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Ji X, Chen F, Chen J, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Huang D, Li J, Lei Y, Chen C, Zhao J. Multiple effects of relative humidity on heterogeneous ozonolysis of cooking organic aerosol proxies from heated peanut oil emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:173069. [PMID: 38723974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
The exposure to cooking organic aerosols (COA) is closely related to people's daily lives. Despite extensive investigations into COA's model compounds like oleic acid, the intricacies of heterogeneous ozonolysis of real COA and the effects of ambient conditions like humidity remain elusive. In this work, the ozonolysis of COA proxies from heated peanut oil emissions was investigated using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFTS) spectroscopy, and proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). We found that humidity hinders the reaction between ozone and CC double bonds due to the competitive adsorption of water and ozone on COA. Although visible light has little influence on the ozonolysis of COA in the absence of humidity, the ozonolytic CO production is significantly promoted by visible light in the presence of humidity. It may be attributed to the formation of water-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS, mainly HO•) from the photosensitization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in COA. We also found that humidity can enhance the depolymerization of carboxylic acid dimers and hydrolysis of intrinsic acetals in the COA. Moreover, humidity promotes the release of VOCs during both the dark and light ozonolysis of COA. This work reveals the important roles of humidity-responsive and photo-responsive components in COA during its ozonolysis, and the change in VOC release may guide the control of human VOC exposure in indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ji
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fengxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yufan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Di Huang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jikun Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Chuncheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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2
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Zhou L, Liang Z, Qin Y, Chan CK. Evaporation-Induced Transformations in Volatile Chemical Product-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosols: Browning Effects and Alterations in Oxidative Reactivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11105-11117. [PMID: 38866390 PMCID: PMC11210209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Volatile chemical products (VCPs) are increasingly recognized as significant sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban atmospheres, potentially serving as key precursors for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. This study investigates the formation and physicochemical transformations of VCP-derived SOA, produced through ozonolysis of VOCs evaporated from a representative room deodorant air freshener, focusing on the effects of aerosol evaporation on its molecular composition, light absorption properties, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Following aerosol evaporation, solutes become concentrated, accelerating reactions within the aerosol matrix that lead to a 42% reduction in peroxide content and noticeable browning of the SOA. This process occurs most effectively at moderate relative humidity (∼40%), reaching a maximum solute concentration before aerosol solidification. Molecular characterization reveals that evaporating VCP-derived SOA produces highly conjugated nitrogen-containing products from interactions between existing or transformed carbonyl compounds and reduced nitrogen species, likely acting as chromophores responsible for the observed brownish coloration. Additionally, the reactivity of VCP-derived SOA was elucidated through heterogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2), which revealed enhanced photosensitized sulfate production upon drying. Direct measurements of ROS, including singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide (O2•-), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), showed higher abundances in dried versus undried SOA samples under light exposure. Our findings underscore that drying significantly alters the physicochemical properties of VCP-derived SOA, impacting their roles in atmospheric chemistry and radiative balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhou
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
- School
of Energy and Environment, City University
of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhancong Liang
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yiming Qin
- School
of Energy and Environment, City University
of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chak K. Chan
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
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3
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Wang Y, Kong L, Tan J, Liu B, An Y, Xia L, Lu Y, Li Q, Wang L. Photochemistry of Imidazole-2-carbaldehyde in Droplets as a Potential Source of H 2O 2 and Its Oxidation of SO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11096-11104. [PMID: 38865480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c11113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a crucial role as an oxidizing agent within the tropospheric environment, making a substantial contribution to sulfate formation in hydrated aerosols and cloud and fog droplets. Field observations show that high levels of H2O2 are often observed in heavy haze events and polluted air. However, the source of H2O2 remains unclear. Here, using the droplets formed in situ by the deliquescence of hygroscopic compounds under a high relative humidity (RH), the formation of H2O2 by the photochemistry of imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (2-IC) under ultraviolet irradiation was explored. The results indicate that 2-IC produces IM-C•-OH and IM-C•═O radicals via H transfer itself to its excited triplet state and generates H2O2 and organic peroxides in the presence of O2, which has an evident oxidizing effect on SO2, suggesting the potential involvement of this pathway in the formation of atmospheric sulfate. H2O2 formation is limited in acidic droplets or droplets containing ammonium ions, and no H2O2 is detected in droplets containing nitrate, whereas droplets containing citric acid have an obvious promotion effect on H2O2 formation. These findings provide valuable insights into the behaviors of atmospheric photosensitizers, the source of H2O2, and the formation of sulfate in atmospheric droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan An
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianghai Xia
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
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4
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Gao J, Wang H, Liu W, Xu H, Wei Y, Tian X, Feng Y, Song S, Shi G. Hydrogen peroxide serves as pivotal fountainhead for aerosol aqueous sulfate formation from a global perspective. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4625. [PMID: 38816351 PMCID: PMC11139875 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional atmospheric chemistry posits that sulfur dioxide (SO2) can be oxidized to sulfate (SO42-) through aqueous-phase reactions in clouds and gas-phase oxidation. Despite adequate knowledge of traditional mechanisms, several studies have highlighted the potential for SO2 oxidation within aerosol water. Given the widespread presence of tropospheric aerosols, SO42- production through aqueous-phase oxidation in aerosol water could have a pervasive global impact. Here, we quantify the potential contributions of aerosol aqueous pathways to global sulfate formation based on the GEOS-Chem simulations and subsequent theoretical calculations. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidation significantly influences continental regions both horizontally and vertically. Over the past two decades, shifts in the formation pathways within typical cities reveal an intriguing trend: despite reductions in SO2 emissions, the increased atmospheric oxidation capacities, like rising H2O2 levels, prevent a steady decline in SO42- concentrations. Abating oxidants would facilitate the benefit of SO2 reduction and the positive feedback in sulfate mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Haoqi Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wenqi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Han Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuting Wei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiao Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shaojie Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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5
