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Skala K, Trabi T, Fuchs M, Gössler R, Haas-Stockmair CW, Kriechbaumer N, Leitner M, Ortner N, Reiter M, Müller C, Wladika W. [Cannabis use in adolescents : Narrative Review and Position paper of the "Addiction Disorders in Adolescents" task force of the Austrian Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy (ÖGKJP)]. NEUROPSYCHIATRIE : KLINIK, DIAGNOSTIK, THERAPIE UND REHABILITATION : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT OSTERREICHISCHER NERVENARZTE UND PSYCHIATER 2023; 37:175-195. [PMID: 35900691 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-022-00424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is the illegal drug most frequently used by Minors in Austria. Due to the gradual decriminalization and legalization that has taken place in many European countries in recent years, the ÖGKJP would like to take a balanced and scientifically based stand on the complex issue of cannabis use and abuse among young people. METHODS The authors searched the medline for current studies using searches tailored to each specific subtopic. Furthermore, recognized compendiums were quoted. RESULTS While occasional recreational use of cannabis in adults with completed brain maturation and no risk profile for mental disorders is likely to be relatively harmless, early initiation of use with regular use and the increasingly available, highly potent cannabis varieties can lead to explicit and sometimes irreversible neurocognitive brain dysfunction. CONCLUSION Legalisation of cannabis consumption for minors needs to be objected to due to the risks of the expected damage in the area of brain development. At the same time, however, it is important to establish sensible legal regulations in order to be able to adequately counteract the fact that over 30% of all European young people occasionally consume cannabis. We are also clearly recommending to not criminalize cannabis users and provide necessary support to vulnerable and addicted cannabis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Skala
- Univ. Klinik für Kinder und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich.
| | - Thomas Trabi
- Abteilung für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, LKH Graz II, Graz, Österreich
| | - Martin Fuchs
- Univ. Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | - Ralf Gössler
- Abteilung für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Klinik Floridsdorf, Floridsdorf, Österreich
| | | | | | - Monika Leitner
- Praxis für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Graz, Österreich
| | - Nora Ortner
- Univ. Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | - Melanie Reiter
- Univ. Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | - Christian Müller
- Ambulatorium für Kinder- u. Jugendpsychiatrie, PSD Einsenstadt, Einsenstadt, Österreich
| | - Wolfgang Wladika
- Abteilung für Neurologie und Psychiatrie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Klinikum Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Österreich
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Defoe IN, Treffers S, Stams GJ. Research Review: Siblings matter. A multi-level meta-analysis on the association between cannabis use among adolescent siblings. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:1532-1544. [PMID: 37402604 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents' and peers' cannabis use are well-documented predictors of youth cannabis use, however, relatively little is known about the influence of siblings' cannabis use. Hence, this meta-analysis investigated the association between sibling-youth cannabis use (disorder) and explored moderation by sibling type (monozygotic- vs. dizygotic- vs. non-twins), age, age spacing, birth order, gender, and gender constellations (same- vs. mix- gender pairs). When comparison data of parents' and peers' cannabis use (disorder) were also available in the included studies, separate meta-analyses on associations between parent-youth and peer-youth cannabis use (disorder) were additionally conducted. METHODS Studies were selected if they included 11- to 24-year-old participants, and investigated associations between cannabis use (disorder) among those youth and their siblings. These studies were retrieved via a search in seven databases (e.g., PsychINFO). A multi-level meta-analysis using a random effects model was performed on the studies, and heterogeneity analyses and moderator analyses were also conducted. PRISMA guidelines were followed. RESULTS We retrieved 20 studies (most of which originated from Western cultures) with 127 effect sizes for the main sibling-youth meta-analysis and found a large overall effect-size (r = .423), implying that youth had higher cannabis use rates when their sibling used cannabis, and this association was stronger for monozygotic twins and for same-gender sibling pairs. Finally, a medium effect size existed for the associations between parent-youth cannabis use (r = .300) and a large effect size for peer-youth cannabis use (r = .451). CONCLUSIONS Youth are more likely to use cannabis when their siblings use cannabis. This sibling-youth cannabis use association existed for all sibling constellations, was larger than the association between parent-youth cannabis use, and was similar in magnitude compared to the association between peer-youth cannabis use-suggesting both genetic and environmental influences (e.g., social-learning) between siblings. Hence, it is important not to neglect sibling influences when treating youth cannabis use (disorder).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy N Defoe
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Collier AD, Abdulai AR, Leibowitz SF. Utility of the Zebrafish Model for Studying Neuronal and Behavioral Disturbances Induced by Embryonic Exposure to Alcohol, Nicotine, and Cannabis. Cells 2023; 12:2505. [PMID: 37887349 PMCID: PMC10605371 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that 5% of pregnant women consume drugs of abuse during pregnancy. Clinical research suggests that intake of drugs during pregnancy, such as alcohol, nicotine and cannabis, disturbs the development of neuronal systems in the offspring, in association with behavioral disturbances early in life and an increased risk of developing drug use disorders. After briefly summarizing evidence in rodents, this review focuses on the zebrafish model and its inherent advantages for studying the effects of embryonic exposure to drugs of abuse on behavioral and neuronal development, with an emphasis on neuropeptides known to promote drug-related behaviors. In addition to stimulating the expression and density of peptide neurons, as in rodents, zebrafish studies demonstrate that embryonic drug exposure has marked effects on the migration, morphology, projections, anatomical location, and peptide co-expression of these neurons. We also describe studies using advanced methodologies that can be applied in vivo in zebrafish: first, to demonstrate a causal relationship between the drug-induced neuronal and behavioral disturbances and second, to discover underlying molecular mechanisms that mediate these effects. The zebrafish model has great potential for providing important information regarding the development of novel and efficacious therapies for ameliorating the effects of early drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah F. Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Pillay L, Thompson C, Tabane C, Kirby J, Hendricks S, Swart J, van Rensburg DCJ, Zondi P, Rotunno A, Bayever D. South African Institute of Drug-Free Sport Position Statement on CBD (Cannabidiol) and THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol). SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2023; 35:v35i1a16097. [PMID: 38249774 PMCID: PMC10798604 DOI: 10.17159/2078-516x/2023/v35i1a16097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have become easily available to athletes over the years. Using these substances may inadvertently expose an athlete to the possibility of an adverse analytical finding (a "positive" test) and a sanction. Athletes need to understand the risk of an anti-doping rule violation or adverse analytical finding should these products be used, especially if no therapeutic use exemption exists. This position statement attempts to clarify the use of CBD and THC and their associated risks with Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRV) in the athletic population. The South African Sports Medicine Association supports this position statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pillay
- South African Institute for Drug-free Sport (SAIDS), Sport Science Institute of South Africa, 4th Floor, Newlands, Cape Town,
South Africa
- South African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA), 668 Corelli Street, Les Marais Pretoria,
South Africa
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria,
South Africa
- Faculty of Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
South Africa
| | - C Thompson
- South African Institute for Drug-free Sport (SAIDS), Sport Science Institute of South Africa, 4th Floor, Newlands, Cape Town,
South Africa
- South African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA), 668 Corelli Street, Les Marais Pretoria,
South Africa
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University,
South Africa
| | - C Tabane
- South African Institute for Drug-free Sport (SAIDS), Sport Science Institute of South Africa, 4th Floor, Newlands, Cape Town,
South Africa
- South African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA), 668 Corelli Street, Les Marais Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - J Kirby
- South African Institute for Drug-free Sport (SAIDS), Sport Science Institute of South Africa, 4th Floor, Newlands, Cape Town,
South Africa
- South African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA), 668 Corelli Street, Les Marais Pretoria,
South Africa
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University,
South Africa
| | - S Hendricks
- South African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA), 668 Corelli Street, Les Marais Pretoria,
South Africa
- HPALS Research Center, Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town,
South Africa
| | - J Swart
- South African Institute for Drug-free Sport (SAIDS), Sport Science Institute of South Africa, 4th Floor, Newlands, Cape Town,
South Africa
- South African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA), 668 Corelli Street, Les Marais Pretoria,
South Africa
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Maison du Sport International, Av. de Rhodanie 54, Lausanne,
Switzerland
- HPALS Research Center, Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town,
South Africa
| | - DC Janse van Rensburg
- South African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA), 668 Corelli Street, Les Marais Pretoria,
South Africa
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Maison du Sport International, Av. de Rhodanie 54, Lausanne,
Switzerland
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - P Zondi
- South African Institute for Drug-free Sport (SAIDS), Sport Science Institute of South Africa, 4th Floor, Newlands, Cape Town,
South Africa
- South African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA), 668 Corelli Street, Les Marais Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - A Rotunno
- South African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA), 668 Corelli Street, Les Marais Pretoria,
South Africa
- HPALS Research Center, Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town,
South Africa
| | - D Bayever
- South African Institute for Drug-free Sport (SAIDS), Sport Science Institute of South Africa, 4th Floor, Newlands, Cape Town,
South Africa
- Faculty of Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
South Africa
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García-Pérez Á, Aonso-Diego G, Weidberg S, Secades-Villa R. Testing the cannabis gateway hypothesis in a national sample of Spanish adolescents. Addict Behav 2023; 144:107751. [PMID: 37224582 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gateway hypothesis holds that the use of legal substances (i.e., tobacco and alcohol) increases the risk of initiating in cannabis use which, in turn, increases the chances of using other illegal substances. The validity of this hypothesis has been the subject of intense debate in recent years, finding sequences with a different order. Moreover, this pattern has been scarcely studied in Spain, where characteristics related to cannabis use are meaningfully different to other countries. This study aims to examine the gateway effects of cannabis towards other legal and illegal substances in Spanish adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data were obtained from the Ministry of Health in Spain, through a representative survey of addictive behaviors of 36,984 Spanish adolescents (Mage = 15.7, SD = 1.2, 51.4% females). RESULTS Lifetime cannabis use increased the likelihood of later legal substance use, both tobacco (OR = 2.0; 95%CI 1.81, 2.22) and alcohol (OR = 1.93; 95%CI 1.61, 2.31), as well as illegal substances (OR = 5.36; 95%CI 4.80, 5.98) and polysubstance (OR = 18.24; 95%CI 14.63, 22.73). Early age of cannabis use onset significantly increased the likelihood of subsequent legal and illegal substance use (ORs between 1.82 and 2.65). CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm and expand the available evidence on cannabis as a gateway substance. These results can help to drive preventive strategies for substance use in Spanish adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel García-Pérez
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Philosophy, University of Leon, Spain
| | | | - Sara Weidberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Spain
