight = 5.80 g) for 56 days. After the feeding trial, 10 fish from each experimental tank were intraperitoneally injected with E. tarda (ATCC 15,947; 1.0 × 108 CFU/mL) while clinical signs and mortalities were observed for 14 days. The results show that North African catfish fed dietary MSLE had better growth performance, physiological antioxidants, and mucosal immune profiles than when fed a control diet. The best growth, physiological, antioxidant, and mucosal immune response profiles were noticed in the fish fed diet containing 6 MSLE g/kg. Furthermore, fish fed 6 MSLE g/kg diet had a higher survival rate after E. tarda infection. These results indicated that supplementation of MSLE at 6 g/kg improves growth, physiological, antioxidant, and mucosal immune profiles, and promotes resistance of North African catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Adeshina
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
| | - Lateef O Tiamiyu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Musa I Abubakar
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | | | - Ojo Adesanmi
- Department of Agricultural Education, Kwara State College of Education, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
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Gu L, Peng S, Zhang J, Lu X, Xia C, Yu J, Sun L. Development and validation of an activated immune model with zebrafish eleutheroembryo based on caudal fin acupuncture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147288. [PMID: 33930807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants are ubiquitous in global aquatic ecosystems and may cause immunotoxicity in aquatic organisms. However, disadvantages remain in the existing in vivo immunotoxicological methods, which make it difficult to meet the increasing demands for screening and for discriminating the immunotoxicity of environmental pollutants. In this study, the immune response in zebrafish eleutheroembryo was activated by acupuncture of the caudal fin at 72 hours post fertilization (hpf), and this immune model was further validated with a well-defined immunosuppressor, beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP). It was shown that acupuncture resulted in no increase in mortality in zebrafish eleutheroembryos. The transcription and protein levels of most immune genes were significantly increased after acupuncture, which indicated that acupuncture can effectively activate the immune response in zebrafish eleutheroembryos. Following exposure to BDP (0.01-1 μmol/L), the suppressive effects on the immune system were more significant in zebrafish that received acupuncture than in zebrafish that did not receive acupuncture. Considering these advantages, including its sensitivity, safety, and simple operation, over existing methods, the established immune model of zebrafish is promising for assessing the immunotoxicity of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqi Gu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Shaohong Peng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Jieyu Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Xingfan Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Caihong Xia
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, PR China.
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Segner H, Bailey C, Tafalla C, Bo J. Immunotoxicity of Xenobiotics in Fish: A Role for the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR)? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179460. [PMID: 34502366 PMCID: PMC8430475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of anthropogenic contaminants on the immune system of fishes is an issue of growing concern. An important xenobiotic receptor that mediates effects of chemicals, such as halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Fish toxicological research has focused on the role of this receptor in xenobiotic biotransformation as well as in causing developmental, cardiac, and reproductive toxicity. However, biomedical research has unraveled an important physiological role of the AhR in the immune system, what suggests that this receptor could be involved in immunotoxic effects of environmental contaminants. The aims of the present review are to critically discuss the available knowledge on (i) the expression and possible function of the AhR in the immune systems of teleost fishes; and (ii) the impact of AhR-activating xenobiotics on the immune systems of fish at the levels of immune gene expression, immune cell proliferation and immune cell function, immune pathology, and resistance to infectious disease. The existing information indicates that the AhR is expressed in the fish immune system, but currently, we have little understanding of its physiological role. Exposure to AhR-activating contaminants results in the modulation of numerous immune structural and functional parameters of fish. Despite the diversity of fish species studied and the experimental conditions investigated, the published findings rather uniformly point to immunosuppressive actions of xenobiotic AhR ligands in fish. These effects are often associated with increased disease susceptibility. The fact that fish populations from HAH- and PAH-contaminated environments suffer immune disturbances and elevated disease susceptibility highlights that the immunotoxic effects of AhR-activating xenobiotics bear environmental relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Pathobiology and Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jun Bo
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, China
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Synbiotic Effects of Saccharomycescerevisiae, Mannan Oligosaccharides, and β-Glucan on Innate Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050567. [PMID: 34065896 PMCID: PMC8150918 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Synbiotic (SYN) additives were assessed as an antibiotic alternative on the effects on the nonspecific immune response and disease resistance of O. niloticus to P. aeruginosa. Healthy fish (n = 120, average initial weight 18 ± 2 g) were allotted randomly into four experimental groups (3 replicates for each); 1) a control group with no additives (CON), 2) basal diet complemented with 0.1 g kg-1 diets of norfloxacin, NFLX, 3) basal diet fortified with 1 mL kg-1 diet of SYN, and 4) basal diet complemented with a mixture of NFLX and SYN, which was carried out for eight weeks. Results showed a significant increase (p < 0.01) in the serum immune parameters (total protein, globulin and albumin, nitric oxide (NO), and lysozyme activity) in the SYN group and the NFLX+SYN group compared with the CON and NFLX groups. The serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides were higher in NFLX and NFLX+SYN groups than the CON and SYN groups. The catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities were significantly augmented in the NFLX+SYN group, followed by the SYN group compared with CON and NFLX groups. The cumulative mortality rate (CMR) of O. niloticus following the P. aeruginosa challenge was decreased in the SYN group compared to other groups. The results emphasize that synbiotic could be used as a norfloxacin alternative to enhance the related immunological parameters, including antioxidant activity and disease resistance against P. aeruginosa infection of O. niloticus.
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Abdel-Rahman Mohamed A, Abdel Rahman AN, Salem GA, Deib MM, Nassan MA, Rhouma NR, Khater SI. The Antioxidant Role of a Taurine-Enriched Diet in Combating the Immunotoxic and Inflammatory Effects of Pyrethroids and/or Carbamates in Oreochromis niloticus. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051318. [PMID: 34062969 PMCID: PMC8148011 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Insecticidal pollution of surface waters is known to hurt the growth, survival, and breeding of aquatic animals. Different types of insecticides are known to be toxic to different aquatic organisms, particularly to fish species. In different types of wastewater, the fishes get exposed to different mixtures of insecticides. The current study hypothesized that co-exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) and methomyl (MTM) insecticides might be more harmful due to duplicated effects than exposure to either one of them at a time. Oreochromis niloticus was the target fish in this study. The combative roles of taurine (TUR) against LCT and MTM exposures were evaluated. In the present work, exposure of O. niloticus to LCT and/or MTM exhibited adverse effects on immunological parameters, including leukocyte count, complement 3 concentration, antioxidant enzyme concentrations, and mRNA expression for cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and chemokines (CC and CXC). This study also elucidated the more severe toxic effect of LCT than exposure to MTM in O. niloticus fish. The immune response and growth performance of O. niloticus showed marked improvements when provided a 1% TUR-enriched supplement. Abstract Indiscriminate use of insecticides is a major concern due to its ubiquitous occurrence and potential toxicity to aquatic animals. This study investigated the adverse effects of lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT; C23H19ClF3NO3) and methomyl (MTM; C5H10N2O2S) on immune system modulations and growth performance of juvenile fishes. The supportive role of a taurine (TUR; C2H7NO3S)-supplemented diet was also evaluated. Juvenile O. niloticus fishes were exposed to LCT (0.079 µg/L), MTM (20.39 µg/L), or both in water and were fed on a basal diet only or taurine-supplemented basal diet. Exposure to LCT and MTM retarded growth and increased mortality rate. LCT and MTM reduced antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and innate and humoral immunity but upregulated interleukin and chemokine expressions. Moreover, exposure to LCT and MTM elevated 8-OHdG levels and increased the mortality of Oreochromis niloticus after the experimental bacterial challenge. The TUR-enriched diet enhanced antioxidant enzymes and acted as a growth promoter and anti-inflammatory agent. TUR can modify innate and adaptive immune responses. Furthermore, TUR supplementation is a beneficial additive candidate for mitigating LCT and MTM toxicities mixed with O. niloticus aquafeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Abdel-Rahman Mohamed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Zagazig University, Zagazig 4511, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.A.-R.M.); (A.N.A.R.)
| | - Afaf N. Abdel Rahman
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.A.-R.M.); (A.N.A.R.)
| | - Gamal A. Salem
- Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
- Department of Drug Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Al-Jufra University, Houn 61602, Libya
| | - Maha M.El Deib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 4511, Egypt; (M.M.E.D.); (S.I.K.)
| | - Mohamed A. Nassan
- Department of clinical laboratory sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nasreddin R. Rhouma
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Misurata University, Misurata 2478, Libya;
| | - Safaa I. Khater
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 4511, Egypt; (M.M.E.D.); (S.I.K.)
