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Battaglini AM, Grocott B, Jopling E, Rnic K, Tracy A, LeMoult J. Patterns of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms in early adolescence. Biol Psychol 2024; 185:108723. [PMID: 37981096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
In children and adults, individual differences in patterns of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; i.e., interactions between resting RSA and RSA reactivity to stress) have emerged as a central predictor of internalizing symptoms. However, it is unclear whether individual differences in patterns of RSA also contribute to internalizing symptoms during the key developmental period of early adolescence, when rates of internalizing symptoms sharply increase. In the present multi-wave longitudinal study, we assessed whether patterns of RSA predicted trajectories of the two most common types of internalizing symptoms among adolescents: anxiety and depression. In the baseline session, we assessed RSA at rest and in response to a psychosocial stressor (Trier Social Stress Test [TSST]) in a sample of 75 early adolescents (Mage = 12.85). Youth then completed measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms at baseline and four times over approximately two years. Findings indicate that RSA patterns predicted trajectories of anxiety, but not depression. Specifically, region of significance analyses indicated that individuals with high resting RSA who demonstrated RSA augmentation to the lab stressor evinced decreasing anxiety over the follow-up period. In direct contrast, adolescents with high resting RSA in combination with RSA withdrawal to the stressor exhibited a trajectory of increasing anxiety. Findings provide preliminary evidence for understanding RSA as a developmentally salient risk or protective factor.
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Hosseini-Kamkar N, Varvani Farahani M, Nikolic M, Stewart K, Goldsmith S, Soltaninejad M, Rajabli R, Lowe C, Nicholson AA, Morton JB, Leyton M. Adverse Life Experiences and Brain Function: A Meta-Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2340018. [PMID: 37910106 PMCID: PMC10620621 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.40018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Adverse life experiences have been proposed to contribute to diverse mental health problems through an association with corticolimbic functioning. Despite compelling evidence from animal models, findings from studies in humans have been mixed; activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses have failed to identify a consistent association of adverse events with brain function. Objective To investigate the association of adversity exposure with altered brain reactivity using multilevel kernel density analyses (MKDA), a meta-analytic approach considered more robust than ALE to small sample sizes and methodological differences between studies. Data Sources Searches were conducted using PsycInfo, Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science from inception through May 4, 2022. The following search term combinations were used for each database: trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), abuse, maltreatment, poverty, adversity, or stress; and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or neuroimaging; and emotion, emotion regulation, memory, memory processing, inhibitory control, executive functioning, reward, or reward processing. Study Selection Task-based fMRI studies within 4 domains (emotion processing, memory processing, inhibitory control, and reward processing) that included a measure of adverse life experiences and whole-brain coordinate results reported in Talairach or Montreal Neurological Institute space were included. Conference abstracts, books, reviews, meta-analyses, opinions, animal studies, articles not in English, and studies with fewer than 5 participants were excluded. Data Extraction and Synthesis Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guideline, 2 independent reviewers assessed abstracts and full-text articles for entry criteria. A third reviewer resolved conflicts and errors in data extraction. Data were pooled using a random-effects model and data analysis occurred from August to November 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Peak activation x-axis (left-right), y-axis (posterior-anterior), and z-axis (inferior-superior) coordinates were extracted from all studies and submitted to MKDA meta-analyses. Results A total of 83 fMRI studies were included in the meta-analysis, yielding a combined sample of 5242 participants and 801 coordinates. Adversity exposure was associated with higher amygdala reactivity (familywise error rate corrected at P < .001; x-axis = 22; y-axis = -4; z-axis = -17) and lower prefrontal cortical reactivity (familywise error rate corrected at P < .001; x-axis = 10; y-axis = 60; z-axis = 10) across a range of task domains. These altered responses were only observed in studies that used adult participants and were clearest among those who had been exposed to severe threat and trauma. Conclusions and Relevance In this meta-analysis of fMRI studies of adversity exposure and brain function, prior adversity exposure was associated with altered adult brain reactivity to diverse challenges. These results might better identify how adversity diminishes the ability to cope with later stressors and produces enduring susceptibility to mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Hosseini-Kamkar
- Now with: Atlas Institute for Veterans and Families, Royal Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Maja Nikolic
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kaycee Stewart
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mahdie Soltaninejad
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Reza Rajabli
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cassandra Lowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A Nicholson
- Now with: Atlas Institute for Veterans and Families, Royal Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Bruce Morton
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco Leyton
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Russell JD, Heyn SA, Herringa RJ. Through a Developmental Lens: Emerging Insights to Understand and Treat Pediatric PTSD. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:636-644. [PMID: 37654114 PMCID: PMC10636806 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20230523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Russell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Sara A Heyn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Ryan J Herringa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
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4
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Pollak OH, Kwon SJ, Jorgensen NA, Lindquist KA, Telzer EH, Prinstein MJ. Neural Reactivity to Social Punishment Predicts Future Engagement in Nonsuicidal Self-injury Among Peer-Rejected Adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 94:40-49. [PMID: 36411092 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) increase dramatically in adolescence. Affective reactivity and adverse social experiences have been linked to NSSI, but less is known about whether these factors may separately or interactively predict NSSI, especially longitudinally. This study combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and a sociometric measure to test whether a combination of neural (e.g., amygdala) reactivity to social punishment and peer-nominated peer acceptance/rejection predicts NSSI longitudinally in adolescence. Amygdala reactivity was examined as a potential neural marker of affective reactivity to social punishment, which may heighten NSSI risk in contexts of social adversity. METHODS One hundred twenty-five adolescents (63 female) completed a social incentive delay task during neuroimaging and school-based peer nominations to measure peer acceptance/rejection. NSSI engagement was assessed at baseline and 1-year follow-up. RESULTS Greater amygdala reactivity to social punishment predicted greater NSSI engagement 1 year later among adolescents with high peer rejection. This effect for the amygdala was specific to social punishment (vs. reward) and held when controlling for biological sex and pubertal development. Exploratory analyses found that ventral striatum reactivity to social reward and punishment similarly interacted with peer rejection to predict NSSI but that amygdala connectivity with salience network regions did not. CONCLUSIONS Amygdala reactivity to social punishment, in combination with high peer rejection, may increase NSSI risk in adolescence, possibly via heightened affective reactivity to adverse social experiences. Objective measures of neurobiological and social risk factors may improve prediction of NSSI, while therapeutic approaches that target affective reactivity and increase prosocial skills may protect against NSSI in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia H Pollak
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Seh-Joo Kwon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nathan A Jorgensen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kristen A Lindquist
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eva H Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mitchell J Prinstein
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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5