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Wang W, Liu Y, Wang T, Ge Q, Li K, Liu J, You W, Wang L, Xie L, Fu H, Chen J, Zhang L. Significantly Accelerated Photosensitized Formation of Atmospheric Sulfate at the Air-Water Interface of Microdroplets. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6580-6590. [PMID: 38427385 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The multiphase oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to form sulfate is a complex and important process in the atmosphere. While the conventional photosensitized reaction mainly explored in the bulk medium is reported to be one of the drivers to trigger atmospheric sulfate production, how this scheme functionalizes at the air-water interface (AWI) of aerosol remains an open question. Herein, employing an advanced size-controllable microdroplet-printing device, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analysis, nanosecond transient adsorption spectrometer, and molecular level theoretical calculations, we revealed the previously overlooked interfacial role in photosensitized oxidation of SO2 in humic-like substance (HULIS) aerosol, where a 3-4 orders of magnitude increase in sulfate formation rate was speculated in cloud and aerosol relevant-sized particles relative to the conventional bulk-phase medium. The rapid formation of a battery of reactive oxygen species (ROS) comes from the accelerated electron transfer process at the AWI, where the excited triplet state of HULIS (3HULIS*) of the incomplete solvent cage can readily capture electrons from HSO3- in a way that is more efficient than that in the bulk medium fully blocked by water molecules. This phenomenon could be explained by the significantly reduced desolvation energy barrier required for reagents residing in the AWI region with an open solvent shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Qiuyue Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Kejian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Juan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Wenbo You
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Longqian Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Lifang Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, Peoples' Republic of China
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6
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Yao M, Zhao Y, Chang C, Wang S, Li Z, Li C, Chan AWH, Xiao H. Multiphase Reactions between Organic Peroxides and Sulfur Dioxide in Internally Mixed Inorganic and Organic Particles: Key Roles of Particle Phase Separation and Acidity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15558-15570. [PMID: 37797208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides (POs) are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and particularly reactive toward dissolved sulfur dioxide (SO2), yet the reaction kinetics between POs and SO2, especially in complex inorganic-organic mixed particles, remain poorly constrained. Here, we report the first investigation of the multiphase reactions between SO2 and POs in monoterpene-derived secondary organic aerosol internally mixed with different inorganic salts (ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, or sodium nitrate). We find that when the particles are phase-separated, the PO-S(IV) reactivity is consistent with that measured in pure SOA and depends markedly on the water content in the organic shell. However, when the organic and inorganic phases are miscible, the PO-S(IV) reactivity varies substantially among different aerosol systems, mainly driven by their distinct acidities (not by ionic strength). The second-order PO-S(IV) rate constant decreases monotonically from 5 × 105 to 75 M-1 s-1 in the pH range of 0.1-5.6. Both proton catalysis and general acid catalysis contribute to S(IV) oxidation, with their corresponding third-order rate constants determined to be (6.4 ± 0.7) × 106 and (6.9 ± 4.6) × 104 M-2 s-1 at pH 2-6, respectively. The measured kinetics imply that the PO-S(IV) reaction in aerosol is an important sulfate formation pathway, with the reaction kinetics dominated by general acid catalysis at pH > 3 under typical continental atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chongxuan Chang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ziyue Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Huayun Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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7
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Madronich S, Sulzberger B, Longstreth JD, Schikowski T, Andersen MPS, Solomon KR, Wilson SR. Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1129-1176. [PMID: 37310641 PMCID: PMC10262938 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation drives the net production of tropospheric ozone (O3) and a large fraction of particulate matter (PM) including sulfate, nitrate, and secondary organic aerosols. Ground-level O3 and PM are detrimental to human health, leading to several million premature deaths per year globally, and have adverse effects on plants and the yields of crops. The Montreal Protocol has prevented large increases in UV radiation that would have had major impacts on air quality. Future scenarios in which stratospheric O3 returns to 1980 values or even exceeds them (the so-called super-recovery) will tend to ameliorate urban ground-level O3 slightly but worsen it in rural areas. Furthermore, recovery of stratospheric O3 is expected to increase the amount of O3 transported into the troposphere by meteorological processes that are sensitive to climate change. UV radiation also generates hydroxyl radicals (OH) that control the amounts of many environmentally important chemicals in the atmosphere including some greenhouse gases, e.g., methane (CH4), and some short-lived ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Recent modeling studies have shown that the increases in UV radiation associated with the depletion of stratospheric ozone over 1980-2020 have contributed a small increase (~ 3%) to the globally averaged concentrations of OH. Replacements for ODSs include chemicals that react with OH radicals, hence preventing the transport of these chemicals to the stratosphere. Some of these chemicals, e.g., hydrofluorocarbons that are currently being phased out, and hydrofluoroolefins now used increasingly, decompose into products whose fate in the environment warrants further investigation. One such product, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), has no obvious pathway of degradation and might accumulate in some water bodies, but is unlikely to cause adverse effects out to 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA.
- USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
| | - B Sulzberger
- Academic Guest after retirement from Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - J D Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, LLC, Bethesda, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - M P Sulbæk Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, USA
| | - K R Solomon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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8
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Ma L, Worland R, Tran T, Anastasio C. Evaluation of Probes to Measure Oxidizing Organic Triplet Excited States in Aerosol Liquid Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6052-6062. [PMID: 37011016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidizing triplet excited states of organic matter (3C*) drive numerous reactions in fog/cloud drops and aerosol liquid water (ALW). Quantifying oxidizing triplet concentrations in ALW is difficult because 3C* probe loss can be inhibited by the high levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and copper in particle water, leading to an underestimate of triplet concentrations. In addition, illuminated ALW contains high concentrations of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2*), which can interfere with 3C* probes. Our overarching goal is to find a triplet probe that has low inhibition by DOM and Cu(II) and low sensitivity to 1O2*. To this end, we tested 12 potential probes from a variety of compound classes. Some probes are strongly inhibited by DOM, while others react rapidly with 1O2*. One of the probe candidates, (phenylthiol)acetic acid (PTA), seems well suited for ALW conditions, with mild inhibition and fast rate constants with triplets, but it also has weaknesses, including a pH-dependent reactivity. We evaluated the performance of both PTA and syringol (SYR) as triplet probes in aqueous extracts of particulate matter. While PTA is less sensitive to inhibition than SYR, it results in lower triplet concentrations, possibly because it is less reactive with weakly oxidizing triplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ma
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Reed Worland
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Theo Tran
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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9