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Naillon PL, Flaudias V, Brousse G, Laporte C, Baker JS, Brusseau V, Comptour A, Zak M, Bouillon-Minois JB, Dutheil F. Cannabis Use in Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:medicines10050029. [PMID: 37233605 DOI: 10.3390/medicines10050029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Background: Cannabis use by physicians can be detrimental for them and their patients. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of cannabis use by medical doctors (MDs)/students. Method: PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, PsycInfo and ScienceDirect were searched for studies reporting cannabis use in MDs/students. For each frequency of use (lifetime/past year/past month/daily), we stratified a random effect meta-analysis depending on specialties, education level, continents, and periods of time, which were further compared using meta-regressions. Results: We included 54 studies with a total of 42,936 MDs/students: 20,267 MDs, 20,063 medical students, and 1976 residents. Overall, 37% had used cannabis at least once over their lifetime, 14% over the past year, 8% over the past month and 1.1 per thousand (‱) had a daily use. Medical students had a greater cannabis use than MDs over their lifetime (38% vs. 35%, p < 0.001), the past year (24% vs. 5%, p < 0.001), and the past month (10% vs. 2%, p < 0.05), without significance for daily use (0.5% vs. 0.05%, NS). Insufficient data precluded comparisons among medical specialties. MDs/students from Asian countries seemed to have the lowest cannabis use: 16% over their lifetime, 10% in the past year, 1% in the past month, and 0.4% daily. Regarding periods of time, cannabis use seems to follow a U-shape, with a high use before 1990, followed by a decrease between 1990 and 2005, and a rebound after 2005. Younger and male MDs/students had the highest cannabis use. Conclusions: If more than a third of MDs tried cannabis at least once in their lifetime, this means its daily use is low but not uncommon (1.1‱). Medical students are the biggest cannabis users. Despite being common worldwide, cannabis use is predominant in the West, with a rebound since 2005 making salient those public health interventions during the early stage of medical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Naillon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, WittyFit, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valentin Flaudias
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, LPPL, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Georges Brousse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, NPsy-Sydo, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Addiction, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine Laporte
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien S Baker
- Sport and Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon CN-99230, Hong Kong
| | - Valentin Brusseau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Endocrinology Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurélie Comptour
- INSERM, CIC 1405 CRECHE Unit, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marek Zak
- Institute of Health Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, P-25-002 Kielce, Poland
| | | | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, WittyFit, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Lichenstein SD, Manco N, Cope LM, Egbo L, Garrison KA, Hardee J, Hillmer AT, Reeder K, Stern EF, Worhunsky P, Yip SW. Systematic review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies of cannabis use in adolescence and emerging adulthood: evidence from 90 studies and 9441 participants. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1000-1028. [PMID: 34839363 PMCID: PMC8938408 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use peaks in adolescence, and adolescents may be more vulnerable to the neural effects of cannabis and cannabis-related harms due to ongoing brain development during this period. In light of ongoing cannabis policy changes, increased availability, reduced perceptions of harm, heightened interest in medicinal applications of cannabis, and drastic increases in cannabis potency, it is essential to establish an understanding of cannabis effects on the developing adolescent brain. This systematic review aims to: (1) synthesize extant literature on functional and structural neural alterations associated with cannabis use during adolescence and emerging adulthood; (2) identify gaps in the literature that critically impede our ability to accurately assess the effect of cannabis on adolescent brain function and development; and (3) provide recommendations for future research to bridge these gaps and elucidate the mechanisms underlying cannabis-related harms in adolescence and emerging adulthood, with the long-term goal of facilitating the development of improved prevention, early intervention, and treatment approaches targeting adolescent cannabis users (CU). Based on a systematic search of Medline and PsycInfo and other non-systematic sources, we identified 90 studies including 9441 adolescents and emerging adults (n = 3924 CU, n = 5517 non-CU), which provide preliminary evidence for functional and structural alterations in frontoparietal, frontolimbic, frontostriatal, and cerebellar regions among adolescent cannabis users. Larger, more rigorous studies are essential to reconcile divergent results, assess potential moderators of cannabis effects on the developing brain, disentangle risk factors for use from consequences of exposure, and elucidate the extent to which cannabis effects are reversible with abstinence. Guidelines for conducting this work are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick Manco
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lora M Cope
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Leslie Egbo
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | | | - Jillian Hardee
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristen Reeder
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University/Vidant Medical Center, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Elisa F Stern
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Patrick Worhunsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah W Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Wilson J, Mills K, Freeman TP, Sunderland M, Visontay R, Marel C. Weeding out the truth: a systematic review and meta-analysis on the transition from cannabis use to opioid use and opioid use disorders, abuse or dependence. Addiction 2022; 117:284-298. [PMID: 34264545 DOI: 10.1111/add.15581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The idea that cannabis is a 'gateway drug' to more harmful substances such as opioids is highly controversial, yet has substantially impacted policy, education and how we conceptualize substance use. Given a rise in access to cannabis products and opioid-related harm, the current study aimed to conduct the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the likelihood of transitioning from cannabis use to subsequent first-time opioid use, opioid use disorders (OUD), dependence or abuse. METHODS Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, pubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Informit Health Collection were searched for full-text articles assessing the likelihood of transitioning from cannabis to subsequent opioid use, and from opioid use to OUD, abuse or dependence given prior cannabis use. Analysis of subpopulations within studies were discussed narratively, and E-values were calculated to assess the potential influence of unmeasured confounding. FINDINGS Six studies provided relevant data from the United States, Australia and New Zealand between 1977 and 2017, a total sample of 102 461 participants. Random-effects analysis of the adjusted pooled effect size indicates that the likelihood of transitioning from cannabis to opioid use, relative to non-cannabis users, is odds ratio (OR) = 2.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.26-3.36, whereas the likelihood of transitioning from opioid use to OUD, abuse or dependence given prior cannabis use is OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.65-3.84. While the evidence was determined to be of low quality with moderate risk of bias, E-values suggest that these findings are robust against unmeasured confounding. CONCLUSION A systematic review and meta-analysis found that while people who use cannabis are disproportionately more likely to initiate opioid use and engage in problematic patterns of use than people who do not use cannabis, the low quality of the evidence must be considered when interpreting these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Wilson
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Mills
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Matthew Sunderland
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Visontay
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina Marel
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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9
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Ganson KT, Murray SB, Nagata JM. Associations between eating disorders and illicit drug use among college students. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:1127-1134. [PMID: 33638571 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the associations between a positive eating disorder screen and any lifetime eating disorder diagnosis and illicit drug use among a large, diverse sample of college students. METHOD We analyzed data from the national (United States), cross-sectional 2018-2019 Healthy Minds Study (HMS; n = 42,618; response rate: 16%). HMS collects information on the physical, mental, and social health of college students. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the association between a positive eating disorder screen (measured using the SCOFF) and any self-reported lifetime eating disorder diagnosis and self-reported illicit drug use in the past 30 days (any illicit drug use and use of marijuana, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamines, stimulants, ecstasy, opioids, benzodiazepines), while adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Among the sample, 54.34% (n = 28,608) were female and the mean age of participants was 23.30 (SE ± 0.05) years. Logistic regression analyses revealed unique associations between a positive eating disorder screen and any lifetime eating disorder diagnosis and illicit drug use among the sample of college student participants. A positive eating disorder screen was most strongly associated with methamphetamine use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43-10.78), and any lifetime eating disorder diagnosis was most strongly associated with benzodiazepine use (AOR 3.42, 95% CI 2.28-5.13). DISCUSSION Illicit drug use is common among college students who screen positive for an eating disorder and report any lifetime eating disorder diagnosis. The co-occurring nature of eating disorders and illicit drug use may complicate treatment and lead to compounded adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Smith CL, Cooper BR, Miguel A, Hill L, Roll J, McPherson S. Predictors of cannabis and tobacco co-use in youth: exploring the mediating role of age at first use in the population assessment of tobacco health (PATH) study. J Cannabis Res 2021; 3:16. [PMID: 34074338 PMCID: PMC8170934 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-021-00072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescents often use substances such as tobacco and cannabis. Co-use of these substances can lead to physical, mental, and psychosocial difficulties beyond that which would be anticipated by simple additivity of their individual effects. Methods We aimed to examine the mediating role of age at first use of cannabis or tobacco (AU) between youth factors of internalizing, externalizing, and sensation seeking and two co-use outcomes (lifetime; last 30 days). Path analytic modeling using data from youth age 12–17 who had tried cannabis or tobacco at least once in their lives and participated in the Population Assessment of Tobacco Health (PATH) waves one and two (collected 2013–2015; n=3,847; approximately 46% female) study allowed us to examine these relationships. Results The lifetime use model indicated significant direct (internalizing (B = 0.18), externalizing (B = 0.30), sensation seeking (B = 0.15)) and indirect relationships (internalizing (B = 0.18), externalizing (B = 0.33), sensation seeking (B = 0.10)) between each of the three youth factors, the mediator (AU) and the lifetime co-use outcome (p < 0.05 for all). A direct relationship between AU and lifetime co-use was also observed (B = − 1.54). In the past 30-day use model, significant direct paths from AU (B = − 0.49) and sensation seeking (B = 0.06) to past 30-day use were present (p < 0.05 for all). Discussion Examination of mediation by AU in the relationships between youth factors and youth co-use of cannabis and tobacco is an important step in understanding these complex relationships. This study is strengthened by the use of a large, nationally representative sample, yet is limited by several factors, such as the use of a secondary dataset and the use of youth self-report. Conclusions Based on the findings, programs or interventions targeting youth factors of internalizing, externalizing, and sensation seeking as well as interventions aiming to stave off AU should promote decreased tobacco and cannabis co-use. Sensation seeking and AU appear to be the most influential factors and should be considered when developing and promoting prevention policies/programs for higher risk youth populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Lederhos Smith
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, WA, 99210-1495, USA.