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Antoniou G, Lambourg E, Steele JD, Colvin LA. The effect of adverse childhood experiences on chronic pain and major depression in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2023; 130:729-746. [PMID: 37087334 PMCID: PMC10251130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences have been linked to increased multimorbidity, with physical and mental health consequences throughout life. Chronic pain is often associated with mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD); both have been linked to adverse childhood experiences. It is unclear how the effect of adverse childhood experiences on neural processing impacts on vulnerability to chronic pain, MDD, or both, and whether there are shared mechanisms. We aimed to assess evidence for central neural changes associated with adverse childhood experiences in subjects with chronic pain, MDD, or both using systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Electronic databases were systematically searched for neuroimaging studies of adverse childhood experiences, with chronic pain, MDD, or both. Two independent reviewers screened title, abstracts, and full text, and assessed quality. After extraction of neuroimaging data, activation likelihood estimate meta-analysis was performed to identify significant brain regions associated with these comorbidities. RESULTS Forty-nine of 2414 studies were eligible, of which 43 investigated adverse childhood experiences and MDD and six investigated adverse childhood experiences and chronic pain. None investigated adverse childhood experiences, chronic pain, and MDD together. Functional and structural brain abnormalities were identified in the superior frontal, lingual gyrus, hippocampus, insula, putamen, superior temporal, inferior temporal gyrus, and anterior cerebellum in patients with MDD exposed to adverse childhood experiences. In addition, brain function abnormalities were identified for patients with MDD or chronic pain and exposure to adverse childhood experiences in the cingulate gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and precuneus in task-based functional MRI studies. CONCLUSIONS We found that adverse childhood experiences exposure can result in different functional and structural brain alterations in adults with MDD or chronic pain compared with those without adverse childhood experiences. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW PROTOCOL PROSPERO CRD42021233989.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Antoniou
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Emilie Lambourg
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - J Douglas Steele
- Division of Imaging Science and Technology, Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lesley A Colvin
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Attentional Biases and their Push and Pull with Rumination and Co-Rumination is Based on Depressive Symptoms: a Prospective Study of Adolescents. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:399-411. [PMID: 36422731 PMCID: PMC9686224 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Emotion regulation (ER) is central to adolescent mental health and wellbeing. However, the mechanisms underlying two common ER strategies - rumination and its interpersonal counterpart, co-rumination - are insufficiently understood in youth. Past research has documented that attentional disengagement biases are associated with rumination in adults, particularly among individuals with elevated depressive symptoms. Extending this line of research, the current study investigated whether attentional disengagement biases predicted rumination and co-rumination in adolescents based on their symptoms of depression. Using a multi-wave prospective design, 91 early adolescents (47% female, Mage = 12.87) completed a measure of depressive symptoms and the Affective Posner Task to assess early and late attentional processes at baseline. Adolescents also completed measures of rumination and co-rumination at baseline and every 3-months for one year. A multivariate means-as-outcomes multilevel model indicated that early disengagement biases for sad and happy faces interacted with depressive symptoms to predict later rumination and co-rumination. Critically, the direction of findings across rumination and co-rumination differed based on depressive symptoms. Results are the first to delineate a distinct pattern of attentional disengagement biases that predict rumination versus co-rumination in early adolescents. Findings extend theoretical conceptualizations of rumination to youth and provide the first account of cognitive mechanisms underlying co-rumination.
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7
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Demir MHB, Kaya R, Ozalay O, Haznedaroglu DI, Erdogan Y, Kitis O, Bildik T, Gonul AS, Eker MC. The effects of sexual abuse on female adolescent brain structures. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2023; 11:87-94. [PMID: 37818143 PMCID: PMC10561073 DOI: 10.2478/sjcapp-2023-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Sexual abuse (SA) is known for its effects on brain structures in adolescents. We aimed to explore if SA has any effect on limbic and prefrontal cortex (PFC) structures. We hypothesized that children with SA would have a thinner PFC with larger amygdala and hippocampus that lead to aberrations in threat detection, orientation and response circuit; that would be highly adaptive in a dangerous environment in the short term. Method We included 57 SA and 33 healthy control (HC) female participants. In addition to psychiatric evaluation, we acquired 3 T MR images from all participants. We compared prefrontal cortical thicknesses, hippocampus and amygdala volumes between groups. Results The age and education levels of study groups were matched, however, IQ scores and socioeconomic status (SES) scores of the SA group were lower than the controls. Total CTQ scores of the SA group were higher than the HC. Nevertheless, the mean value of sexual abuse scores was above the cut-off scores only for the SA participants. SA participants had larger right and left hippocampus and right amygdala volumes than the controls. SA group had reduced inferior frontal gyrus cortical thickness (T=3.5, p<0.01, cluster size=694 mm2, x=51 y=-30 z=6) than HC group. None of the structural findings were correlated with total or sexual abuse CTQ scores. Conclusion Children with SA history has structural abnormalities in threat detection, orientation and response circuit. SA victims with no psychiatric diagnosis have a high probability of psychiatric problems with a possible contribution of these aberrations. SA cases that do not have a diagnosis must not be overlooked as they may have structural changes in emotion related brain regions. Careful follow-up is needed for all of all SA cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Hande Bulut Demir
- SoCAT Lab Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Izmir S.B.U. Dr. Behcet Uz Training and Research Hospital of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Rahime Kaya
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Ozgun Ozalay
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Yigit Erdogan
- SoCAT Lab Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Omer Kitis
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tezan Bildik
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Saffet Gonul
- SoCAT Lab Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University, Macon, USA
| | - Mehmet Cagdas Eker
- SoCAT Lab Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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8
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Vargas TG, Mittal VA. The Critical Roles of Early Development, Stress, and Environment in the Course of Psychosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 4:423-445. [PMID: 36712999 PMCID: PMC9879333 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121020-032354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are highly debilitating with poor prognoses and courses of chronic illness. In recent decades, conceptual models have shaped understanding, informed treatment, and guided research questions. However, these models have classically focused on the adolescent and early adulthood stages immediately preceding onset while conceptualizing early infancy through all of childhood as a unitary premorbid period. In addition, models have paid limited attention to differential effects of types of stress; contextual factors such as local, regional, and country-level characteristics or sociocultural contexts; and the timing of the stressor or environmental risk. This review discusses emerging research suggesting that (a) considering effects specific to neurodevelopmental stages prior to adolescence is highly informative, (b) understanding specific stressors and levels of environmental exposures (i.e., systemic or contextual features) is necessary, and (c) exploring the dynamic interplay between development, levels and types of stressors, and environments can shed new light, informing a specified neurodevelopmental and multifaceted diathesis-stress model.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Vargas
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - V A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Social Sciences, Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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9
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Luby JL, Rogers C, McLaughlin KA. Environmental Conditions to Promote Healthy Childhood Brain/Behavioral Development: Informing Early Preventive Interventions for Delivery in Routine Care. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 2:233-241. [PMID: 35855293 PMCID: PMC9291732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental experiences early in life have strong and enduring consequences for cognitive, emotional, and neurobiological development and related physical and mental health trajectories. The powerful influence of early caregiver nurturance and stimulation on promoting positive neurodevelopmental outcomes has been demonstrated across species. These findings elucidate the environmental conditions known to facilitate healthy neurodevelopment and underscore the potential for modifiable psychosocial factors in the environment to be harnessed to inform early preventive interventions to promote health and adaptive development. A framework for early preventive interventions to enhance nurturing and responsive caregiving for implementation during early sensitive periods of brain development delivered within existing health or educational infrastructures is proposed. Emotional development during sensitive periods is an important, under-recognized, and abundantly modifiable predictor of mental and physical health outcomes that warrants investment of resources and integration of interventions into public health infrastructure for children worldwide. Future studies are needed to further clarify whether and when sensitive periods are present for key developmental domains to inform the optimal timing and targets of these interventions. Numerous available empirically supported early interventions may be modified and applied in briefer and more feasible modalities of delivery to broader populations of developing children. As well established in growth and development across species, essential environmental inputs that are particularly important at specified developmental periods facilitate optimal growth trajectories. Such principles hold great potential in application to early child neurodevelopment to facilitate a thriving and resilient human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L. Luby