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Farag MR, Alagawany M, Taha HSA, Ismail TA, Khalil SR, Abou-Zeid SM. Immune response and susceptibility of Nile tilapia fish to Aeromonas hydrophila infection following the exposure to Bifenthrin and/or supplementation with Petroselinum crispum essential oil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 216:112205. [PMID: 33848734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bifenthrin (BF) is a widely used 3rd generation type I pyrethroid with a potential toxic effect in fish. Nevertheless, its effect on the immune system remains unclear. In the present study, Oreochromis niloticus was exposed to BF at 0.68 μg/L for 60 days, followed by evaluating the hematological, biochemical, and immunological responses. Additionally, the potential of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) essential oil (PEO) to ameliorate the BF-induced toxic insults was explored. Our data have shown reductions in the growth performance with alterations observed in the hematological variables, protein profile and serum biomarkers of stress. DNA oxidative damage was evidenced by elevation of serum 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content. BF-exposed fish presented also decline in serum lysozyme activity and levels of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) and nitric oxide (NO), with diminished resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Furthermore, the RT-PCR analysis showed an upregulated expression pattern of immune -related genes including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interferon - γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor - α (TNF-α) genes in the liver tissue. Dietary co-supplementation of PEO at 1 or 2 mL/kg diet with concomitant BF exposure, alleviated the adverse effects of the insecticide in a dose-dependent manner. The observations from this study demonstrate the immunomodulation by BF and provide further insight into the protective properties of PEO and strengthen its applicability as a promising feed supplement to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada R Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Agriculture Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Heba S A Taha
- Genetic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Tamer Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samah R Khalil
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa M Abou-Zeid
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, 32897, Egypt
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Evaluation of an in vitro assay to screen for the immunotoxic potential of chemicals to fish. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3167. [PMID: 33542403 PMCID: PMC7862612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of environmental contaminants has been shown to disrupt immune functions of fish and may compromise their defense capability against pathogens. Immunotoxic effects, however, are rarely considered in ecotoxicological testing strategies. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the suitability of an in vitro immuno-assay using selected fish immune parameters to screen for chemicals with known immunotoxic potential and to differentiate them from non-immunotoxicants. Non-stimulated and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated head kidney leukocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed for 3 h or 19 h to chemicals with different modes of action. As immune parameters, phagocytosis activity, oxidative burst activity and cytokine transcription (IL-1β, TNFα, IL-10) were examined, accompanied by in silico modelling. The immunotoxicants dexamethasone, benzo(a)pyrene, ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A significantly altered the immune parameters at non-cytotoxic concentrations whereas diclofenac had only weak effects. However, the two baseline chemicals with no known immunotoxic potential, butanol and ethylene glycol, caused significant effects, too. From our results it appears that the in vitro fish leukocyte assay as performed in the present study has only a limited capacity for discriminating between immunotoxicants and non-immunotoxicants.
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Neamat-Allah ANF, Mahmoud EA, Mahsoub Y. Effects of dietary white mulberry leaves on hemato-biochemical alterations, immunosuppression and oxidative stress induced by Aeromonas hydrophila in Oreochromis niloticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 108:147-156. [PMID: 33301933 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present work was designed to assess the potential hemato-biochemical protective action, immunemodulatory and antioxidant conclusions of varied concentration of white mulberry Morus alba leaves (MAL) extract supplementation on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis .niloticus). A total two hundred and forty of O. niloticus were haphazardly sorted into four groups. The control (CT) group was fed on basal diet. A group MAL1, MAL3 and MAL5 was fed on 1, 3 and 5 g/kg MAL respectively for thirty days. On day thirty one, half of replicates in each group were challenged by 0.5 ml × 108Aeromonas hydrophila where, the residual replicates were kept without challenge. A. hydrophila challenged tilapias revealed anemia that alleviated by supplementation with 5 g/kg MAL also, recovers the shift of leucogram prompted by the challenge. Elevation of alkaline phosphatase, aminotransferases, lactate dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde (ALP, ALT, AST, LDH and MDA) in CT, MAL1 and MAL3 in the challenged replicates respectively where within normal at MAL5. Supplementation with MAL5 showed more potent antioxidant and immune reaction than MAL1 and MAL3. There were a rapid increase of immunoglobulin M, lysozymes, nitric oxide, catalase and superoxide dismutase and their allied genes expression (IgM, CAT and SOD) in MAL groups with contrast in CT challenged groups. Where in challenged groups, there was suppression in genes expression of interleukins (8 and 1 beta) and interferon ɤ (IL8. IL-1β and INFɤ). Tilapias challenged by A. hydrophila unveiled plentiful surge in the percentage of mortality in CT challenged fish (80%), followed by the groups supplemented with MAL1 and MAL3 were (73.33%) where MAL5 was 20%. The mortalities have been halted from the 6th, 13th, 14th and 15th days in, MAL5, MAL3, MAL1, and CT correspondingly. These previous results could be fulfilled that using of MAL 5 g/kg protect tilapias from hemato-biochemical alterations and enhance its immune feedback, antioxidant defense and resistance against A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed N F Neamat-Allah
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 1 Al-Zeraa Street, 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
| | - Essam A Mahmoud
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 1 Al-Zeraa Street, 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Y Mahsoub
- Fish Diseases and Management Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Influence of Feeding Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa) Seeds and Prickly Pear Fruit ( Opuntia ficus indica) Peel on the Immune Response and Resistance to Aeromonas sobria Infection in Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122266. [PMID: 33271917 PMCID: PMC7760620 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The inclusion of dietary supplements as feed additives in fish feed promotes the growth, immunity, and health of the fish, thereby accomplishing extraordinary outcomes in the net gain of the farm. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of using quinoa seeds (QU) and prickly pear fruit peel (PP) as dietary supplements for fish, at the dose levels of 10% and 20% of the diet, on the immune response and disease resistance against pathogens, providing a novel perspective in aquaculture. Our findings indicated that the inclusion of PP and QU into the diets of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as feed supplements improved the survival rate, as well as the hematological, digestive, antioxidant, and immunological parameters. Moreover, an improvement in the strength of Nile tilapia immune response against Aeromonas sobria (A. sobria) infection was observed, evidenced by the improvement in the survival rate of infected fish. This was accomplished through the protection of the hepatic tissue and modulation of the expression of immune-encoding genes, including the downregulation of the gene encoding TGF-β and upregulation of the IFN-γ-encoding gene. Moreover, histological restoration of the morphological structures of intestine, liver, and spleen tissues was observed, particularly at the supplementation level of 20%. Abstract In recent times, nutraceuticals have been used extensively to identify promising feed additives for the improvement of the aquaculture industry through the enhancement of growth and survival rates, potentiation of the immune responses, and fortification of the resistance against infectious bacterial diseases. In this study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed with diets supplemented with quinoa seeds (QU) or prickly pear fruit peel (PP) at the dose levels of 10% or 20% of the diet. After 45 days of the feeding trial, the fish were exposed to Aeromonas sobria (A. sobria) challenge. The pre-challenge indices indicated that both supplements mediated a significant improvement in most of the estimated parameters, including survival rate, antioxidant status, hematological and immunological indices, and hepatoprotective potential. These effects were recorded in the groups fed with high doses of the supplements (20%). The least changes were observed in the QU10-supplemented fish. In the spleen tissue, the TGF-β gene was upregulated in the PP10-, PP20- and QU20-supplemented groups, while the expression of the IFN-γ gene remained unaffected in all the supplemented groups, except for the PP20-supplemented group, which showed an upregulation. After the challenge with A. sobria, the relative survival percentage was improved by the supplementation of PP and QU, particularly in the PP20-supplemented group, possibly via the promotion of immunological responses, hepatoprotective potency, and modulation of the studied genes. Moreover, the morphological structure of the tissues showed marked recovery. The findings suggest that Nile tilapia fed with different levels of PP peel and QU seeds, particularly at the level of 20%, enhanced the immune response in fish and improved their resistance against A. sobria infection.
