1
|
Witter AE. Acute toxicity of petroleum asphalt seal coat leachates to Ceriodaphnia dubia is linked to polymer preservatives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173123. [PMID: 38740202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Low-VOC waterborne asphalt-emulsion (AE) seal coat is considered more sustainable than solvent-based coal-tar emulsion seal coat because asphalt emulsions contain negligible amounts of carcinogenic PAHs and release fewer harmful volatile organic compounds. Yet, many low-VOC coatings leach water-soluble substances under outdoor conditions. To investigate the chemical composition of seal coat leachates, three AE formulations were cured under natural weathering conditions and exposed to simulated runoff over a 10-day field trial. Runoff was collected and concentrated using ion-exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Leached compounds included hydrocarbons, esters, amines, siloxanes, plasticizers, biocides, polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers, urethanes, and toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Glycol ethers comprised 29-97 % of the measured leachate mass. Two seal coat formulations contained isothiazolinone biocides, methylchloro- and methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT; 0.5 mg/L in runoff), while a third seal coat formulation continuously leached TDI, a reactive polyurethane (PU) precursor (0.7 mg/L in runoff). Biocide-containing leachates showed acute toxicity to the freshwater water flea, Ceriodaphnia dubia after 48 h, while TDI-containing leachate showed no acute toxicity, suggesting that leachate toxicity was due to in-can polymer preservatives. As biocides are implicated in impaired reproductive signaling, these results support the use of alkaline pH to avoid biofouling and reinforce the goal of reducing and/or avoiding the use of biocides altogether, especially for environmentally friendly products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Witter
- Dickinson College, Department of Chemistry, Carlisle, PA 17013, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aladekoyi O, Siddiqui S, Hania P, Hamza R, Gilbride K. Accumulation of antibiotics in the environment: Have appropriate measures been taken to protect Canadian human and ecological health? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 280:116513. [PMID: 38820820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
In Canada, every day, contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) are discharged from waste treatment facilities into freshwaters. CECs such as pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs), personal care products (PCPs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and microplastics are legally discharged from sewage treatment plants (STPs), water reclamation plants (WRPs), hospital wastewater treatment plants (HWWTPs), or other forms of wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs). In 2006, the Government of Canada established the Chemicals Management Plan (CMP) to classify chemicals based on a risk-priority assessment, which ranked many CECs such as PhACs as being of low urgency, therefore permitting these substances to continue being released into the environment at unmonitored rates. The problem with ranking PhACs as a low priority is that CMP's risk management assessment overlooks the long-term environmental and synergistic effects of PhAC accumulation, such as the long-term risk of antibiotic CEC accumulation in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. The goal of this review is to specifically investigate antibiotic CEC accumulation and associated environmental risks to human and environmental health, as well as to determine whether appropriate legislative strategies are in place within Canada's governance framework. In this research, secondary data on antibiotic CEC levels in Canadian and international wastewaters, their potential to promote antibiotic-resistant residues, associated environmental short- and long-term risks, and synergistic effects were all considered. Unlike similar past reviews, this review employed an interdisciplinary approach to propose new strategies from the perspectives of science, engineering, and law.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin Aladekoyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University), Canada
| | - Salsabil Siddiqui
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University), Canada
| | - Patricia Hania
- Department of Business and Law, Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University), Canada; TMU Urban Water, Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University), Canada
| | - Rania Hamza
- Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University), Canada; TMU Urban Water, Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University), Canada
| | - Kimberley Gilbride
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University), Canada; TMU Urban Water, Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University), Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chrapkiewicz K, Lipp AG, Barron LP, Barnes R, Roberts GG. Apportioning sources of chemicals of emerging concern along an urban river with inverse modelling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:172827. [PMID: 38701930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Concentrations of chemicals in river water provide crucial information for assessing environmental exposure and risks from fertilisers, pesticides, heavy metals, illicit drugs, pathogens, pharmaceuticals, plastics and perfluorinated substances, among others. However, using concentrations measured along waterways (e.g., from grab samples) to identify sources of contaminants and understand their fate is complicated by mixing of chemicals downstream from diverse diffuse and point sources (e.g., agricultural runoff, wastewater treatment plants). To address this challenge, a novel inverse modelling approach is presented. Using waterway network topology, it quantifies locations and concentrations of contaminant sources upstream by inverting concentrations measured in water samples. It is computationally efficient and quantifies uncertainty. The approach is demonstrated for 13 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in an urban stream, the R. Wandle (London, UK). Mixing (the forward problem) was assumed to be conservative, and the location of sources and their concentrations were treated as unknowns to be identified. Calculated CEC source concentrations, which ranged from below detection limit (a few ng/L) up to 1μg/L, were used to predict concentrations of chemicals downstream. Using this approach, >90% of data were predicted within observational uncertainty. Principal component analysis of calculated source concentrations revealed signatures of two distinct chemical sources. First, pharmaceuticals and insecticides were associated with a subcatchment containing a known point source of treated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. Second, illicit drugs and salicylic acid were associated with multiple sources, interpreted as input from untreated sewage including Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs), misconnections, runoff and direct disposal throughout the catchment. Finally, a simple algorithmic approach that incorporates network topology was developed to design sampling campaigns to improve resolution of source apportionment. Inverse modelling of contaminant measurements can provide objective means to apportion sources in waterways from spot samples in catchments on a large scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kajetan Chrapkiewicz
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Alex G Lipp
- Merton College, University of Oxford, Merton Street, Oxford OX1 4JD, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Leon P Barron
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environment Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Richard Barnes
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Wang Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gareth G Roberts
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang K, Zheng Z, Mutzner L, Shi B, McCarthy D, Le-Clech P, Khan S, Fletcher TD, Hancock M, Deletic A. Review of trace organic chemicals in urban stormwater: Concentrations, distributions, risks, and drivers. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 258:121782. [PMID: 38788526 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Urban stormwater, increasingly seen as a potential water resource for cities and towns, contains various trace organic chemicals (TrOCs). This study, conducted through a comprehensive literature review of 116 publications, provides a detailed report on the occurrence, concentration distribution, health, and ecological risks of TrOCs, as well as the impact of land use and rainfall characteristics on their concentrations. The review uncovers a total of 629 TrOCs detected at least once in urban stormwater, including 228 pesticides, 132 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), 29 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 30 per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS), 28 flame retardants, 24 plasticizers, 22 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), nine corrosion inhibitors, and 127 other industrial chemicals/intermediates/solvents. Concentration distributions were explored, with the best fit being log-normal distribution. Risk assessment highlighted 82 TrOCs with high ecological risk quotients (ERQ > 1.0) and three with potential health risk quotients (HQ > 1.0). Notably, 14 TrOCs (including six PAHs, five pesticides, three flame-retardants, and one plasticizer) out of 68 analyzed were significantly influenced by land-use type. Relatively weak relationships were observed between rainfall characteristics and pollutant concentrations, warranting further investigation. This study provides essential information about the occurrence and risks of TrOCs in urban stormwater, offering valuable insights for managing these emerging chemicals of concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Zhang
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Zhaozhi Zheng
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lena Mutzner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Baiqian Shi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David McCarthy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Pierre Le-Clech
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart Khan
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tim D Fletcher
- School of Agriculture, Food & Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
| | - Marty Hancock
- Water Research Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Ana Deletic
- Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lenaker PL, Pronschinske MA, Corsi SR, Stokdyk JP, Olds HT, Dila DK, McLellan SL. A multi-marker assessment of sewage contamination in streams using human-associated indicator bacteria, human-specific viruses, and pharmaceuticals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172505. [PMID: 38636851 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Human sewage contaminates waterways, delivering excess nutrients, pathogens, chemicals, and other toxic contaminants. Contaminants and various sewage indicators are measured to monitor and assess water quality, but these analytes vary in their representation of sewage contamination and the inferences about water quality they support. We measured the occurrence and concentration of multiple microbiological (n = 21) and chemical (n = 106) markers at two urban stream locations in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA over two years. Five-day composite water samples (n = 98) were collected biweekly, and sewage influent samples (n = 25) were collected monthly at a Milwaukee, WI water reclamation facility. We found the vast majority of markers were not sensitive enough to detect sewage contamination. To compare analytes for monitoring applications, five consistently detected human sewage indicators were used to evaluate temporal patterns of sewage contamination, including microbiological (pepper mild mottle virus, human Bacteroides, human Lachnospiraceae) and chemical (acetaminophen, metformin) markers. The proportion of human sewage in each stream was estimated using the mean influent concentration from the water reclamation facility and the mean concentration of all stream samples for each sewage indicator marker. Estimates of instream sewage pollution varied by marker, differing by up to two orders of magnitude, but four of the five sewage markers characterized Underwood Creek (mean proportions of human sewage ranged 0.0025 % - 0.075 %) as less polluted than Menomonee River (proportions ranged 0.013 % - 0.14 %) by an order of magnitude more. Chemical markers correlated with each other and yielded higher estimates of sewage pollution than microbial markers, which exhibited greater temporal variability. Transport, attenuation, and degradation processes can influence chemical and microbial markers differently and cause variation in human sewage estimates. Given the range of potential human and ecological health effects of human sewage contamination, robust characterization of sewage contamination that uses multiple lines of evidence supports monitoring and research applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Lenaker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA.
| | - Matthew A Pronschinske
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Steven R Corsi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Joel P Stokdyk
- U.S. Geological Survey, Laboratory for Infectious Disease and the Environment, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Hayley T Olds
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Deborah K Dila
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
| | - Sandra L McLellan
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shelton SA, Kaushal SS, Mayer PM, Shatkay RR, Rippy MA, Grant SB, Newcomer-Johnson TA. Salty chemical cocktails as water quality signatures: Longitudinal trends and breakpoints along different U.S. streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172777. [PMID: 38670384 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Along urban streams and rivers, various processes, including road salt application, sewage leaks, and weathering of the built environment, contribute to novel chemical cocktails made up of metals, salts, nutrients, and organic matter. In order to track the impacts of urbanization and management strategies on water quality, we conducted longitudinal stream synoptic (LSS) monitoring in nine watersheds in five major metropolitan areas of the U.S. During each LSS monitoring survey, 10-53 sites were sampled along the flowpath of streams as they flowed along rural to urban gradients. Results demonstrated that major ions derived from salts (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) and correlated elements (e.g. Sr2+, N, Cu) formed 'salty chemical cocktails' that increased along rural to urban flowpaths. Salty chemical cocktails explained 46.1% of the overall variability in geochemistry among streams and showed distinct typologies, trends, and transitions along flowpaths through metropolitan regions. Multiple linear regression predicted 62.9% of the variance in the salty chemical cocktails using the six following significant drivers (p < 0.05): percent urban land, wastewater treatment plant discharge, mean annual precipitation, percent silicic residual material, percent volcanic material, and percent carbonate residual material. Mean annual precipitation and percent urban area were the most important in the regression, explaining 29.6% and 13.0% of the variance. Different pollution sources (wastewater, road salt, urban runoff) in streams were tracked downstream based on salty chemical cocktails. Streams flowing through stream-floodplain restoration projects and conservation areas with extensive riparian forest buffers did not show longitudinal increases in salty chemical cocktails, suggesting that there could be attenuation via conservation and restoration. Salinization represents a common urban water quality signature and longitudinal patterns of distinct chemical cocktails and ionic mixtures have the potential to track the sources, fate, and transport of different point and nonpoint pollution sources along streams across different regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney A Shelton
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, Geology Building 237, College Park, MD 20742, USA; ORISE Fellow at Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.
| | - Sujay S Kaushal
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, Geology Building 237, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Paul M Mayer
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.