- Department of Psychiatry (Child), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Cynthia Rogers
- Department of Psychiatry (Child), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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10
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Young KS, Ward C, Vinograd M, Chen K, Bookheimer SY, Nusslock R, Zinbarg RE, Craske MG. Individual differences in threat and reward neural circuitry activation: Testing dimensional models of early adversity, anxiety and depression. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:2739-2753. [PMID: 34989038 PMCID: PMC9149108 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Altered functioning of the brain's threat and reward circuitry has been linked to early life adversity and to symptoms of anxiety and depression. To date, however, these relationships have been studied largely in isolation and in categorical-based approaches. It is unclear to what extent early life adversity and psychopathology have unique effects on brain functioning during threat and reward processing. We examined functional brain activity during a face processing task in threat (amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex) and reward (ventral striatum and orbitofrontal cortex) regions of interest among a sample (N = 103) of young adults (aged 18-19 years) in relation to dimensional measures of early life adversity and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results demonstrated a significant association between higher scores on the deprivation adversity dimension and greater activation of reward neural circuitry during viewing of happy faces, with the largest effect sizes observed in the orbitofrontal cortex. We found no significant associations between the threat adversity dimension, or symptom dimensions of anxiety and depression, and neural activation in threat or reward circuitries. These results lend partial support to theories of adversity-related alterations in neural activation and highlight the importance of testing dimensional models of adversity and psychopathology in large sample sizes to further our understanding of the biological processes implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Young
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK,NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research CentreKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Camilla Ward
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Meghan Vinograd
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental HealthVeterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kelly Chen
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Susan Y. Bookheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCaliforniaUnited States
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of PsychologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | - Richard E. Zinbarg
- Department of PsychologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA,The Family InstituteNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | - Michelle G. Craske
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCaliforniaUnited States,Department of PsychologyUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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11
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Ross MC, Heilicher M, Cisler JM. Functional imaging correlates of childhood trauma: A qualitative review of past research and emerging trends. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 211:173297. [PMID: 34780877 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Childhood trauma exposure is common and is associated with poor clinical outcomes in adolescence along with mental health and sociodemographic challenges in adulthood. While many strategies exist to investigate the biological imprint of childhood trauma exposure, functional neuroimaging is a robust and growing technology for non-invasive studies of brain activity following traumatic experience and the relationship of childhood trauma exposure with psychopathology, cognition, and behavior. In this review, we discuss three popular approaches for discerning functional neural correlates to early life trauma, including regional activation, bivariate functional connectivity, and network-based connectivity. The breadth of research in each method is discussed, followed by important limitations and considerations for future research. We close by considering emerging trends in functional neuroimaging research of childhood trauma, including the use of complex decision-making tasks to mimic clinically-relevant behaviors, data-driven techniques such as multivariate pattern analysis and whole-brain network topology, and the applications of real-time neurofeedback for treatment of trauma-related mental disorders. We aim for this review to provide a framework for understanding the relationship between atypical neural functioning and adverse outcomes following childhood trauma exposure, with a focus on improving consistency in research methods and translatability of research findings for clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa C Ross
- Northwestern Neighborhood & Network Initiative, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, United States of America.
| | | | - Josh M Cisler
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychiatry
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12
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McLaughlin KA, Sheridan MA, Humphreys KL, Belsky J, Ellis BJ. The Value of Dimensional Models of Early Experience: Thinking Clearly About Concepts and Categories. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 16:1463-1472. [PMID: 34491864 PMCID: PMC8563369 DOI: 10.1177/1745691621992346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We review the three prevailing approaches-specificity, cumulative risk, and dimensional models-to conceptualizing the developmental consequences of early-life adversity and address fundamental problems with the characterization of these frameworks in a recent Perspectives on Psychological Science piece by Smith and Pollak. We respond to concerns raised by Smith and Pollak about dimensional models of early experience and highlight the value of these models for studying the developmental consequences of early-life adversity. Basic dimensions of adversity proposed in existing models include threat/harshness, deprivation, and unpredictability. These models identify core dimensions of early experience that cut across the categorical exposures that have been the focus of specificity and cumulative risk approaches (e.g., abuse, institutional rearing, chronic poverty); delineate aspects of early experience that are likely to influence brain and behavioral development; afford hypotheses about adaptive and maladaptive responses to different dimensions of adversity; and articulate specific mechanisms through which these dimensions exert their influences, conceptualizing experience-driven plasticity within an evolutionary-developmental framework. In doing so, dimensional models advance specific falsifiable hypotheses, grounded in neurodevelopmental and evolutionary principles, that are supported by accumulating evidence and provide fertile ground for empirical studies on early-life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret A. Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Jay Belsky
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California at Davis
| | - Bruce J. Ellis
- Departments of Psychology and Anthropology, University of Utah
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13
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McLaughlin KA, Sheridan MA, Humphreys KL, Belsky J, Ellis BJ. The Value of Dimensional Models of Early Experience: Thinking Clearly About Concepts and Categories. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 16:1463-1472. [PMID: 34491864 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/29fmt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We review the three prevailing approaches-specificity, cumulative risk, and dimensional models-to conceptualizing the developmental consequences of early-life adversity and address fundamental problems with the characterization of these frameworks in a recent Perspectives on Psychological Science piece by Smith and Pollak. We respond to concerns raised by Smith and Pollak about dimensional models of early experience and highlight the value of these models for studying the developmental consequences of early-life adversity. Basic dimensions of adversity proposed in existing models include threat/harshness, deprivation, and unpredictability. These models identify core dimensions of early experience that cut across the categorical exposures that have been the focus of specificity and cumulative risk approaches (e.g., abuse, institutional rearing, chronic poverty); delineate aspects of early experience that are likely to influence brain and behavioral development; afford hypotheses about adaptive and maladaptive responses to different dimensions of adversity; and articulate specific mechanisms through which these dimensions exert their influences, conceptualizing experience-driven plasticity within an evolutionary-developmental framework. In doing so, dimensional models advance specific falsifiable hypotheses, grounded in neurodevelopmental and evolutionary principles, that are supported by accumulating evidence and provide fertile ground for empirical studies on early-life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret A Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Jay Belsky