| | | | - Andre Miguel
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, WA, 99210-1495, USA
| | - Laura Hill
- Human Development, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - John Roll
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, WA, 99210-1495, USA
| | - Sterling McPherson
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, WA, 99210-1495, USA
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11
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Schaefer JD, Hamdi NR, Malone SM, Vrieze S, Wilson S, McGue M, Iacono WG. Associations between adolescent cannabis use and young-adult functioning in three longitudinal twin studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2013180118. [PMID: 33782115 PMCID: PMC8040790 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013180118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies have linked cannabis use to an array of negative outcomes, including psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment, and educational and occupational underachievement. These associations are particularly strong when cannabis use occurs in adolescence. Nevertheless, causality remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was thus to examine associations between prospectively assessed adolescent cannabis use and young-adult outcomes (psychiatric, cognitive, and socioeconomic) in three longitudinal studies of twins (n = 3,762). Twins reporting greater cumulative cannabis use in adolescence reported higher levels of psychopathology as well as poorer socioeconomic outcomes in young adulthood. However, cannabis use remained associated only with socioeconomic outcomes (i.e., educational attainment, occupational status, and income) in monozygotic-cotwin control analyses, which account fully for shared genetic and environmental confounding. Follow-up analyses examining associations between twin differences in adolescent cannabis use and longitudinal change in academic functioning during the middle- and high-school years provided a possible mechanism for these associations, indicating that greater cannabis use during this period was associated with decreases in grade point average and academic motivation as well as increases in academic problem behavior and school disciplinary problems. Our findings thus suggest that cannabis use in adolescence has potentially causal, deleterious effects on adolescent academic functioning and young-adult socioeconomic outcomes despite little evidence suggesting a strong, causal influence on adult mental health or cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Schaefer
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455;
| | - Nayla R Hamdi
- Northwest Metro VA Clinic, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Ramsey, MN 55303
| | - Stephen M Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sylia Wilson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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12
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Ellingson JM, Ross JM, Winiger E, Stallings MC, Corley RP, Friedman NP, Hewitt JK, Tapert SF, Brown SA, Wall TL, Hopfer CJ. Familial factors may not explain the effect of moderate-to-heavy cannabis use on cognitive functioning in adolescents: a sibling-comparison study. Addiction 2021; 116:833-844. [PMID: 32881239 PMCID: PMC7925696 DOI: 10.1111/add.15207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine whether moderate adolescent cannabis use has neurocognitive effects that are unexplained by familial confounds, which prior family-controlled studies may not have identified. DESIGN A quasi-experimental, sibling-comparison design was applied to a prospective, observational study of adolescents with moderate cannabis use. Participants were recruited from 2001 to 2006 (mean age = 17 years). A second wave of data was collected from 2008 to 2013 (mean age = 24 years). SETTING Two US metropolitan communities. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1192 adolescents from 596 families participated in this study. Participants were primarily male (64%) and racially and ethnically diverse (non-Hispanic white = 45%). A sibling in each family was a clinical proband identified due to delinquent behaviors. Whereas prior family-controlled studies have used samples of primarily infrequent cannabis users (mean = 1-2 days/month), participants here endorsed levels of cannabis use comparable to findings from epidemiological cohort studies (mean = 7-9 days/month). MEASUREMENTS Semi-structured clinical interviews assessed drug use, and a neuropsychological battery assessed cognitive abilities. Covariates included age at assessment, gender and alcohol use. FINDINGS After correcting for multiple testing, a greater frequency and earlier onset of regular cannabis use were associated with poorer cognitive performance, specifically on tests of verbal memory. Further, after accounting for familial factors shared by siblings and alcohol use, poorer verbal memory performance was still associated with greater life-time frequency of cannabis use at wave 1 [b = -0.007 (-0.002, -0.012), adjusted P = 0.036]; earlier cannabis use at wave 2 [b = -0.12 (-0.05, -0.19), adjusted P = 0.006; b = -0.14 (-0.06, -0.23), adjusted P = 0.006]; and greater frequency of past 6 months use at wave 2 [b = -0.02 (-0.01, -0.03), adjusted P = 0.002; b = -0.02 (-0.01, -0.03), adjusted P = 0.008]. CONCLUSIONS Moderate adolescent cannabis use may have adverse effects on cognitive functioning, specifically verbal memory, that cannot be explained by familial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod M. Ellingson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado,Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder,,Correspondence regarding this article should be sent to: Jarrod Ellingson, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045,
| | - J. Megan Ross
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Evan Winiger
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder,,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Michael C. Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder,,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Naomi P. Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder,,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder,,Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder,,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | - Susan F. Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Sandra A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Tamara L. Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Christian J. Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado,Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder
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13
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Rabiee R, Lundin A, Agardh E, Forsell Y, Allebeck P, Danielsson AK. Cannabis use, subsequent other illicit drug use and drug use disorders: A 16-year follow-up study among Swedish adults. Addict Behav 2020; 106:106390. [PMID: 32179379 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the association between cannabis use and subsequent other illicit drug use and drug use disorders (harmful use and dependence). DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS We used survey data from a population-based cohort in Stockholm County (collected 1998-2000), with linkage to the National Patient Register. The study base comprised participants aged 20-64 years (N = 10 345), followed-up until 2014. Cox and logistic regression analyses were conducted to test associations between self-reported cannabis use and risk of subsequent other illicit drug use (three-year follow-up) and drug use disorders (16-year follow-up). FINDINGS The odds ratio (OR) for other illicit drug use onset at three-year follow-up for lifetime cannabis users was 7.00 (4.47-10.35, 95% CI) and for recent cannabis users 34.41 (19.14-61.88, 95% CI). Adjusting for age and AUDIT score attenuated the association, for lifetime users: OR = 5.48 (3.69-8.13, 95% CI) and OR = 5.65 (3.80-8.41, 95% CI), and for recent users: OR = 18.32 (9.88-33.99, 95% CI) and OR = 20.88 (11.19-38.95, 95% CI). For cannabis users only, the hazard ratio (HR) for drug use disorders at 16-year follow-up was 0.89 (0.31-2.61, 95%CI). For cannabis and other illicit drug users, the corresponding HR was 7.27 (3.85-13.75, 95% CI). CONCLUSIONS There was no independent association between cannabis use and subsequent drug use disorders. The association with subsequent drug use disorders was rather explained by other illicit drug use, which cannabis users were at higher risk of at the three-year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rynaz Rabiee
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Lundin
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilie Agardh
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Forsell
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Allebeck
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Lecca D, Scifo A, Pisanu A, Valentini V, Piras G, Sil A, Cadoni C, Di Chiara G. Adolescent cannabis exposure increases heroin reinforcement in rats genetically vulnerable to addiction. Neuropharmacology 2020; 166:107974. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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15
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Extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to Predict Patterns of Marijuana Use among Young Iranian Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061981. [PMID: 32192209 PMCID: PMC7142430 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Marijuana use is increasing among adolescents and young adults. Long-term marijuana use magnifies the risk of a wide variety of behavioral, cognitive-emotional, and neurological problems, and can be a gateway to use of other drugs. In the present study, we investigated the cognitive-emotional and behavioral predictors of marijuana use. To this end, young Iranian adults answered questions based on an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and related it to marijuana use. We hypothesized that cognitive-emotional and behavioral factors would predict intention to use marijuana, and that this, in turn, would predict actual consumption. Methods: A total of 166 young Iranian adults (mean age: 20.51 years; 15.7% females) attending a walk-in center for drug use took part in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed questionnaires covering sociodemographic information, frequency of marijuana use per week, along with questionnaires assessing the following dimensions of the TPB: attitude towards marijuana use, subjective norms, self-efficacy to resist marijuana use, environmental constraints, problem-solving skills, and behavioral intention for marijuana use. Results: Mean marijuana use was found to be 4.6 times/week. Attitude towards marijuana use, subjective norms, environmental constraints, and behavioral intention to use marijuana were positively correlated to each other and with marijuana use/week. In contrast, higher self-efficacy and problem-solving skills were associated with lower marijuana use/week. The multiple regression analysis showed that a positive attitude to marijuana use, lower self-efficacy in resisting its use, higher behavioral intention, and poorer problem-solving skills predicted actual use. Conclusion: The pattern of results suggests that dimensions of TPB can explain marijuana use among young Iranian adults self-admitted to a walk-in center for drug use. Specifically, poor problem-solving skills, low self-efficacy in resisting marijuana use, and positive labelling of its use appeared to be the best predictors of actual use. It follows that prevention programs aimed at improving problem-solving skills and raising self-efficacy, along with educational interventions aimed at highlighting the negative effects of marijuana might decrease the risk of its use among young adults in Iran.