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Effects of Dietary Doum Palm Fruit Powder on Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, and Disease Resistance of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081407. [PMID: 32823515 PMCID: PMC7460004 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of herbal immune-stimulants for modulation of fish growth and immune response has received great interest during the past decades. With several pharmacological properties, Doum palm, Hyphaene thebaica (Mart.) is known to be a beneficial medicinal plant. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the dietary addition of doum palm fruit powder (DPFP) on growth performance, non-specific immune response, and antioxidant parameters of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.). A total of 120 fish (average initial weight 60.50 ± 0.04 g) were randomly allocated to four groups (three replicates/group, 10 fish/aquarium); a basal diet without DPFP supplementation was used as a control, and three other diets were prepared by supplementing 5, 10, or 15 g kg-1 DPFP for a ten-week feeding period. Following ten weeks of feeding, the fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila (as an immune challenge test), and mortalities were recorded. In comparison to the control diet, dietary DPFP significantly improved growth parameters, including final body weight, body weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER), along with an increase in the content of dry matter of the whole body, in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the heights of intestinal villi, numbers of goblet cells, and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) exhibited marked escalation in all parts of the intestine by increasing the level of DPFP, except for numbers of IEL in the proximal part. The decline in serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels was prominent in DPFP10 and DPFP15 groups respective to the DPFP0 group. Furthermore, DPFP boosted the hepatic level of catalase (CAT) in the fish, in a dose-dependent manner; meanwhile, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content were also augmented in DPFP10 and DPFP15 groups respective to the DPFP0 group. Dietary DPFP (DPFP15 followed by DPFP10 then DPFP5) led to a pronounced enhancement in the innate immune response (phagocytic percent and index, lysozyme activity, nitric oxide (NO) production, and sialoglycans, namely α 2,3-sialyltransferase and α 2,6-sialyltransferase content); however, the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was reduced. Significantly higher relative percentage survival (RPS, 88.56%) of the fish, following the A. hydrophila challenge, was observed for the DPFP15 group. We can suggest that DPFP can beneficially influence fish growth, intestinal histomorphology, hepatic levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content, immune response, and disease resistance against A. hydrophila challenge.
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16
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Hampton LMT, Jeffries MKS, Venables BJ. A practical guide for assessing respiratory burst and phagocytic cell activity in the fathead minnow, an emerging model for immunotoxicity. MethodsX 2020; 7:100992. [PMID: 32714851 PMCID: PMC7369328 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Measures of respiratory burst and phagocytic cell activity are frequently utilized to assess cellular immune function in teleosts. Respiratory burst predominately occurs in neutrophils and causes the release of reactive oxygen species to kill pathogens. Phagocytosis is the process by which pathogens are engulfed and destroyed by various immune cells. Though a variety of approaches have been utilized to measure respiratory burst and phagocytic cell activity, assays that rely only on common laboratory equipment (e.g., plate reader) may offer advantages over those that rely on more specialized equipment (e.g., flow cytometer). The goal of the current study was to optimize and validate the use of a colorimetric plate-based respiratory burst and fluorometric plate-based phagocytic cell activity assays for use with kidney cells from the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), an emerging immunotoxicity model. In addition, a protocol for the dissection of kidney tissue followed by the extraction of kidney cells, as well as recommendations and resources for future experiments utilizing each of these assays, are provided.All methods are optimized for use with the fathead minnow or similar teleost species. Respiratory burst and phagocytic cell activity are measured using a standard plate reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Thornton Hampton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.,Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | - Barney J Venables
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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17
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Bera KK, Kumar S, Paul T, Prasad KP, Shukla SP, Kumar K. Triclosan induces immunosuppression and reduces survivability of striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus during the challenge to a fish pathogenic bacterium Edwardsiella tarda. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109575. [PMID: 32361262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological studies on the emergent pollutant, triclosan (TCS) have established the wide-ranging effects of the compound on fish and other aquatic organisms. Although the available literature describes the standalone effects of TCS on growth and metabolism of fish yet, reports about the combined effects of TCS with microbial pathogens are scarce. In a real environment, a combined exposure to TCS and pathogens is of common occurrence, therefore, such investigation facilitates in developing a better understanding about the gross effects of pollutants and microbial pathogens on aquatic organisms including fish. In this context, the experimental fish (striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) were exposed to three different concentrations of TCS viz. 10, 20 and 30% of 96 h LC50 (1177 μg L-1) for 45 days including two control group firstly solvent control (without TCS) group and another one (without solvent and TCS) group in triplicate. Sampling was performed fortnightly and blood, serum and tissues (liver, and gills) samples were collected for evaluating immunological and biochemical parameters. Following 45 days of the experiments, the experimental fish in each treatment group including controls were challenged with a fish pathogenic bacterium Edwardsiella tarda (LD50 dose) and fish mortality was daily monitored for calculating cumulative mortality till 7 days and further, relative per cent survivable was estimated. A significant reduction in cellular immune responses i.e. respiratory burst activity (RBA), myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), phagocytic activity (PA) and humoral immune components viz. serum lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin in serum, ceruloplasmin level, serum total protein, albumin and globulin level was evident in TCS exposed groups in comparison to control during the experimental periods. Further, oxidative stress parameters viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity in liver and gill tissue exhibited a dose-dependent increase in activity with related to TCS concentration during the experimental periods. A significant reduction in relative percentage survival was observed with increasing TCS concentration. The present study reveals that TCS can inhibit the cellular and humoral components of the innate immune system of the fish and can elevate the mortality due to TCS mediated immunosuppression in fish during the bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saurav Kumar
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400 061, India.
| | - Tapas Paul
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | | | - S P Shukla
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - Kundan Kumar
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400 061, India
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18
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Valero Y, López-Cánovas AE, Rodenas MC, Cabas I, García-Hernández P, Arizcun M, García-Ayala A, Chaves-Pozo E. Endocrine disrupter chemicals affect the humoral antimicrobial activities of gilthead seabream males even upon the cease of the exposure. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7966. [PMID: 32409650 PMCID: PMC7224181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
17α-ethynilestradiol (EE2) and tamoxifen (Tmx) are pollutants world-wide distributed in aquatic environments. Gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., is highlighted as a species model of intensively culture in anthropogenic disturbed environments. The effects of these pollutants on gilthead seabream reproduction and some immune responses have been described but, the humoral innate antimicrobial activities have never received attention. In this work we analysed the latest in the plasma of gilthead seabream males of different ages and reproductive stages treated with 0, 2.5, 5 or 50 μg EE2 or 100 μg Tmx g-1 food during different times of exposure and of reverting to commercial diet (recovery). The peroxidase and protease activities decreased as the spermatogenesis of the first reproductive cycle (RC) proceeded in control fish. However, only protease and antiprotease activities showed different level at different stages of the second RC in control fish, but showed scarce disruption in fish treated with EE2 or Tmx. Peroxidase and bactericide activities are more sensitive to EE2, than to Tmx. The effects induced by EE2 varied depending on the activity analyzed, the dose and the time of exposure and the reproductive stage and the age of the specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Amanda E López-Cánovas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Carmen Rodenas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Cabas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Hernández
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfonsa García-Ayala
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain.
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19
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Models suggest pathogen risks to wild fish can be mitigated by acquired immunity in freshwater aquaculture systems. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7513. [PMID: 32372052 PMCID: PMC7200699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of pathogens between wild and farmed aquatic animal populations is a concern that remains unclear and controversial. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a ciliated protozoan parasite, is a pathogen of freshwater finfish species with geographic and host range that causes significant economic losses in aquaculture. Flow-through farming systems may facilitate the transfer of such a parasite with free-living stages between farmed and wild stocks. Here, experimental and field study infection data are used to describe the infection dynamics of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in rainbow trout using a simple macroparasite model by including host resistance. The study considered flow-through farming systems with a single or two age-class compartments and simulated the transfer of the parasite between farmed and wild fish populations. Results suggest that aquaculture can promote the prevalence of the resistance in wild stocks by increasing the parasite population in the wild environment. At the same time, acquired resistance in the farmed fish population may protect the wild fish population from lethal effects of the parasite by reducing the total parasite population. This study offers a promising mathematical basis for understanding the effects of freshwater aquaculture in disease spread in wildlife, developing risk assessment modeling, and exploring new ways of aquaculture management.