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Ye C, Lu K, Song H, Mu Y, Chen J, Zhang Y. A critical review of sulfate aerosol formation mechanisms during winter polluted periods. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:387-399. [PMID: 36522000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate aerosol contributes to particulate matter pollution and plays a key role in aerosol radiative forcing, impacting human health and climate change. Atmospheric models tend to substantially underestimate sulfate concentrations during haze episodes, indicating that there are still missing mechanisms not considered by the models. Despite recent good progress in understanding the missing sulfate sources, knowledge on different sulfate formation pathways during polluted periods still involves large uncertainties and the dominant mechanism is under heated debate, calling for more field, laboratory, and modeling work. Here, we review the traditional sulfate formation mechanisms in cloud water and also discuss the potential factors affecting multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation. Then recent progress in multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation mechanisms is summarized. Sulfate formation rates by different prevailing oxidation pathways under typical winter-haze conditions are also calculated and compared. Based on the literature reviewed, we put forward control of the atmospheric oxidation capacity as a means to abate sulfate aerosol pollution. Finally, we conclude with a concise set of research priorities for improving our understanding of sulfate formation mechanisms during polluted periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huan Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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10
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Hu Y, Shi B, Yuan X, Zheng C, Sha Q, Yu Y, Huang Z, Zheng J. VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets based on response surface model: A case study in the Pearl River Delta Region, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:430-445. [PMID: 36522004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Because of the recent growth in ground-level ozone and increased emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), VOC emission control has become a major concern in China. In response, emission caps to control VOC have been stipulated in recent policies, but few of them were constrained by the co-control target of PM2.5 and ozone, and discussed the factor that influence the emission cap formulation. Herein, we proposed a framework for quantification of VOC emission caps constrained by targets for PM2.5 and ozone via a new response surface modeling (RSM) technique, achieving 50% computational cost savings of the quantification. In the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, the VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets varied greatly with the NOx emission reduction level. If control measures in the surrounding areas of the PRD region were not considered, there could be two feasible strategies for VOC emission caps to meet air quality targets (160 µg/m3 for the maximum 8-hr-average 90th-percentile (MDA8-90%) ozone and 25 µg/m3 for the annual average of PM2.5): a moderate VOC emission cap with <20% NOx emission reductions or a notable VOC emission cap with >60% NOx emission reductions. If the ozone concentration target were reduced to 155 µg/m3, deep NOx emission reductions is the only feasible ozone control measure in PRD. Optimization of seasonal VOC emission caps based on the Monte Carlo simulation could allow us to gain higher ozone benefits or greater VOC emission reductions. If VOC emissions were further reduced in autumn, MDA8-90% ozone could be lowered by 0.3-1.5 µg/m3, equaling the ozone benefits of 10% VOC emission reduction measures. The method for VOC emission cap quantification and optimization proposed in this study could provide scientific guidance for coordinated control of regional PM2.5 and O3 pollution in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya'nan Hu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Bowen Shi
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Chuanzeng Zheng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Qing'e Sha
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yufan Yu
- Guangdong Polytechnic of Environmental Protection Engineering, Guangzhou 528216, China
| | - Zhijiong Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
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11
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Ricker H, Leonardi A, Navea JG. Reduction and Photoreduction of NO 2 in Humic Acid Films as a Source of HONO, ClNO, N 2O, NO X , and Organic Nitrogen. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:3066-3077. [PMID: 36561196 PMCID: PMC9762234 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO), a trace atmospheric gas, is often underestimated in global atmospheric models due to the poor understanding of its daytime sources and sinks. HONO is known to accumulate during nighttime and undergo rapid photodissociation during the day to form NO and highly reactive OH radical, making it important to have accurate atmospheric HONO estimations. Despite its rapid photolysis, recent field observations have found quasi-steady-state concentrations of HONO at midday, suggesting photolytic HONO formation pathways to replenish daytime atmospheric HONO. Recent studies suggest that the presence of complex organic photosensitizers in atmospheric aerosols converts atmospheric NO2 into HONO. To better understand the effect of environmental photosensitizers in daytime mechanisms of HONO formation, we present here laboratory studies on the heterogeneous photolytic reduction of NO2 by humic acid films, a proxy for organic chromophoric compounds. The effect of pH and Cl- in the photosensitized formation of HONO and other nitrogen-containing gases is also investigated. A dual Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) system is utilized to simultaneously perform in situ analysis of condensed-phase reactants and gas-phase products. We find that the rate of HONO formation is faster at lower pHs. Nitrogen incorporation in the complex organic chromophore is observed, suggesting a competing pathway that results in suppressed daytime formation of nitrogenous gases. Significantly, the presence of chloride ions also leads to the organic-mediated photolytic formation of nitrosyl chloride (ClNO), a known precursor of HONO. Overall, this work shows that organic acid photosensitizers can reduce adsorbed NO2 to form HONO, ClNO, and NO while simultaneously incorporating nitrogen into the organic chromophores present in aerosol.
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12
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Aregahegn KZ, Felber T, Tilgner A, Hoffmann EH, Schaefer T, Herrmann H. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Aqueous-Phase Reactions of Triplet-State Imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde and 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde with α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8727-8740. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kifle Z. Aregahegn
- Department of Chemistry, Debre Berhan University, P.O. Box 445, 1000 Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Tamara Felber
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erik H. Hoffmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Sunlight can convert atmospheric aerosols into a glassy solid state and modify their environmental impacts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208121119. [PMID: 36269861 PMCID: PMC9618061 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol is well known to affect Earth's climate, regional weather, visibility, and public health. Once these aerosols are formed, they are transported throughout the atmosphere for days or even weeks. We show that exposure of secondary organic aerosols to UV solar radiation leads to a surprising and remarkable increase in viscosity by as much as five orders of magnitude. We also show that this UV exposure can lead to an increased abundance of aerosols that are in the glassy solid state in the troposphere, with important implications for climate predictions. Overall, our results clearly demonstrate that aging by exposure to solar radiation needs to be considered when predicting the environmental impacts of secondary organic aerosols. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) plays a critical, yet uncertain, role in air quality and climate. Once formed, SOA is transported throughout the atmosphere and is exposed to solar UV light. Information on the viscosity of SOA, and how it may change with solar UV exposure, is needed to accurately predict air quality and climate. However, the effect of solar UV radiation on the viscosity of SOA and the associated implications for air quality and climate predictions is largely unknown. Here, we report the viscosity of SOA after exposure to UV radiation, equivalent to a UV exposure of 6 to 14 d at midlatitudes in summer. Surprisingly, UV-aging led to as much as five orders of magnitude increase in viscosity compared to unirradiated SOA. This increase in viscosity can be rationalized in part by an increase in molecular mass and oxidation of organic molecules constituting the SOA material, as determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that UV-aging can lead to an increased abundance of aerosols in the atmosphere in a glassy solid state. Therefore, UV-aging could represent an unrecognized source of nuclei for ice clouds in the atmosphere, with important implications for Earth’s energy budget. We also show that UV-aging increases the mixing times within SOA particles by up to five orders of magnitude throughout the troposphere with important implications for predicting the growth, evaporation, and size distribution of SOA, and hence, air pollution and climate.