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California at Davis
| | - Bruce J Ellis
- Departments of Psychology and Anthropology, University of Utah
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14
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Rnic K, Jopling E, Tracy A, LeMoult J. Emotion Regulation and Diurnal Cortisol: A Longitudinal Study of Early Adolescents. Biol Psychol 2021; 167:108212. [PMID: 34699918 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant patterns of diurnal cortisol, a marker of stress reactivity, predict adverse physical and mental health among adolescents. However, the mechanisms underlying aberrant diurnal cortisol production are poorly understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate, for the first time, whether the core emotion regulation (ER) strategies of rumination (brooding, reflection), reappraisal, and suppression were prospectively associated with individual differences in diurnal cortisol during the COVID-19 pandemic, a period of significant stress. A community sample of 48 early adolescents (Mage=13.45; 60% males) was recruited from British Columbia, Canada. Participants completed ER measures before the pandemic, and diurnal cortisol was assessed by collecting eight saliva samples over two days during the first COVID-19-related lockdown in the region. As expected, brooding predicted elevated waking cortisol and a blunted cortisol awakening response (CAR), whereas reflection predicted lower waking cortisol and suppression predicted a steeper CAR. Unexpectedly, reappraisal was not associated with diurnal cortisol production. Results indicate that ER strategies may represent a mechanism underlying individual differences in biological markers of wellbeing during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Rnic
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Ellen Jopling
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alison Tracy
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joelle LeMoult
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Rajan L, McKay CC, Malavé GS, Pearce AL, Cherry JBC, Mackey E, Nadler EP, Vaidya CJ. Effects of severe obesity and sleeve gastrectomy on cortical thickness in adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1516-1525. [PMID: 34318605 PMCID: PMC10871717 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurocognitive differences in pediatric obesity may be underpinned by cortical structural alterations. Differences in cortical thickness associated with severe obesity were examined, and preliminary evidence was sought for changes following vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). METHODS A total of 18 adolescents with severe obesity (OB) and 17 without obesity (nOB), aged 14 to 21, underwent T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging. A subset was scanned twice 5 months apart to compare cortical thickness following VSG (n = 6) with two control groups: wait-listed (n = 9) and nOB (n = 12). RESULTS At baseline, OB had a thinner cortex than nOB in motor and superior parietal cortices. At follow-up, VSG adolescents lost weight, the wait-listed group gained weight, and nOB did not change. Group × Time interactions indicated that VSG had cortical thinning in orbitofrontal, primary sensorimotor, superior, and middle temporal cortices and thickening in lingual, fusiform, and lateral occipital cortices. Wait-listed and nOB groups largely did not change. CONCLUSIONS Severe obesity is associated with a thinner cortex in motor and attentional function-associated regions. VSG resulted in cortical thinning in reward valuation, sensory, and perceptual regions and thickening in visual regions. Surgery-related changes in regions distinct from those associated with obesity suggest compensation, rather than normalization. These results provide preliminary evidence supporting structural neural alterations following sleeve gastrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laya Rajan
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cameron C. McKay
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Alaina L. Pearce
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Eleanor Mackey
- Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Evan P. Nadler
- Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chandan J. Vaidya
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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16
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Grasser LR, Jovanovic T. Safety learning during development: Implications for development of psychopathology. Behav Brain Res 2021; 408:113297. [PMID: 33862062 PMCID: PMC8102395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fear and safety learning are necessary adaptive behaviors that develop over the course of maturation. While there is a large body of literature regarding the neurobiology of fear and safety learning in adults, less is known regarding safety learning during development. Given developmental changes in the brain, there are corresponding changes in safety learning that are quantifiable; these may serve to predict risk and point to treatment targets for fear and anxiety-related disorders in children and adolescents. For healthy, typically developing youth, the main developmental variation observed is reduced discrimination between threat and safety cues in children compared to adolescents and adults, while lower expression of extinction learning is exhibited in adolescents compared to adults. Such distinctions may be related to faster maturation of the amygdala relative to the prefrontal cortex, as well as incompletely developed functional circuits between the two. Fear and anxiety-related disorders, childhood maltreatment, and behavioral problems are all associated with alterations in safety learning for youth, and this dysfunction may proceed into adulthood with corresponding abnormalities in brain structure and function-including amygdala hypertrophy and hyperreactivity. As impaired inhibition of fear to safety may reflect abnormalities in the developing brain and subsequent psychopathology, impaired safety learning may be considered as both a predictor of risk and a treatment target. Longitudinal neuroimaging studies over the course of development, and studies that query change with interventions are needed in order to improve outcomes for individuals and reduce long-term impact of developmental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ruvolo Grasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Chrysler Dr, Tolan Park Suite 2C Room 273, Detroit, MI 48201 United States.
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Chrysler Dr, Tolan Park Suite 2C, Detroit, MI 48201 United States.
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17
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Cuartas J, Weissman DG, Sheridan MA, Lengua L, McLaughlin KA. Corporal Punishment and Elevated Neural Response to Threat in Children. Child Dev 2021; 92:821-832. [PMID: 33835477 PMCID: PMC8237681 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spanking remains common around the world, despite evidence linking corporal punishment to detrimental child outcomes. This study tested whether children (Mage = 11.60) who were spanked (N = 40) exhibited altered neural function in response to stimuli that suggest the presence of an environmental threat compared to children who were not spanked (N = 107). Children who were spanked exhibited greater activation in multiple regions of the medial and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), including dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dorsomedial PFC, bilateral frontal pole, and left middle frontal gyrus in response to fearful relative to neutral faces compared to children who were not spanked. These findings suggest that spanking may alter neural responses to environmental threats in a manner similar to more severe forms of maltreatment.
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18
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Jopling E, Tracy A, LeMoult J. Cognitive disengagement and biological stress responses in early adolescence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 126:105166. [PMID: 33592367 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in biological responses to stress increase risk for the onset and exacerbation of health and psychiatric conditions. Biases in cognitive disengagement are hypothesized to underlie these individual differences in biological responses to stress. However, no studies have examined which cognitive disengagement bias has the strongest relation with biological responses to stress, and no studies have examined this relation during early adolescence, despite evidence that this is a critical developmental window in which patterns of cognition and biological responses to stress influence trajectories of health throughout life. The current study is the first to test whether difficulty disengaging attention versus working memory from valenced stimuli is associated with biological responses to stress in early adolescence. Youth between 11 and 13 years of age completed two computer-based tasks to assess biases in attention and working memory disengagement to valenced stimuli, and then completed a standardized psychosocial stressor. Consistent with expectations, attention and working memory disengagement biases were associated with stress responses of both the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems, but bias valence and cognitive system influenced the directionality of results. These findings inform our understanding of cognitive mechanisms that influence biological stress reactivity.