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20
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Zhang L, Hong X, Zhao X, Yan S, Ma X, Zha J. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of deltamethrin renders the Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) vulnerable to Pseudomonas fluorescens infection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136943. [PMID: 32007896 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, to assess the immunotoxicity of deltamethrin on fish, adult Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) were exposed to 0.1, 0.3, and 1 μg/L deltamethrin for 28 d. Many immunological parameters and histopathological alterations were determined. The results showed that lymphocyte number was markedly decreased at 0.3 and 1 μg/L treatments, whereas the neutrophil number was strongly increased at 1 μg/L treatments (p < 0.05). Furthermore, lysozyme (LYS), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and complement component 3 (C3) levels at 0.3 and 1 μg/L treatments were markedly reduced, whereas alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were marked increased at 1 μg/L treatments (p < 0.05). The transcripts of almost all TLR (Toll-like receptor) signaling pathway-related genes were up-regulated. Histological lesions in the livers, intestines, and gills were observed at all treatments. Then, all remaining fish from controls and deltamethrin-exposed groups were injected with Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) for 48 h. At 24 and 48 h post-injection with P. fluorescens (hpi), the lymphocyte numbers were strongly reduced at 0.3 and 1 μg/L deltamethrin-exposed groups, whereas LYS and C3 levels were strongly reduced at 0.3 and 1 μg/L deltamethrin-exposed groups (p < 0.05). Obvious reduces in IgM levels were also detected at 0.3 and 1 μg/L deltamethrin-exposed groups at 48 hpi (p < 0.05). The transcripts of almost all TLR signaling pathway-related genes were significantly down-regulated, whereas the levels of related microRNAs (miRNAs) were markedly increased at all deltamethrin-exposed groups at 24 and 48 hpi. Moreover, the bacterial load in the liver and the mortality of fish were significantly increased at 1 μg/L deltamethrin-exposed groups at 24 and 48 hpi (p < 0.05). Furthermore, obvious histological damage in the livers, intestines, and gills were observed at all deltamethrin-exposed fish at 48 hpi. Overall, our results demonstrated that environmentally relevant concentration deltamethrin suppressed immunity and rendered the fish vulnerable to P. fluorescens infection, subsequently inducing mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xufa Ma
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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21
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Abdel-Tawwab M, Adeshina I, Issa ZA. Antioxidants and immune responses, resistance to Aspergilus flavus infection, and growth performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fed diets supplemented with yeast, Saccharomyces serevisiae. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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22
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Neamat‐Allah ANF, Abd El Hakim Y, Mahmoud EA. Alleviating effects of β‐glucan in Oreochromis niloticuson growth performance, immune reactions, antioxidant, transcriptomics disorders and resistance to Aeromonas sobriacaused by atrazine. AQUACULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 51:1801-1812. [DOI: 10.1111/are.14529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed N. F. Neamat‐Allah
- Department of Clinical Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagazig University Zagazig City Sharkia Province Egypt
| | - Yasser Abd El Hakim
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagazig University Zagazig City Sharkia Province Egypt
| | - Essam A. Mahmoud
- Department of Clinical Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Zagazig University Zagazig City Sharkia Province Egypt
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Neamat-Allah ANF, Mahmoud EA, Abd El Hakim Y. Efficacy of dietary Nano-selenium on growth, immune response, antioxidant, transcriptomic profile and resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus against Streptococcus iniae infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:280-287. [PMID: 31499203 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As recently applicable, there are few studies on the impact of using nano-selenium (nano-Se) on varied fish species. Where nothing reachable focused on its impact on tilapias so, the present analysis evaluated the efficacy of using nano-Se in tilapias on immune response, antioxidant defense compared by conventional Se form. 480 O. niloticus fingerlings were haphazardly grouped firstly into three groups with four replicates of each. The control one (CT) was fed on a basal diet. The second and third one supplemented with 0.7 mg/kg-1 Se and nano-Se respectively for ten weeks. At the start day of the ninth week, two replicates from each group were injected by Streptococcus iniae where, the remaining replicates stand without challenge. Enhancement of growth performance measurements were noted in nano-Se compared to Se or CT groups. Existed anemia in S. iniae tilapias became alleviated by using nano-Se that also, improves the alteration of leucogram induced by challenge. Elevation of aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase (ALT, AST, ALP and LDH) and creatinine in Se and CT challenged replicates that seemed nearly normal by using nano-Se. Usage of nano-Se showed more powerful antioxidant activities than Se. There were an expansion of immunoglobulin M, lysozymes, glutathione peroxidase, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase and catalase (IgM, LYZ, GPx, NO, SOD, CAT) and their related gene expression in nano-Se with contrast in Se or CT challenged groups. Nile tilapias challenged by S. iniae disclosed substantial expansion in the percentage of mortality in CT challenged fish (93.33%), followed by the group supplemented with Se (73.33%), whereas the lowermost one at fish supplemented by nano-Se (26.66%). The mortalities have been stopped from the 5th, 12th and 14th days in, nano-Se, Se and CT respectively. It can be concluded that using of Se 0.7 mg/kg-1induce immunosuppressive, antioxidant, liver and kidneys negative impact on tilapias where the same dose from nano-Se was more potent immunomodulating and antioxidant. Also it is attend in counteracting the serious impact induced by S. iniae challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed N F Neamat-Allah
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 1 Alzeraa Street, 44511, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
| | - Essam A Mahmoud
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 1 Alzeraa Street, 44511, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt
| | - Yasser Abd El Hakim
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Zhang L, Zhao X, Yan S, Zha J, Ma X. The immune responses of the Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of cypermethrin and subsequently infected by the bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:990-997. [PMID: 31085486 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, to assess the immunotoxicity of cypermethrin (CYP) in fish, Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.15, 0.5, and 1.5 μg/L) of CYP for 28 d and subjected to pathogen challenge trials for 2 d. After 28 d of CYP exposure, the levels of Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after treatment with 1.5 μg/L CYP. Moreover, an induction of inflammatory cytokine transcripts (tnfa, il-6, il-8, and il-12) was observed (p < 0.05) after treatment with 1.5 μg/L CYP. After challenge with Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens), plasma lysozyme (LYS) activity at 24 and 48 hours post-injection (hpi) was significantly decreased in the 0.5 and 1.5 μg/L CYP treatment groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, liver Complement component 3 (C3) and CRP contents at 24 hpi were significantly decreased in the 1.5 μg/L CYP treatment group (p < 0.05), whereas significant decreases in liver C3 and IgM contents were observed at 48 hpi (p < 0.05). Inhibition of expression of Toll-like receptor-nuclear factor kappa B (TLR-NF-kB) signaling pathway-related genes was observed in the CYP treatment groups and resulted in significant down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines (il-1β and il-12) in the 1.5 μg/L CYP treatment group at 48 hpi (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the mortality in the 0.5 and 1.5 μg/L CYP treatments was significantly increased at 48 hpi (p < 0.05). These results indicated that environmentally relevant concentrations of CYP suppressed the Chinese rare minnow immune system and reduced immune defense against bacterial infection, thereby causing subsequent mortality. Meanwhile, our results demonstrated that a subsequent host resistance challenge is an effective method for determining the immunotoxicity of chemicals (e.g., CYP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Xufa Ma
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Thomas JK, Birceanu O, Sadoul B, Vijayan MM. Bisphenol A in Eggs Impairs the Long-Term Stress Performance of Rainbow Trout in Two Generations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7951-7961. [PMID: 29906393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonids are ecologically, economically, and culturally important fish species in North America, but whether contaminants in the environment play a role in their population decline is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that bisphenol A (BPA) deposition in eggs, mimicking a maternal transfer scenario, compromises the stress axis functioning and target tissues stress response in two generations of a model salmonid species, rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Eggs were enriched with 0, 4, or 40 ng of BPA, fertilized, and reared in clean water for two generations. The fish were subjected to an acute stressor after a year in both generations to test their stress performances. Trout raised from BPA-enriched eggs showed impaired stressor-mediated plasma cortisol and lactate response in the F1 and F2 generations, respectively. Key genes involved in cortisol biosynthesis in the head kidney, as well as stress- and growth-related transcripts in the liver and muscle, were impacted either in the F1 and/or F2 generations. Our results underscore the long-term impact associated with BPA in eggs, mimicking a maternal transfer scenario, on the stress performance of trout in two generations. The results highlight the need for developing novel biomarkers to predict long-term and generational toxicities in salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jith K Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Oana Birceanu
- Department of Biology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada N2L 3G
| | - Bastien Sadoul
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Mathilakath M Vijayan
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada T2N 1N4
- Department of Biology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada N2L 3G
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26
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Zhou L, Limbu SM, Qiao F, Du ZY, Zhang M. Influence of Long-Term Feeding Antibiotics on the Gut Health of Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2018; 15:340-348. [PMID: 29608420 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2017.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antibiotics for anti-infection and growth promotion has caused the overuse of antibiotics in aquaculture. However, the benefit or risk of the long-term use of antibiotics on fish growth or health has not been fully addressed. In the present study, zebrafish were fed with sulfamethoxazole (SMX) or oxytetracycline (OTC) at the therapeutic concentrations (100 and 80 mg/kg body weight per day, respectively) for 6 weeks to mimic the long-term use of antibiotics. The digestive enzyme activities were higher in both antibiotic treatments, and higher oxygen consumption rate was found in OTC treated group. As a result, SMX increased the weight gain of zebrafish, and OTC treatment did not show significant prompting effect on growth. The mortality was higher in SMX or OTC treated group on 2nd-4th day after exposure to Aeromonas hydrophila. Lower alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities were found in OTC treated group, while higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content was found in the intestine of both SMX and OTC treated zebrafish. Furthermore, feeding OTC decreased the intestinal microbial richness. This study revealed that long-term use of legal aquaculture concentrations of antibiotics caused systemic adverse effects on fish gut health; stringent policy for use of antibiotics in fish is urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- 1 Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University , Shanghai, China
| | - Samwel Mchele Limbu
- 1 Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University , Shanghai, China .,2 Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Fang Qiao
- 1 Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University , Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- 1 Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University , Shanghai, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- 1 Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University , Shanghai, China
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27
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Profiling Atlantic salmon B cell populations: CpG-mediated TLR-ligation enhances IgM secretion and modulates immune gene expression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3565. [PMID: 29476080 PMCID: PMC5824956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21895-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While TLR-activated pathways are key regulators of B cell responses in mammals, their impact on teleost B cells are scarcely addressed. Here, the potential of Atlantic salmon B cells to respond to TLR ligands was shown by demonstrating a constitutive expression of nucleic-acid sensing TLRs in magnetic sorted IgM+ cells. Of the two receptors recognizing CpG in teleosts, tlr9 was the dominating receptor with over ten-fold higher expression than tlr21. Upon CpG-stimulation, IgM secretion increased for head kidney (HK) and splenic IgM+ cells, while blood B cells were marginally affected. The results suggest that CpG directly affects salmon B cells to differentiate into antibody secreting cells (ASCs). IgM secretion was also detected in the non-treated controls, again with the highest levels in the HK derived population, signifying that persisting ASCs are present in this tissue. In all tissues, the IgM+ cells expressed high MHCII levels, suggesting antigen-presenting functions. Upon CpG-treatment the co-stimulatory molecules cd83 and cd40 were upregulated, while cd86 was down-regulated under the same conditions. Finally, ifna1 was upregulated upon CpG-stimulation in all tissues, while a restricted upregulation was evident for ifnb, proposing that salmon IgM+ B cells exhibit a type I IFN-response.