| | - Ruth R Shatkay
- Department of Geology & Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, Geology Building 237, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Megan A Rippy
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William St, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Stanley B Grant
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William St, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Tammy A Newcomer-Johnson
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Watershed and Ecosystem Characterization Division, 26 Martin Luther King Dr W, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Forster ALB, Geiger TC, Pansari GO, Justen PT, Richardson SD. Identifying PFAS hotspots in surface waters of South Carolina using a new optimized total organic fluorine method and target LC-MS/MS. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121570. [PMID: 38640564 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmental contaminants of concern due to their long persistence in the environment, toxicity, and widespread presence in humans and wildlife. Knowledge regarding the extent of PFAS contamination in the environment is limited due to the need for analytical methods that can reliably quantify all PFAS, since traditional target methods using liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) fail to capture many. For a more comprehensive analysis, a total organic fluorine (TOF) method can be used as a screening tool. We combined TOF analysis with target LC-MS/MS analysis to create a statewide PFAS hotspot map for surface waters throughout South Carolina. Thirty-eight of 40 locations sampled contained detectable concentrations of organic fluorine (above 100 ng/L). Of the 33 target PFAS analyzed using LC-MS/MS, the most prevalent were perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS). On average, LC-MS/MS only accounted for 2 % of the TOF measured. Locations with high TOF did not necessarily correlate to high total quantified PFAS concentrations and vice-versa, demonstrating the limitations of target PFAS analysis and indicating that LC-MS may miss highly contaminated sites. Results suggest that future surveys should utilize TOF to more comprehensively capture PFAS in water bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria L B Forster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Thomas C Geiger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Gina O Pansari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Patrick T Justen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao L, Lei T, Chen R, Tian Z, Bian B, Graham NJD, Yang Z. Bioinspired stormwater control measure for the enhanced removal of truly dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals from urban runoff. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121355. [PMID: 38430755 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Stormwater harvesting (SWH) addresses the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Conventional stormwater control measures (SCMs) effectively remove particulate and colloidal contaminants from urban runoff; however, they fail to retain dissolved contaminants, particularly substances of concern like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HMs), thereby hindering the SWH applicability. Here, inspired by protein folding in nature, we reported a novel biomimetic SCM for the efficient removal of dissolved PAHs and HMs from urban runoff. Lab-scale tests were conducted together with a more mechanistic investigation on how the contaminants were removed. By integrating hydrophobic organic chains with low-cost hydrophilic flocculant matrixes, our biomimetic flocculants achieved a 1.4-9.5 times removal of all detected dissolved PAHs and HMs, while enhancing the removal of a wide-spectrum of particulate and colloidal contaminants, compared to existing SCMs. Ecotoxicity, as indicated by newborn Daphnia magna as experimental organisms, was reduced from "acute toxicity" of the original runoff sample (toxic unit of ∼2.6) to "non-toxicity" (toxic unit < 0.4) of the treated water. The improved performance is attributed to the protein-folding-like features of the bioinspired flocculants providing: (i) stronger binding to PAHs (via hydrophobic association) and HMs (via coordination), and (ii) the ability of spontaneous aggregation. The bio-inspired approach in this work holds strong promise as an alternative or supplementary component in SCM systems, and is expected to contribute to sustainable water management practices in relation to SDGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tao Lei
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruhui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ziqi Tian
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Bo Bian
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Magliozzi LJ, Matiasek SJ, Alpers CN, Korak JA, McKnight D, Foster AL, Ryan JN, Roth DA, Ku P, Tsui MTK, Chow AT, Webster JP. Wildland-urban interface wildfire increases metal contributions to stormwater runoff in Paradise, California. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:667-685. [PMID: 38315154 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00298e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The 2018 Camp Fire was a large late-year (November) wildfire that produced an urban firestorm in the Town of Paradise, California, USA, and destroyed more than 18 000 structures. Runoff from burned wildland areas is known to contain ash, which can transport contaminants including metals into nearby watersheds. However, due to historically infrequent occurrences, the effect of wildland-urban interface (WUI) fires, such as the Camp Fire, on surface water quality has not been well-characterized. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of widespread urban burning on surface water quality in major watersheds of the Camp Fire area. Between November 2018 and May 2019, 140 surface water samples were collected, including baseflow and stormflow, from burned and unburned watersheds with varying extent of urban development. Samples were analyzed for total and filter-passing metals, dissolved organic carbon, major anions, and total suspended solids. Ash and debris from the Camp Fire contributed metals to downstream watersheds via runoff throughout the storm season. Increases in concentration up to 200-fold were found for metals Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in burned watersheds compared to pre-fire values. Total concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn exceeded EPA aquatic habitat acute criteria by up to 16-fold for up to five months after the fire. To assess possible transport mechanisms and bioavailability, a subset of 18 samples was analyzed using four filters with nominal pore sizes ranging from 0.22 to 1.2 μm to determine the particulate size distribution of metals. Trace and major metals (Al, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were found mostly associated with larger grain sizes (>0.45 μm), and some metals (Al, Cr, Fe, and Pb) also included a substantial colloidal phase (0.22 to 0.45 μm). This study suggests that fires in the wildland-urban interface increase metal concentrations, mainly through particulate driven transport. The metals with the largest increases are likely from anthropogenic disaster materials, though biomass ash also is a major contributor to water quality. The increase in metals following WUI burning may have adverse ecological impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Magliozzi
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sandrine J Matiasek
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, California State University Chico, CA, USA
| | - Charles N Alpers
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Julie A Korak
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Diane McKnight
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrea L Foster
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Joseph N Ryan
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David A Roth
- U.S. Geological Survey, Water Mission Area, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Peijia Ku
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, USA
| | - Martin Tsz-Ki Tsui
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alex T Chow
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, SC, USA
| | - Jackson P Webster
- Department of Civil Engineering, California State University Chico, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vijayan A, Österlund H, Marsalek J, Viklander M. Traffic-related metals in urban snow cover: A review of the literature data and the feasibility of filling gaps by field data collection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170640. [PMID: 38325463 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A literature search on traffic related metals in polluted urban snow revealed a significant volume of references representing a substantive knowledge base. The frequently studied metals in urban snow included Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni. However, comparing metal concentrations across studies proves to be a complex effort due to the variations in site-specific factors among studies, such as traffic intensity, pavement conditions, hydrometeorological conditions, and research method aspects, such as sampling equipment and frequency, and laboratory analytical methods. The literature review indicated that among the commonly studied metals, Zn and Cu indicated potential environmental concerns, and that there was a lack of data on the occurrence and accumulation in snow of antimony (Sb), tungsten (W), and platinum group elements (PGEs). To partly mitigate this knowledge gap, a field study of these elements was carried out by sampling urban roadside snow at six locations with various land use and traffic intensities, focusing on accumulation of these elements in snowbanks along roadways. The results indicated that traffic related activities are the sources of PGEs, W and Sb in roadside snowbanks, as the concentrations of these metals increased with increasing traffic intensity. The mean concentrations of the studied metals followed this descending order: W (0.4 (Reporting limit-RL)-987 μg/l) > Sb (0.1 RL-33.2 μg/l) > Pd (0.02 (RL)-0.506 μg/l) > Rh (0.02 (RL)-0.053 μg/l). In laboratory melted snow, both W and Sb were mostly in the particulate-bound phase, with <25 % in the dissolved phase. For sites with metal concentrations above the detection limit, the regression analysis indicated linear trends in unit area deposition rates of W with time (snow age), described by R2 = 0.94.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arya Vijayan
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Helene Österlund
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Jiri Marsalek
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Maria Viklander
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jensen DMR, Mutzner L, Wei Y, Mikkelsen PS, Vezzaro L. Temporal variations in micropollutant inlet concentrations matter when planning the design and compliance assessment of stormwater control measures. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 356:120583. [PMID: 38531132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Stormwater Control Measures (SCMs) contribute to reducing micropollutant emissions from separate sewer systems. SCM planning and design are often performed by looking at the hydrological performance. Assessment of pollutant removal and the ability to comply with discharge concentration limits is often simplified due to a lack of data and limited monitoring resources. This study analyses the impact of using different time resolutions of input stormwater concentrations when assessing the compliance of SCMs against water quality standards. The behaviour of three indicator micropollutants (MP - Copper, Diuron, Benzo[a]pyrene) was assessed in four SCM archetypes, which were defined to represent typical SCM removal processes. High resolution MP data were extrapolated by using high resolution (2 min) measurements of TSS over a long period (343 events). The compliance assessment showed that high resolution input concentrations can result in a different level of compliance with water quality standards, especially when discharged concentrations are close to the limit values. This study underlines the importance of considering the high temporal variability of stormwater micropollutants when planning and designing SCMs to identify the most effective solutions for stormwater pollution management and to ensure a thorough consideration of all the environmental implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Marie Reinholdt Jensen
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering (DTU Sustain), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet bygn. 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences (RCEES), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), Aarhus, Denmark; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), China
| | - Lena Mutzner
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering (DTU Sustain), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet bygn. 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yuansong Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences (RCEES), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Peter Steen Mikkelsen
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering (DTU Sustain), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet bygn. 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luca Vezzaro