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19
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Saarinen A, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Jääskeläinen E, Huhtaniska S, Pudas J, Tovar-Perdomo S, Penttilä M, Miettunen J, Lieslehto J. Early Adversity and Emotion Processing From Faces: A Meta-analysis on Behavioral and Neurophysiological Responses. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2021; 6:692-705. [PMID: 33486133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the link between early adversity (EA) and later-life psychiatric disorders is well established, it has yet to be elucidated whether EA is related to distortions in the processing of different facial expressions. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate whether exposure to EA relates to distortions in responses to different facial emotions at three levels: 1) event-related potentials of the P100 and N170, 2) amygdala functional magnetic resonance imaging responses, and 3) accuracy rate or reaction time in behavioral data. METHODS The systematic literature search (PubMed and Web of Science) up to April 2020 resulted in 29 behavioral studies (n = 8555), 32 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies (n = 2771), and 3 electroencephalography studies (n = 197) for random-effect meta-analyses. RESULTS EA was related to heightened bilateral amygdala reactivity to sad faces (but not other facial emotions). Exposure to EA was related to faster reaction time but a normal accuracy rate in response to angry and sad faces. In response to fearful and happy faces, EA was related to a lower accuracy rate only in individuals with recent EA exposure. This effect was more pronounced in individuals with exposure to EA before (vs. after) the age of 3 years. These findings were independent of psychiatric diagnoses. Because of the low number of eligible electroencephalography studies, no conclusions could be reached regarding the effect of EA on the event-related potentials. CONCLUSIONS EA relates to alterations in behavioral and neurophysiological processing of facial emotions. Our study stresses the importance of assessing age at exposure and time since EA because these factors mediate some EA-related perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Saarinen
- Research Unit of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Center for Life Course Health Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Erika Jääskeläinen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sanna Huhtaniska
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Radiology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Juho Pudas
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Santiago Tovar-Perdomo
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; PRONIA Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Matti Penttilä
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johannes Lieslehto
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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20
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Sicorello M, Thome J, Herzog J, Schmahl C. Differential Effects of Early Adversity and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Amygdala Reactivity: The Role of Developmental Timing. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 6:1044-1051. [PMID: 33359153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with altered processing of threat-related stimuli. Neurobiological models implicate right amygdala hyperreactivity in these alterations, but this potential biomarker also has been observed in individuals exposed to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) (i.e., abuse and neglect) without psychopathology. Separation of the differential contributions of PTSD and ACEs to amygdala reactivity might benefit from incorporating the developmental timing of the events. METHODS We conducted comprehensive retrospective interviews assessing ACEs for each life year between the ages of 1 and 17 years in a sample of 60 women exposed to trauma (including 34 participants with PTSD and 26 healthy participants). Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to extract amygdala reactivity to threatening versus neutral scenes. Amygdala reactivity was predicted from PTSD diagnosis, total ACE severity, and ACE severity by life year using random forest regression. RESULTS PTSD and ACEs significantly predicted reactivity in the right amygdala (R2 = 7%) but did not explain variance in the left amygdala. ACEs during both a prepubertal (ages 3 and 4) and a postpubertal (ages 16 and 17) period emerged as particularly predictive, while total ACE severity did not contribute to prediction. Follow-up analyses revealed a positive relationship between amygdala activity and PTSD and a negative relationship between amygdala activity and ACEs during predictive life years. CONCLUSIONS The opposing effects of PTSD and ACEs caution against simplistic etiological and diagnostic interpretations of amygdala function. The identification of potentially sensitive periods for the effects of ACEs on amygdala reactivity to threat may help to uncover interactions between traumatization and development of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Sicorello
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Janine Thome
- Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Julia Herzog
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
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21
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Impact of early life adversities on human brain functioning: A coordinate-based meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:62-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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22
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Cohodes EM, Kitt ER, Baskin-Sommers A, Gee DG. Influences of early-life stress on frontolimbic circuitry: Harnessing a dimensional approach to elucidate the effects of heterogeneity in stress exposure. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:153-172. [PMID: 32227350 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early-life stress confers profound and lasting risk for developing cognitive, social, emotional, and physical health problems. The effects of stress on the developing brain contribute to this risk, with frontolimbic circuitry particularly susceptible to early experiences, possibly due to its innervation with glucocorticoid receptors and the timing of frontolimbic circuit maturation. To date, the majority of studies on stress and frontolimbic circuitry have employed a categorical approach, comparing stress-exposed versus non-stress-exposed youth. However, there is vast heterogeneity in the nature of stress exposure and in outcomes. Recent forays into understanding the psychobiological effects of stress have employed a dimensional approach focused on experiential, environmental, and temporal factors that influence the association between stress and subsequent vulnerability. This review highlights empirical findings that inform a dimensional approach to understanding the effects of stress on frontolimbic circuitry. We identify the timing, type, severity, controllability, and predictability of stress, and the degree to which a caregiver is involved, as specific features of stress that may play a substantial role in differential outcomes. We propose a framework for the effects of these features of stress on frontolimbic development that may partially determine how heterogeneity in stress exposure influences this circuitry and, ultimately, mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Cohodes
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Dylan G Gee
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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23
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Hanford LC, Eckstrand K, Manelis A, Hafeman DM, Merranko J, Ladouceur CD, Graur S, McCaffrey A, Monk K, Bonar LK, Hickey MB, Goldstein TR, Goldstein BI, Axelson D, Bebko G, Bertocci MA, Gill MK, Birmaher B, Phillips ML. The impact of familial risk and early life adversity on emotion and reward processing networks in youth at-risk for bipolar disorder. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226135. [PMID: 31830059 PMCID: PMC6907842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently developed risk calculator for bipolar disorder (BD) accounts for clinical and parental psychopathology. Yet, it is understood that both familial predisposition and early life adversity contribute to the development of BD. How the interplay between these two factors influence emotion and reward processing networks in youth at risk for BD remains unclear. In this exploratory analysis, offspring of BD parents performed emotion and reward processing tasks while undergoing a fMRI scan. Risk calculator score was used to assess risk for developing BD in the next 5 years. Environmental risk was tabulated using the Stressful Life Events Schedule (SLES). Emotion and reward processing networks were investigated for genetic and/or environment interactions. Interaction effects were found between risk calculator scores, negative SLES score and activity in right amygdala and bilateral fusiform gyri during the emotion processing task, as well as activity in the fronto-, striatal, and parietal regions during the reward processing task. Our findings are preliminary; however, they support the unique and interactive contributions of both familial and environmental risk factors on emotion and reward processing within OBP. They also identify potential neural targets to guide development of interventions for youth at greatest risk for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C. Hanford
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kristen Eckstrand
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anna Manelis
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Danella M. Hafeman
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John Merranko
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cecile D. Ladouceur
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Simona Graur
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alicia McCaffrey
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kelly Monk
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lisa K. Bonar
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary Beth Hickey
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tina R. Goldstein
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin I. Goldstein
- Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Axelson
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Genna Bebko
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michele A. Bertocci
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary Kay Gill
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Boris Birmaher
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary L. Phillips
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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24
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McLaughlin KA, Weissman D, Bitrán D. Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 1:277-312. [PMID: 32455344 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An extensive literature on childhood adversity and neurodevelopment has emerged over the past decade. We evaluate two conceptual models of adversity and neurodevelopment-the dimensional model of adversity and stress acceleration model-in a systematic review of 109 studies using MRI-based measures of neural structure and function in children and adolescents. Consistent with the dimensional model, children exposed to threat had reduced amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and hippocampal volume and heightened amygdala activation to threat in a majority of studies; these patterns were not observed consistently in children exposed to deprivation. In contrast, reduced volume and altered function in frontoparietal regions were observed consistently in children exposed to deprivation but not children exposed to threat. Evidence for accelerated development in amygdala-mPFC circuits was limited but emerged in other metrics of neurodevelopment. Progress in charting neurodevelopmental consequences of adversity requires larger samples, longitudinal designs, and more precise assessments of adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A McLaughlin
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - David Weissman
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Debbie Bitrán
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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25
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Disrupted Executive Function and Aggression in Individuals With a History of Adverse Childhood Experiences: An Event-Related Potential Study. J Nerv Ment Dis 2017; 205:942-951. [PMID: 28976406 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we explored the functional and neural mechanisms underlying aggression related to adverse childhood experiences. We assessed behavioral performance and event-related potentials during a go/no-go and N-back paradigm. The participants were 15 individuals with adverse childhood experiences and high aggression (ACE + HA), 13 individuals with high aggression (HA), and 14 individuals with low aggression and no adverse childhood experiences (control group). The P2 latency (initial perceptual processing) was longer in the ACE + HA group for the go trials. The HA group had a larger N2 (response inhibition) than controls for the no-go trials. Error-related negativity (error processing) in the ACE + HA and HA groups was smaller than that of controls for false alarm go trials. Lastly, the ACE + HA group had shorter error-related negativity latencies than controls for false alarm trials. Overall, our results reveal the neural correlates of executive function in aggressive individuals with ACEs.