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14
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Ye C, Xue C, Liu P, Zhang C, Ma Z, Zhang Y, Liu C, Liu J, Lu K, Mu Y. Strong impacts of biomass burning, nitrogen fertilization, and fine particles on gas-phase hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156997. [PMID: 35777574 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry as an indicator of the atmospheric oxidizing capacity. It is also a vital oxidant of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the aqueous phase, resulting in the formation of acid precipitation and sulfate aerosol. However, sources of H2O2 are not fully understood especially in polluted areas affected by human activities. In this study, we reported some high H2O2 cases observed during one summer and two winter campaigns conducted at a polluted rural site in the North China Plain. Our results showed that agricultural fires led to high H2O2 concentrations up to 9 ppb, indicating biomass burning events contributed substantially to primary H2O2 emission. In addition, elevated H2O2 and O3 concentrations were measured after fertilization as a consequence of the enhanced atmospheric oxidizing capacity by soil HONO emission. Furthermore, H2O2 exhibited unexpectedly high concentration under high NOx conditions in winter, which are closely related to multiphase reactions in particles involving organic chromophores. Our findings suggest that these special factors (biomass burning, fertilization, and ambient particles), which are not well considered in current models, are significant contributors to H2O2 production, thereby affecting the regional atmospheric oxidizing capacity and the global sulfate aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ye
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), CNRS - Université Orléans - CNES, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuobiao Ma
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengtang Liu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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15
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Wang R, Yang Y, Xing X, Wang L, Chen J, Tang X, Cao J, Morawska L, Balkanski Y, Hauglustaine D, Ciais P, Ma J. Stringent Emission Controls Are Needed to Reach Clean Air Targets for Cities in China under a Warming Climate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11199-11211. [PMID: 35881565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the threat that climate change poses to fine particle (PM2.5) pollution is hampered by large uncertainties in the relationship between PM2.5 and meteorology. To constrain the impact of climate change on PM2.5, statistical models are often employed in a different manner than physical-chemical models to reduce the requirement of input data. A majority of statistical models predict PM2.5 concentration (often log-transformed) as a simple function of meteorology, which could be biased due to the conversion of precursor gases to PM2.5. We reduced this bias by developing a unique statistic model where the sum of PM2.5 and the weighted precursor gases, rather than the PM2.5 alone, was predicted as a function of meteorology and a proxy of primary emissions, where the input data of PM10, CO, O3, NOx, and SO2 were obtained from routine measurements. This modification, without losing the simplicity of statistical models, reduced the mean-square error from 27 to 17% and increased the coefficient of determination from 47 to 67% in the model cross-validation using daily PM2.5 observations during 2013-2018 for 74 cities over China. We found a previously unrecognized mechanism that synoptic climate change in the past half-century might have increased low quantiles of PM2.5 more strenuously than the upper quantiles in large cities over China. Climate change during 1971-2018 was projected to increase the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 at a degree that could be comparable with the toughest-ever clean air policy during 2013-2018 had counteracted it, as inferred from the decline in the daily concentration of carbon monoxide as an inert gas. Our estimate of the impact of climate change on PM2.5 is higher than previous statistical models, suggesting that aerosol chemistry might play a more important role than previously thought in the interaction between climate change and air pollution. Our result indicated that air quality might degrade if the future synoptic climate change could continue interacting with aerosol chemistry as it had occurred in the past half-century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health (WECEIPHE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 20 Cuiniao Road, Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yechen Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaofan Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health (WECEIPHE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health (WECEIPHE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xu Tang
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health (WECEIPHE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lidia Morawska
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Yves Balkanski
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Didier Hauglustaine
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Street, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jianmin Ma
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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16
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Chen C, Zhang Z, Wei L, Qiu Y, Xu W, Song S, Sun J, Li Z, Chen Y, Ma N, Xu W, Pan X, Fu P, Sun Y. The importance of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) in winter haze episodes in North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113093. [PMID: 35292245 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS), a key marker species of aqueous-phase processing, plays a significant role in sulfur budget in atmosphere. Here we have a comprehensive characterization of HMS at urban and rural sites in North China Plain (NCP) by using the real-time measurements from a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and a single-particle AMS together with offline filter analysis. Our results showed much higher winter concentration of HMS at the rural site (average±1σ: 2.58 ± 2.56 μg m-3) than that (1.70 ± 2.68 μg m-3) in Beijing due to the more frequent fog events, low particle acidity and high concentration of precursors. The HMS on average contributed 6.3% and 5.2% to organic aerosol (OA), and 16% and 12% to the total particulate sulfur, at the rural and urban sites, respectively. HMS was highly correlated with aqueous-phase secondary OA and sulfate, and its contribution to the total particulate sulfur increased significantly as a function of relative humidity demonstrating the effective HMS production from aqueous-phase processing. Single-particle analysis showed that HMS-containing particles were mainly mixed with amine-related compounds. In addition, we found that organosulfur compounds (OS) estimated from sulfur-containing fragments of AMS correlated well with HMS at both urban and rural sites. While OS at the rural site was dominated by HMS, other types of OS were also important in urban area. The high HMS also affected the estimation of particle acidity using the AMS measured and predicted ammonium, particularly during severe haze episodes. Overall, our results demonstrated the importance of HMS in winter in NCP, and it could be more important in total particulate sulfur budget as the continuous decrease in sulfate in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lianfang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yanmei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shaojie Song
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunle Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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17
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Wang T, Liu M, Liu M, Song Y, Xu Z, Shang F, Huang X, Liao W, Wang W, Ge M, Cao J, Hu J, Tang G, Pan Y, Hu M, Zhu T. Sulfate Formation Apportionment during Winter Haze Events in North China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7771-7778. [PMID: 35609338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a large gap between the simulated and observed sulfate concentrations during winter haze events in North China. Although multiphase sulfate formation mechanisms have been proposed, they have not been evaluated using chemical transport models. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) was used to apportion sulfate formation. It was found that Mn-catalyzed oxidation on aerosol surfaces was the dominant sulfate formation pathway, accounting for 92.3 ± 3.5% of the sulfate formation during haze events. Gas-phase oxidation contributed 3.1 ± 0.5% to the sulfate formation due to the low OH levels. The H2O2 oxidation in aerosol water accounted for 4.2 ± 3.6% of the sulfate formation, caused by the rapid consumption of H2O2. The contributions of O3, NO2 oxidation, and transition metal ion-catalyzed reactions in aerosol water could be negligible owing to the low aerosol water content, low pH, and high ionic strength. The contributions from in-cloud reactions were negligible due to the barrier provided by stable stratification during winter haze events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingxu Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenying Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fang Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenling Liao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Jingnan Hu
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guigang Tang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuepeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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18
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Environmental Benefits of Ammonia Reduction in an Agriculture-Dominated Area in South Korea. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural activity greatly contributes to the secondary PM2.5 concentrations by releasing relatively large amounts of ammonia emissions. Nonetheless, studies and air quality policies have traditionally focused on industrial emissions such as NOx and SOx. To compare them, this study used a three-dimensional modeling system (e.g., WRF/CMAQ) to estimate the effects of emission control policies of agricultural and industrial emissions on PM2.5 pollution in Chungcheong, an agriculturally active region in Korea. Scenario 1 (S1) was designed to estimate the effect of a 30% reduction in NH3 emissions from the agro-livestock sector on air pollution. Scenario 2 (S2) was designed to show the air quality under a mitigation policy on NOx, SOx, VOCs, and primary PM2.5 from industrial sources, such as power plants and factories. The results revealed that monthly mean PM2.5 in Chungcheong could decrease by 3.6% (1.1 µg/m3) under S1 with agricultural emission control, whereas S2 with industrial emission control may result in only a 0.7~1.1% improvement. These results indicate the importance of identifying trends of multiple precursor emissions and the chemical environment in the target area to enable more efficient air quality management.