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering (DTU Sustain), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet bygn. 115, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng L, Deng Y. Advancing rainwater treatment technologies for irrigation of urban agriculture: A pathway toward innovation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170087. [PMID: 38232849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Urban agriculture (UA) has emerged for local food security since the 1960s. However, the access to sufficient and safe irrigation water remains a significant constraint. Municipal water supply, though commonly used in UA practices, proves unsustainable due to high costs, intensive energy consumption, and limited availability in many vacant urban spaces. In contrast, rainwater harvesting (RWH) exhibits a potential as a non-traditional water supply for urban farming. This article aims to provide insights into the advantages and challenges associated with RWH for UA irrigation, analyze existing low-cost RWH treatment technologies, and identify a visionary way toward innovative, new-generation RWH treatment processes in UA practices. Despite a promising water source, harvested rainwater is challenged for crop irrigation owing to the presence of various contaminants (e.g., waterborne pathogens, potentially toxic metals and metalloids, and synthetic organic chemicals). While established RWH treatment processes (e.g., first flush diversion, sedimentation, solar disinfection, chlorination, UV irradiation, granular filtration, and bio-sand filtration) can remove certain pollutants, they cannot offer viable treatment solutions for UA irrigation due to different technical, economic, and social restrictions. Particularly, their capacity to reliably remove contaminants of emerging concern in runoff remains limited or uncertain. Consequently, it is essential to develop next-generation RWH treatment technologies tailored specifically for UA irrigation. To this end, three fundamental principles are recommended. First, the focus should be on technically viable, low-cost, simple-operation, and easy-maintenance treatment technologies capable of simultaneously addressing traditional and emerging runoff contaminants, while minimizing the production of undesirable treatment byproducts. Second, advancing the understanding of the water, soil, and crop interactions enables the development of "right" RWH treatment processes for irrigation of "right" crops at a "right" place. Last, crop nutrients, if possible, are retained in rainwater to reduce the nutrient demand for crop production. The insights and perspectives have far-reaching implications for water conservation, stormwater management, and the integration of water, food, and energy systems within the urban environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310023, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Suriyampola PS, Huang AJ, Lopez M, Conroy-Ben O, Martins EP. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of Bisphenol-A linked to loss of visual lateralization in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 268:106862. [PMID: 38359500 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Weak, but environmentally relevant concentrations of contaminants can have subtle, yet important, impacts on organisms, which are often overlooked due to the lack of acute impacts and the timing of exposure. Thus, recognizing simple, non-invasive markers of contamination events is essential for early detection and addressing the effects of exposure to weak environmental contaminants. Here, we tested whether exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of Bisphenol-A (BPA), a common and persistent contaminant in aquatic systems, affects the lateralization of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio), a widely used model organism in ecotoxicology. We found that 73.5% of adult zebrafish displayed a left-side bias when they approached a visual cue, but that those exposed to weak BPA (0.02 mg/L) for 7 days did not exhibit laterality. Only 47.1% displayed a left-side bias. We found no differences in activity level and visual sensitivity, motor and sensory mechanisms, that regulate lateralized responses and that were unaffected by weak BPA exposure. These findings indicate the reliability of laterality as a simple measure of contaminant exposure and for future studies of the detailed mechanisms underlying subtle and complex behavioral effects to pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melissa Lopez
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, AZ, USA
| | - Otakuye Conroy-Ben
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, AZ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Duttagupta S, Nynas K, Richardot W, Salam SB, Pennington M, Wong J, Van De Werfhorst LC, Dodder NG, Novotny T, Sant K, Holden PA, Hoh E. Influence of tobacco product wastes in a protected coastal reserve adjacent to urbanization. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115929. [PMID: 38141586 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study, conducted at the Kendall-Frost Mission Bay Marsh Reserve in San Diego, California, aimed to assess tobacco-related pollutants in urban waters, a topic with limited prior research. Across 26 events occurring between November 2019 and February 2022, encompassing both wet and dry seasons at two outfall sites (Noyes St. and Olney St.), water and sediment samples were subjected to analysis for nicotine and cotinine levels, with Noyes St. displaying wide variation in nicotine concentrations, reaching a peak of 50.75 ng/L in water samples, whereas Olney St. recorded a peak of 1.46 ng/L. Wet seasons consistently had higher nicotine levels in water, suggesting the possibility of tobacco litter entering the reserve through stormwater runoff. Cotinine was detected in both sites in both water and sediment samples; however, these levels were considerably lower in comparison to nicotine concentrations. Limited research assesses aquatic environmental pollution from tobacco use and disposal, especially in protected areas like urban natural reserves. This study was conducted at the Kendall-Frost Mission Bay Marsh Reserve in San Diego, California, to evaluate tobacco-related pollutants in San Diego's urban waters. Twenty-six sampling events between November 2019 and February 2022, spanning wet and dry seasons at two outfall sites, were conducted. Nicotine and cotinine, a major ingredient of tobacco and its metabolite, were analyzed in the collected water and sediment samples. Nicotine concentrations differed substantially between the outfall locations (Noyes St. and Olney St.), with Noyes St. displaying wide variations, averaging at 9.31 (±13.24) ng/L with a maximum concentration of 50.75 ng/L, and Olney St. at 0.53 (±0.41) ng/L with a maximum concentration of 1.46 ng/L in water samples. In both locations, the nicotine concentrations in water samples were higher during wet seasons than dry seasons, and this pattern was more significant at Noyes St. outfall than at Olney St. outfall, which received not only stormwater runoff but also was connected to Mission Bay. Although this pattern did not directly align with sediment nicotine levels at both sites, maximum nicotine concentration in Noyes St. sediments during wet seasons was approximately 120 times higher than in Olney St. sediments. Regarding cotinine, Noyes St. outfall water averaged 3.17 ng/L (±1.88), and Olney St. water averaged 1.09 ng/L (±1.06). Similar to nicotine, the cotinine concentrations were higher in Noyes St. water and sediment compared to Olney St., but overall, the cotinine concentrations in both water and sediment were much lower than the corresponding nicotine concentrations. The study identifies urban stormwater runoff as a potential source of nicotine and cotinine pollution in a protected reserve, implicating tobacco product litter and human tobacco use as contributing factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srimanti Duttagupta
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Katelyn Nynas
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - William Richardot
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Shahrin Binte Salam
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Melissa Pennington
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Jade Wong
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Laurie C Van De Werfhorst
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Thomas Novotny
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Karilyn Sant
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Patricia A Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
O'Brien AM, Laurich JR, Frederickson ME. Evolutionary consequences of microbiomes for hosts: impacts on host fitness, traits, and heritability. Evolution 2024; 78:237-252. [PMID: 37828761 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
An organism's phenotypes and fitness often depend on the interactive effects of its genome (Ghost), microbiome (Gmicrobe), and environment (E). These G × G, G × E, and G × G × E effects fundamentally shape host-microbiome (co)evolution and may be widespread, but are rarely compared within a single experiment. We collected and cultured Lemnaminor (duckweed) and its associated microbiome from 10 sites across an urban-to-rural ecotone. We factorially manipulated host genotype and microbiome in two environments (low and high zinc, an urban aquatic stressor) in an experiment with 200 treatments: 10 host genotypes × 10 microbiomes × 2 environments. Host genotype explained the most variation in L.minor fitness and traits, while microbiome effects often depended on host genotype (G × G). Microbiome composition predicted G × G effects: when compared in more similar microbiomes, duckweed genotypes had more similar effects on traits. Further, host fitness increased and microbes grew faster when applied microbiomes more closely matched the host's field microbiome, suggesting some local adaptation between hosts and microbiota. Finally, selection on and heritability of host traits shifted across microbiomes and zinc exposure. Thus, we found that microbiomes impact host fitness, trait expression, and heritability, with implications for host-microbiome evolution and microbiome breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M O'Brien
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason R Laurich
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Megan E Frederickson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu R, Sin EYY, Zhang K, Xu S, Ruan Y, Mak YL, Yung YK, Sun SWC, Yang R, Lam PKS. Medicating the coast in a metropolitan city: Enantiomeric profiles and joint probabilistic risk assessment of antidepressants and antihistamines. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 184:108434. [PMID: 38237506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are receiving increasing attention as emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment. Herein, we investigated the occurrence of 11 antidepressants, 6 antihistamines and 4 metabolites in treated wastewater effluents, rivers, stormwater, and seawater in Hong Kong, with special focus on chirality. The average levels of ∑pharmaceuticals ranged from 0.525 to 1070 ng/L in all samples and the total annual mass load of target pharmaceuticals in the marine environment of Hong Kong was 756 kg/y. Antihistamines accounted for >80 % of ∑pharmaceuticals, with diphenhydramine and fexofenadine being predominant. The occurrence and enantiomeric profiles of brompheniramine and promethazine sulfoxide were reported in global natural waters for the first time. Among chiral pharmaceuticals, mirtazapine and fexofenadine exhibited R-preference, while others mostly exhibited S-preference, implying that the ecological risks derived from achiral data for chiral pharmaceuticals may be biased. The joint probabilistic risk assessment of fluoxetine revealed that R-fluoxetine and rac-fluoxetine presented different ecological risks from that of S-fluoxetine; Such assessment also revealed that target pharmaceuticals posed only minimal to low risks, except that diphenhydramine posed an intermediate risk. As estimated, 10 % aquatic species will be affected when the environmental level of diphenhydramine exceeds 7.40 ng/L, which was seen in 46.9 % samples. Collectively, this study highlights further investigations on the enantioselectivity of chiral pharmaceuticals, particularly on environmental behavior and ecotoxicity using local aquatic species as target organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongben Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Esther Yan-Yin Sin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China; National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environment in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Shaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yim Ling Mak
- Water Quality Management Group, Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong SAR Government, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ying-Kit Yung
- Water Quality Management Group, Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong SAR Government, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sunny Wai-Choi Sun
- Water Quality Management Group, Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong SAR Government, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Water Quality Management Group, Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong SAR Government, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xia D, Liu L, Zhao B, Xie D, Lu G, Wang R. Application of Nontarget High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Fingerprints for Qualitative and Quantitative Source Apportionment: A Real Case Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:727-738. [PMID: 38100713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) provides extensive chemical data, facilitating the differentiation and quantification of contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) in aquatic environments. This study utilizes liquid chromatography-HRMS for source apportionment in Chebei Stream, an urban water stream in Guangzhou, South China. Initially, 254 features were identified as potential CECs by the nontarget screening (NTS) method. We then established 1689, 1317, and 15,759 source-specific HRMS fingerprints for three distinct sources, the mainstream (C3), the tributary (T2), and the rain runoff (R1), qualitatively assessing the contribution from each source downstream. Subsequently, 32, 55, and 3142 quantitative fingerprints were isolated for sites C3, T2, and R1, respectively, employing dilution curve screening for source attribution. The final contribution estimates downstream from sites C3, T2, and R1 span 32-96, 12-23, and 8-23%, respectively. Cumulative contributions from these sources accurately mirrored actual conditions, fluctuating between 103 and 114% across C6 to C8 sites. Yet, with further tributary integration, the overall source contribution dipped to 52%. The findings from this research present a pioneering instance of applying HRMS fingerprints for qualitative and quantitative source tracking in real-world scenarios, which empowers the development of more effective strategies for environmental protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Xia
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Danping Xie
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Guining Lu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui Wang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Esfandiar N, Suri R, McKenzie ER. Evaluation of sorbent amendments used with stormwater management practices to remove contaminants: Impacts of rainfall intensity and antecedent dry periods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167766. [PMID: 37848142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
For a comprehensive evaluation of the suitability and efficiency of soil amendments in bioretention systems, it is crucial to investigate the capability of amendments for simultaneously serving three important functions under intermittent and variable flow conditions: removing a wide range of contaminants, supporting plant health, and maintaining media infiltration rate. However, most studies have not considered these important factors and conditions simultaneously, which may overestimate or underestimate the bioretention performance. In this study, a long-term vegetated column study was conducted to investigate the ability of various sorbent amendments- coconut coir fiber (CCF), blast furnace slag (BFS), and waste tire crumb rubber (WTCR) -for removal of metals, nutrients, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from stormwater. The experiments were performed under intermittent flow conditions considering different runoff intensities and antecedent dry periods (ADP). The long-term effect of bioretention usage on plant health and media infiltration rate was also investigated. All amended and unamended columns were able to remove >99 % of influent metals, except Cu, over the 7-month experiment period with different rain intensities and dry periods; modest effluent Cu concentrations occurred with higher rainfall. The performance of different media for removing PAHs such as naphthalene and acenaphthylene varied with the rain intensity. The BFS-amended media had high phosphate removal capacity (>90 %) under tested conditions. In all columns, nitrate removal was notably affected by changes in stormwater intensity and ADP, with high nitrate removal during heavy rainfall. Over the entire experiment, all media had good infiltration rate within the locally acceptable range (1-25 cm/h). The high iron and aluminum contents of BFS adversely affected the plant health in BFS-amended media. Overall, this study identifies the opportunities and challenges associated with the usage of bioretention amendments, and improves awareness among bioretention designers to consider seasonal effect on the performance of bioretention systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narges Esfandiar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