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28
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Castro R, Reguera-Brito M, López-Campos GH, Blanco MM, Aguado-Urda M, Fernández-Garayzábal JF, Gibello A. How does temperature influences the development of lactococcosis? Transcriptomic and immunoproteomic in vitro approaches. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1285-1297. [PMID: 28093775 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is the aetiological agent of lactococcosis, a haemorrhagic septicaemia that affects marine and freshwater fish, with special incidence and economic relevance in farmed rainbow trout. Water temperature is one of the most important predisposing factors in the development of lactococcosis outbreaks. Lactococcosis in trout usually occur when water temperatures rise to about 18 °C, while fish carriers remain asymptomatic at temperatures below 13 °C. The aim of this work was to analyse the differences in the complete transcriptome response of L. garvieae grown at 18 °C and at 13 °C and to identify the immunogenic proteins expressed by this bacterium at 18 °C. Our results show that water temperature influences the expression of L. garvieae genes involved in the lysis of part of the bacterial cell population and in the cold response bacterial adaptation. Moreover, the surface immunogenic protein profile at 18 °C suggests an important role of the lysozyme-like enzyme, WxL surface proteins and some putative moonlighting proteins (proteins with more than one function, usually associated with different cellular locations) as virulence factors in L. garvieae. The results of this study could provide insights into the understanding of the virulence mechanisms of L. garvieae in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Castro
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Reguera-Brito
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - G H López-Campos
- Health and Biomedical Informatics Research Unit, Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M M Blanco
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Aguado-Urda
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - J F Fernández-Garayzábal
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Animal Health Surveillance Center (VISAVET), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Gibello
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Temperature-related parasite infection dynamics: the case of proliferative kidney disease of brown trout. Parasitology 2017; 145:281-291. [PMID: 28831940 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate change, in particular rising temperature, is suspected to be a major driver for the emergence of many wildlife diseases. Proliferative kidney disease of salmonids, caused by the myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, was used to evaluate how temperature dependence of host-parasite interactions modulates disease emergence. Brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) kept at 12 and 15 °C, were experimentally infected with T. bryosalmonae. Parasite development in the fish host and release of spores were quantified simultaneously to unravel parasite transmission potential from the vertebrate to the invertebrate host. A change to a stable plateau in infection intensity of the kidney coincided with a threshold at which spore shedding commenced. This onset of parasite release was delayed at the low temperature in accordance with reaching this infection intensity threshold, but the amount of spores released was irrespective of temperature. The production of parasite transmission stages declined with time. In conclusion, elevated temperature modifies the parasite transmission opportunities by increasing the duration of transmission stage production, which may affect the spread and establishment of the parasite in a wider range of rivers.
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30
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Khalil SR, Reda RM, Awad A. Efficacy of Spirulina platensis diet supplements on disease resistance and immune-related gene expression in Cyprinus carpio L. exposed to herbicide atrazine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:119-128. [PMID: 28579523 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the immunotoxicological effects of the herbicide atrazine (ATZ) at sub-lethal concentrations and the potential ameliorative influence of Spirulina platensis (SP) over a sub-chronic exposure period on Cyprinus carpio L., also known as common carp. Common carp was sampled after a 40-days exposure to ATZ (428 μg/L) and SP (1%), individually or in combination to assess the non-specific immune response, changes in mRNA expression of immune-related genes [lysozyme (LYZ), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and complement component 3 (C3)] in the spleen, and inflammatory cytokines (interleukins IL-1ß and IL-10) in the head kidney using real-time PCR. Additionally, disease resistance to Aeromonas sobria was evaluated. The results revealed that ATZ exposure caused a significant decline in most of the hematological variables, lymphocyte viability, and lysozyme and bactericidal activity. Moreover, ATZ increased the susceptibility to disease, reflected by a significantly lower post-challenge survival rate of the carp. ATZ may induce dysregulated expression of immune-related genes leading to downregulation of mRNA levels of IgM and LYZ in the spleen. However, expression of C3 remained unaffected. Of the cytokine-related genes examined, IL-1B was up-regulated in the head kidney. In contrast, the expression of IL-10 gene was down-regulated in the ATZ-exposed group. The SP supplementation resulted in a significant improvement in most indices; however, these values did not match with that of the controls. These results may conclude that ATZ affects both innate and adaptive immune responses through the negative transcriptional effect on genes involved in immunity and also due to the inflammation of the immune organs. In addition, dietary supplements with SP could be useful for modulation of the immunity in response to ATZ exposure, thereby presenting a promising feed additive for carps in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah R Khalil
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Rasha M Reda
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Awad
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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31
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Rehberger K, Werner I, Hitzfeld B, Segner H, Baumann L. 20 Years of fish immunotoxicology - what we know and where we are. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:509-535. [PMID: 28425344 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1288024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite frequent field observations of impaired immune response and increased disease incidence in contaminant-exposed wildlife populations, immunotoxic effects are rarely considered in ecotoxicological risk assessment. The aim of this study was to review the literature on immunotoxic effects of chemicals in fish to quantitatively evaluate (i) which experimental approaches were used to assess immunotoxic effects, (ii) whether immune markers exist to screen for potential immunotoxic activities of chemicals, and (iii) how predictive those parameters are for adverse alterations of fish immunocompetence and disease resistance. A total of 241 publications on fish immunotoxicity were quantitatively analyzed. The main conclusions included: (i) To date, fish immunotoxicology focused mainly on innate immune responses and immunosuppressive effects. (ii) In numerous studies, the experimental conditions are poorly documented, as for instance age or sex of the fish or the rationale for the selected exposure conditions is often missing. (iii) Although a broad variety of parameters were used to assess immunotoxicity, the rationale for the choice of measured parameters was often not given, remaining unclear how they link to the suspected immunotoxic mode of action of the chemicals. (iv) At the current state of knowledge, it is impossible to identify a set of immune parameters that could reliably screen for immunotoxic potentials of chemicals. (v) Similarly, in fish immunotoxicology there is insufficient understanding of how and when chemical-induced modulations of molecular/cellular immune changes relate to adverse alterations of fish immunocompetence, although this would be crucial to include immunotoxicity in ecotoxicological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Rehberger
- a Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Inge Werner
- b Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology , Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | | | - Helmut Segner
- a Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Lisa Baumann
- a Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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32
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Mo WY, Chen Z, Leung HM, Leung AOW. Application of veterinary antibiotics in China's aquaculture industry and their potential human health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:8978-8989. [PMID: 26498964 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
China contributes to more than 60 % of the global aquaculture production, and its aquaculture industry has become one of the main players in food security. A large amount of antibiotics is believed to be used in fish cultivation for ensuring adequate production. The use of antibiotics as disease control agents and growth promoter in aquaculture in China has raised significant concerns recently because of the potential threats to human health. The extensive use of antibiotics in aquaculture may result in water and sediment contamination and the development of antibiotic resistance genes. In this review, the role of aquaculture in antibiotic contamination of the environment as well as the emerging concern of antibiotic resistance genes in China is discussed. Based on this review, it has been concluded that more information regarding the types and quantities of antibiotics used by Chinese fish farmers is required. Studies about the contribution of antibiotic usage in aquaculture to environmental levels in surface water, their potential risks on environment and human health, and the existence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes in aquaculture are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yin Mo
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhanting Chen
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Man Leung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anna Oi Wah Leung
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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33