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19
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Liu T, Abbatt JPD. Oxidation of sulfur dioxide by nitrogen dioxide accelerated at the interface of deliquesced aerosol particles. Nat Chem 2021; 13:1173-1177. [PMID: 34594012 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the multiphase chemistry of SO2 in aerosol particles is of great importance to air quality under polluted haze conditions, a fundamental understanding of the pertinent mechanisms and kinetics is lacking. In particular, there is considerable debate on the importance of NO2 in the oxidation of SO2 in aerosol particles. Here experiments with atmospherically relevant deliquesced particles at buffered pH values of 4-5 show that the effective rate constant for the reaction of NO2 with SO32- ((1.4 ± 0.5) × 1010 M-1 s-1) is more than three orders of magnitude larger than the value in dilute solutions. An interfacial reaction at the surface of aerosol particles probably drives the very fast kinetics. Our results indicate that oxidation of SO2 by NO2 at aerosol surfaces may be an important source of sulfate aerosols under polluted haze conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Liu P, Ye C, Zhang C, He G, Xue C, Liu J, Liu C, Zhang Y, Song Y, Li X, Wang X, Chen J, He H, Herrmann H, Mu Y. Photochemical Aging of Atmospheric Fine Particles as a Potential Source for Gas-Phase Hydrogen Peroxide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15063-15071. [PMID: 34705458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as an important oxidant, plays a key role in atmospheric sulfate formation, affecting the global radiation budget and causing acid rain deposition. The disproportionation reactions of hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) in both gas and aqueous phases have long been considered as dominant sources for atmospheric H2O2. However, these known sources cannot explain the significant formation of H2O2 in polluted areas under the conditions of high NO levels and low ambient relative humidity (RH). Here, we show that under relatively dry conditions during daytime, atmospheric fine particles directly produce abundant gas-phase H2O2. The formation of H2O2 is verified to be by a reaction between the particle surface -OH group and HO2 radicals formed by photooxidation of chromophoric dissolved organic matters (CDOMs), which is slightly influenced by the presence of high NO levels but remarkably accelerated by water vapor and O2. In contrast to aqueous-phase chemistry, transition metal ions (TMIs) are found to significantly suppress H2O2 formation from the atmospheric fine particles. The H2O2 formed from relatively dry particles can be directly involved in in situ SO2 oxidation, leading to sulfate formation. As CDOMs are ubiquitous in atmospheric fine particles, their daytime photochemistry is expected to play important roles in formation of H2O2 and sulfate worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Can Ye
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangzhi He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengtang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifei Song
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuran Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hong He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Tilgner A, Schaefer T, Alexander B, Barth M, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Nenes A, Pye HOT, Herrmann H, McNeill VF. Acidity and the multiphase chemistry of atmospheric aqueous particles and clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021. [PMID: 34675968 PMCID: PMC8525431 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-13483-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The acidity of aqueous atmospheric solutions is a key parameter driving both the partitioning of semi-volatile acidic and basic trace gases and their aqueous-phase chemistry. In addition, the acidity of atmospheric aqueous phases, e.g., deliquesced aerosol particles, cloud, and fog droplets, is also dictated by aqueous-phase chemistry. These feedbacks between acidity and chemistry have crucial implications for the tropospheric lifetime of air pollutants, atmospheric composition, deposition to terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems, visibility, climate, and human health. Atmospheric research has made substantial progress in understanding feedbacks between acidity and multiphase chemistry during recent decades. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on these feedbacks with a focus on aerosol and cloud systems, which involve both inorganic and organic aqueous-phase chemistry. Here, we describe the impacts of acidity on the phase partitioning of acidic and basic gases and buffering phenomena. Next, we review feedbacks of different acidity regimes on key chemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics, as well as uncertainties and chemical subsystems with incomplete information. Finally, we discuss atmospheric implications and highlight the need for future investigations, particularly with respect to reducing emissions of key acid precursors in a changing world, and the need for advancements in field and laboratory measurements and model tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mary Barth
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27711, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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22
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Li X, Hu M, Wang Y, Xu N, Fan H, Zong T, Wu Z, Guo S, Zhu W, Chen S, Dong H, Zeng L, Yu X, Tang X. Links between the optical properties and chemical compositions of brown carbon chromophores in different environments: Contributions and formation of functionalized aromatic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147418. [PMID: 33975110 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Links between the optical properties and chemical compositions of brown carbon (BrC) are poorly understood because of the complexity of BrC chromophores. We conducted field studies simultaneously at both vehicle-influenced site and biomass burning-affected site in China in polluted winter. The chemical compositions and light absorption values of functionalized aromatic compounds, including phenyl aldehyde, phenyl acid, and nitroaromatic compounds, were measured. P-phthalic acid, nitrophenols and nitrocatechols were dominant BrC species, accounting for over 50% of the concentration of identified chromophores. Nitrophenols and nitrocatechols contributed more than 50% of the identified BrC absorbance between 300 and 400 nm. Oxidation of biomass burning-related products (e.g., pyrocatechol and methylcatechols) and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (e.g., benzene and toluene) generated similar BrC chromophores, implying that these functionalized aromatic compounds play an important role in both environments. Compared with the biomass burning-affected site (22%), functionalized aromatic compounds at vehicle-influenced site accounted for a higher percentage of BrC absorption (25%). This research improves our understanding of the links between optical properties and composition of BrC, and the difference between BrC chromophores from BB-influenced area and vehicle-affected area under polluted atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China; Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Sciences and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yujue Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hanyun Fan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Taomou Zong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huabin Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuena Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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23
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Sulaymon ID, Zhang Y, Hopke PK, Hu J, Zhang Y, Li L, Mei X, Gong K, Shi Z, Zhao B, Zhao F. Persistent high PM 2.5 pollution driven by unfavorable meteorological conditions during the COVID-19 lockdown period in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111186. [PMID: 33930403 PMCID: PMC9750169 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lockdown measures to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic in China halted most non-essential activities on January 23, 2020. Despite significant reductions in anthropogenic emissions, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region still experienced high air pollution concentrations. Employing two emissions reduction scenarios, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to investigate the PM2.5 concentrations change in this region. The model using the scenario (C3) with greater traffic reductions performed better compared to the observed PM2.5. Compared with the no reductions base-case (scenario C1), PM2.5 reductions with scenario C3 were 2.70, 2.53, 2.90, 2.98, 3.30, 2.81, 2.82, 2.98, 2.68, and 2.83 μg/m3 in Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Baoding, Cangzhou, Chengde, Handan, Hengshui, Tangshan, and Xingtai, respectively. During high-pollution days in scenario C3, the percentage reductions in PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Baoding, Cangzhou, Chengde, Handan, Hengshui, Tangshan, and Xingtai were 3.76, 3.54, 3.28, 3.22, 3.57, 3.56, 3.47, 6.10, 3.61, and 3.67%, respectively. However, significant increases caused by unfavorable meteorological conditions counteracted the emissions reduction effects resulting in high air pollution in BTH region during the lockdown period. This study shows that effective air pollution control strategies incorporating these results are urgently required in BTH to avoid severe pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishaq Dimeji Sulaymon
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiaodong Mei
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kangjia Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhihao Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA
| | - Fangxin Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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24