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26
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Sheth C, McGlade E, Yurgelun-Todd D. Chronic Stress in Adolescents and Its Neurobiological and Psychopathological Consequences: An RDoC Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 29527590 PMCID: PMC5841253 DOI: 10.1177/2470547017715645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative provides a strategy for classifying psychopathology based on behavioral dimensions and neurobiological measures. Neurodevelopment is an orthogonal dimension in the current RDoC framework; however, it has not yet been fully incorporated into the RDoC approach. A combination of both a neurodevelopmental and RDoC approach offers a multidimensional perspective for understanding the emergence of psychopathology during development. Environmental influence (e.g., stress) has a profound impact on the risk for development of psychiatric illnesses. It has been shown that chronic stress interacts with the developing brain, producing significant changes in neural circuits that eventually increase the susceptibility for development of psychiatric disorders. This review highlights effects of chronic stress on the adolescent brain, as adolescence is a period characterized by a combination of significant brain alterations, high levels of stress, and emergence of psychopathology. The literature synthesized in this review suggests that chronic stress-induced changes in neurobiology and behavioral constructs underlie the shared vulnerability across a number of disorders in adolescence. The review particularly focuses on depression and substance use disorders; however, a similar argument can also be made for other psychopathologies, including anxiety disorders. The summarized findings underscore the need for a framework to integrate neurobiological findings from disparate psychiatric disorders and to target transdiagnostic mechanisms across disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Sheth
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Erin McGlade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRREC), Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Deborah Yurgelun-Todd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRREC), Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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27
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Hein TC, Monk CS. Research Review: Neural response to threat in children, adolescents, and adults after child maltreatment - a quantitative meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:222-230. [PMID: 27778344 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment is common and has long-term consequences for affective function. Investigations of neural consequences of maltreatment have focused on the amygdala. However, developmental neuroscience indicates that other brain regions are also likely to be affected by child maltreatment, particularly in the social information processing network (SIPN). We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis to: confirm that maltreatment is related to greater bilateral amygdala activation in a large sample that was pooled across studies; investigate other SIPN structures that are likely candidates for altered function; and conduct a data-driven examination to identify additional regions that show altered activation in maltreated children, teens, and adults. METHODS We conducted an activation likelihood estimation analysis with 1,733 participants across 20 studies of emotion processing in maltreated individuals. RESULTS Maltreatment is associated with increased bilateral amygdala activation to emotional faces. One SIPN structure is altered: superior temporal gyrus, of the detection node, is hyperactive in maltreated individuals. The results of the whole-brain corrected analysis also show hyperactivation of the parahippocampal gyrus and insula in maltreated individuals. CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis confirms that maltreatment is related to increased bilateral amygdala reactivity and also shows that maltreatment affects multiple additional structures in the brain that have received little attention in the literature. Thus, although the majority of studies examining maltreatment and brain function have focused on the amygdala, these findings indicate that the neural consequences of child maltreatment involve a broader network of structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C Hein
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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28
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Kessel EM, Nelson BD, Kujawa A, Hajcak G, Kotov R, Bromet EJ, Carlson GA, Klein DN. Hurricane Sandy Exposure Alters the Development of Neural Reactivity to Negative Stimuli in Children. Child Dev 2016; 89:339-348. [PMID: 27976812 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether exposure to Hurricane Sandy-related stressors altered children's brain response to emotional information. An average of 8 months (Mage = 9.19) before and 9 months after (Mage = 10.95) Hurricane Sandy, 77 children experiencing high (n = 37) and low (n = 40) levels of hurricane-related stress exposure completed a task in which the late positive potential, a neural index of emotional reactivity, was measured in response to pleasant and unpleasant, compared to neutral, images. From pre- to post-Hurricane Sandy, children with high stress exposure failed to show the same decrease in emotional reactivity to unpleasant versus neutral stimuli as those with low stress exposure. Results provide compelling evidence that exposure to natural disaster-related stressors alters neural emotional reactivity to negatively valenced information.
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29
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Tottenham N, Galván A. Stress and the adolescent brain: Amygdala-prefrontal cortex circuitry and ventral striatum as developmental targets. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:217-227. [PMID: 27473936 PMCID: PMC5074883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a time in development when significant changes occur in affective neurobiology. These changes provide a prolonged period of plasticity to prepare the individual for independence. However, they also render the system highly vulnerable to the effects of environmental stress exposures. Here, we review the human literature on the associations between stress-exposure and developmental changes in amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and ventral striatal dopaminergic systems during the adolescent period. Despite the vast differences in types of adverse exposures presented in his review, these neurobiological systems appear consistently vulnerable to stress experienced during development, providing putative mechanisms to explain why affective processes that emerge during adolescence are particularly sensitive to environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nim Tottenham
- Columbia University, Department of Psychology, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue MC 5501, New York, NY 10027, United States.
| | - Adriana Galván
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall BOX 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, United States.