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Quesada-García A, Encinas P, Valdehita A, Baumann L, Segner H, Coll JM, Navas JM. Thyroid active agents T3 and PTU differentially affect immune gene transcripts in the head kidney of rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 174:159-168. [PMID: 26963519 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, numerous reports describe an immunomodulating effect of thyroid-active compounds. In contrast, only few reports have been published on this subject in fish. We previously demonstrated that immune cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) possess thyroid hormone receptors (THRs) and that exposure of trout to the thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) or the antithyroid drug propylthiouracil (PTU) alters immune cell transcript levels of THR and several immune genes. The present study aims to further characterize the immunomodulating action of thyroid-active compounds in trout immune cells. We report here the use of a custom-designed 60-mer oligo immune-targeted microarray for rainbow trout to analyze the gene expression profiles induced in the head kidney by T3 and PTU. Morphometric analyses of the thyroid showed that PTU exposure increased the size of the epithelial cells, whereas T3 induced no significant effects. Both T3 and PTU had diverse and partly contrasting effects on immune transcript profiles. The strongest differential effects of T3 and PTU on gene expressions were those targeting the Mitogen Associated Protein Kinase (MAPK), NFkB, Natural Killer (NK) and Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) pathways, a number of multipath genes (MPG) such as those encoding pleiotropic transcription factors (atf1, junb, myc), as well as important pro-inflammatory genes (tnfa, tnf6, il1b) and interferon-related genes (ifng, irf10). With these results we show for the first time in a fish species that the in vivo thyroidal status modulates a diversity of immune genes and pathways. This knowledge provides the basis to investigate both mechanisms and consequences of thyroid hormone- and thyroid disruptor-mediated immunomodulation for the immunocompetence of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Quesada-García
- Instituto Nacional Investigaciones Agrarias y Alimentarias. INIA, Dpto. Medio Ambiente, Ctra. De la Coruña Km 7.5., E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Encinas
- Instituto Nacional Investigaciones Agrarias y Alimentarias. INIA, Dpto. Biotecnologia, Ctra. De la Coruña Km 7.5., E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Valdehita
- Instituto Nacional Investigaciones Agrarias y Alimentarias. INIA, Dpto. Medio Ambiente, Ctra. De la Coruña Km 7.5., E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisa Baumann
- Faculty of Vetsuisse, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Länggasstra. 122, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Segner
- Faculty of Vetsuisse, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Länggasstra. 122, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julio M Coll
- Instituto Nacional Investigaciones Agrarias y Alimentarias. INIA, Dpto. Biotecnologia, Ctra. De la Coruña Km 7.5., E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Navas
- Instituto Nacional Investigaciones Agrarias y Alimentarias. INIA, Dpto. Medio Ambiente, Ctra. De la Coruña Km 7.5., E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Devaux A, Bony S, Plenet S, Sagnes P, Segura S, Suaire R, Novak M, Gilles A, Olivier JM. Field evidence of reproduction impairment through sperm DNA damage in the fish nase (Chondrostoma nasus) in anthropized hydrosystems. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 169:113-122. [PMID: 26523677 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to explore in the field the relationship between the integrity of sperm DNA and the quality of offspring as a possible cause of the decline of a feral fish population through reproduction impairment. Mature nase (Chondrostoma nasus) were caught during the breeding season in three locations (A-C) of the Rhône River basin and gametes collected by stripping. Sampling locations were chosen according to the following gradient of contamination due to human activities on the watershed: A≤B<C. Samples of a pool of collected oocytes were fertilized with the sperm of individual males and then incubated individually back in the lab to study embryo-larval development as well as using sperm samples to assess DNA integrity. Genetic analysis clearly showed the absence of a difference in genetic structure between the three studied C. nasus populations from the Rhône basin. Sperm DNA integrity was significantly lower in males from station C compared to other ones while sperm biochemical characteristics and fertilization rate remained almost unchanged whatever the station. Mortality and abnormality rates measured at both hatching and at the end of yolk sac resorption stages followed the same trend as the sperm DNA damage, demonstrating an impact of river water quality on nase fitness through a loss of sperm DNA integrity. Since the level of both abnormalities and mortality measured in offspring of fish caught in the most contaminated area reached high values up to 15% and 80%, respectively, the hypothesis that the observed nase decline in Rhône River stemming through selection forces can be put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Devaux
- Université de Lyon, USC INRA 1369, UMR CNRS 5023 LEHNA, ENTPE, Rue Maurice Audin, F-69518 Vaulx en Velin, France.
| | - Sylvie Bony
- Université de Lyon, USC INRA 1369, UMR CNRS 5023 LEHNA, ENTPE, Rue Maurice Audin, F-69518 Vaulx en Velin, France
| | - Sandrine Plenet
- Université de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5023 LEHNA, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Sagnes
- Université de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5023 LEHNA, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Samuel Segura
- Université de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5023 LEHNA, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Rémi Suaire
- Université de Lyon, USC INRA 1369, UMR CNRS 5023 LEHNA, ENTPE, Rue Maurice Audin, F-69518 Vaulx en Velin, France
| | - Morgane Novak
- Université de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5023 LEHNA, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - André Gilles
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, centre Saint Charles, 3 place Victor Hugo, F-13331 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Olivier
- Université de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5023 LEHNA, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Lõhmus M, Björklund M. Climate change: what will it do to fish-parasite interactions? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mare Lõhmus
- Institute for Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Nobels väg 13 SE-113 65 Stockholm Sweden
- Centre for occupational and Environmental Medicine; SLL; Solnavägen 4 SE-11365 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mats Björklund
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Norbyvägen 18D SE-752 36 Uppsala Sweden
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Massart S, Milla S, Redivo B, Flamion E, Mandiki SNM, Falisse E, Kestemont P. Influence of short-term exposure to low levels of 17α-ethynylestradiol on expression of genes involved in immunity and on immune parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 157:57-69. [PMID: 25456220 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fish are exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC), which are well known to disturb not only the reproductive system but also the immune system in vertebrates. However, the mechanisms by which these compounds are able to modify fish immunity are not well understood. In order to test the EE2 effects on immunity in selected organs, we exposed rainbow trout male juveniles for 3 weeks to EE2 concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1 μg/L. The results of this study suggest that EE2 affects the immunity of rainbow trout in a tissue dependent manner. This molecule affects both cellular and humoral immune systems. Indeed, blood leukocyte populations, as well as hepatic and plasma lysozyme, plasma MPO and renal complement activities, are modulated by EE2. Moreover, EE2 alters the gene expression of some mucus compounds, hepatic expression of complement sub-unit and lysozyme, or genes involved in the hepatic phagocytosis and transport of immunoglobulin across the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Massart
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), NARILIS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Milla
- Unit Research Animal and Functionality of Animal Products (URAFPA), University of Lorraine, F-54003 Nancy, France
| | - Baptiste Redivo
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), NARILIS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Enora Flamion
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), NARILIS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - S N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), NARILIS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Elodie Falisse
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), NARILIS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), NARILIS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
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Ali A, Rexroad CE, Thorgaard GH, Yao J, Salem M. Characterization of the rainbow trout spleen transcriptome and identification of immune-related genes. Front Genet 2014; 5:348. [PMID: 25352861 PMCID: PMC4196580 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance against diseases affects profitability of rainbow trout. Limited information is available about functions and mechanisms of teleost immune pathways. Immunogenomics provides powerful tools to determine disease resistance genes/gene pathways and develop genetic markers for genomic selection. RNA-Seq sequencing of the rainbow trout spleen yielded 93,532,200 reads (100 bp). High quality reads were assembled into 43,047 contigs. 26,333 (61.17%) of the contigs had hits to the NR protein database and 7024 (16.32%) had hits to the KEGG database. Gene ontology showed significant percentages of transcripts assigned to binding (51%), signaling (7%), response to stimuli (9%) and receptor activity (4%) suggesting existence of many immune-related genes. KEGG annotation revealed 2825 sequences belonging to "organismal systems" with the highest number of sequences, 842 (29.81%), assigned to immune system. A number of sequences were identified for the first time in rainbow trout belonging to Toll-like receptor signaling (35), B cell receptor signaling pathway (44), T cell receptor signaling pathway (56), chemokine signaling pathway (73), Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis (52), leukocyte transendothelial migration (60) and NK cell mediated cytotoxicity (42). In addition, 51 transcripts were identified as spleen-specific genes. The list includes 277 full-length cDNAs. The presence of a large number of immune-related genes and pathways similar to other vertebrates suggests that innate and adaptive immunity in fish are conserved. This study provides deep-sequence data of rainbow trout spleen transcriptome and identifies many new immune-related genes and full-length cDNAs. This data will help identify allelic variations suitable for genomic selection and genetic manipulation in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ali
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, TN, USA ; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University Benha, Egypt
| | - Caird E Rexroad
- The National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Leetown, WV USA
| | - Gary H Thorgaard
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jianbo Yao