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16
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Müller-Oehring EM, Le Berre AP, Serventi M, Kalon E, Haas AL, Padula CB, Schulte T. Brain activation to cannabis- and alcohol-related words in alcohol use disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 294:111005. [PMID: 31715379 PMCID: PMC6886708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.111005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis abuse commonly co-occurs with alcohol use disorder (AUD). With increased acceptance and accessibility to cannabis in the US, it is imperative to understand the psychological and neural mechanisms of concurrent alcohol and cannabis use. We hypothesized that neural alcohol-cue conditioning may extent to other drug-related stimuli, such as cannabis, and underwrite the loss of control over reward-driven behavior. Task-activated fMRI examined the neural correlates of alcohol- and cannabis-related word cues in 21 abstinent AUD and 18 control subjects. Relative to controls, AUD showed behavioral attentional biases and frontal hypoactivation to both alcohol- and cannabis-related words. This cue-elicited prefrontal hypoactivation was related to higher lifetime alcohol consumption (pcorrected < 0.02) and modulated by past cannabis use histories (p ≦ 0.001). In particular, frontal hypoactivation to both alcohol and cannabis cues was pronounced in AUD without prior cannabis exposure. Overall, frontal control mechanisms in abstinent AUD were not sufficiently engaged to override automatic alcohol and cannabis-related intrusions, enhancing the risk for relapse and potentially for alcohol and cannabis co-use with the increased social acceptance and accessibility in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Müller-Oehring
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Anne-Pascale Le Berre
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Matthew Serventi
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Ember Kalon
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Dept. of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Amie L Haas
- Dept. of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Claudia B Padula
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Tilman Schulte
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States; Dept. of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
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17
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Trends in Opioid Misuse among Marijuana Users and Non-Users in the U.S. from 2007-2017. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224585. [PMID: 31752436 PMCID: PMC6888158 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prescription-opioid misus e continues to be a significant health concern in the United States. The relationship between marijuana use and prescription-opioid misuse is not clear from the extant literature. This study examined national trends in prescription-opioid misuse among marijuana users and non-users using the 2007-2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Cochran-Armitage tests were used to assess the statistical significance of changes in the yearly prevalence of prescription-opioid misuse and marijuana use. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between prescription-opioid and marijuana use adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. From 2007 to 2017, marijuana use increased, while prescription-opioid misuse declined. Larger declines in prescription-opioid misuse were found among marijuana users than non-users. Marijuana ever-use was significantly associated with prescription-opioid misuse. Specifically, marijuana ever-users had higher odds of prescription-opioid misuse (ever-misuse [OR: 3.04; 95% CI, 2.68-3.43]; past-year misuse [OR: 3.44; 95% CI, 3.00-3.94]; and past-month misuse [OR: 4.50; 95% CI, 3.35-6.05]) compared to marijuana never-users. Similar results were found for the association of past-year and past-month marijuana use with prescription-opioid misuse. This study provides data on trends and associations about opioid misuse among marijuana users and non-users in a changing social environment of drug use in the United States. Future research should consider whether there is a causal relationship between marijuana use and prescription opioid misuse.
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18
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Winiger EA, Huggett SB, Hatoum AS, Stallings MC, Hewitt JK. Onset of regular cannabis use and adult sleep duration: Genetic variation and the implications of a predictive relationship. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107517. [PMID: 31698253 PMCID: PMC7053256 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited evidence suggests that early cannabis use is associated with sleep problems. Research is needed to understand the developmental impact of early regular cannabis use on later adult sleep duration. METHODS In a sample of 1656 adult twins (56% female, Mean age = 25.79yrs), linear mixed effects models were used to analyze the influence of retrospectively assessed age of onset of regular cannabis use on adult sleep duration controlling for sex, depression, and current substance use. Twin analyses provided genetic and environmental variance estimates as well as insights into the association and potential casual relationships between these traits. RESULTS Earlier age of onset for regular cannabis use was significantly associated with shorter adult sleep duration on both weekdays (β = -0.13, 95% CI = [-0.23, -0.04]) and weekends (β = -0.18, 95% CI = [-0.27, -0.08]). Additive genetics significantly contributed to the onset of regular cannabis use (a2 = 76%, 95% CI = [68, 85]) and adult weekend sleep duration (a2 = 20%, 95% CI = [11, 32]). We found evidence of a significant genetic correlation (rA = -0.31, 95% CI = [-0.41, -0.15]) between these two traits and our best fitting model was consistent with early onset of regular cannabis use causing shorter adult weekend sleep duration (β = -0.11, 95% CI = [-0.18, -0.03]). CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that early onset of regular cannabis use may have a negative impact on adult sleep duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Winiger
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, East Campus, 1480 30th Street, Boulder, CO 80309, United States,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Muenzinger Psychology Building, 1905 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309, United States,Corresponding author at: Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States. (E.A. Winiger)
| | - Spencer B. Huggett
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, East Campus, 1480 30th Street, Boulder, CO 80309, United States,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Muenzinger Psychology Building, 1905 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Alexander S. Hatoum
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, East Campus, 1480 30th Street, Boulder, CO 80309, United States,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Muenzinger Psychology Building, 1905 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Michael C. Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, East Campus, 1480 30th Street, Boulder, CO 80309, United States,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Muenzinger Psychology Building, 1905 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, East Campus, 1480 30th Street, Boulder, CO 80309, United States,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Muenzinger Psychology Building, 1905 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
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19
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Picardo S, Kaplan GG, Sharkey KA, Seow CH. Insights into the role of cannabis in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2019; 12:1756284819870977. [PMID: 31523278 PMCID: PMC6727090 DOI: 10.1177/1756284819870977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, interest in the therapeutic potential of cannabis and its constituents (e.g. cannabidiol) in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has escalated. Cannabis has been increasingly approved for a variety of medical conditions in several jurisdictions around the world. In animal models, cannabinoids have been shown to improve intestinal inflammation in experimental models of IBD through their interaction with the endocannabinoid system. However, the few randomized controlled trials of cannabis or cannabidiol in patients with IBD have not demonstrated efficacy in modulating inflammatory disease activity. Cannabis may be effective in the symptomatic management of IBD. Given the increasing utilization and cultural acceptance of cannabis, physicians need to be aware of its safety and efficacy in order to better counsel patients. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the role of cannabis in the management of patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherman Picardo
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gilaad G. Kaplan
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Keith A. Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
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20
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Shader RI. Further Thoughts about Opioids and Cannabinoids. Clin Ther 2019; 41:1643-1650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Hanzal N, Joyce K, Tibbo P, Stewart S. A Pilot Daily Diary Study of Changes in Stress and Cannabis Use Quantity Across the Menstrual Cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.26828/cannabis.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Roberts BA. Legalized Cannabis in Colorado Emergency Departments: A Cautionary Review of Negative Health and Safety Effects. West J Emerg Med 2019; 20:557-572. [PMID: 31316694 PMCID: PMC6625695 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2019.4.39935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis legalization has led to significant health consequences, particularly to patients in emergency departments and hospitals in Colorado. The most concerning include psychosis, suicide, and other substance abuse. Deleterious effects on the brain include decrements in complex decision-making, which may not be reversible with abstinence. Increases in fatal motor vehicle collisions, adverse effects on cardiovascular and pulmonary systems, inadvertent pediatric exposures, cannabis contaminants exposing users to infectious agents, heavy metals, and pesticides, and hash-oil burn injuries in preparation of drug concentrates have been documented. Cannabis dispensary workers (“budtenders”) without medical training are giving medical advice that may be harmful to patients. Cannabis research may offer novel treatment of seizures, spasticity from multiple sclerosis, nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy, chronic pain, improvements in cardiovascular outcomes, and sleep disorders. Progress has been slow due to absent standards for chemical composition of cannabis products and limitations on research imposed by federal classification of cannabis as illegal. Given these factors and the Colorado experience, other states should carefully evaluate whether and how to decriminalize or legalize non-medical cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A Roberts
- University of New Mexico, Department of Emergency Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico Partner, Southern Colorado Emergency Medicine Associates, Pueblo, Colorado
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23
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Śledziński P, Zeyland J, Slomski R, Nowak-Terpiłowska A. The adverse effects of marijuana use: The present state and future directions. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2018.1561580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Śledziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Zeyland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ryszard Slomski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Human Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Longitudinal patterns of amphetamine use from adolescence to adulthood: A latent class analysis of a 20-year prospective study of Australians. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 194:121-127. [PMID: 30419406 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the longitudinal patterns of amphetamine use over twenty years from adolescence to the mid-thirties; and identify adolescent antecedents of future problematic patterns of use. DESIGN Ten-wave longitudinal study following participants from age 15 to age 35 in Victoria, Australia. Participants (N = 1755; 47% males) first enrolled in the Victoria Adolescent Health Cohort Study in 1992. MEASUREMENTS Outcome: Self-reported frequency of amphetamine use. PREDICTORS Gender, depression and anxiety, peer alcohol and tobacco use; self-reported alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use, self-reported adolescent antisocial behavior. FINDINGS Three different longitudinal patterns were identified: Non-user (83.7%); Occasional user (14.5%); Regular user (1.8%). Among the two user patterns, amphetamine use was commonly initiated in late teenage years or early 20s, peaked at mid-20s, and declined substantially by mid-30s. Participants who used cannabis and had smoking peers during adolescence were at significantly more likely to become an occasional or regular user (p < .05). CONCLUSION Regular cannabis use and peer tobacco use during adolescence were the two strongest predictors of a longitudinal pattern of regular amphetamine use in the mid-30s. This suggests that prevention programs could be implemented around or before mid-adolescence and interventions to reduce amphetamine harms focus on high-risk individuals in their 20s when amphetamine use was at its peak.