| | - Rominder Suri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Erica R McKenzie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hobbie SE, King RA, Belo T, Kalinosky P, Baker LA, Finlay JC, Buyarski CA, Bintner R. Sources of variation in nutrient loads collected through street sweeping in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area, Minnesota, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166934. [PMID: 37709085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Excess non-point nutrient loading continues to impair urban surface waters. Because of the potential contribution of tree litterfall to nutrient pollution in stormwater, street sweeping is a promising management tool for reducing eutrophication in urban and suburban regions. However, nutrient concentrations and loads of material removed through street sweeping have not been well characterized, impeding the development of pollution reduction credits and improvement of models for stormwater management. We evaluated the role of canopy cover over streets, street sweeper type, season, and sweeping frequency in contributing to variation in concentrations and loads of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and solids recovered in street sweepings, using analyses of samples collected during regular street sweeping operations in five cities in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area, Minnesota, USA. We expected that nutrient concentrations and loads would be highest in seasons and places of higher tree litterfall. We also expected that regenerative-air sweepers would recover higher loads compared to mechanical broom sweepers. Total N and P concentrations in sweepings increased most strongly with canopy cover in June, October, and November. Total N and P recovered in street sweepings similarly increased with canopy cover in June, October, and November, and peaked in early summer and autumn, times of high litterfall. In contrast, total dry mass in sweepings was greatest in early spring, following winter snowmelt. However, nutrient loads and concentrations did not differ between sweeper types. Our results add to growing evidence of the importance of street trees in contributing nutrient pollution to urban surface waters. Street sweeping focused on high-canopy streets during early summer and autumn is likely an effective management tool for stormwater nutrient pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Rachel A King
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Tessa Belo
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Paula Kalinosky
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Lawrence A Baker
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jacques C Finlay
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Christopher A Buyarski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Duarte DJ, Zillien C, Kox M, Oldenkamp R, van der Zaan B, Roex E, Ragas AMJ. Characterization of urban sources of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistance genes in a Dutch sewer catchment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167439. [PMID: 37774886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
A one year study was conducted in the city of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, to characterize various urban sources of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) in wastewater within a single sewer catchment. Prevalence of ermB, tet(W), sul1, sul2, intl1, and 16S rRNA gene was determined at 10 locations within the city. Sampling locations included a nursing home, a student residence, a hospital and an industrial area, among others. Wastewater concentrations of 23 antibiotics were measured using passive sampling. Additionally, excreted loads of 22 antibiotics were estimated based on ambulatory prescription and clinical usage data. Genes sul1 and intl1 were most abundant across most locations. Ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin together contributed over 92 % of the total estimated antibiotic selective pressure at all sampling points. The present study highlights the prominent role that hospitals can have in the prevalence and proliferation of ARGs in urban wastewater. Furthermore, results suggest that even short-term changes in the therapeutic regimen prescribed in hospitals may translate into shifting ARG abundance patterns in hospital wastewater. The methods applied present an opportunity to identify emission hotspots and prioritize intervention options to limit ARG spread from urban wastewater to the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Duarte
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Science, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Caterina Zillien
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Science, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Martine Kox
- Deltares, Subsurface and Groundwater Systems, Daltonlaan 600, 3584 KB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rik Oldenkamp
- Department of Global Health-Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Paasheuvelweg 25, 1105 BP Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bas van der Zaan
- Deltares, Subsurface and Groundwater Systems, Daltonlaan 600, 3584 KB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin Roex
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ad M J Ragas
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Science, 6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hua X, Wang D. Exposure to 6-PPD Quinone at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations Inhibits Both Lifespan and Healthspan in C. elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19295-19303. [PMID: 37938123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD), one of the most common additives used in rubber, enters the environment due to significant emissions of tire wear particles. 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) is an important derivative of 6-PPD after ozonization. With concentrations ranging from nanograms per liter to μg/L, 6-PPDQ has so far been identified in a series of water samples. Acute lethality of 6-PPDQ in coho salmon (LC50 < 1 μg/L) was lower than environmental concentrations of 6-PPDQ, highlighting the environment exposure risks of 6-PPDQ. It is becoming increasingly necessary to investigate the potential toxicity of 6-PPDQ at environmental concentrations. Here, we examined the effect of 6-PPDQ exposure on lifespan and healthspan and the underlying mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans. Exposure to 6-PPDQ (1 and 10 μg/L) shortened the lifespan. Meanwhile, during the aging process, 6-PPDQ (0.1-10 μg/L) could decrease both pumping rate and locomotion behavior, suggesting the 6-PPDQ toxicity on healthspan. For the underlying molecular mechanism, the dysregulation in the insulin signaling pathway was linked to toxicity of 6-PPDQ on lifespan and healthspan. In the insulin signaling pathway, DAF-2 restricted the function of DAF-16 to activate downstream targets (SOD-3 and HSP-6), which in turn controlled the toxicity of 6-PPDQ on lifespan and healthspan. Additionally, in response to 6-PPDQ toxicity, insulin peptides (INS-6, INS-7, and DAF-28) could activate the corresponding receptor DAF-2. Therefore, exposure to 6-PPDQ at environmentally relevant concentrations potentially causes damage to both lifespan and healthspan by activating insulin signaling in organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Beryani A, Flanagan K, Viklander M, Blecken GT. Performance of a gross pollutant trap-biofilter and sand filter treatment train for the removal of organic micropollutants from highway stormwater (field study). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165734. [PMID: 37495141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
This field study assessed the occurrence, event mean concentrations (EMCs), and removal of selected organic micro-pollutants (OMPs), namely, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), nonylphenol (NP), 4-t-octylphenol (OP), and bisphenol A (BPA), in a gross pollutant trap (GPT)-biofilter/sand filter stormwater treatment train in Sundsvall, Sweden. The effects of design features of each treatment unit, including pre-sedimentation (GPT), sand filter medium, vegetation, and chalk amendment, were investigated by comparing the units' removal performances. Overall, the treatment train removed most OMPs from highway runoff effectively. The results showed that although the sand filter provided moderate (<50 % for phenolic substances) to high (50-80 % for PAHs and PHCs) removal of OMPs, adding a vegetated soil layer on top of the sand filter considerably improved the removal performance (by at least 30 %), especially for BPA, OP, and suspended solids. Moreover, GTP did not contribute to the treatment significantly. Uncertainties in the removal efficiencies of PAHs and PHCs by the filter cells increased substantially when the ratio of the influent concentration to the limit of quantification decreased. Thus, accounting for such uncertainties due to the low OMP concentrations should be considered when evaluating the removal performance of biofilters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Beryani
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Kelsey Flanagan
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Maria Viklander
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Godecke-Tobias Blecken
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Maas CM, Kaushal SS, Rippy MA, Mayer PM, Grant SB, Shatkay RR, Malin JT, Bhide SV, Vikesland P, Krauss L, Reimer JE, Yaculak AM. Freshwater salinization syndrome limits management efforts to improve water quality. FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2023; 11:1-20. [PMID: 37841559 PMCID: PMC10568995 DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2023.1106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater Salinization Syndrome (FSS) refers to groups of biological, physical, and chemical impacts which commonly occur together in response to salinization. FSS can be assessed by the mobilization of chemical mixtures, termed "chemical cocktails", in watersheds. Currently, we do not know if salinization and mobilization of chemical cocktails along streams can be mitigated or reversed using restoration and conservation strategies. We investigated 1) the formation of chemical cocktails temporally and spatially along streams experiencing different levels of restoration and riparian forest conservation and 2) the potential for attenuation of chemical cocktails and salt ions along flowpaths through conservation and restoration areas. We monitored high-frequency temporal and longitudinal changes in streamwater chemistry in response to different pollution events (i.e., road salt, stormwater runoff, wastewater effluent, and baseflow conditions) and several types of watershed management or conservation efforts in six urban watersheds in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that chemical cocktails which formed along flowpaths (i.e., permanent reaches of a stream) varied due to pollution events. In response to winter road salt applications, the chemical cocktails were enriched in salts and metals (e.g., Na+, Mn, and Cu). During most baseflow and stormflow conditions, chemical cocktails were less enriched in salt ions and trace metals. Downstream attenuation of salt ions occurred during baseflow and stormflow conditions along flowpaths through regional parks, stream-floodplain restorations, and a national park. Conversely, chemical mixtures of salt ions and metals, which formed in response to multiple road salt applications or prolonged road salt exposure, did not show patterns of rapid attenuation downstream. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate variables that influence changes in chemical cocktails along flowpaths. Attenuation and dilution of salt ions and chemical cocktails along stream flowpaths was significantly related to riparian forest buffer width, types of salt pollution, and distance downstream. Although salt ions and chemical cocktails can be attenuated and diluted in response to conservation and restoration efforts at lower concentration ranges, there can be limitations in attenuation during road salt events, particularly if storm drains bypass riparian buffers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carly M. Maas
- Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Sujay S. Kaushal
- Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Megan A. Rippy
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, United States
- Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Paul M. Mayer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Stanley B. Grant
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, United States
- Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ruth R. Shatkay
- Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Joseph T. Malin
- Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Shantanu V. Bhide
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Peter Vikesland
- The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Lauren Krauss
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Jenna E. Reimer
- Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexis M. Yaculak
- Water Sciences and Policy Graduate Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Smalling KL, Romanok KM, Bradley PM, Morriss MC, Gray JL, Kanagy LK, Gordon SE, Williams BM, Breitmeyer SE, Jones DK, DeCicco LA, Eagles-Smith CA, Wagner T. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in United States tapwater: Comparison of underserved private-well and public-supply exposures and associated health implications. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108033. [PMID: 37356308 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Drinking-water quality is a rising concern in the United States (US), emphasizing the need to broadly assess exposures and potential health effects at the point-of-use. Drinking-water exposures to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a national concern, however, there is limited information on PFAS in residential tapwater at the point-of-use, especially from private-wells. We conducted a national reconnaissance to compare human PFAS exposures in unregulated private-well and regulated public-supply tapwater. Tapwater from 716 locations (269 private-wells; 447 public supply) across the US was collected during 2016-2021 including three locations where temporal sampling was conducted. Concentrations of PFAS were assessed by three laboratories and compared with land-use and potential-source metrics to explore drivers of contamination. The number of individual PFAS observed ranged from 1 to 9 (median: 2) with corresponding cumulative concentrations (sum of detected PFAS) ranging from 0.348 to 346 ng/L. Seventeen PFAS were observed at least once with PFBS, PFHxS and PFOA observed most frequently in approximately 15% of the samples. Across the US, PFAS profiles and estimated median cumulative concentrations were similar among private wells and public-supply tapwater. We estimate that at least one PFAS could be detected in about 45% of US drinking-water samples. These detection probabilities varied spatially with limited temporal variation in concentrations/numbers of PFAS detected. Benchmark screening approaches indicated potential human exposure risk was dominated by PFOA and PFOS, when detected. Potential source and land-use information was related to cumulative PFAS concentrations, and the number of PFAS detected; however, corresponding relations with specific PFAS were limited likely due to low detection frequencies and higher detection limits. Information generated supports the need for further assessments of cumulative health risks of PFAS as a class and in combination with other co-occurring contaminants, particularly in unmonitored private-wells where information is limited or not available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tyler Wagner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Beryani A, Flanagan K, Viklander M, Blecken GT. Occurrence and concentrations of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in highway stormwater: a comparative field study in Sweden. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:77299-77317. [PMID: 37253915 PMCID: PMC10299930 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27623-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study details the occurrence and concentrations of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in stormwater collected from a highway bridge catchment in Sweden. The prioritized OMPs were bisphenol-A (BPA), eight alkylphenols, sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and four fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), along with other global parameters, namely, total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, and conductivity (EC). A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was applied to estimate the event mean concentrations (EMC) of OMPs based on intra-event subsamples during eight rain events, and analyze the associated uncertainties. Assessing the occurrence of all OMPs in the catchment and comparing the EMC values with corresponding environmental quality standards (EQSs) revealed that BPA, octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol (NP), five carcinogenic and four non-carcinogenic PAHs, and C16-C40 fractions of PHCs can be problematic for freshwater. On the other hand, alkylphenol ethoxylates (OPnEO and NPnEO), six low molecule weight PAHs, and lighter fractions of PHCs (C10-C16) do not occur at levels that are expected to pose an environmental risk. Our data analysis revealed that turbidity has a strong correlation with PAHs, PHCs, and TSS; and TOC and EC highly associated with BPA concentrations. Furthermore, the EMC error analysis showed that high uncertainty in OMP data can influence the final interpretation of EMC values. As such, some of the challenges that were experienced in the presented research yielded suggestions for future monitoring programs to obtain more reliable data acquisition and analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Beryani
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Kelsey Flanagan
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Maria Viklander
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Godecke-Tobias Blecken
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lukač Reberski J, Selak A, Lapworth DJ, Maurice LD, Terzić J, Civil W, Stroj A. Emerging organic contaminants in springs of the highly karstified Dinaric region. JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY 2023; 621:129583. [PMID: 37334317 PMCID: PMC10273240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) have become of increasing interest due to concerns about their impact on humans and the wider environment. Karst aquifers are globally widespread, providing critical water supplies and sustaining rivers and ecosystems, and are particularly susceptible to pollution. However, EOC distributions in karst remain quite poorly understood. This study looks at the occurrence of EOCs in the Croatian karst, which is an example of the "classical" karst, a highly developed type of karst that occurs throughout the Dinaric region of Europe. Samples were collected from 17 karst springs and one karst lake used for water supply in Croatia during two sampling campaigns. From a screen of 740 compounds, a total of 65 compounds were detected. EOC compounds from the pharmaceutical (n = 26) and agrochemical groups (n = 26) were the most frequently detected, while industrials and artificial sweeteners had the highest concentrations (range 8-440 ng/L). The number of detected compounds and the frequency of detection demonstrate the vulnerability of karst to EOC pollution. Concentrations of 5 compounds (acesulfame, sucralose, perfluorobutane sulfonate, emamectin B1b, and triphenyl phosphate) exceeded EU standards and occurred at concentrations that are likely to be harmful to ecosystems. Overall, most detections were at low concentrations (50 % <1 ng/L). This may be due to high dilution within the exceptionally large springs of the Classical karst, or due to relatively few pollution sources within the catchments. Nevertheless, EOC fluxes are considerable (10 to 106 ng/s) due to the high discharge of the springs. Temporal differences were observed, but without a clear pattern, reflecting the highly variable nature of karst springs that occurs over both seasonal and short-term timescales. This research is one of a handful of regional EOC investigations in karst groundwater, and the first regional study in the Dinaric karst. It demonstrates the need for more frequent and extensive sampling of EOCs in karst to protect human health and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Selak
- Croatian Geological Survey, Milana Sachsa 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dan J. Lapworth
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Louise D. Maurice
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Josip Terzić
- Croatian Geological Survey, Milana Sachsa 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Wayne Civil
- NLS Starcross Lab, Staplake Mount, Starcross, Exeter EX6 8FD, UK
| | - Andrej Stroj
- Croatian Geological Survey, Milana Sachsa 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Langeveld JG, Post J, Makris KF, Palsma B, Kuiper M, Liefting E. Monitoring organic micropollutants in stormwater runoff with the method of fingerprinting. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119883. [PMID: 36989804 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The ecological state of receiving water bodies can be significantly influenced by organic micropollutants that are emitted via stormwater runoff. Reported efforts to quantify the emission of micropollutants mainly focus on sampling at combined sewer overflows and storm sewer outfalls, which can be challenging. An alternative method, called fingerprinting, was developed and tested in this study. The fingerprinting method utilizes wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent samples and derives the proportion of stormwater in a sample. This is achieved by comparing the wet weather vs dry weather concentrations of substances-tracers which are present only in wastewater. It is then possible to estimate the concentration of organic micropollutants in stormwater runoff from measurements in the influent of a WWTP based on a mass balance. In this research, the fingerprinting method was applied in influent samples obtained in five WWTPs in the Netherlands. In total, 28 DWF and 22 WWF samples were used. The chosen tracers were ibuprofen, 2-hydroxyibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac. Subsequently, the concentration in stormwater runoff of 403 organic micropollutants was estimated via the WWF samples. The substances that were present and analyzed included glyphosate and AMPA, 24 out of 254 pesticides, 6 out of 28 organochlorine pesticides, 45 out of 63 pharmaceuticals, 15 out of 15 PAHs, 2 of the 7 PCBs, and 20 of 33 other substances (e.g. bisphenol-A). A comparison with findings from other studies suggested that the fingerprinting method yields trustworthy results. It was also noted that a representative and stable dry weather flow reference concentration is a strict requirement for the successful application of the proposed method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen G Langeveld
- Partners4UrbanWater, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Watermanagement, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Post
- Partners4UrbanWater, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos F Makris
- Partners4UrbanWater, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Watermanagement, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Bert Palsma
- Stichting Toegepast Onderzoek Waterbeheer (Stowa), Postbus 2180, Amersfoort 3800 CD, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie Kuiper
- Waterschap Drents Overijsselse Delta, Dokter van Deenweg 186, Zwolle 8025 BM, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yun D, Kang D, Cho KH, Baek SS, Jeon J. Characterization of micropollutants in urban stormwater using high-resolution monitoring and machine learning. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119865. [PMID: 36934536 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban rainfall events can lead to the runoff of pollutants, including industrial, pesticide, and pharmaceutical chemicals. Transporting micropollutants (MPs) into water systems can harm both human health and aquatic species. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the dynamics of MPs during rainfall events. However, few studies have examined MPs during rainfall events due to the high analytical expenses and extensive spatiotemporal variability. Few studies have investigated the occurrence patterns of MPs and factors that influence their transport, such as rainfall duration, antecedent dry periods, and variations in streamflow. Moreover, while there have been many analyses of nutrients, suspended solids, and heavy metals during the first flush effect (FFE), studies on the transport of MPs during FFE are insufficient. This study aimed to identify the dynamics of MPs and FFE in an urban catchment, using high-resolution monitoring and machine learning methods. Hierarchical clustering analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were implemented to estimate the similarity between each MP and identify the factors influencing their transport during rainfall events. Eleven dominant MPs comprised 75% of the total MP concentration and had a 100% detection frequency. During rainfall events, pesticides and pharmaceutical MPs showed a higher FFE than industrial MPs. Moreover, the initial 30% of the runoff volume contained 78.0% of pesticide and 50.1% of pharmaceutical substances for events W1 (July 5 to July 6, 2021) and W6 (August 31 to September 1, 2021), respectively. The PLSR model suggested that stormflow (m3/s) and the duration of antecedent dry hours (h) significantly influenced MP dynamics, yielding the variable importance on projection scores greater than 1.0. Hence, our findings indicate that MPs in urban waters should be managed by considering FFE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Yun
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwondaehak-ro 20, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea.
| | - Junho Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwondaehak-ro 20, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Smart and Green Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Müller A, Österlund H, Nordqvist K, Marsalek J, Viklander M. Releases of micropollutants from building surface materials into rainwater and snowmelt induced runoff. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138730. [PMID: 37080475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Building surface materials, exposed to wash-off by rainwater or snowmelt, are recognised as one of the significant urban diffuse pollution sources contributing to the impairment of stormwater quality. The pollution conveyed by roof runoff originates from two potential sources, migration of surface material constituents, or wash-off of pollutants deposited on the surface by atmospheric deposition. This study investigated the releases of metals and several groups of contaminants of emerging concern: alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates, and phthalates, from commercially available materials, which are commonly used on buildings and structure surfaces in the urban environment. The materials tested included the following: metal sheets of stainless steel, copper, zinc, galvanised steel, corten steel, corrugated and coated steel, coated zinc; and bitumen-based roofing felt and shingles, as well as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) from two manufacturers. The stainless steel was considered a control material serving to estimate pollutant contributions deposited on the pilot panels from the surrounding environment. Moreover, this study presents novel data on roof snowmelt induced runoff quality, not reported in the previous literature. The experimental setup consisted of 2-m2 rectangular panels mounted in triplicates of each material and placed in an open-air setting on the campus of Luleå University of Technology, Sweden. Runoff leaving the gently sloping material panels was collected during 11 rain and three snowmelt driven runoff events occurring over a five-year period. The results showed that, in general, the micropollutant concentrations and loads were lower in snowmelt than rain induced runoff, and no decreasing trend was detected in the releases of phthalates or metals during the study period. Moreover, on a yearly basis, copper sheets were estimated to release 0.6 g/m2 Cu to runoff, zinc and galvanised sheets 1.3 and 0.7 g/m2 Zn, respectively, and, PVC sheets were estimated to release up to 78 mg/m2 of diisononyl phthalate (DINP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Müller
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Heléne Österlund
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Nordqvist
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Jiri Marsalek
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Maria Viklander
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhao HN, Hu X, Tian Z, Gonzalez M, Rideout CA, Peter KT, Dodd MC, Kolodziej EP. Transformation Products of Tire Rubber Antioxidant 6PPD in Heterogeneous Gas-Phase Ozonation: Identification and Environmental Occurrence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5621-5632. [PMID: 36996351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
6PPD, a tire rubber antioxidant, poses substantial ecological risks because it can form a highly toxic quinone transformation product (TP), 6PPD-quinone (6PPDQ), during exposure to gas-phase ozone. Important data gaps exist regarding the structures, reaction mechanisms, and environmental occurrence of TPs from 6PPD ozonation. To address these data gaps, gas-phase ozonation of 6PPD was conducted over 24-168 h and ozonation TPs were characterized using high-resolution mass spectrometry. The probable structures were proposed for 23 TPs with 5 subsequently standard-verified. Consistent with prior findings, 6PPDQ (C18H22N2O2) was one of the major TPs in 6PPD ozonation (∼1 to 19% yield). Notably, 6PPDQ was not observed during ozonation of 6QDI (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-quinonediimine), indicating that 6PPDQ formation does not proceed through 6QDI or associated 6QDI TPs. Other major 6PPD TPs included multiple C18H22N2O and C18H22N2O2 isomers, with presumptive N-oxide, N,N'-dioxide, and orthoquinone structures. Standard-verified TPs were quantified in roadway-impacted environmental samples, with total concentrations of 130 ± 3.2 μg/g in methanol extracts of tire tread wear particles (TWPs), 34 ± 4 μg/g-TWP in aqueous TWP leachates, 2700 ± 1500 ng/L in roadway runoff, and 1900 ± 1200 ng/L in roadway-impacted creeks. These data demonstrate that 6PPD TPs are likely an important and ubiquitous class of contaminants in roadway-impacted environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Nina Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Ximin Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Melissa Gonzalez
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Craig A Rideout
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Katherine T Peter