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Science, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, TN, USA ; Division of Animal and Nutritional Science, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
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Han J, Zhang L, Yang S, Wang J, Tan D. Detrimental effects of metronidazole on selected innate immunological indicators in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 92:196-201. [PMID: 24326676 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The widely used antibiotic metronidazole (MTZ) was investigated for its toxic effects on the innate immunity in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The fish were exposed to MTZ at nominal concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 mg L(-1) in water for 30 days, followed by a 5-days of cleanout period, after which certain innate immunity parameters were measured. The results showed that under the tested concentrations, MTZ-exposed fish exhibited decline in several humoral and cellular parameters, including complement activity, lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity, total serum protein levels, total WBC count, and the respiratory burst activity of kidney leukocytes. Except for total serum proteins, all of these parameters showed a significant difference in the 2.5 mg L(-1) MTZ group compared to control group (p < 0.05). The results clearly support the contention that MTZ suppresses the innate immunity of common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Han
- College of Biological Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang City, 110044, China,
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Dittmar J, Janssen H, Kuske A, Kurtz J, Scharsack JP. Heat and immunity: an experimental heat wave alters immune functions in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). J Anim Ecol 2014; 83:744-57. [PMID: 24188456 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Global climate change is predicted to lead to increased temperatures and more extreme climatic events. This may influence host-parasite interactions, immunity and therefore the impact of infectious diseases on ecosystems. However, little is known about the effects of rising temperatures on immune defence, in particular in ectothermic animals, where the immune system is directly exposed to external temperature change. Fish are ideal models for studying the effect of temperature on immunity, because they are poikilothermic, but possess a complete vertebrate immune system with both innate and adaptive immunity. We used three-spined sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatus) originating from a stream and a pond, whereby the latter supposedly were adapted to higher temperature variation. We studied the effect of increasing and decreasing temperatures and a simulated heat wave with subsequent recovery on body condition and immune parameters. We hypothesized that the immune system might be less active at low temperatures, but will be even more suppressed at temperatures towards the upper tolerable temperature range. Contrary to our expectation, we found innate and adaptive immune activity to be highest at a temperature as low as 13 °C. Exposure to a simulated heat wave induced long-lasting immune disorders, in particular in a stickleback population that might be less adapted to temperature variation in its natural environment. The results show that the activity of the immune system of an ectothermic animal species is temperature dependent and suggest that heat waves associated with global warming may immunocompromise host species, thereby potentially facilitating the spread of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Dittmar
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hannah Janssen
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, D-48149, Münster, Germany.,Zoological Research Museum Alexander König (ZFMK), Leibniz Institute for Animal Biodiversity, Adenauerallee 160, D-53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andra Kuske
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörn P Scharsack
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Animal Evolutionary Ecology, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, D-48149, Münster, Germany
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40
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Zhang C, Ling F, Chi C, Wang GX. Effects of praziquantel and sanguinarine on expression of immune genes and susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila in goldfish (Carassius auratus) infected with Dactylogyrus intermedius. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1301-1308. [PMID: 23954698 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Praziquantel and sanguinarine have been demonstrated positive therapeutic effects on monogenean Dactylogyrus intermedius; however, few studies have considered the post impacts of these antiparasitic chemicals on host after repelling the parasites. The changes of expression of selected immune genes (CCL-1, CXCL-8, IL-1β-1, IL-1β-2, TNFα-1, TNFα-2 and TGF-β) in gill, kidney and spleen and bacterial loads of Aeromonas hydrophila in gill, kidney, spleen and liver following bath administration of these antiparasitic chemicals were evaluated. The results showed that praziquantel and sanguinarine up-regulated to varying degrees of CXCL-8, IL-1β-1, IL-1β-2, TNFα-1 and TNFα-2 in gill, kidney and spleen. They both decreased the CCL-1 expression in gill while increased it in kidney and spleen. However, in all the tested tissues, the expression of TGF-β decreased in praziquantel treated goldfish whereas that increased in sanguinarine treated goldfish. The A. hydrophila challenge test showed that the praziquantel treatment enhanced the susceptibility to A. hydrophila while sanguinarine treatment decreased the susceptibility, as compared with the non-treated group. Overall, the results indicate that bath administration of praziquantel and sanguinarine modulates the immune related genes in goldfish and these may, to some extent, affect their ability to resist bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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41
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Han J, Cai H, Wang J, Liu G. Detrimental effects of metronidazole on the liver of freshwater common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 91:444-449. [PMID: 23884169 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The widely used antibiotic metronidazole (MTZ) was investigated for its toxic effects on the liver of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The fish were exposed to 0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 mg/L MTZ in water for 30 days, and parameters that are indicative of liver damage and oxidative stress were measured. MTZ increased liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione levels, and elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. These parameters usually showed significant differences in the 0.5 and 2.5 mg/L MTZ groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). These findings indicated that MTZ induced oxidative stress and caused liver damage in common carp, suggesting that measures should be taken to avoid contamination of surface waters with MTZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Han
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, No. 21 Wanghua Nan Street, Dadong District, Shenyang, 110044, People's Republic of China,
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42
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Cabas I, Rodenas MC, Abellán E, Meseguer J, Mulero V, García-Ayala A. Estrogen signaling through the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor regulates granulocyte activation in fish. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4628-39. [PMID: 24062489 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are major participants in innate host responses. It is well known that estrogens have an immune-modulatory role, and some evidence exists that neutrophil physiology can be altered by these molecules. Traditionally, estrogens act via classical nuclear estrogen receptors, but the identification of a G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a membrane estrogen receptor that binds estradiol and other estrogens, has opened up the possibility of exploring additional estrogen-mediated effects. However, information on the importance of GPER for immunity, especially, in neutrophils is scant. In this study, we report that gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) acidophilic granulocytes, which are the functional equivalent of mammalian neutrophils, express GPER at both mRNA and protein levels. By using a GPER selective agonist, G1, it was found that GPER activation in vitro slightly reduced the respiratory burst of acidophilic granulocytes and drastically altered the expression profile of several genes encoding major pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. In addition, GPER signaling in vivo modulated adaptive immunity. Finally, a cAMP analog mimicked the effects of G1 in the induction of the gene coding for PG-endoperoxide synthase 2 and in the induction of CREB phosphorylation, whereas pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase A superinduced PG-endoperoxide synthase 2. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that estrogens are able to modulate vertebrate granulocyte functions through a GPER/cAMP/protein kinase A/CREB signaling pathway and could establish therapeutic targets for several immune disorders in which estrogens play a prominent role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cabas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Bado-Nilles A, Betoulle S, Geffard A, Porcher JM, Gagnaire B, Sanchez W. Flow cytometry detection of lysosomal presence and lysosomal membrane integrity in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) immune cells: applications in environmental aquatic immunotoxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:2692-2704. [PMID: 23288672 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The neutral red retention assay has been proposed to determine the lysosomal membrane stability in immune cells. Nevertheless, this assay implies many examinations under a microscope at short time intervals and therefore the analysis of few samples. The present study proposes two more rapid, efficient, and sensitive sample analyses using flow cytometry method. Lysosomal presence and lysosomal membrane integrity (LMI) were evaluated on the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.), a well-described model fish species for aquatic ecotoxicology studies. After development of the two biomarkers, they were validated by ex vivo contamination with endosulfan and copper and by in situ sampling. These immunomarkers were clearly modulated by pollutants and their variations seemed to be correlated with leucocyte mortality. Thus, from a practical point of view, lysosomal presence and LMI may provide novel and efficient means of evaluating immune capacities and indicating the toxic effects of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bado-Nilles
- Université Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA Unité Interactions Animal-Environnement, Moulin de Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France.