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30
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Gollier-Briant F, Paillère-Martinot ML, Lemaitre H, Miranda R, Vulser H, Goodman R, Penttilä J, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Poustka L, Grimmer Y, Bromberg U, Conrod P, Banaschewski T, Barker GJ, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Flor H, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Heinz A, Lawrence C, Mann K, Nees F, Paus T, Pausova Z, Frouin V, Rietschel M, Robbins TW, Smolka MN, Schumann G, Martinot JL, Artiges E. Neural correlates of three types of negative life events during angry face processing in adolescents. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1961-1969. [PMID: 27697987 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative life events (NLE) contribute to anxiety and depression disorders, but their relationship with brain functioning in adolescence has rarely been studied. We hypothesized that neural response to social threat would relate to NLE in the frontal-limbic emotional regions. Participants (N = 685) were drawn from the Imagen database of 14-year-old community adolescents recruited in schools. They underwent functional MRI while viewing angry and neutral faces, as a probe to neural response to social threat. Lifetime NLEs were assessed using the 'distress', 'family' and 'accident' subscales from a life event dimensional questionnaire. Relationships between NLE subscale scores and neural response were investigated. Links of NLE subscales scores with anxiety or depression outcomes at the age of 16 years were also investigated. Lifetime 'distress' positively correlated with ventral-lateral orbitofrontal and temporal cortex activations during angry face processing. 'Distress' scores correlated with the probabilities of meeting criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder or Major Depressive Disorder at the age of 16 years. Lifetime 'family' and 'accident' scores did not relate with neural response or follow-up conditions, however. Thus, different types of NLEs differentially predicted neural responses to threat during adolescence, and differentially predicted a de novo internalizing condition 2 years later. The deleterious effect of self-referential NLEs is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gollier-Briant
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison De Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Ruben Miranda
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Vulser
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Robert Goodman
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jani Penttilä
- University of Tampere, Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Conrod
- CHU Ste Justine, Department of Psychiatry, Université De Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gareth J Barker
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus CharitéMitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claire Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Mann
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Zdenka Pausova
- Department of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives, Saclay, France
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universit㲠Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunter Schumann
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France .,CENIR Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche at Institute of Brain and Spine, Pitié - Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit NeuroImaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, University Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, and Maison De Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Psychiatry Department, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France
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Developmental psychopathology in an era of molecular genetics and neuroimaging: A developmental neurogenetics approach. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:587-613. [PMID: 25997774 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of neurogenetics seeks to model the complex pathways from gene to brain to behavior. This field has focused on imaging genetics techniques that examine how variability in common genetic polymorphisms predict differences in brain structure and function. These studies are informed by other complimentary techniques (e.g., animal models and multimodal imaging) and have recently begun to incorporate the environment through examination of Imaging Gene × Environment interactions. Though neurogenetics has the potential to inform our understanding of the development of psychopathology, there has been little integration between principles of neurogenetics and developmental psychopathology. The paper describes a neurogenetics and Imaging Gene × Environment approach and how these approaches have been usefully applied to the study of psychopathology. Six tenets of developmental psychopathology (the structure of phenotypes, the importance of exploring mechanisms, the conditional nature of risk, the complexity of multilevel pathways, the role of development, and the importance of who is studied) are identified, and how these principles can further neurogenetics applications to understanding the development of psychopathology is discussed. A major issue of this piece is how neurogenetics and current imaging and molecular genetics approaches can be incorporated into developmental psychopathology perspectives with a goal of providing models for better understanding pathways from among genes, environments, the brain, and behavior.
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32
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Worthman CM, Tomlinson M, Rotheram-Borus MJ. When can parents most influence their child's development? Expert knowledge and perceived local realities. Soc Sci Med 2016; 154:62-9. [PMID: 26945544 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence for the long-term impact of conditions in gestation and early childhood on both physical and psychosocial functioning and productivity has stimulated a focus in global health policy and social services on the "first 1000 days". Consequently, related initiatives may assume that rationale for this orientation and the agency of parents during this period is self-evident and widely shared among parents and communities. In 2012, we tested this assumption among a sample of 38 township-dwelling caregivers in Cape Town, by asking a question identified during a study of cultural models of parenting, namely: At what age or stage can a parent or caregiver have the most influence on a child's development? Formal cultural consensus analysis of responses met criteria for strong agreement that the period for greatest impact of parenting on a child's development occurs at adolescence, at a median age of 12 years. In follow-up focus groups and structured interviews, caregivers articulated clear ecological and developmental reasons for this view, related to protection both of developmental potential and against powerful, context-specific ecological risks (early pregnancy, substance ab/use, violence and gangs) that emerge during adolescence. Such risks threaten educational attainment, reproductive health, and social derailment with enduring consequences for lifetime well-being that caregivers are highly motivated to prevent. Developmental needs in pregnancy and early childhood, by contrast, were considered more manageable. These findings resonate with emerging evidence for multiple sensitive periods with corresponding developmental needs, and urge the value of complementing efforts to optimize early development with those to sustain and enhance it during later windows of developmental opportunity such as adolescence. Our results also indicate the need to consult local views of developmental risk and parenting practice in communicating with caregivers and planning interventions, and the value of using available methodological tools to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M Worthman
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Mark Tomlinson
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
| | - Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Medicine, Semel Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 350, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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33
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Early-life stress exposure associated with altered prefrontal resting-state fMRI connectivity in young children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 19:107-14. [PMID: 27010576 PMCID: PMC4912914 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Relations between early stress exposure (ELS) and brain in childhood are unexamined. We examine the association of ELS to resting-state fMRI in young children. Higher ELS relates to greater ReHo of resting-state fMRI in left prefrontal cortex. ReHo in left prefrontal cortex negatively relates to children's cognitive control. Coupling of left prefrontal with right temporal cortex negatively relates to control. ELS effects are independent of other stress indicators, such as violence exposure. Better understanding of ELS effects on child brain might inspire targeted preventions.
Early-life stress (ELS) exposure is associated with adverse outcomes across the lifespan. We examined the relation of ELS exposure to resting-state fMRI in children ages 4–7 years. ELS in the first years of life, but not concurrent, was associated with higher regional homogeneity of resting-state fMRI in the left lateral frontal cortex. Resting-state fMRI functional connectivity analyses showed that the region of left lateral frontal cortex demonstrating heightened regional homogeneity associated with ELS was negatively correlated with right temporal/parahippocampal areas. Moreover, higher regional homogeneity in the left lateral frontal cortex and its negative coupling with the right middle temporal/parahippocampal areas were associated with poorer performance on a reversal-learning task performed outside the scanner. Association of ELS exposure with regional homogeneity was independent of other early adversities. These findings suggest that ELS may influence the development of cognitive control in the lateral prefrontal cortex and its interactions with temporal cortex.