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Michael C Dodd
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lebon Y, François C, Navel S, Vallier F, Guillard L, Pinasseau L, Oxarango L, Volatier L, Mermillod-Blondin F. Aquifer recharge by stormwater infiltration basins: Hydrological and vadose zone characteristics control the impacts of basins on groundwater chemistry and microbiology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161115. [PMID: 36581297 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater infiltration systems (SIS) are designed to collect and infiltrate urban stormwater runoff into the ground for flood risk mitigation and artificial aquifer recharge. Many studies have demonstrated that infiltration practices can impact groundwater chemistry and microbiology. However, quantitative assessments of the hydrogeological factors responsible of these changes remain scarce. Thus, the present study aimed to quantitatively test whether changes of groundwater chemistry and microbiology induced by SIS were linked to two factors associated with vadose zone properties (vadose zone thickness, water transit time from surface to groundwater) and one factor associated with groundwater recharge rate (assessed by groundwater table elevation during rain events). To evaluate changes in chemistry (NO3-, PO43- and dissolved organic carbon concentrations), groundwater samples were collected in wells located in SIS-impacted and non-SIS-impacted zones during experimental periods of 10 days. During the same periods, clay beads were incubated in the same wells to measure changes of groundwater microbial biofilms (microbial biomass, dehydrogenase and hydrolytic activities) induced by SIS. Results showed that changes in PO43- supplied to groundwater during stormwater infiltration was negatively correlated with vadose zone thickness. A short water transit time from surface to groundwater increased dissolved organic carbon concentrations in the aquifer which, in turn, increased biofilm biomasses in groundwater. The groundwater recharge rate during rain events (assessed by groundwater table elevation) diluted NO3- concentrations in the aquifer but also influenced the changes of biofilm activities induced by SIS. Groundwater recharge rate during rain events probably increased the fluxes of water and dissolved organic carbon in groundwater, stimulating the activity of microbial biofilms. Overall, the present study is the first to quantify conjointly several factors and processes (water transfer, dilution, solute fluxes) that could explain the impact of stormwater infiltration on chemistry and/or microbiology in groundwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Lebon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clémentine François
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Simon Navel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Félix Vallier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ludovic Guillard
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lucie Pinasseau
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Oxarango
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Volatier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Florian Mermillod-Blondin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Herzog SP, Galloway J, Banks EW, Posselt M, Jaeger A, Portmann A, Sahm R, Kusebauch B, Lewandowski J, Ward AS. Combined Surface-Subsurface Stream Restoration Structures Can Optimize Hyporheic Attenuation of Stream Water Contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4153-4166. [PMID: 36853955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a design-to-function knowledge gap regarding how engineered stream restoration structures can maximize hyporheic contaminant attenuation. Surface and subsurface structures have each been studied in isolation as techniques to restore hyporheic exchange, but surface-subsurface structures have not been investigated or optimized in an integrated manner. Here, we used a numerical model to systematically evaluate key design variables for combined surface (i.e., weir height and length) and subsurface (i.e., upstream and downstream baffle plate spacing) structures. We also compared performance metrics that place differing emphasis on hyporheic flux versus transit times. We found that surface structures tended to create higher flux, shorter transit time flowpaths, whereas subsurface structures promoted moderate-flux, longer transit time flowpaths. Optimal combined surface-subsurface structures could increase fluxes and transit times simultaneously, thus providing conditions for contaminant attenuation that were many times more effective than surface or subsurface structures alone. All performance metrics were improved by the presence of an upstream plate and the absence of a downstream plate. Increasing the weir length tended to improve all metrics, whereas the optimal weir height varied based on metrics. These findings may improve stream restoration by better aligning specific restoration goals with appropriate performance metrics and hyporheic structure designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skuyler P Herzog
- Natural Resources Program, Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, College of Forestry, Oregon State University-Cascades, Bend, Oregon 97702, United States
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jason Galloway
- Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Geography Department, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eddie W Banks
- National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, and College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Malte Posselt
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Jaeger
- Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Geography Department, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Portmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Hydrologic Science and Engineering Program, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - René Sahm
- Section IV 2.5 - Trace Analysis, Artificial Ponds and Streams, German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), 12307 Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Kusebauch
- Section IV 2.5 - Trace Analysis, Artificial Ponds and Streams, German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), 12307 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Lewandowski
- Department of Ecohydrology and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Geography Department, Humboldt University of Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adam S Ward
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Biological and Ecological Engineering Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tongu SM, Sha’Ato R, Wase GA, Okonkwo JO, Vesuwe RN. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in city drains in Makurdi, central Nigeria: Seasonal variations, source apportionment and risk assessment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14324. [PMID: 36950572 PMCID: PMC10025036 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A study of seasonal variation, sources and potential risks of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in open city drains in Makurdi, Central Nigeria was carried out. OCPs and PCBs were quantified using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The total (∑8OCPs) concentrations (ngL-1) of OCPs in water was 2.99 with a mean ± SD of 0.75 ± 0.12 during wet season, while during dry season, the values were 11.43 and 2.86 ± 1.54 respectively. In sediment, the total concentration (ngg-1) of OCPs was 5270.66 with a mean ± SD of 1756.89 ± 450.01 during wet season and a total concentration of 5837.93 and the mean ± SD of 1945.98 ± 646.04, during dry season. Source apportionment of OCPs suggested historic application of the pollutants. The total (∑7PCBs) concentration (ngL-1) of PCBs in water was 0.24 with a mean ± SD of 0.03 ± 0.02 during wet season and a total concentration of 0.61 with a mean ± SD of 0.09 ± 0.11 during dry season. The total concentration (ngg-1) of PCBs in sediment was 37.88, mean ± SD of 5.41 ± 5.93 during wet season and a total of 47.07 and mean ± SD of 6.72 ± 7.27 during dry season. Ecological risk assessment based on effect range low (ERL) and effect range median (ERM) or threshold effect level (TEL) and probable effect level (PEL) that ecological risks were possible for some OCPs in this study, which calls for source control and remediation of the affected sites. Toxicity equivalency (TEQ) of PCB-118, the dioxin-like congener, indicated that it was most harmful to humans/mammals followed by birds, then fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester M. Tongu
- Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
- Corresponding author.
| | - Rufus Sha’Ato
- Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
| | - Geoffrey A. Wase
- Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
| | - Jonathan O. Okonkwo
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Rebecca N. Vesuwe
- Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Distribution and source assignments of polycyclic aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in sediments and biota of the Lafayette River, VA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:47527-47543. [PMID: 36740615 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Lafayette River comprises a tidal sub-estuary constrained by an urban watershed that is bounded by residential areas at its upper reaches and port activity at its mouth. We determined the concentrations and distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aliphatic n-alkanes across 19 sites from headwaters to river mouth in surface sediments (0-2 cm). Potential atmospheric sources were investigated through the analysis of wet and dry deposition samples and intact coals from a major export terminal nearby. The potential consequences for human consumption were examined through analysis of native oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and blue crab tissues (Callinectes sapidus). A suite of up to 66 parent and alkyl-substituted PAHs were detected in Lafayette sediments with total concentrations ranging from 0.75 to 39.00 µg g-1 dry wt. Concentrations of aliphatic n-alkanes (n-C16 - n-C31) ranged from 4.94 to 40.83 μg g-1 dry wt. Source assignment using diagnostic ratios and multivariate source analysis suggests multiple sources contribute to the hydrocarbon signature in this metropolitan system with automotive and atmospheric transport of coal dust as the major contributors. Oyster tissues showed similar trends as PAHs observed in sediments indicating similar sources to water column particles which ultimately accumulate in sediments with crabs showing altered distributions as a consequence of metabolism.
Collapse
|
35
|
Nagorzanski M, Qian J, Martinez A, Cwiertny DM. Electrospun nanofiber mats as sorbents for polar emerging organic contaminants: Demonstrating tailorable material performance for uptake of neonicotinoid insecticides from water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 9:100219. [PMID: 37006725 PMCID: PMC10063225 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The number and diversity of chemical contaminants in aquatic environments require versatile technologies for their removal. Here we fabricated various electrospun nanofiber mats (ENMs) and tested their ability to sorb six neonicotinoid insecticides, a model family of small, polar contaminants. ENM formulations were polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or carbon nanofibers (CNF; carbonized from PAN), with additives including carbon nanotubes (CNTs; with and without surface carboxyl groups), the cationic surfactant tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (TBAB), and/or phthalic acid (PTA; a CNF porogen). While sorption on pure PAN ENMs was low [equilibrium partition coefficients (K ENM-W ) from 0.9 to 1.2 log units (L/kg)], inclusion of CNTs and/or TBAB generally increased uptake in an additive fashion, with carboxylated CNT composites outperforming non-functionalized CNT analogs. CNF ENMs exhibited as much as a tenfold increase relative to PAN for neonicotinoid sorption, which increased with carbonization temperature. Ultimately, the optimal ENM (CNFs with carboxylated-CNTs, PTA, and carbonized at 800 °C) exhibited relatively fast uptake (equilibrium < 1 day without mixing) and surface-area-normalized capacities comparable to other carbonaceous sorbents (e.g., activated carbon). Collectively, this work demonstrates the versatility of electrospinning to produce novel sorbents specifically designed to target emerging chemical classes for applications including water treatment and passive sampling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Nagorzanski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Jiajie Qian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, United States
| | - Andres Martinez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - David M. Cwiertny
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, United States
- Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- Public Policy Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mitchell CJ, Jayakaran AD, McIntyre JK. Biochar and fungi as bioretention amendments for bacteria and PAH removal from stormwater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 327:116915. [PMID: 36462489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention has been widely used to mitigate hydrologic impacts of stormwater runoff and is increasingly being relied upon to treat chemical and biological pollutants transported by stormwater. Despite this reliance, we still lack an understanding of treatment performance for certain organic and biological contaminants which may interact with biotic and abiotic components of bioretention systems. We evaluated the treatment of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in stormwater runoff by bioretention. We compared treatment performance by Washington's standard bioretention mix of 60% sand: 40% compost (by volume), and by three other mixtures amended with biochar, fungi (Stropharia rugosoannulata), or both. All bioretention columns were conditioned with clean water and then dosed with collected roadway runoff at a rate equivalent to a 6 month, 24 h storm in this region during 8 events over a 14-month period. Effluents for each column were analyzed for 23 PAHs, Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and total suspended solids (TSS). The fate and transport of PAHs within the bioretention columns was tracked by measuring soil PAHs in media cores taken from the columns. ΣPAH were almost completely removed by all treatments across all storms, with removal rates ranging from 97 to 100% for 94 out of 96 samples. Compost appeared to be a source of PAHs in bioretention media, as biochar-amended media initially contained half the ΣPAHs as treatments with the standard 60:40 sand:compost mixture. We observed a net loss of ΣPAHs (19-73%) in bioretention media across the study, which could not be explained by PAHs in the effluent, suggesting that bioremediation by microbes and/or plants attenuated media PAHs. E. coli and fecal coliform were exported in the first dosing event, but all columns achieved some treatment in subsequent dosing events. Overall, these findings suggest that PAHs in stormwater can be remediated with bioretention, are unlikely to accumulate in bioretention media, and that biochar amendments can improve the treatment of E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea J Mitchell
- Washington State University-Puyallup, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA
| | - Anand D Jayakaran
- Washington State University-Puyallup, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA.