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Felber T, Schaefer T, He L, Herrmann H. Aromatic Carbonyl and Nitro Compounds as Photosensitizers and Their Photophysical Properties in the Tropospheric Aqueous Phase. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5078-5095. [PMID: 34096724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol formation in the atmospheric aqueous/particulate phase by photosensitized reactions is currently subject to uncertainties. To understand the impact of photosensitized reactions, photophysical and -chemical properties of photosensitizers, kinetic data, and reaction mechanisms of these processes are required. The photophysical properties of acetophenones, benzaldehydes, benzophenones, and naphthalenes were investigated in aqueous solution using laser flash excitation. Quantum yields of excited photosensitizers were determined giving values between 0.06-0.80 at 298 K and pH = 5. Molar absorption coefficients (εmax(3PS*) = (0.8-13) × 104 L mol-1 cm-1), decay rate constants in water (k1st = (9.4 ± 0.5) × 102 to (2.2 ± 0.1) × 105 s-1), and quenching rate constants with oxygen (kq(O2) = (1.7 ± 0.1-4.4 ± 0.4) × 109 L mol-1 s-1) of the excited triplet states were determined at 298 K and pH = 5. Photosensitized reactions of carboxylic acids and alkenes show second-order rate constants in the range of (37 ± 7.0-0.55 ± 0.1) × 104 and (27 ± 5.0-0.04 ± 0.01) × 108 L mol-1 s-1. The results show that different compound classes act differently as a photosensitizer and can be a sink for certain organic compounds in the atmospheric aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Felber
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lin He
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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25
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Ye C, Chen H, Hoffmann EH, Mettke P, Tilgner A, He L, Mutzel A, Brüggemann M, Poulain L, Schaefer T, Heinold B, Ma Z, Liu P, Xue C, Zhao X, Zhang C, Zhang F, Sun H, Li Q, Wang L, Yang X, Wang J, Liu C, Xing C, Mu Y, Chen J, Herrmann H. Particle-Phase Photoreactions of HULIS and TMIs Establish a Strong Source of H 2O 2 and Particulate Sulfate in the Winter North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7818-7830. [PMID: 34019409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
During haze periods in the North China Plain, extremely high NO concentrations have been observed, commonly exceeding 1 ppbv, preventing the classical gas-phase H2O2 formation through HO2 recombination. Surprisingly, H2O2 mixing ratios of about 1 ppbv were observed repeatedly in winter 2017. Combined field observations and chamber experiments reveal a photochemical in-particle formation of H2O2, driven by transition metal ions (TMIs) and humic-like substances (HULIS). In chamber experiments, steady-state H2O2 mixing ratios of 116 ± 83 pptv were observed upon the irradiation of TMI- and HULIS-containing particles. Correspondingly, H2O2 formation rates of about 0.2 ppbv h-1 during the initial irradiation periods are consistent with the H2O2 rates observed in the field. A novel chemical mechanism was developed explaining the in-particle H2O2 formation through a sequence of elementary photochemical reactions involving HULIS and TMIs. Dedicated box model studies of measurement periods with relative humidity >50% and PM2.5 ≥ 75 μg m-3 agree with the observed H2O2 concentrations and time courses. The modeling results suggest about 90% of the particulate sulfate to be produced from the SO2 reaction with OH and HSO3- oxidation by H2O2. Overall, under high pollution, the H2O2-caused sulfate formation rate is above 250 ng m-3 h-1, contributing to the sulfate formation by more than 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ye
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Erik H Hoffmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Peter Mettke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Lin He
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Martin Brüggemann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Bernd Heinold
- Modeling of Atmospheric Processes Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Zhuobiao Ma
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jinhe Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Co-Innovation Centre for Green Building of Shandong Province, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chengzhi Xing
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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26
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Ma L, Guzman C, Niedek C, Tran T, Zhang Q, Anastasio C. Kinetics and Mass Yields of Aqueous Secondary Organic Aerosol from Highly Substituted Phenols Reacting with a Triplet Excited State. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5772-5781. [PMID: 33851829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning emits large amounts of phenols, which can partition into cloud/fog drops and aerosol liquid water (ALW) and react to form aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA). Triplet excited states of organic compounds (3C*) are likely oxidants, but there are no rate constants with highly substituted phenols that have high Henry's law constants (KH) and are likely important in ALW. To address this gap, we investigated the kinetics of six highly substituted phenols with the triplet excited state of 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde. Second-order rate constants at pH 2 are all fast, (2.6-4.6) × 109 M-1 s-1, while values at pH 5 are 2-5 times smaller. Rate constants are reasonably described by a quantitative structure-activity relationship with phenol oxidation potentials, allowing rate constants of other phenols to be predicted. Triplet-phenol kinetics are unaffected by ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, galactose (a biomass-burning sugar), or Fe(III). In contrast, ammonium nitrate increases the rate of phenol loss by making hydroxyl radicals, while Cu(II) inhibits phenol decay. Mass yields of aqueous SOA from triplet reactions are large and range from 59 to 99%. Calculations using our data along with previous oxidant measurements indicate that phenols with high KH can be an important source of aqSOA in ALW, with 3C* typically the dominant oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ma
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Chrystal Guzman
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Christopher Niedek
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Theodore Tran
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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27
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Liu T, Chan AWH, Abbatt JPD. Multiphase Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide in Aerosol Particles: Implications for Sulfate Formation in Polluted Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4227-4242. [PMID: 33760581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) forms sulfate-containing aerosol particles that impact air quality, climate, and human and ecosystem health. It is well-known that in-cloud oxidation of SO2 frequently dominates over gas-phase oxidation on regional and global scales. Multiphase oxidation involving aerosol particles, fog, and cloud droplets has been generally thought to scale with liquid water content (LWC) so multiphase oxidation would be negligible for aerosol particles due to their low aerosol LWC. However, recent field evidence, particularly from East Asia, shows that fast sulfate formation prevails in cloud-free environments that are characterized by high aerosol loadings. By assuming that the kinetics of cloud water chemistry prevails for aerosol particles, most atmospheric models do not capture this phenomenon. Therefore, the field of aerosol SO2 multiphase chemistry has blossomed in the past decade, with many oxidation processes proposed to bridge the difference between modeled and observed sulfate mass loadings. This review summarizes recent advances in the fundamental understanding of the aerosol multiphase oxidation of SO2, with a focus on environmental conditions that affect the oxidation rate, experimental challenges, mechanisms and kinetics results for individual reaction pathways, and future research directions. Compared to dilute cloud water conditions, this paper highlights the differences that arise at the molecular level with the extremely high solute strengths present in aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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28
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Neale RE, Barnes PW, Robson TM, Neale PJ, Williamson CE, Zepp RG, Wilson SR, Madronich S, Andrady AL, Heikkilä AM, Bernhard GH, Bais AF, Aucamp PJ, Banaszak AT, Bornman JF, Bruckman LS, Byrne SN, Foereid B, Häder DP, Hollestein LM, Hou WC, Hylander S, Jansen MAK, Klekociuk AR, Liley JB, Longstreth J, Lucas RM, Martinez-Abaigar J, McNeill K, Olsen CM, Pandey KK, Rhodes LE, Robinson SA, Rose KC, Schikowski T, Solomon KR, Sulzberger B, Ukpebor JE, Wang QW, Wängberg SÅ, White CC, Yazar S, Young AR, Young PJ, Zhu L, Zhu M. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1-67. [PMID: 33721243 PMCID: PMC7816068 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-020-00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595-828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Neale
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P W Barnes
- Biological Sciences and Environmental Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - T M Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Sciences Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Maryland, USA
| | - C E Williamson
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - R G Zepp
- ORD/CEMM, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - S Madronich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A L Andrady
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - A M Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - A F Bais
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, México
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - L S Bruckman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S N Byrne
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Applied Medical Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - B Foereid
- Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - D-P Häder
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - L M Hollestein
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W-C Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems-EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - M A K Jansen
- School of BEES, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - A R Klekociuk
- Antarctic Climate Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Australia