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Welsh JW, Hou SSY, Shentu Y, Lê Cook B. Assessing the association between the strength of state policies on school drug prevention and substance use disorders. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:811-817. [PMID: 30574799 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1544644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent substance use has been linked to numerous adverse health, social, and educational outcomes. While there have been intensive resources placed in school-based prevention programs, the association of these policies on prevention outcomes is still unclear. State variation in policies provides an opportunity to assess the influence of school-based prevention programs. OBJECTIVES To examine the association between the strength of state high school-based prevention programing and the prevalence of substance use disorders among adolescents ages 14-17 in the United States. METHODS National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) data with state-level identifiers were merged with National Association of State Boards of Education (NASBE) information on school-based prevention policy strength, categorized into "required," "recommended," and "no policy." Unadjusted comparisons and multilevel random intercept linear regression models were estimated to assess the change in rates of substance abuse or dependence from pre- to post- policy implementation, accounting for the nesting of individuals within states. RESULTS Rates of alcohol and tobacco abuse/dependence were significantly lower in states that required an alcohol prevention curriculum. After covariate adjustment, rates of alcohol abuse/dependence remained significantly lower in those states. CONCLUSIONS Reinforcing alcohol prevention messaging in school appears to have a modest association with decreased rates of adolescent alcohol use disorders, possibly in part due to a different approach to the curriculum. For other substances, policy requirements appear to be less effective in reducing the prevalence of adolescent substance use disorders, suggesting that more targeted messaging with higher-risk students may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine W Welsh
- a 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA, USA
| | - Sherry Shu-Yeu Hou
- b 2 Center for Multicultural Mental Health Research, Cambridge Health Alliance , Somerville , MA, USA
| | - Yujia Shentu
- a 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA, USA
| | - Benjamin Lê Cook
- c 3 Health Equity Research Lab, Cambridge Health Alliance, Department of Psychiatry , Harvard Medical School , Cambridge , MA, USA
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Lynskey MT, Agrawal A. Denise Kandel's classic work on the gateway sequence of drug acquisition. Addiction 2018; 113:1927-1932. [PMID: 29575218 DOI: 10.1111/add.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the early 1970s Denise Kandel and her colleagues documented an 'invariant sequence' in initiation of drug use: starting with alcohol and tobacco, progressing to cannabis and then to other illicit, or 'harder' drugs. This observation, which became known as the 'gateway sequence' of drug use, has been influential in policy debates but remains highly contentious, with the area of greatest controversy focusing upon whether cannabis use increases risk causally for initiation of other illicit drugs. While numerous studies have replicated Kandel's initial findings (sequence of onset) and reported that associations between cannabis use and the use of other illicit drugs remain after controlling for potentially confounding factors, the mechanisms underlying these observed associations remain hotly debated. In particular, it is possible that the observed associations are non-causal but reflect the influence of confounding factors which influence both early-onset drug use and subsequent progressions. However, research employing a range of techniques to address this issue has been unable to discount the possibility that associations between earlier and subsequent drug use reflect causal processes. This paper reviews Kandel's ongoing contributions to this field, which span 45 years, and discusses both the influence of her work and the controversy that it has aroused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Lynskey
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Psychiatry Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Transition to drug co-use among adolescent cannabis users: The role of decision-making and mental health. Addict Behav 2018; 85:43-50. [PMID: 29843040 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-use of cannabis and drugs other than cannabis (DOTC) influences the risk of experiencing cannabis disorders. Accordingly, we explored whether speed of transition to drug co-use, the number of DOTC used, and/or being an experimental cannabis-only user, a regular cannabis-only user, or a regular cannabis user who co-uses DOTC (i.e., cannabis-plus user) were associated with decision-making (DM), mental health disorder symptoms, or cannabis use-related characteristics. METHODS We analyzed baseline data from a sub-sample of 266 adolescent (ages 14 to 16) cannabis users (CU) participating in an ongoing longitudinal study. Assessments included semi-structured interviews, self-report questionnaires, and measures of drug use, DM (measured via the Iowa Gambling Task), mental health disorders, and cannabis use-related problems. RESULTS Endorsing a larger number of mood disorders symptoms was associated with being a regular cannabis-plus user rather than a regular cannabis-only user (AOR = 1.08, C.I.95% 1.01, 1.15). Poorer DM was associated with a faster transition to co-use, such that for each one unit increase in DM performance, the years to onset of drug co-use increased by 1% (p = 0.032). Endorsing a larger number of cannabis use-related problems was positively associated with endorsing a larger number of DOTC used (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study provides new evidence on the process of drug co-use among CU. Specifically, mood disorder symptoms were associated with use of DOTC among regular CU. Furthermore, poorer DM was associated with a faster transition to drug co-use. Poorer DM and mood disorder symptoms may aggravate or accelerate the onset of adverse consequences among adolescent CU.
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McCutcheon JC, Watts SJ. An Examination of the Importance of Strain in the Cannabis Gateway Effect. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:3603-3617. [PMID: 28863721 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x17729433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gateway theory has been the source of much debate in both the research literature and public policy. Support for gateway sequencing has been mixed, especially in research that has considered the role of criminological variables in the etiology of substance use. For example, limited prior research has observed as important in gateway sequencing the effects of severe stressors. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health are utilized to test gateway theory and examine whether severe stressors affect the relationship between frequency of cannabis use and later use of other illicit drugs (OIDs). Findings suggest that while frequency of cannabis use does increase the likelihood of later use of OIDs, this relationship may be the result of the common cause of experiencing severe stress. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Gillespie NA, Aggen SH, Neale MC, Knudsen GP, Krueger RF, South SC, Czajkowski N, Nesvåg R, Ystrom E, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Associations between personality disorders and cannabis use and cannabis use disorder: a population-based twin study. Addiction 2018; 113:1488-1498. [PMID: 29500852 PMCID: PMC6043378 DOI: 10.1111/add.14209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Individual differences in DSM-IV personality disorders (PDs) are associated with increased prevalence of substance use disorders. Our aims were to determine which combination of PDs trait scores best predict cannabis use (CU) and cannabis use disorder (CUD), and to estimate the size and significance of genetic and environmental risks in PD traits shared with CU and CUD. DESIGN Linear mixed-effects models were used to identify PD traits for inclusion in twin analyses to explore the genetic and environmental associations between the traits and cannabis use. SETTING Cross-sectional data were obtained from Norwegian adult twins in a face-to-face interview in 1999-2004 as part of a population-based study of mental health. PARTICIPANTS Subjects were 1419 twins (μage = 28.2 years, range = 19-36) from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel with complete PD and cannabis data. MEASUREMENTS PD traits were assessed using DSM-IV criteria. Life-time CU and CUD were based on DSM-IV abuse and dependence criteria, including withdrawal and craving. FINDINGS After adjusting for age and sex, antisocial [β = 0.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.19-0.28] and borderline PDs (β = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.14-0.26) were associated strongly with CU. Antisocial (β = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.21-0.31) and borderline PDs (β = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.06-0.18) were also linked strongly to CUD. Genetic risks in antisocial and borderline PD traits explained 32-60% of the total variance in CU and CUD. Dependent and avoidant PDs explained 11 and 16% of the total variance in CU and CUD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Individual differences in the liability to cannabis use and cannabis use disorder appear to be linked to genetic risks correlated with antisocial and borderline personality disorder traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Steven H Aggen
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gun Peggy Knudsen
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Susan C South
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nikolai Czajkowski
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragnar Nesvåg
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
- Section of Health, Developmental and Personality Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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DuPont RL, Han B, Shea CL, Madras BK. Drug use among youth: National survey data support a common liability of all drug use. Prev Med 2018; 113:68-73. [PMID: 29758306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of substance use disorders in adults is higher if substance use is initiated during adolescence, underscoring the importance of youth substance use prevention. We examined whether the use of one substance by adolescents is associated with increased risk for using any other substance, regardless of use sequences. In 2017 we examined data from 17,000 youth aged 12-17 who participated in the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, a sample of nationally representative data on substance use among the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population aged 12 or older. Descriptive analyses and multivariable logistic regression models were applied. After controlling for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, compared with youth without past-month marijuana use, youth with past-month marijuana use were 8.9 times more likely to report past-month cigarette use, 5.6, 7.9 and 15.8 times more likely to report past-month alcohol use, binge use, or heavy use (respectively), and 9.9 times more likely to report past-month use of other illicit drugs. The prevalence of past-month use of cigarettes, marijuana, and other illicit drugs was significantly higher among past-month alcohol users compared with youth without past-month alcohol use, and increased as intensity of alcohol use rose. Among past-month cigarette smokers, the prevalence of marijuana, other illicit drugs, and alcohol use were each significantly higher than youth without past-month cigarette use. Youth marijuana use, cigarette smoking, or alcohol consumption is associated with other substance use. This finding has importance for youth prevention, supporting a message no use by youth of any substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L DuPont
- Institute for Behavior and Health, Inc., 6191 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Beth Han
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Corinne L Shea
- Institute for Behavior and Health, Inc., 6191 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Bertha K Madras
- McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Khokhar JY, Dwiel L, Henricks A, Doucette WT, Green AI. The link between schizophrenia and substance use disorder: A unifying hypothesis. Schizophr Res 2018; 194:78-85. [PMID: 28416205 PMCID: PMC6094954 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders occur commonly in patients with schizophrenia and dramatically worsen their overall clinical course. While the exact mechanisms contributing to substance use in schizophrenia are not known, a number of theories have been put forward to explain the basis of the co-occurrence of these disorders. We propose here a unifying hypothesis that combines recent evidence from epidemiological and genetic association studies with brain imaging and pre-clinical studies to provide an updated formulation regarding the basis of substance use in patients with schizophrenia. We suggest that the genetic determinants of risk for schizophrenia (especially within neural systems that contribute to the risk for both psychosis and addiction) make patients vulnerable to substance use. Since this vulnerability may arise prior to the appearance of psychotic symptoms, an increased use of substances in adolescence may both enhance the risk for developing a later substance use disorder, and also serve as an additional risk factor for the appearance of psychotic symptoms. Future studies that assess brain circuitry in a prospective longitudinal manner during adolescence prior to the appearance of psychotic symptoms could shed further light on the mechanistic underpinnings of these co-occurring disorders while identifying potential points of intervention for these difficult-to-treat co-occurring disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Dwiel
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
| | - Angela Henricks
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
| | | | - Alan I. Green
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth,Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth,Dartmouth Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Dartmouth College
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Sagy I, Peleg-Sagy T, Barski L, Zeller L, Jotkowitz A. Ethical issues in medical cannabis use. Eur J Intern Med 2018; 49:20-22. [PMID: 29482739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of medical cannabis (MC) in the past decade raises several ethical considerations for the clinician. Regulatory issues stem from a gap between MC registration and certification in each country. Professional issues derive from the lack of sufficient knowledge of MC characteristics and the intersection between the physician, the patient and commercial interests. Finally, there are medical and psychological implications which are related to the use of MC regimens. We will discuss these issues in the light of the current era, in which policy has rapidly shifted toward legalization of cannabis, which influences the decisions of both clinicians and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftach Sagy
- Division of Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Tal Peleg-Sagy
- Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Israel; Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Leonid Barski
- Division of Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lior Zeller
- Division of Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alan Jotkowitz
- Division of Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Lisdahl KM, Sher KJ, Conway KP, Gonzalez R, Feldstein Ewing SW, Nixon SJ, Tapert S, Bartsch H, Goldstein RZ, Heitzeg M. Adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study: Overview of substance use assessment methods. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 32:80-96. [PMID: 29559216 PMCID: PMC6375310 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the objectives of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (https://abcdstudy.org/) is to establish a national longitudinal cohort of 9 and 10 year olds that will be followed for 10 years in order to prospectively study the risk and protective factors influencing substance use and its consequences, examine the impact of substance use on neurocognitive, health and psychosocial outcomes, and to understand the relationship between substance use and psychopathology. This article provides an overview of the ABCD Study Substance Use Workgroup, provides the goals for the workgroup, rationale for the substance use battery, and includes details on the substance use module methods and measurement tools used during baseline, 6-month and 1-year follow-up assessment time-points. Prospective, longitudinal assessment of these substance use domains over a period of ten years in a nationwide sample of youth presents an unprecedented opportunity to further understand the timing and interactive relationships between substance use and neurocognitive, health, and psychopathology outcomes in youth living in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Lisdahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2441 East Hartford Ave, 224 Garland Hall, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States.
| | - Kenneth J Sher
- Curators' Professor of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Kevin P Conway
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse,6001 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University,11200 SW 8th Street AHC-4, 461, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Sarah W Feldstein Ewing
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail code: DC7P, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland OR 97239, United States
| | - Sara Jo Nixon
- Department of Psychiatry, P.O. Box 100256, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Susan Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, United States
| | - Hauke Bartsch
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego,9452 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry (primary) and Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute (secondary), Chief, Brain Imaging Center (BIC), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Leon and Norma Hess Center for Science and Medicine, 1470 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Mary Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan,4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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Analysis of illicit drugs seized in the Province of Florence from 2006 to 2016. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 284:194-203. [PMID: 29408729 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Comprehension of illicit drug market's features at local level is useful to plan and to correctly set-up specific informative and contrast activities. In this paper we report trends, purities and consumption estimations of illicit substances available on the Florentine territory from 2006 to 2016. These data were obtained by the analysis of 10,451 samples seized by the Law Enforcement Agencies in case of personal use offence. Analytical procedures consisted in targeted and untargeted analyses by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The most detected substances were: cannabis (78.0%; resin: 51.7%; herb: 26.3%), cocaine (10.4%), opiates (6.6%; heroin: 6.5%; morphine: 0.1%), ketamine (1.4%), amphetamines (1.3%; 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine - MDMA -: 0.7%; methamphetamine: 0.6%; amphetamine: <0.1%) and methadone (1.3%). Cocaine, heroin and methamphetamine purities were higher than their mean values estimated for the Italian and European market, while THC content in cannabis seizures was unexpectedly below the European mean values. Starting from 2015, a total of 5 new psychoactive substances (NPS) were detected in seized material, mainly composed of white powders (pentedrone, 3-methylmethcathinone, 4-fluoroamphetamine, methoxethamine and AB-FUBINACA). Most of the seizures (75.5%) were from young male adults (14-34 years old). These data contribute to highlight new trends in the illicit drug market in the Tuscany area, but also to verify the persistence of old habits of drug consumption, confirming the need for more effective counteraction and prevention plans, especially among young people, where the diffusion of the legal highs is worrisome, also in consideration of the young age and the unconsciousness of the possible health effects.
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Gerra MC, Jayanthi S, Manfredini M, Walther D, Schroeder J, Phillips KA, Cadet JL, Donnini C. Gene variants and educational attainment in cannabis use: mediating role of DNA methylation. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:23. [PMID: 29353877 PMCID: PMC5802451 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and sociodemographic risk factors potentially associated with cannabis use (CU) were investigated in 40 cannabis users and 96 control subjects. DNA methylation analyses were also performed to explore the possibility of epigenetic changes related to CU. We conducted a candidate gene association study that included variants involved in the dopaminergic (ANKK1, NCAM1 genes) and endocannabinoid (CNR1, CNR2 gene) pathways. Sociodemographic data included gender, marital status, level of education, and body mass index. We used MeDIP-qPCR to test whether variations in DNA methylation might be associated with CU. We found a significant association between SNP rs1049353 of CNR1 gene (p = 0.01) and CU. Differences were also observed related to rs2501431 of CNR2 gene (p = 0.058). A higher education level appears to decrease the risk of CU. Interestingly, females were less likely to use cannabis than males. There was a significantly higher level of DNA methylation in cannabis users compared to controls in two of the genes tested: hypermethylation at exon 8 of DRD2 gene (p = 0.034) and at the CpG-rich region in the NCAM1 gene (p = 0.0004). Both genetic variants and educational attainment were also related to CU. The higher rate of DNA methylation, evidenced among cannabis users, may be either a marker of CU or a consequence of long-term exposure to cannabis. The identified genetic variants and the differentially methylated regions may represent biomarkers and/or potential targets for designs of pharmacological therapeutic agents. Our observations also suggest that educational programs may be useful strategies for CU prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carla Gerra
- 0000 0004 1758 0937grid.10383.39Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Subramaniam Jayanthi
- 0000 0004 0533 7147grid.420090.fMolecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Matteo Manfredini
- 0000 0004 1758 0937grid.10383.39Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Donna Walther
- 0000 0004 0533 7147grid.420090.fMolecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jennifer Schroeder
- 0000 0004 0533 7147grid.420090.fOffice of the Clinical Director, NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Karran A. Phillips
- 0000 0004 0533 7147grid.420090.fOffice of the Clinical Director, NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Claudia Donnini
- 0000 0004 1758 0937grid.10383.39Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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36
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Social Factors and Animal Models of Cannabis Use. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 140:171-200. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hasin DS. US Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Associated Problems. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:195-212. [PMID: 28853439 PMCID: PMC5719106 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the changing US epidemiology of cannabis use and associated problems. Adults and adolescents increasingly view cannabis as harmless, and some can use cannabis without harm. However, potential problems include harms from prenatal exposure and unintentional childhood exposure; decline in educational or occupational functioning after early adolescent use, and in adulthood, impaired driving and vehicle crashes; cannabis use disorders (CUD), cannabis withdrawal, and psychiatric comorbidity. Evidence suggests national increases in cannabis potency, prenatal and unintentional childhood exposure; and in adults, increased use, CUD, cannabis-related emergency room visits, and fatal vehicle crashes. Twenty-nine states have medical marijuana laws (MMLs) and of these, 8 have recreational marijuana laws (RMLs). Many studies indicate that MMLs or their specific provisions did not increase adolescent cannabis use. However, the more limited literature suggests that MMLs have led to increased cannabis potency, unintentional childhood exposures, adult cannabis use, and adult CUD. Ecological-level studies suggest that MMLs have led to substitution of cannabis for opioids, and also possibly for psychiatric medications. Much remains to be determined about cannabis trends and the role of MMLs and RMLs in these trends. The public, health professionals, and policy makers would benefit from education about the risks of cannabis use, the increases in such risks, and the role of marijuana laws in these increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S Hasin
- Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Few LR, Grant JD, Nelson EC, Trull TJ, Grucza RA, Bucholz KK, Verweij KJH, Martin NG, Statham DJ, Madden PAF, Heath AC, Lynskey MT, Agrawal A. Cannabis Involvement and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Discordant Twin Approach. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2017; 77:873-880. [PMID: 27797688 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2016.77.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis use, particularly at an early age, has been linked to suicidal thoughts and behavior, but minimal work has examined the association between cannabis use and lifetime nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The current study aims to characterize the overlap between lifetime and early cannabis use and NSSI and to examine genetic and environmental mechanisms of this association. METHOD Adult male and female twins from the Australian Twin Registry (N = 9,583) were used to examine the odds of NSSI associated with lifetime cannabis use and early cannabis use (i.e., <17 years of age). These associations were also examined within monozygotic (MZ) twins discordant for cannabis use and MZ twins discordant for early cannabis use. Analyses were replicated in an independent sample of female twins (n = 3,787) accounting for the age at onset of cannabis use and NSSI. RESULTS Lifetime cannabis use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.84, 95% CI [2.23, 3.61]) and early cannabis use were associated with increased odds of NSSI (OR = 2.15, 95% CI [1.75, 2.65]), and this association remained when accounting for covariates. The association was only significant, however, in MZ twin pairs discordant for early cannabis use (OR = 3.20, 95% CI [1.17, 8.73]). Replication analyses accounting for the temporal ordering of cannabis use and NSSI yielded similar findings of nominal significance. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that NSSI is associated with cannabis involvement via differing mechanisms. For lifetime cannabis use, the lack of association in discordant pairs suggests the role of shared genes and family environment. However, in addition to such shared familial influences, person-specific and putatively causal factors contribute to the relationship between early cannabis use and NSSI. Therefore, delaying the onset of cannabis use may reduce exposure to influences that exacerbate vulnerabilities to NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Julia D Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Richard A Grucza
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dixie J Statham
- School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael T Lynskey
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Hayley AC, Stough C, Downey LA. DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, substance use and DSM-5 specific substance-use disorders: Evaluating comorbidity in a population-based sample. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:732-743. [PMID: 28663122 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is frequently associated with concurrent substance use and/or comorbid substance use disorders (SUDs); however there is little specificity with regard to commonly abused individual drug types/classes. This study therefore aimed to provide insight into the degree of these co-occurring relationships across several specific newer and older generation illicit and prescription drugs. 36,309 adults aged 18+ from wave 3 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III) were assessed. Weighted cross-tabulations and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate comorbidity between current DSM-5 CUD, substance use and DSM-5 SUD. Current DSM-5 CUD is associated with greater lifetime use of all examined drug classes, and previous 12-month use of several newer-class illicit and prescription stimulant-based substances (all p< 0.05). Current DSM-5 CUD was similarly associated with increased incidence of a range of DSM-5 SUDs and was independently associated with concurrently reporting current DSM-5; sedative (Adjusted OR= 5.1, 95%CI 2.9-9.0), cocaine (AOR= 9.3, 95%CI 5.6-15.5), stimulant (AOR= 4.3, 95%CI 2.3-7.9), club drug (AOR= 16.1, 95%CI 6.3-40.8), opioid (AOR= 4.6, 95%CI 3.0-6.8) and alcohol-use disorder (AOR= 3.0, 95%CI 2.5-3.7); but not heroin or 'other' drug use disorder (both p>0.05). High comorbidity exists between DSM-5 CUD and many specific DSM-5 SUDs. Newer-class illicit and prescription stimulant-based drug use disorders are overrepresented among those with DSM-5 CUD. These findings underscore the need for tailored treatment programs for those presenting with DSM-5 CUD, and for greater treatment specification where poly-drug use is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie C Hayley
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia.
| | - Con Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Luke A Downey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia; Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Bontempo LJ, Magidson PD, Hayes BD, Martinez JP. Acute Pulmonary Injury after Inhalation of Free-Base Cocaine: A Case Report. J Acute Med 2017; 7:82-86. [PMID: 32995177 DOI: 10.6705/j.jacme.2017.0702.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Many patients presenting to urban emergency departments (EDs) have chief complaints directly related to the use of illicit drugs. Given the reluctance of patients to admit to their use of cocaine, it is important for the emergency medicine provider (EMP) to recognize key epidemiologic principles as well as features of the history, physical examination, and diagnostic studies that suggest the sequelae of cocaine abuse. Case Presentation We describe our assessment of an otherwise healthy 47-year-old man with the acute onset of pleuritic chest pain accompanied by hypoxia, radiographic evidence of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), and an elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level. The patient vehemently denied active cocaine abuse. No clear pulmonary, cardiac, or infectious explanations for his signs and symptoms were readily apparent. Ultimately, after further workup and urine toxicology screening, the cause of this patient's chest pain and hypoxia was determined to be DAH related to his recent inhalation of crack cocaine. The patient was treated with systemic corticosteroids and improved. Conclusion Nearly 41% of patients who present to the ED because of complications of inhaled cocaine use are experiencing pleuritic chest pain, and more than half have an elevated CPK concentration. As many as 40% of these patients deny using the drug when asked. These data are important for EMPs to know when formulating a differential diagnosis for patients presenting with pleuritic chest discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Bontempo
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine Baltimore, MD United States
| | - Phillip D Magidson
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine Baltimore, MD United States
| | - Bryan D Hayes
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine Baltimore, MD United States
| | - Joseph P Martinez
- University of Maryland School of Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine Baltimore, MD United States
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Clayton HB, Lowry R, Ashley C, Wolkin A, Grant AM. Health Risk Behaviors With Synthetic Cannabinoids Versus Marijuana. Pediatrics 2017; 139:peds.2016-2675. [PMID: 28289138 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Data are limited on the behavioral risk correlates of synthetic cannabinoid use. The purpose of this study was to compare the behavioral risk correlates of synthetic cannabinoid use with those among marijuana users. METHODS Data from the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a cross-sectional survey conducted in a nationally representative sample of students in grades 9 through 12 (N = 15 624), were used to examine the association between self-reported type of marijuana use (ie, never use of marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids, ever use of marijuana only, and ever use of synthetic cannabinoids) and self-report of 36 risk behaviors across 4 domains: substance use, injury/violence, mental health, and sexual health. Multivariable models were used to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios. RESULTS Students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids had a significantly greater likelihood of engaging in each of the behaviors in the substance use and sexual risk domains compared with students who ever used marijuana only. Students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids were more likely than students who ever used marijuana only to have used marijuana before age 13 years, to have used marijuana ≥1 times during the past 30 days, and to have used marijuana ≥20 times during the past 30 days. Several injury/violence behaviors were more prevalent among students who ever used synthetic cannabinoids compared with students who ever used marijuana only. CONCLUSIONS Health professionals and school-based substance use prevention programs should include strategies focused on the prevention of both synthetic cannabinoids and marijuana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather B Clayton
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention,
| | - Richard Lowry
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention
| | - Carmen Ashley
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention
| | - Amy Wolkin
- Office of Applied Research, Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, and
| | - Althea M Grant
- Office of Noncommunicable Diseases, Injury, and Environmental Health, Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Silins E, Swift W, Slade T, Toson B, Rodgers B, Hutchinson DM. A prospective study of the substance use and mental health outcomes of young adult former and current cannabis users. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017; 36:618-625. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Silins
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre; UNSW Australia; Sydney Australia
| | - Wendy Swift
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre; UNSW Australia; Sydney Australia
| | - Tim Slade
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre; UNSW Australia; Sydney Australia
| | - Barbara Toson
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre; UNSW Australia; Sydney Australia
| | - Bryan Rodgers
- Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute; Australian National University; Canberra Australia
| | - Delyse M. Hutchinson
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre; UNSW Australia; Sydney Australia
- Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute; Australian National University; Canberra Australia
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology; Deakin University; Geelong Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute; Royal Children's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
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Levine A, Clemenza K, Rynn M, Lieberman J. Evidence for the Risks and Consequences of Adolescent Cannabis Exposure. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 56:214-225. [PMID: 28219487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review of the scientific literature examines the potential adult sequelae of exposure to cannabis and related synthetic cannabinoids in adolescence. We examine the four neuropsychiatric outcomes that are likely most vulnerable to alteration by early cannabinoid use, as identified within both the clinical and preclinical research: cognition, emotional functioning, risk for psychosis, and addiction. METHOD A literature search was conducted through PubMed, PsychInfo, and Google Scholar with no publication date restrictions. The search terms used were "adolescent" and "adult," and either "cannabis," "marijuana," "delta-9-tetra-hydrocannabinol," or "cannabinoid," which was then crossed with one or more of the following terms: "deficit," "impairment," "alteration," "long-term," "persistent," "development," "maturation," and "pubescent." RESULTS The majority of the clinical and preclinical data point to a strong correlation between adolescent cannabinoid exposure and persistent, adverse neuropsychiatric outcomes in adulthood. Although the literature supports the hypothesis that adolescent cannabis use is connected to impaired cognition and mental health in adults, it does not conclusively demonstrate that cannabis consumption alone is sufficient to cause these deficits in humans. The animal literature, however, clearly indicates that adolescent-onset exposure to cannabinoids can catalyze molecular processes that lead to persistent functional deficits in adulthood, deficits that are not found to follow adult-onset exposure and that model some of the adverse outcomes reported in humans among adult populations of early-onset cannabis users. CONCLUSION Based on the data in the current literature, a strong association is found between early, frequent, and heavy adolescent cannabis exposure and poor cognitive and psychiatric outcomes in adulthood, yet definite conclusions cannot yet be made as to whether cannabis use alone has a negative impact on the human adolescent brain. Future research will require animal models and longitudinal studies to be carefully designed with a focus on integrating assessments of molecular, structural, and behavioral outcomes in order to elucidate the full range of potential adverse and long-term consequences of cannabinoid exposure in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Levine
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY.