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- Washington State University-Puyallup, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA, 98371, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chen L, Yan X, Zhou X, Peng P, Sun Q, Zhao F. Advances in the on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of emerging organic contaminants. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
|
38
|
Prieto-Espinoza M, Di Chiara Roupert R, Belfort B, Weill S, Imfeld G. Reactive transport of micropollutants in laboratory aquifers undergoing transient exposure periods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159170. [PMID: 36198349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater quality is of increasing concern due to the ubiquitous occurrence of micropollutant mixtures. Stream-groundwater interactions near agricultural and urban areas represent an important entry pathway of micropollutants into shallow aquifers. Here, we evaluated the biotransformation of a micropollutant mixture (i.e., caffeine, metformin, atrazine, terbutryn, S-metolachlor and metalaxyl) during lateral stream water flow to adjacent groundwater. We used an integrative approach combining concentrations and transformation products (TPs) of the micropollutants, compound-specific isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N), sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and reactive transport modeling. Duplicate laboratory aquifers (160 cm × 80 cm × 7 cm) were fed with stream water and subjected over 140 d to three successive periods of micropollutant exposures as pulse-like (6000 μg L-1) and constant (600 μg L-1) injections under steady-state conditions. Atrazine, terbutryn, S-metolachlor and metalaxyl persisted in both aquifers during all periods (<10 % attenuation). Metformin attenuation (up to 14 %) was only observed from 90 d onwards, suggesting enhanced degradation over time. In contrast, caffeine dissipated during all injection periods (>90 %), agreeing with fast degradation rates (t1/2 < 3 d) in parallel microcosm experiments and detection of TPs (theobromine and xanthine). Significant stable carbon isotope fractionation (Δδ13C ≥ 6.6 ‰) was observed for caffeine in both aquifers, whereas no enrichment in 15N occurred. A concentration dependence of caffeine biotransformation in the aquifers was further suggested by model simulations following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Changes in bacterial community composition reflected long-term bacterial adaptation to micropollutant exposures. Altogether, the use of an integrative approach can help to understand the interplay of subsurface hydrochemistry, bacterial adaptations and micropollutants biotransformation during stream-groundwater interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prieto-Espinoza
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Raphaël Di Chiara Roupert
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benjamin Belfort
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvain Weill
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS/EOST, ITES UMR 7063, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Masoner JR, Kolpin DW, Cozzarelli IM, Bradley PM, Arnall BB, Forshay KJ, Gray JL, Groves JF, Hladik ML, Hubbard LE, Iwanowicz LR, Jaeschke JB, Lane RF, McCleskey RB, Polite BF, Roth DA, Pettijohn MB, Wilson MC. Contaminant Exposure and Transport from Three Potential Reuse Waters within a Single Watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1353-1365. [PMID: 36626647 PMCID: PMC9878729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Global demand for safe and sustainable water supplies necessitates a better understanding of contaminant exposures in potential reuse waters. In this study, we compared exposures and load contributions to surface water from the discharge of three reuse waters (wastewater effluent, urban stormwater, and agricultural runoff). Results document substantial and varying organic-chemical contribution to surface water from effluent discharges (e.g., disinfection byproducts [DBP], prescription pharmaceuticals, industrial/household chemicals), urban stormwater (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, nonprescription pharmaceuticals), and agricultural runoff (e.g., pesticides). Excluding DBPs, episodic storm-event organic concentrations and loads from urban stormwater were comparable to and often exceeded those of daily wastewater-effluent discharges. We also assessed if wastewater-effluent irrigation to corn resulted in measurable effects on organic-chemical concentrations in rain-induced agricultural runoff and harvested feedstock. Overall, the target-organic load of 491 g from wastewater-effluent irrigation to the study corn field during the 2019 growing season did not produce substantial dissolved organic-contaminant contributions in subsequent rain-induced runoff events. Out of the 140 detected organics in source wastewater-effluent irrigation, only imidacloprid and estrone had concentrations that resulted in observable differences between rain-induced agricultural runoff from the effluent-irrigated and nonirrigated corn fields. Analyses of pharmaceuticals and per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances in at-harvest corn-plant samples detected two prescription antibiotics, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, at concentrations of 36 and 70 ng/g, respectively, in effluent-irrigated corn-plant samples; no contaminants were detected in noneffluent irrigated corn-plant samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Masoner
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma 73116, United States
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | | | - Paul M. Bradley
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States
| | - Brian B. Arnall
- Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Forshay
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma 74820, United States
| | - James L. Gray
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Justin F. Groves
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma 74820, United States
| | | | | | - Luke R. Iwanowicz
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Kearneysville, West Virginia, 25430, United States
| | | | - Rachael F. Lane
- U.S. Geological
Survey, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | | | | | - David A. Roth
- U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Breitmeyer SE, Walsh HL, Blazer VS, Bunnell JF, Burritt PM, Dragon J, Hladik ML, Bradley PM, Romanok KM, Smalling KL. Potential health effects of contaminant mixtures from point and nonpoint sources on fish and frogs in the New Jersey Pinelands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158205. [PMID: 36028019 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems convey complex contaminant mixtures from anthropogenic pollution on a global scale. Point (e.g., municipal wastewater) and nonpoint sources (e.g., stormwater runoff) are both drivers of contaminant mixtures in aquatic habitats. The objectives of this study were to identify the contaminant mixtures present in surface waters impacted by both point and nonpoint sources, to determine if aquatic biota (amphibian and fish) health effects (testicular oocytes and parasites) occurred at these sites, and to understand if differences in biological and chemical measures existed between point (on-stream) and nonpoint sources (off-stream). To accomplish this, water chemistry, fishes, and frogs were collected from 21 sites in the New Jersey Pinelands, United States. Off-stream sites consisted of 3 reference and 10 degraded wetlands. On-stream sites consisted of two reference lakes and six degraded streams/lakes (four sites above and two sites below wastewater outfalls). Surface water was collected four times at each site and analyzed for 133 organic and inorganic contaminants. One native and five non-native fish species were collected from streams/lakes and native green frogs from wetlands (ponds and stormwater basins). Limited differences in contaminant concentrations were observed in reference and degraded wetlands but for streams/lakes, results indicated that landscape alteration, (upland agricultural and developed land) was the primary driver of contaminant concentrations rather than municipal wastewater. Incidence of estrogenic endocrine disruption (intersex) was species dependent with the highest prevalence observed in largemouth bass and black crappie and the lowest prevalence observed in green frogs and tessellated darters. Parasite prevalence was site and species dependent. Prevalence of eye parasites increased with increasing concentrations of industrial, mycotoxin, and cumulative inorganic contaminants. These findings are critical to support the conservation, protection, and management of a wide range of aquatic species in the Pinelands and elsewhere as habitat loss, alteration, and fragmentation increase with increasing development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Breitmeyer
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA.
| | - Heather L Walsh
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
| | - Vicki S Blazer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
| | - John F Bunnell
- New Jersey Pinelands Commission, PO Box 359, 15 Springfield Road, New Lisbon, NJ 08064, USA
| | - Patrick M Burritt
- New Jersey Pinelands Commission, PO Box 359, 15 Springfield Road, New Lisbon, NJ 08064, USA
| | - Jeff Dragon
- New Jersey Pinelands Commission, PO Box 359, 15 Springfield Road, New Lisbon, NJ 08064, USA
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J St, Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, 720 Gracern Rd, Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210, USA
| | - Kristin M Romanok
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Kelly L Smalling
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Scharpf I, Cichocka S, Le DT, von Mikecz A. Peripheral neuropathy, protein aggregation and serotonergic neurotransmission: Distinctive bio-interactions of thiacloprid and thiamethoxam in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120253. [PMID: 36155223 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to worldwide production, sales and application, neonicotinoids dominate the global use of insecticides. While, neonicotinoids are considered as pinpoint neurotoxicants that impair cholinergic neurotransmission in pest insects, the sublethal effects on nontarget organisms and other neurotransmitters remain poorly understood. Thus, we investigated long-term neurological outcomes in the decomposer nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In the adult roundworm the neonicotinoid thiacloprid impaired serotonergic and dopaminergic neuromuscular behaviors, while respective exposures to thiamethoxam showed no effects. Thiacloprid caused a concentration-dependent delay of the transition between swimming and crawling locomotion that is controlled by dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. Age-resolved analyses revealed that impairment of locomotion occurred in young as well as middle-aged worms. Treatment with exogenous serotonin rescued thiacloprid-induced swimming deficits in young worms, whereas additional exposure with silica nanoparticles enhanced the reduction of swimming behavior. Delay of forward locomotion was partly caused by a new paralysis pattern that identified thiacloprid as an agent promoting a specific rigidity of posterior body wall muscle cells and peripheral neuropathy in the nematode (lowest-observed-effect-level 10 ng/ml). On the molecular level exposure with thiacloprid accelerated protein aggregation in body wall muscle cells of polyglutamine disease reporter worms indicating proteotoxic stress. The results from the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans show that assessment of neurotoxicity by neonicotinoids requires acknowledgment and deeper research into dopaminergic and serotonergic neurochemistry of nontarget organisms. Likewise, it has to be considered more that different neonicotinoids may promote diverse neural end points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Scharpf
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine GmbH, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sylwia Cichocka
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine GmbH, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Dang Tri Le
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine GmbH, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna von Mikecz
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine GmbH, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Furén R, Flanagan K, Winston RJ, Tirpak RA, Dorsey JD, Viklander M, Blecken GT. Occurrence, concentration, and distribution of 38 organic micropollutants in the filter material of 12 stormwater bioretention facilities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157372. [PMID: 35850337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of bioretention facilities as a low impact development measure for treating stormwater runoff underscores the need to further understand their long-term function. Eventually, bioretention filter media must be (partly) replaced and disposed of at the end of its functional lifespan. While there are several studies of metal accumulation and distributions in bioretention media, less is known about organic pollutant pathways and accumulation in these filters. The present study considers the occurrence and accumulation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 7 polychlorinated biphenyls, 13 phthalates, and two alkylphenols throughout 12 older bioretention facilities (7-13 years old) used for stormwater treatment in Michigan and Ohio, USA. These pollutant groups appear to behave similarly, with greater instances of detection and higher concentrations in the upper media layers which decrease with increased depth from the surface. The patterns of detection and concentration in the filter material may be explained by characteristics of the pollutants, such as molecular structures and solubility that affect the removal of the organic pollutants by the filter material. There is also a large variation in concentration magnitudes between the bioretention sites, most likely due to differences in pollutant sources, contributing catchment size and/or land uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Furén
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden; NCC Sverige AB, Department of Research & Innovation, 170 80 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Kelsey Flanagan
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ryan J Winston
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - R Andrew Tirpak
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jay D Dorsey
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Maria Viklander
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Godecke-Tobias Blecken
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Teixidó M, Charbonnet JA, LeFevre GH, Luthy RG, Sedlak DL. Use of pilot-scale geomedia-amended biofiltration system for removal of polar trace organic and inorganic contaminants from stormwater runoff. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 226:119246. [PMID: 36288663 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater runoff capture and groundwater recharge can provide a sustainable means of augmenting the local water resources in water-stressed cities while simultaneously mitigating flood risk, provided that these processes do not compromise groundwater quality. We developed and tested for one year an innovative pilot-scale stormwater treatment train that employs cost-effective engineered geomedia in a continuous-flow unit-process system to remove contaminants from urban runoff during aquifer recharge. The system consisted of an iron-enhanced sand filter for phosphate removal, a woodchip bioreactor for nitrate removal coupled to an aeration step, and columns packed with different configurations of biochar- and manganese oxide-containing sand to remove trace metals and persistent, mobile, and toxic trace organic contaminants. During conditioning with authentic stormwater runoff over an extended period (8 months), the woodchip bioreactor removed 98% of the influent nitrate (9 g-N m-3 d-1), while phosphate broke through the iron-enhanced sand filter. During the challenge test (4 months), geomedia removed more than 80% of the mass of metals and trace organic compounds. Column hydraulic performance was stable during the entire study, and the weathered biochar and manganese oxide were effective at removing trace organic contaminants and metals, respectively. Under conditions likely encountered in the field, sustained nutrient removal is probable, but polar organic compounds such as 2,4-D could breakthrough after about a decade for conditions at the study site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Teixidó
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Geosciences, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia 08034, Spain
| | - Joseph A Charbonnet
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Gregory H LeFevre
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Richard G Luthy
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - David L Sedlak
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center, Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