| | - J B Liley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand
| | - J Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, LLC, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre of Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - J Martinez-Abaigar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - C M Olsen
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - K K Pandey
- Department of Wood Properties and Uses, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India
| | - L E Rhodes
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S A Robinson
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, Global Challenges Program and School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - K C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - K R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - B Sulzberger
- Academic Guest Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - J E Ukpebor
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Q-W Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenyang, China
| | - S-Å Wängberg
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C C White
- Bee America, 5409 Mohican Rd, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Yazar
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P J Young
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - L Zhu
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Xu W, Kuang Y, Liang L, He Y, Cheng H, Bian Y, Tao J, Zhang G, Zhao P, Ma N, Zhao H, Zhou G, Su H, Cheng Y, Xu X, Shao M, Sun Y. Dust-Dominated Coarse Particles as a Medium for Rapid Secondary Organic and Inorganic Aerosol Formation in Highly Polluted Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15710-15721. [PMID: 33237756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Secondary aerosol (SA) frequently drives severe haze formation on the North China Plain. However, previous studies mostly focused on submicron SA formation, thus our understanding of SA formation on supermicron particles remains poor. In this study, PM2.5 chemical composition and PM10 number size distribution measurements revealed that the SA formation occurred in very distinct size ranges. In particular, SA formation on dust-dominated supermicron particles was surprisingly high and increased with relative humidity (RH). SA formed on supermicron aerosols reached comparable levels with that on submicron particles during evolutionary stages of haze episodes. These results suggested that dust particles served as a medium for rapid secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation under favorable photochemical and RH conditions in a highly polluted environment. Further analysis indicated that SA formation pathways differed among distinct size ranges. Overall, our study highlights the importance of dust in SA formation during non-dust storm periods and the urgent need to perform size-resolved aerosol chemical and physical property measurements in future SA formation investigations that are extended to the coarse mode because the large amount of SA formed thereon might have significant impacts on ice nucleation, radiative forcing, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Linlin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yao He
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongbing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuxuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiangchuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pusheng Zhao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huarong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hang Su
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Min Shao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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30
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Felber T, Schaefer T, Herrmann H. Five-Membered Heterocycles as Potential Photosensitizers in the Tropospheric Aqueous Phase: Photophysical Properties of Imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, 2-Furaldehyde, and 2-Acetylfuran. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10029-10039. [PMID: 33202138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitized reactions of organic compounds in the atmospheric aqueous and particle phase might be potential sources for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, addressed as aqueous SOA. However, data regarding the photophysical properties of photosensitizers, their kinetics, as well as reaction mechanisms of such processes in the aqueous/particle phase are scarce. The present study investigates the determination of the photophysical properties of imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, and 2-acetylfuran as potential photosensitizers using laser flash excitation in aqueous solution. Quantum yields of the formation of the excited photosensitizers were obtained by a scavenging method with thiocyanate, resulting in values between 0.86 and 0.96 at 298 K and pH = 5. The time-resolved absorbance spectra of the excited photosensitizers were measured, and their molar attenuation coefficients were determined ranging between (0.30 and 1.4) × 104 L mol-1 cm-1 at their absorbance maxima (λmax = 335-440 nm). Additionally, the excited photosensitizers are quenched by water and molecular oxygen, resulting in quenching rate constants of k1st = (1.0 ± 0.2-1.8 ± 0.2) × 105 s-1 and kq(O2) = (2.1 ± 0.2-2.7 ± 0.2) × 109 L mol-1 s-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Felber
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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31
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Cheng Y, Yu QQ, Liu JM, Du ZY, Liang LL, Geng GN, Ma WL, Qi H, Zhang Q, He KB. Secondary inorganic aerosol during heating season in a megacity in Northeast China: Evidence for heterogeneous chemistry in severe cold climate region. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127769. [PMID: 32738716 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol including sulfate, nitrate and ammonium (SNA) were investigated during a six-month long heating season in the Harbin-Changchun metropolitan area, i.e., China's only national-level city cluster located in the severe cold climate region. The contribution of SNA to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) tended to decrease with increasing PM2.5 concentration, opposite to the trend repeatedly observed during winter in Beijing. Heterogeneous sulfate formation was still evident when the daily average temperature was as low as below -10 °C, with the preconditions of high relative humidity (RH; above ∼80%) and high nitrogen dioxide (above ∼60 μg/m3). Both the sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) and nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) were enhanced at high RH, reaching ∼0.3. However, the high RH conditions were not commonly seen during the heating season, which should be responsible for the overall lack of linkage between the SNA contribution and PM2.5 temporal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Qin-Qin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jiu-Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guan-Nan Geng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Bin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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32
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Ossola R, Clerc B, McNeill K. Mechanistic Insights into Dissolved Organic Sulfur Photomineralization through the Study of Cysteine Sulfinic Acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13066-13076. [PMID: 32936630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions convert dissolved organic matter (DOM) into inorganic and low-molecular-weight organic products, contributing to its cycling across environmental compartments. However, knowledge on the formation mechanisms of these products is still scarce. In this work, we investigate the triplet-sensitized photodegradation of cysteine sulfinic acid, a (photo)degradation product of cysteine, to sulfate (SO42-). We use kinetic analysis, targeted experiments, and previous literature from several fields of chemistry to explain the elementary steps that lead to the release of sulfate. Our analysis indicates that triplet sensitizers act as one-electron oxidants on the sulfinate S lone pair. The resulting radical undergoes C-S fragmentation to form SO2, which becomes hydrated to sulfite/bisulfite (S(IV)). S(IV) is further oxidized to SO42- in the presence of triplet sensitizers and oxygen. We point out that the reaction sequence SO2 ⇌ S(IV) → SO42- is valid independently of the chemical structure of the model compound and might represent a sulfate photoproduction mechanism with general validity for DOS. Our mechanistic investigation revealed that amino acids in general might also be photochemical precursors of CO2, ammonia, acetaldehyde, and H2O2 and that reaction byproducts can influence the rate and mechanism of S(IV) (photo)oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Ossola
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Clerc
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Liu Y, Zhang L. Overlooked contribution of photosensitization pathway to haze event in China. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:1590-1592. [PMID: 36659030 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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34