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Johnson LL, Anulacion BF, Arkoosh MR, Burrows DG, da Silva DA, Dietrich JP, Myers MS, Spromberg J, Ylitalo GM. Effects of Legacy Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Fish—Current and Future Challenges. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398254-4.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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45
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Shelley LK, Osachoff HL, van Aggelen GC, Ross PS, Kennedy CJ. Alteration of immune function endpoints and differential expression of estrogen receptor isoforms in leukocytes from 17β-estradiol exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 180:24-32. [PMID: 23036733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
While the endocrine system is known to modulate immune function in vertebrates, the role of 17β-estradiol (E2) in cellular immune function of teleosts is poorly understood. The cellular and molecular responses of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to E2 treatment were evaluated by exposing fish to 0.47±0.02μg/L E2 (mean±SEM) for either 2 or 7d, with a subsequent 14d recovery period. After 2 and 7d of exposure to E2, hematocrit was significantly lower than in control fish. Lipopolysaccharide-induced lymphocyte proliferation was elevated on day 2 and concanavalin A-induced lymphocyte proliferation was reduced following 7d of E2 exposure. Four estrogen receptor (ER) transcripts were identified in purified trout head kidney leukocytes (HKL) and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). While the mRNA abundance of ERβ1 and ERβ2 was unaffected by treatment, ERα1 was up-regulated in HKL and PBL following 7d of E2 exposure. ERα2 was up-regulated in HKL after 7d of E2 exposure, but down-regulated in PBL after 2 and 7d of treatment. All parameters that were altered during the E2 exposure period returned to baseline levels following the recovery period. This study reports the presence of the full repertoire of ERs in purified HKL for the first time, and demonstrates that ERα transcript abundance in leukocytes can be regulated by waterborne E2 exposure. It also demonstrated that physiologically-relevant concentrations of E2 can modulate several immune functions in salmonids, which may have widespread implications for xenoestrogen-associated immunotoxicity in feral fish populations inhabiting contaminated aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley K Shelley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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46
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Effects on Fish of Polycyclic Aromatic HydrocarbonS (PAHS) and Naphthenic Acid Exposures. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398254-4.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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47
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Shelley LK, Ross PS, Miller KM, Kaukinen KH, Kennedy CJ. Toxicity of atrazine and nonylphenol in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on general health, disease susceptibility and gene expression. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 124-125:217-226. [PMID: 22982499 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) and nonylphenol (NP) are commonly identified contaminants in aquatic habitats; however, few studies have considered the impact of these endocrine disrupters on immune function and resistance to disease. This study examined the immunotoxicological effects of ATZ and NP at multiple levels of biological organization. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to a solvent control (0.00625%, v/v anhydrous ethanol), or sub-lethal concentrations of ATZ (59 μg/L and 555 μg/L) or NP (2.3 μg/L or 18 μg/L) for 4d. At the end of exposure, fish were assessed for a number of physiological endpoints, including a host resistance challenge, and liver gene expression was assessed using a salmonid microarray (cGRASP, 32K version 1). While the low ATZ and low NP treatments had no measurable effects on the physiological endpoints measured, fish exposed to the high ATZ concentration (555 μg/L) exhibited significantly elevated plasma cortisol, a decrease in SSI, and decreased lymphocytes and increased monocytes in peripheral blood, with suppression of early immune system processes apparent at the molecular level. In contrast, fish exposed to the high NP concentration (18 μg/L) showed physiological (e.g. significantly elevated LSI) and gene expression changes (e.g. induction of vitellogenin) consistent with estrogenic effects, as well as decreased lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and more limited alterations in immune system related pathways in the liver transcriptome. Fish exposed to high ATZ or NP concentrations incurred higher mortality than control fish following a disease challenge with Listonella anguillarum, while fish exposed to the lower concentrations were unaffected. Microarray analysis of the liver transcriptome revealed a total of 211 unique, annotated differentially regulated genes (DRGs) following high ATZ exposure and 299 DRGs following high NP exposure. Functional (enrichment) analysis revealed effects on immune system function, metabolism, oxygen homeostasis, cell cycle, DNA damage, and other processes affected by ATZ or NP exposure. Overall, this study provides evidence at multiple levels of biological organization that both ATZ and NP are immunotoxic at sub-lethal concentrations and highlights the potential risk posed by these chemicals to wild fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley K Shelley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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48
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Douxfils J, Deprez M, Mandiki SNM, Milla S, Henrotte E, Mathieu C, Silvestre F, Vandecan M, Rougeot C, Mélard C, Dieu M, Raes M, Kestemont P. Physiological and proteomic responses to single and repeated hypoxia in juvenile Eurasian perch under domestication--clues to physiological acclimation and humoral immune modulations. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:1112-1122. [PMID: 22982557 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the physiological and humoral immune responses of Eurasian perch submitted to 4-h hypoxia in either single or repeated way. Two generations (F1 and F5) were tested to study the potential changes in these responses with domestication. In both generations, single and repeated hypoxia resulted in hyperglycemia and spleen somatic index reduction. Glucose elevation and lysozyme activity decreased following repeated hypoxia. Complement hemolytic activity was unchanged regardless of hypoxic stress or domestication level. A 2D-DIGE proteomic analysis showed that some C3 components were positively modulated by single hypoxia while C3 up- and down-regulations and over-expression of transferrin were observed following repeated hypoxia. Domestication was associated with a low divergence in stress and immune responses to hypoxia but was accompanied by various changes in the abundance of serum proteins related to innate/specific immunity and acute phase response. Thus, it appeared that the humoral immune system was modulated following single and repeated hypoxia (independently of generational level) or during domestication and that Eurasian perch may display physiological acclimation to frequent hypoxic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Douxfils
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), NARILIS, University of Namur (FUNDP), Namur, Belgium.
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49
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Abstract
The vertebrate immune system is comprised of numerous distinct and interdependent components. Every component has its own inherent protective value, and the final combination of them is likely to be related to an animal’s immunological history and evolutionary development. Vertebrate immune system consists of both systemic and mucosal immune compartments, but it is the mucosal immune system which protects the body from the first encounter of pathogens. According to anatomical location, the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, in teleost fish is subdivided into gut-, skin-, and gill-associated lymphoid tissue and most available studies focus on gut. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of the immunological defences present in skin mucosa as a very important part of the fish immune system, serving as an anatomical and physiological barrier against external hazards. Interest in defence mechanism of fish arises from a need to develop health management tools to support a growing finfish aquaculture industry, while at the same time addressing questions concerning origins and evolution of immunity in vertebrates. Increased knowledge of fish mucosal immune system will facilitate the development of novel vaccination strategies in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Jung TS, Del Castillo CS, Javaregowda PK, Dalvi RS, Nho SW, Park SB, Jang HB, Cha IS, Sung HW, Hikima JI, Aoki T. Seasonal variation and comparative analysis of non-specific humoral immune substances in the skin mucus of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:295-301. [PMID: 22750133 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal secretion of fish contains various non-specific immune substances that act as the first line of defense against invading pathogens. The present study investigated the level of mucosal antibodies, the activities of hemagglutinin and protease, and other enzymes in the skin mucus of farm reared olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) for 1 year, in order to gain an insight into the relationship between these mucosal immune substances and their seasonal variation. These levels varied significantly during different months of sample collection. The present study showed a positive correlation between water temperature and the level of mucosal antibodies, and an inverse relationship between the level of mucosal antibodies and the activity of mucosal hemagglutinin and protease, but no relationship between lysozyme activity and other innate immune substances. This relationship is thought to be a compensatory response in olive flounder to protect itself against pathogenic microorganisms which are inherently present in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Sung Jung
- Aquatic Biotechnology Center of WCU Project, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea.
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