He Y, Zhang Y, Ju F. Metformin Contamination in Global Waters: Biotic and Abiotic Transformation, Byproduct Generation and Toxicity, and Evaluation as a Pharmaceutical Indicator. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13528-13545. [PMID: 36107956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line antidiabetic drug and one of the most prescribed medications worldwide. Because of its ubiquitous occurrence in global waters and demonstrated ecotoxicity, metformin, as with other pharmaceuticals, has become a concerning emerging contaminant. Metformin is subject to transformation, producing numerous problematic transformation byproducts (TPs). The occurrence, removal, and toxicity of metformin have been continually reviewed; yet, a comprehensive analysis of its transformation pathways, byproduct generation, and the associated change in adverse effects is lacking. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the transformation fate of metformin during water treatments and natural processes and compile the 32 organic TPs generated from biotic and abiotic pathways. These TPs occur in aquatic systems worldwide along with metformin. Enhanced toxicity of several TPs compared to metformin has been demonstrated through organism tests and necessitates the development of complete mineralization techniques for metformin and more attention on TP monitoring. We also assess the potential of metformin to indicate overall contamination of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments, and compared to the previously acknowledged ones, metformin is found to be a more robust or comparable indicator of such overall pharmaceutical contamination. In addition, we provide insightful avenues for future research on metformin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhen He
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Feng Ju
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 310024, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Johannessen C, Metcalfe CD. The occurrence of tire wear compounds and their transformation products in municipal wastewater and drinking water treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:731. [PMID: 36066775 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, 29 chemicals derived from tire wear were monitored by deploying Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) in four WWTPs and two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) located in a municipality in southern Ontario, Canada. Target analytes included 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG), the oxidation byproduct of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-1,4-benzenediamine called 6PPD-quinone, hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM), and 26 of HMMM's known transformation products (TPs). This study is the first to monitor all these target compounds in DWTPs, as well as to report data for the presence of 6PPD-quinone in WWTPs. HMMM and selected TPs of this compound were detected in POCIS deployed in the WWTPs and in the DWTPs. The maximum estimated time-weighted average (TWA) concentration of HMMM of 83.2 ± 25.2 ng/L was observed in the effluent of one of the WWTPs. The TWA concentrations were not determined for any of the other target analytes, as POCIS sampling rates have not been determined for these chemicals. The total mass of HMMM and its TPs accumulated on POCIS frequently exceeded 4000 ng and the masses were generally lower in WWTP effluents relative to the influents. For other target analytes, the amounts accumulated on POCIS deployed in WWTP effluents frequently exceeded the amounts accumulated on POCIS deployed in the influents. DPG was detected in POCIS deployed in both the WWTPs and the DWTPs, and 6PPD-quinone was detected in POCIS deployed in both the influent and the effluent of WWTPs. We speculate that these tire wear compounds are entering WWTPs through stormwater overflows into the sewers or from commercial sources (e.g., car washes). This study highlights the need for an assessment of both WWTPs and DWTPs as sinks and sources of these tire wear compounds and the efficacy of treatment processes to remove them from both wastewater and drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris D Metcalfe
- Water Quality Center, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cao Y, Xu S, Zhang K, Lin H, Wu R, Lao JY, Tao D, Liu M, Leung KMY, Lam PKS. Spatiotemporal occurrence of phthalate esters in stormwater drains of Hong Kong, China: Mass loading and source identification. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119683. [PMID: 35772618 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Urban stormwater is an important pathway for transporting anthropogenic pollutants to water bodies. Phthalate esters (PAEs) are endocrine disruptors owing to their estrogenic activity and potential carcinogenicity and their ubiquitous presence has garnered global interest. However, their transportation by urban stormwater has been largely overlooked. This study, for the first time, investigated 15 PAEs in stormwater from six major stormwater drains in the highly urbanized Hong Kong, a major metropolitan city in China. The results showed that PAEs were ubiquitous in the stormwater of Hong Kong, with total concentrations (∑15PAEs) spanning from 195 to 80,500 ng/L. Bis(2-n-butoxyethyl) phthalate (DBEP), diisopentyl phthalate (DiPP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and di-n-pentyl phthalate (DnPP) were detected in stormwater for the first time. Spatial variations in PAEs were observed among different stormwater drains, possibly due to the different land use patterns and intensities of human activities in their respective catchments. The highest and lowest levels of ∑15PAEs were found in Kwai Chung (3860 ± 1960 ng/L) and the Ng Tung River (672 ± 557 ng/L), respectively. Additionally, significantly higher concentrations of ∑15PAEs in stormwater were found in the wet season (2520 ± 2050 ng/L) than in the dry season (947 ± 904 ng/L). Principal component analysis classified domestic and industrial origins as two important sources of PAEs in the stormwater of Hong Kong. Stormwater played a crucial role in transporting PAEs, with an estimated annual flux of 0.705-29.4 kg. Thus, possible stormwater management measures were proposed to protect the receiving environment and local ecosystems from stormwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR, 999078, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, The City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Huiju Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rongben Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jia-Yong Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Danyang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, China; Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Müller A, Österlund H, Marsalek J, Viklander M. Exploiting urban roadside snowbanks as passive samplers of organic micropollutants and metals generated by traffic. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119723. [PMID: 35810982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater and snowmelt runoff is known to contribute to the deterioration of quality of urban surface waters. Vehicular traffic is recognised as a major source of a wide range of pollutants to urban runoff, including conventional pollutants, such as suspended solids and metals, and those referred to as 'contaminants of emerging concern'. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of selected metal(loid)s (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Pd, Sb, W, Zn), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nonylphenols, octylphenols and -ethoxylates, phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) from vehicular traffic by sampling urban roadside snow at eight sites, with varying traffic intensities, and one control site without direct impacts of traffic. Our results confirmed that vehicles and traffic-related activities were the sources of octylphenols, BPA and phthalates as well as the metal(loid)s Sb and W, infrequently reported in previous studies. Among metal(loid)s, Cu, Zn and W occurred in the highest concentrations (up to 1.2 mg/L Cu, 2.4 mg/L Zn and 1.9 mg/L W), while PAHs and phthalates occurred in the highest concentrations among the trace organic pollutants (up to 540 μg/L phthalate diisononyl phthalate). Among the phthalates, di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate had the highest frequency of detection (43% of the roadside samples). While BPA and octylphenols had relatively high frequencies of detection (50% for BPA and 81% for octylphenols), they were present in comparatively low concentrations (up to 0.2 μg/L BPA and 1.1 μg/L octylphenols). The control site displayed generally low concentrations of the pollutants studied, indicating that atmospheric deposition was not a significant source of the pollutants found in the roadside snow. Several of the pollutants in the roadside snow exceeded the applicable surface water and stormwater effluent guideline values. Thus, the transport of these pollutants with runoff posed risk of causing adverse effects in the receiving surface waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Müller
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Heléne Österlund
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Jiri Marsalek
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Maria Viklander
- Urban Water Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mutzner L, Furrer V, Castebrunet H, Dittmer U, Fuchs S, Gernjak W, Gromaire MC, Matzinger A, Mikkelsen PS, Selbig WR, Vezzaro L. A decade of monitoring micropollutants in urban wet-weather flows: What did we learn? WATER RESEARCH 2022; 223:118968. [PMID: 35988331 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Urban wet-weather discharges from combined sewer overflows (CSO) and stormwater outlets (SWO) are a potential pathway for micropollutants (trace contaminants) to surface waters, posing a threat to the environment and possible water reuse applications. Despite large efforts to monitor micropollutants in the last decade, the gained information is still limited and scattered. In a metastudy we performed a data-driven analysis of measurements collected at 77 sites (683 events, 297 detected micropollutants) over the last decade to investigate which micropollutants are most relevant in terms of 1) occurrence and 2) potential risk for the aquatic environment, 3) estimate the minimum number of data to be collected in monitoring studies to reliably obtain concentration estimates, and 4) provide recommendations for future monitoring campaigns. We highlight micropollutants to be prioritized due to their high occurrence and critical concentration levels compared to environmental quality standards. These top-listed micropollutants include contaminants from all chemical classes (pesticides, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and industrial and household chemicals). Analysis of over 30,000 event mean concentrations shows a large fraction of measurements (> 50%) were below the limit of quantification, stressing the need for reliable, standard monitoring procedures. High variability was observed among events and sites, with differences between micropollutant classes. The number of events required for a reliable estimate of site mean concentrations (error bandwidth of 1 around the "true" value) depends on the individual micropollutant. The median minimum number of events is 7 for CSO (2 to 31, 80%-interquantile) and 6 for SWO (1 to 25 events, 80%-interquantile). Our analysis indicates the minimum number of sites needed to assess global pollution levels and our data collection and analysis can be used to estimate the required number of sites for an urban catchment. Our data-driven analysis demonstrates how future wet-weather monitoring programs will be more effective if the consequences of high variability inherent in urban wet-weather discharges are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Mutzner
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering (DTU Sustain), Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Viviane Furrer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland; Institute of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Hélène Castebrunet
- University of Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP, EA 7429, 11 rue de la Physique, Villeurbanne Cedex F-69621, France.
| | - Ulrich Dittmer
- Department of Civil Engineering, Institute for Urban Water Management, Technical University Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany.
| | - Stephan Fuchs
- Department of Aquatic Environmental Engineering, Institute for Water and River Basin Management, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, Emili Grahit 101, Girona 17003, Spain; ICREA, Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona 08010, Spain.
| | - Marie-Christine Gromaire
- Leesu, École des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est Créteil. 6-8 avenue Blaise Pascal, Cité Descartes, Marne-la-Vallée cedex 2, 77455, France.
| | | | - Peter Steen Mikkelsen
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering (DTU Sustain), Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - William R Selbig
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Madison 53726, WI, United States.
| | - Luca Vezzaro
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering (DTU Sustain), Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jankowski MD, Fairbairn DJ, Baller JA, Westerhoff BM, Schoenfuss HL. Using the Daphnia magna Transcriptome to Distinguish Water Source: Wetland and Stormwater Case Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2107-2123. [PMID: 35622010 PMCID: PMC9545677 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in ecotoxicology is accurately and sufficiently measuring chemical exposures and biological effects given the presence of complex and dynamic contaminant mixtures in surface waters. It is impractical to quantify all chemicals in such matrices over space and time, and even if it were practical, concomitant biological effects would not be elucidated. Our study examined the performance of the Daphnia magna transcriptome to detect distinct responses across three water sources in Minnesota: laboratory (well) waters, wetland waters, and storm waters. Pyriproxyfen was included as a gene expression and male neonate production positive control to examine whether gene expression resulting from exposure to this well-studied juvenoid hormone analog can be detected in complex matrices. Laboratory-reared (<24 h) D. magna were exposed to a water source and/or pyriproxyfen for 16 days to monitor phenotypic changes or 96 h to examine gene expression responses using Illumina HiSeq 2500 (10 million reads per library, 50-bp paired end [2 × 50]). The results indicated that a unique gene expression profile was produced for each water source. At 119 ng/L pyriproxyfen (~25% effect concentration) for male neonate production, as expected, the Doublesex1 gene was up-regulated. In descending order, gene expression patterns were most discernable with respect to pyriproxyfen exposure status, season of stormwater sample collection, and wetland quality, as indicated by the index of biological integrity. However, the biological implications of the affected genes were not broadly clear given limited genome resources for invertebrates. Our study provides support for the utility of short-term whole-organism transcriptomic testing in D. magna to discern sample type, but highlights the need for further work on invertebrate genomics. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2107-2123. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Jankowski
- Minnesota Pollution Control AgencySt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
- Veterinary Population Medicine DepartmentUniversity of Minnesota—Twin CitiesSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
- US Environmental Protection AgencySeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Joshua A. Baller
- Minnesota Supercomputing InstituteUniversity of Minnesota—Twin CitiesMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Heiko L. Schoenfuss
- Aquatic Toxicology LaboratorySt. Cloud State UniversitySt. CloudMinnesotaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
O'Brien AM, Yu ZH, Pencer C, Frederickson ME, LeFevre GH, Passeport E. Harnessing plant-microbiome interactions for bioremediation across a freshwater urbanization gradient. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 223:118926. [PMID: 36044799 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization impacts land, air, and water, creating environmental gradients between cities and rural areas. Urban stormwater delivers myriad co-occurring, understudied, and mostly unregulated contaminants to aquatic ecosystems, causing a pollution gradient. Recipient ecosystems host interacting species that can affect each others' growth and responses to these contaminants. For example, plants and their microbiomes often reciprocally increase growth and contaminant tolerance. Here, we identified ecological variables affecting contaminant fate across an urban-rural gradient using 50 sources of the aquatic plant Lemna minor (duckweed) and associated microbes, and two co-occurring winter contaminants of temperate cities, benzotriazole and salt. We conducted experiments totalling >2,500 independent host-microbe-contaminant microcosms. Benzotriazole and salt negatively affected duckweed growth, but not microbial growth, and duckweeds maintained faster growth with their local, rather than disrupted, microbiota. Benzotriazole transformation products of plant, microbial, and phototransformation pathways were linked to duckweed and microbial growth, and were affected by salt co-contamination, microbiome disruption, and source sites of duckweeds and microbes. Duckweeds from urban sites grew faster and enhanced phytotransformation, but supported less total transformation of benzotriazole. Increasing microbial community diversity correlated with greater removal of benzotriazole, but taxonomic groups may explain shifts across transformation pathways: the genus Aeromonas was linked to increasing phototransformation. Because benzotriazole toxicity could depend on amount and type of in situ transformation, this variation across duckweeds and microbes could be harnessed for better management of urban stormwater. Broadly, our results demonstrate that plant-microbiome interactions harbour manipulable variation for bioremediation applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M O'Brien
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Rd, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
| | - Zhu Hao Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Clara Pencer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Megan E Frederickson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Gregory H LeFevre
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Elodie Passeport
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada; Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George St, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|