| | | | - Moira Rynn
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY; New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Jeffrey Lieberman
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY; New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center, New York
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Abstract
Cannabis use affects cortico-striatal networks that are essential for producing movement. In this review, we summarize the literature on motor system dysfunction in cannabis users and provide a rationale for why motor learning should be considered an important area in cannabis research. A majority of studies have addressed cognitive impairments in cannabis users and some have focused on driving performance, motor impulsivity, and motor inhibition. Our review of the literature has found that cannabis use is associated with motor performance impairments; however, there is a gap in the literature regarding impairments in motor learning. The involvement of the cortico-striatal network in both cannabis addiction and movement also suggests potential avenues for treatment and rehabilitation via the motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Prashad
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 2200 West Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Francesca M Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 2200 West Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
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Gizer IR. Molecular genetic approaches to understanding the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 28:1089-1101. [PMID: 27739393 PMCID: PMC5079621 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies demonstrating high rates of co-occurrence among psychiatric disorders at the population level have contributed to large literatures focused on identifying the causal mechanisms underlying the patterns of co-occurrence among these disorders. Such efforts have long represented a core focus of developmental psychopathologists and have more recently been supported by the Research Domain Criteria initiative developed by the NIMH, which provides a further framework for how the hypothesized mechanisms can be studied at different levels of analysis. The present overview focuses on molecular genetic approaches that are being used currently to study the etiology of psychiatric disorders, and how these approaches have been applied in efforts to understand the biological mechanisms that give rise to comorbid conditions. The present report begins with a review of molecular genetic approaches used to identify individual variants that confer risk for multiple disorders and the intervening biological mechanisms that contribute to their comorbidity. This is followed by a review of molecular genetic approaches that use genetic data in aggregate to examine these questions, and concludes with a discussion of how developmental psychopathologists are uniquely positioned to apply these methods in a way that will further our understanding of the causal factors that contribute to the development of comorbid conditions.
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Irish General Practitioner (GP) Perspectives Toward Decriminalisation, Legalisation and Cannabis for Therapeutic Purposes (CTP). Int J Ment Health Addict 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-016-9710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Brook JS, Zhang C, Leukefeld CG, Brook DW. Marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood: developmental trajectories and their outcomes. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2016; 51:1405-1415. [PMID: 27168181 PMCID: PMC5050063 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-016-1229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study assesses the degree to which individuals in different trajectories of marijuana use are similar or different in terms of unconventional behavior, sensation seeking, emotional dysregulation, nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence/abuse, children living at home, and spouse/partner marijuana use at age 43. METHOD This study used a longitudinal design. The sample participants (N = 548) were first studied at mean age 14 and last studied at mean age 43. RESULTS Six trajectories of marijuana use were identified: chronic/heavy users (3.6 %), increasing users (5.1 %), chronic/occasional users (20 %), decreasers (14.3 %), quitters (22.5 %), and nonusers/experimenters (34.5 %). With three exceptions, as compared with being a nonuser/experimenter, a higher probability of belonging to the chronic/heavy, the increasing, or the chronic/occasional user trajectory group was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of unconventional behavior, sensation seeking, emotional dysregulation, nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence/abuse, not having children who lived at home, and having a spouse/partner who used marijuana at early midlife. In addition, compared with being a quitter, a higher probability of belonging to the chronic/heavy user trajectory group was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of unconventional behavior, sensation seeking, emotional dysregulation, alcohol dependence/abuse, and spouse/partner marijuana use. Implications for intervention are presented. CONCLUSIONS Trajectories of marijuana use, especially chronic/heavy use, increasing use, and chronic/occasional use, are associated with unconventional behavior, sensation seeking, emotional dysregulation, nicotine dependence, alcohol dependence/abuse, having children who lived at home, and spouse/partner marijuana use at age 43. The importance of the findings for prevention and treatment programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S. Brook
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 215 Lexington Avenue, 15 Floor, New York, NY 10016,Reprints and correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Judith S. Brook, Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 215 Lexington Avenue, 15 Floor, New York, NY 10016;
| | - Chenshu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 215 Lexington Avenue, 15 Floor, New York, NY 10016
| | - Carl G. Leukefeld
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - David W. Brook
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 215 Lexington Avenue, 15 Floor, New York, NY 10016
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A contingency management method for 30-days abstinence in non-treatment seeking young adult cannabis users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 167:199-206. [PMID: 27590742 PMCID: PMC5235346 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of young adult cannabis use are rising, perceived harm is at its historical nadir, and most users do not want to quit. Most studies evaluating effects of cannabis use in young adults are cross-sectional, limiting causal inference. A method to reliably induce abstinence periods in cannabis users would allow assessment of the effects of abstinence and resumption of use on a variety of outcomes in a within-subjects, repeated measures design. METHODS We examined the efficacy and feasibility of a voucher-based contingency management procedure for incentivizing one month of continuous cannabis abstinence among young adults who reported at least weekly cannabis use, volunteered to participate in a laboratory study, and did not express a desire to discontinue cannabis use long-term. Continuous cannabis abstinence was reinforced with an escalating incentive schedule, and self-report of abstinence was confirmed by frequent quantitative assays of urine cannabis metabolite (THCCOOH) concentration. New cannabis use during the abstinence period was determined using an established algorithm of change in creatinine-adjusted cannabis metabolite concentrations between study visits. RESULTS Thirty-eight young adults, aged 18-25 years, enrolled and 34 (89.5%) attained biochemically confirmed 30-day abstinence. Among those who attained abstinence, 93.9% resumed regular use within two-weeks of incentive discontinuation. CONCLUSION Findings support the feasibility and efficacy of contingency management to elicit short-term, continuous cannabis abstinence among young adult, non-treatment seeking, regular cannabis users. Further work should test the effectiveness of this contingency management procedure for cannabis abstinence in periods longer than one month, which may be required to evaluate some effects of abstinence.
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Wang JB, Ramo DE, Lisha NE, Cataldo JK. Medical marijuana legalization and cigarette and marijuana co-use in adolescents and adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 166:32-8. [PMID: 27460859 PMCID: PMC4983542 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical marijuana legalization is associated with a higher prevalence of marijuana use which may affect cigarette use and nicotine dependence in co-users. In the present study, we examined relationships between statewide legalization of medical marijuana and prevalence of cigarette and marijuana co-use and nicotine dependence in co-using adolescents and adults. METHODS Data were analyzed from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. We compared cigarette and marijuana co-use in the past 30days across age categories (12-64 years) by statewide medical marijuana legalization. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds of having nicotine dependence among current cigarette smokers who also reported past 30-day marijuana use and "ever but not current" marijuana use (vs. "never" use) adjusting for covariates including statewide legalization of medical marijuana. RESULTS Overall, 5.1% of the sample reported past 30-day cigarette and marijuana co-use and a higher proportion of co-users resided in states where medical marijuana was legal compared to illegal (5.8% vs. 4.8%; p=0.0011). Co-use was associated with greater odds of having nicotine dependence compared to cigarette-only use across age categories. Odds were highest and up to 3-times higher in adolescents aged 12-17 years (OR=3.54; 95%CI: 1.81-6.92) and adults aged 50-64 years (OR=3.08; CI: 1.45-6.55). CONCLUSION Marijuana policy could inadvertently affect cigarette and marijuana co-use and pose challenges to tobacco cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie B Wang
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Danielle E Ramo
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, Box RAM 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nadra E Lisha
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Janine K Cataldo
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Physiological Nursing, University of San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, Box 0610, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Fidalgo TM, Sanchez ZM, Caetano SC, Maia LO, Carlini EA, Martins SS. The association of psychiatric symptomatology with patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among Brazilian high school students. Am J Addict 2016; 25:416-25. [PMID: 27437619 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Studies have highlighted psychosocial factors associated with drug use among adolescents. Association of specific psychiatric comorbidity with substance use has not been properly established in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use by 15-18-year-old high school Brazilian students and to estimate associations with psychiatric symptoms. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 4,034 students from 128 public and private schools in São Paulo State was carried out using a two-step probability sample. Data were collected through self-report standardized questionnaires including questions on substance use patterns and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Key outcome variables were past-month use and past-month frequent use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana. Questionnaires with missing information were excluded, resulting in a final sample of 2,532 adolescents. Weighted data was analyzed through logistic regressions, adjusted by gender and by socio-economic status (SES). RESULTS Regarding SDQ total score, 43.6% of students had no psychiatric symptoms, 7.9% had subclinical symptoms and 48.5% presented clinically significant symptoms. Respondents with a clinically significant SDQ score were more likely to be past month alcohol (aOR = 1.51; 95%CI 1.22-1.88), tobacco (aOR = 1.82; 95%CI 1.25-2.66), and marijuana (aOR = 1.79; 95%CI 1.21-2.64) users as compared to those with no symptomatology. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Psychopathological symptoms were associated with alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use by 15-18-year-old adolescents. These associations should also be considered when planning public policies of mental health promotion. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE This study discusses the importance of the association between psychopathological symptoms and substance use in a middle-income country, with high level of social inequalities, in a state representative sample. (Am J Addict 2016;25:416-425).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago M Fidalgo
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zila M Sanchez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Brazilian Center of Information on Psychotropic Drugs (CEBRID), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sheila C Caetano
- Department of Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit (UPIA), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas O Maia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Brazilian Center of Information on Psychotropic Drugs (CEBRID), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisaldo A Carlini
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Brazilian Center of Information on Psychotropic Drugs (CEBRID), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia S Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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