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Moch JM, Dovrou E, Mickley LJ, Keutsch FN, Liu Z, Wang Y, Dombek TL, Kuwata M, Budisulistiorini SH, Yang L, Decesari S, Paglione M, Alexander B, Shao J, Munger JW, Jacob DJ. Global Importance of Hydroxymethanesulfonate in Ambient Particulate Matter: Implications for Air Quality. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:e2020JD032706. [PMID: 33282612 PMCID: PMC7685164 DOI: 10.1029/2020jd032706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur compounds are an important constituent of particulate matter, with impacts on climate and public health. While most sulfur observed in particulate matter has been assumed to be sulfate, laboratory experiments reveal that hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS), an adduct formed by aqueous phase chemical reaction of dissolved HCHO and SO2, may be easily misinterpreted in measurements as sulfate. Here we present observational and modeling evidence for a ubiquitous global presence of HMS. We find that filter samples collected in Shijiazhuang, China, and examined with ion chromatography within 9 days show as much as 7.6 μg m-3 of HMS, while samples from Singapore examined 9-18 months after collection reveal ~0.6 μg m-3 of HMS. The Shijiazhuang samples show only minor traces of HMS 4 months later, suggesting that HMS had decomposed over time during sample storage. In contrast, the Singapore samples do not clearly show a decline in HMS concentration over 2 months of monitoring. Measurements from over 150 sites, primarily derived from the IMPROVE network across the United States, suggest the ubiquitous presence of HMS in at least trace amounts as much as 60 days after collection. The degree of possible HMS decomposition in the IMPROVE observations is unknown. Using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model, we estimate that HMS may account for 10% of global particulate sulfur in continental surface air and over 25% in many polluted regions. Our results suggest that reducing emissions of HCHO and other volatile organic compounds may have a co-benefit of decreasing particulate sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Moch
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Eleni Dovrou
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Frank N. Keutsch
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tracy L. Dombek
- Analytical Sciences Division, RTI International, Research Triangle ParkDurhamNCUSA
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of SingaporeNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
- Now in the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, and BIC‐ESATPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini
- Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of SingaporeNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
- Now in Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Liudongqing Yang
- Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of SingaporeNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
| | - Stefano Decesari
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | - Marco Paglione
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of WashingtonWAUSA
| | - Jingyuan Shao
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of WashingtonWAUSA
- College of Flying TechnologyCivil Aviation University of ChinaTianjinChina
| | - J. William Munger
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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35
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Ault AP. Aerosol Acidity: Novel Measurements and Implications for Atmospheric Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1703-1714. [PMID: 32786333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pH of a solution is one of its most fundamental chemical properties, impacting reaction pathways and kinetics across every area of chemistry. The atmosphere is no different, with the pH of the condensed phase driving key chemical reactions that ultimately impact global climate in numerous ways. The condensed phase in the atmosphere is comprised of suspended liquid or solid particles, known as the atmospheric aerosol, which are differentiated from cloud droplets by their much smaller size (primarily <10 μm). The pH of the atmospheric aerosol can enhance certain chemical reactions leading to the formation of additional condensed phase mass from lower volatility species (secondary aerosol), alter the optical and water uptake properties of particles, and solubilize metals that can act as key nutrients in nutrient-limited ecosystems or cause oxidative stress after inhalation. However, despite the importance of aerosol acidity for climate and health, our fundamental understanding of pH has been limited due to aerosol size (by number >99% of particles are <1 μm) and complexity. Within a single atmospheric particle, there can be hundreds to thousands of distinct chemical species, varying water content, high ionic strengths, and different phases (liquid, semisolid, and solid). Making aerosol analysis even more challenging, atmospheric particles are constantly evolving through heterogeneous reactions with gases and multiphase chemistry within the condensed phase. Based on these challenges, traditional pH measurements are not feasible, and, for years, indirect and proxy methods were the most common way to estimate aerosol pH, with mixed results. However, aerosol pH needs to be incorporated into climate models to accurately determine which chemical reactions are dominant in the atmosphere. Consequently, experimental measurements that probe pH in atmospherically relevant particles are sorely needed to advance our understanding of aerosol acidity.This Account describes recent advances in measurements of aerosol particle acidity, specifically three distinct methods we developed for experimentally determining particle pH. Our acid-conjugate base method uses Raman microspectroscopy to probe an acid (e.g., HSO4-) and its conjugate base (e.g., SO42-) in individual micrometer-sized particles. Our second approach is a field-deployable colorimetric method based on pH indicators (e.g., thymol blue) and cell phone imaging to provide a simple, low-cost approach to ensemble average (or bulk) pH for particles in distinct size ranges down to a few hundred nanometers in diameter. In our third method, we monitor acid-catalyzed polymer degradation of a thin film (∼23 nm) of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) on silicon by individual particles with atomic force microscopy (AFM) after inertially impacting particles of different pH. These measurements are improving our understanding of aerosol pH from a fundamental physical chemistry perspective and have led to initial atmospheric measurements. The impact of aerosol pH on key atmospheric processes, such as secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, is discussed. Some unique findings, such as an unexpected size dependence to aerosol pH and kinetic limitations, illustrate that particles are not always in thermodynamic equilibrium with the surrounding gas. The implications of our limited, but improving, understanding of the fundamental chemical concept of pH in the atmospheric aerosol are critical for connecting chemistry and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Gen M, Zhang R, Li Y, Chan CK. Multiphase Photochemistry of Iron-Chloride Containing Particles as a Source of Aqueous Chlorine Radicals and Its Effect on Sulfate Production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9862-9871. [PMID: 32668147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of iron chlorides is a well-known photolytic source of Cl• in environmental waters. However, the role of particulate chlorine radicals (Cl• and Cl2•-) in their multiphase oxidative potential has been much less explored. Herein, we examine the effect of Cl•/Cl2•- produced from photolysis of particulate iron chlorides on atmospheric multiphase oxidation. As a model system, experiments on multiphase oxidation of SO2 by Cl•/Cl2•- were performed. Fast sulfate production from SO2 oxidation was observed with reactive uptake coefficients of ∼10-5, comparable to the values necessary for explaining the observations in the haze events in China. The experimental and modeling results found a good positive correlation between the uptake coefficient, γSO2, and the Cl• production rate, d[Cl•]/dt, as γSO2 = 5.3 × 10-6 × log(d[Cl•]/dt) + 4.9 × 10-5. When commonly found particulate dicarboxylic acids (oxalic acid or malonic acid) were added, sulfate production was delayed due to the competition of Fe3+ between chloride and the dicarboxylic acid for its complexation at the initial stage. After the delay, comparable sulfate production was observed. The present study highlights the importance of photochemistry of particulate iron chlorides in multiphase oxidation processes in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Gen
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Wang T, Liu Y, Deng Y, Cheng H, Fang X, Zhang L. Heterogeneous Formation of Sulfur Species on Manganese Oxides: Effects of Particle Type and Moisture Condition. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7300-7312. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Yue Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Hanyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhong Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples’ Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, Peoples’ Republic of China
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Fankhauser AM, Bourque M, Almazan J, Marin D, Fernandez L, Hutheesing R, Ferdousi N, Tsui WG, McNeill VF. Impact of Environmental Conditions on Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Photosensitized Humic Acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5385-5390. [PMID: 32243755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the potential of the photosensitizer chemistry of humic acid, as a proxy for humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols, to contribute to secondary organic aerosol mass. The mechanism requires particle-phase humic acid to absorb solar radiation and become photoexcited, then directly or indirectly oxidize a volatile organic compound (VOC), resulting in a lower volatility product in the particle phase. We performed experiments in a photochemical chamber, with aerosol-phase humic acid as the photosensitizer and limonene as the VOC. In the presence of 26 ppb limonene and under atmospherically relevant UV-visible irradiation levels, there is no significant change in particle diameter. Calculations show that SOA production via this pathway is highly sensitive to VOC precursor concentrations. Under the assumption that HULIS is equally or less reactive than the humic acid used in these experiments, the results suggest that the photosensitizer chemistry of HULIS in ambient atmospheric aerosols is unlikely to be a significant source of secondary organic aerosol mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Fankhauser
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Mary Bourque
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - John Almazan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Daniela Marin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Lydia Fernandez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Remy Hutheesing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Nahin Ferdousi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - William G Tsui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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