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34
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O'Mahony SM, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Early-life adversity and brain development: Is the microbiome a missing piece of the puzzle? Neuroscience 2015; 342:37-54. [PMID: 26432952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prenatal and postnatal early-life periods are both dynamic and vulnerable windows for brain development. During these important neurodevelopmental phases, essential processes and structures are established. Exposure to adverse events that interfere with this critical sequence of events confers a high risk for the subsequent emergence of mental illness later in life. It is increasingly accepted that the gastrointestinal microbiota contributes substantially to shaping the development of the central nervous system. Conversely, several studies have shown that early-life events can also impact on this gut community. Due to the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, it is possible that aberrant situations affecting either organ in early life can impact on the other. Studies have now shown that deviations from the gold standard trajectory of gut microbiota establishment and development in early life can lead not only to disorders of the gastrointestinal tract but also complex metabolic and immune disorders. These are being extended to disorders of the central nervous system and understanding how the gut microbiome shapes brain and behavior during early life is an important new frontier in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - G Clarke
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - T G Dinan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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35
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Childhood maltreatment is associated with altered frontolimbic neurobiological activity during wakefulness in adulthood. Dev Psychopathol 2015. [PMID: 26198818 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment can disturb brain development and subsequently lead to adverse socioemotional and mental health problems across the life span. The long-term association between childhood maltreatment and resting-wake brain activity during adulthood is unknown and was examined in the current study. Forty-one medically stable and medication-free military veterans (M = 29.31 ± 6.01 years, 78% male) completed a battery of clinical assessments and had [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography neuroimaging scans during quiet wakefulness. After statistically adjusting for later-life trauma and mental health problems, childhood maltreatment was negatively associated with brain activity within a priori defined regions that included the left orbital frontal cortex and left hippocampus. Childhood maltreatment was significantly associated with increased and decreased brain activity within six additional whole-brain clusters that included the frontal, parietal-temporal, cerebellar, limbic, and midbrain regions. Childhood maltreatment is associated with altered neural activity in adulthood within regions that are involved in executive functioning and cognitive control, socioemotional processes, autonomic functions, and sleep/wake regulation. This study provides support for taking a life span developmental approach to understanding the effects of early-life maltreatment on later-life neurobiology, socioemotional functioning, and mental health.
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Pagliaccio D, Luby JL, Bogdan R, Agrawal A, Gaffrey MS, Belden AC, Botteron KN, Harms MP, Barch DM. HPA axis genetic variation, pubertal status, and sex interact to predict amygdala and hippocampus responses to negative emotional faces in school-age children. Neuroimage 2015; 109:1-11. [PMID: 25583614 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a role for stress exposure, particularly during early life, and for variation in genes involved in stress response pathways in neural responsivity to emotional stimuli. Understanding how individual differences in these factors predict differences in emotional responsivity may be important for understanding both normative emotional development and for understanding the mechanisms underlying internalizing disorders, like anxiety and depression, that have often been related to increased amygdala and hippocampus responses to negatively valenced emotional stimuli. The present study examined whether stress exposure and genetic profile scores (10 single nucleotide polymorphisms within four hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis genes: CRHR1, NR3C2, NR3C1, and FKBP5) predict individual differences in amygdala and hippocampus responses to fearful vs. neutral faces in school-age children (7-12 year olds; N = 107). Experience of more stressful and traumatic life events predicted greater left amygdala responses to negative emotional stimuli. Genetic profile scores interacted with sex and pubertal status to predict amygdala and hippocampus responses. Specifically, genetic profile scores were a stronger predictor of amygdala and hippocampus responses among pubertal vs. prepubertal children where they positively predicted responses to fearful faces among pubertal girls and positively predicted responses to neutral faces among pubertal boys. The current results suggest that genetic and environmental stress-related factors may be important in normative individual differences in responsivity to negative emotional stimuli, a potential mechanism underlying internalizing disorders. Further, sex and pubertal development may be key moderators of the effects of stress-system genetic variation on amygdala and hippocampus responsivity, potentially relating to sex differences in stress-related psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pagliaccio
- The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States.
| | - Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States; Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Michael S Gaffrey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Andrew C Belden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Kelly N Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Michael P Harms
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Deanna M Barch
- The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States; Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
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37
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Du X, Wei D, Ganzel BL, Kim P, Zhang Q, Qiu J. Adolescent earthquake survivors' show increased prefrontal cortex activation to masked earthquake images as adults. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 95:292-8. [PMID: 25486615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The great Sichuan earthquake in China on May 12, 2008 was a traumatic event to many who live near the earthquake area. However, at present, there are few studies that explore the long-term impact of the adolescent trauma exposure on adults' brain function. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the brain activation evoked by masked trauma-related stimuli (earthquake versus neutral images) in 14 adults who lived near the epicenter of the great Sichuan earthquake when they were adolescents (trauma-exposed group) and 14 adults who lived farther from the epicenter of the earthquake when they were adolescents (control group). Compared with the control group, the trauma-exposed group showed significant elevation of activation in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in response to masked earthquake-related images. In the trauma-exposed group, the right ACC activation was negatively correlated with the frequency of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These findings differ markedly from the long-term effects of trauma exposure in adults. This suggests that trauma exposure during adolescence may have a unique long-term impact on ACC/MPFC function, top-down modulation of trauma-related information, and subsequent symptoms of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Du
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dongtao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Barbara L Ganzel
- Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Pilyoung Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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38
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Population variation in neuroendocrine activity is associated with behavioral inhibition and hemispheric brain structure in young rhesus monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 47:56-67. [PMID: 24954302 PMCID: PMC4205758 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Population variation in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity and reactivity was assessed in a healthy sample of 48 juvenile rhesus monkeys. Cluster analysis of the HPA profiles revealed four distinct neuroendocrine phenotypes based on six indices of HPA functioning. Behavioral reactivity was also evaluated in response to novel stimuli, and revealed marked differences between animals in the highest- and lowest-cortisol clusters. Specifically, animals in the high-cortisol cluster showed larger stress-induced cortisol responses and blunted feedback sensitivity to dexamethasone. They were also emotionally reactive, displayed more aggressive behaviors, and were less likely to approach novel objects. In contrast, monkeys in the low-cortisol cluster were more likely to approach and explore novel objects. Representative animals with high or low cortisol profiles were scanned with Magnetic Resonance Imaging to evaluate structural differences in global and regional gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes. Monkeys with higher cortisol reactivity evinced less hemispheric brain asymmetry, due to decreased GM in the right hemisphere. Stress reactivity was inversely related to global GM and positively related to total cerebrospinal fluid volume. This inverse relationship was also observed in several stress-sensitive regions, including prefrontal and frontal cortices. Our study demonstrates that population variation in pituitary-adrenal activity is related to behavioral disposition and cerebral structure in this nonhuman primate species.
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Tusaie KR. The adolescent brain: an overview of recent research. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2014; 28:295-6. [PMID: 25017565 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Asok A, Bernard K, Rosen JB, Dozier M, Roth TL. Infant-caregiver experiences alter telomere length in the brain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101437. [PMID: 24983884 PMCID: PMC4077840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following adverse childhood experiences, high quality maternal care can protect against accelerated telomere shortening in peripheral cells. It is less clear, however, how telomere length in the brain is influenced by early caregiving experiences. Using rats, we investigated if quality of care (i.e., aversive or nurturing care outside of the homecage) during the first seven days of postnatal (PN) life affected telomere length in the adult brain (PN90) of male and female rats. At PN90, we found that nurturing care outside of the homecage was associated with longer telomeres in the medial prefrontal cortex relative to nurturing care inside the homecage (i.e., normal maternal care) and aversive care outside of the homecage. Further, pups exposed to aversive care outside of the homecage demonstrated longer telomeres in the amygdala relative to pups exposed to nurturing care inside the homecage. These effects were specific to females. No differences in telomere length between caregiving conditions were observed in the ventral hippocampus. Thus, positive and negative early-life experiences result in long-term, sex-specific changes of telomeres in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Asok
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Kristin Bernard
- Stony Brook University, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey B. Rosen
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Mary Dozier
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Tania L. Roth
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Newark, DE, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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