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Vales-Villamarín C, de Dios O, Mahíllo-Fernández I, Perales M, Pérez-Nadador I, Gavela-Pérez T, Soriano-Guillén L, Garcés C. Sex-dependent relationship of polymorphisms in CLOCK and REV-ERBα genes with body mass index and lipid levels in children. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22127. [PMID: 38092833 PMCID: PMC10719338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, which are governed by a circadian clock, regulate important biological processes associated with obesity. SNPs in circadian clock genes have been linked to energy and lipid homeostasis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the associations of CLOCK and REV-ERBα SNPs with BMI and plasma lipid levels in pre-pubertal boys and girls. The study sample population comprised 1268 children aged 6-8 years. Information regarding anthropometric parameters and plasma lipid concentrations was available. Genotyping of CLOCK SNPs rs1801260, rs4580704, rs3749474, rs3736544 and rs4864548 and REV-ERBα SNPs rs2017427, rs20711570 and rs2314339 was performed by RT-PCR. The CLOCK SNPs rs3749474 and rs4864548 were significantly associated with BMI in girls but no in boys. Female carriers of the minor alleles for these SNPs presented lower BMI compared to non-carriers. A significant association of the REV-ERBα SNP rs2071570 with plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and Apo B in males was also observed. Male AA carriers showed lower plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and Apo B levels as compared with carriers of the C allele. No significant associations between any of the studied REV-ERBα SNPs and plasma lipid levels were observed in females. In summary, CLOCK and REV-ERBα SNPs were associated with BMI and plasma lipid levels respectively in a sex-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that sex-related factors may interact with Clock genes SNPs conditioning the effects of these polymorphisms on circadian alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olaya de Dios
- Lipid Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Macarena Perales
- Lipid Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iris Pérez-Nadador
- Lipid Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Carmen Garcés
- Lipid Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Bolshette N, Ibrahim H, Reinke H, Asher G. Circadian regulation of liver function: from molecular mechanisms to disease pathophysiology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:695-707. [PMID: 37291279 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of liver functions are regulated daily by the liver circadian clock and via systemic circadian control by other organs and cells within the gastrointestinal tract as well as the microbiome and immune cells. Disruption of the circadian system, as occurs during jetlag, shift work or an unhealthy lifestyle, is implicated in several liver-related pathologies, ranging from metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to liver malignancies such as hepatocellular carcinoma. In this Review, we cover the molecular, cellular and organismal aspects of various liver pathologies from a circadian viewpoint, and in particular how circadian dysregulation has a role in the development and progression of these diseases. Finally, we discuss therapeutic and lifestyle interventions that carry health benefits through support of a functional circadian clock that acts in synchrony with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nityanand Bolshette
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hussam Ibrahim
- University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Reinke
- University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Gad Asher
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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3
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Adlanmerini M, Lazar MA. The REV-ERB Nuclear Receptors: Timekeepers for the Core Clock Period and Metabolism. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad069. [PMID: 37149727 PMCID: PMC10413432 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
REV-ERB nuclear receptors are potent transcriptional repressors that play an important role in the core mammalian molecular clock and metabolism. Deletion of both REV-ERBα and its largely redundant isoform REV-ERBβ in a murine tissue-specific manner have shed light on their specific functions in clock mechanisms and circadian metabolism. This review highlights recent findings that establish REV-ERBs as crucial circadian timekeepers in a variety of tissues, regulating overlapping and distinct processes that maintain normal physiology and protect from metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Adlanmerini
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1297, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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4
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Kim E, Yoo SH, Chen Z. Circadian stabilization loop: the regulatory hub and therapeutic target promoting circadian resilience and physiological health. F1000Res 2022; 11:1236. [PMID: 36415204 PMCID: PMC9652504 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.126364.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is a fundamental biological mechanism that orchestrates essential cellular and physiological processes to optimize fitness and health. The basic functional unit is the cell-autonomous oscillator, consisting of intersecting negative feedback loops. Whereas the core loop is primarily responsible for rhythm generation, auxiliary loops, most notably the secondary or stabilization loop, play pivotal roles to confer temporal precision and molecular robustness. The stabilization loop contains opposing nuclear receptor subfamilies REV-ERBs and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs), competing to modulate rhythmic expression of the basic helix-loop-helix ARNT like 1 ( Bmal1) genes in the core loop as well as other clock-controlled genes. Therefore, REV-ERBs and RORs are strategically located to interface the oscillator and the global transcriptomic network, promoting cellular homeostasis and physiological fitness throughout lifespan. Disruption of REV-ERB and ROR functions has been linked with diseases and aging, and pharmacological manipulation of these factors has shown promise in various mouse disease models. Nobiletin is a natural compound that directly binds to and activates RORα/γ, modulating circadian rhythms, and shows robust in vivo efficacies to combat clock-associated pathophysiologies and age-related decline. Results from several studies demonstrate an inverse relation between nobiletin efficacy and clock functional state, where nobiletin elicits little effect in young and healthy mice with growing efficacy as the clock is perturbed by environmental and genetic challenges. This mode of action is consistent with the function of the stabilization loop to promote circadian and physiological resilience. Future studies should further investigate the function and mechanism of REV-ERBs and RORs, and test strategies targeting these factors against disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, TX, 77030, USA,
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5
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Kim E, Yoo SH, Chen Z. Circadian stabilization loop: the regulatory hub and therapeutic target promoting circadian resilience and physiological health. F1000Res 2022; 11:1236. [PMID: 36415204 PMCID: PMC9652504.2 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.126364.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is a fundamental biological mechanism that orchestrates essential cellular and physiological processes to optimize fitness and health. The basic functional unit is the cell-autonomous oscillator, consisting of intersecting negative feedback loops. Whereas the core loop is primarily responsible for rhythm generation, auxiliary loops, most notably the secondary or stabilization loop, play pivotal roles to confer temporal precision and molecular robustness. The stabilization loop contains opposing nuclear receptor subfamilies REV-ERBs and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs), competing to modulate rhythmic expression of the basic helix-loop-helix ARNT like 1 ( Bmal1) genes in the core loop as well as other clock-controlled genes. Therefore, REV-ERBs and RORs are strategically located to interface the oscillator and the global transcriptomic network, promoting cellular homeostasis and physiological fitness throughout lifespan. Disruption of REV-ERB and ROR functions has been linked with diseases and aging, and pharmacological manipulation of these factors has shown promise in various mouse disease models. Nobiletin is a natural compound that directly binds to and activates RORα/γ, modulating circadian rhythms, and shows robust in vivo efficacies to combat clock-associated pathophysiologies and age-related decline. Results from several studies demonstrate an inverse relation between nobiletin efficacy and clock functional state, where nobiletin elicits little effect in young and healthy mice with growing efficacy as the clock is perturbed by environmental and genetic challenges. This mode of action is consistent with the function of the stabilization loop to promote circadian and physiological resilience. Future studies should further investigate the function and mechanism of REV-ERBs and RORs, and test strategies targeting these factors against disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, TX, 77030, USA,
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Yu B, Pan JB, Yu FY. The combination of nuclear receptor NR1D1 and ULK1 promotes mitophagy in adipocytes to ameliorate obesity. Adipocyte 2022; 11:202-212. [PMID: 35410572 PMCID: PMC9009922 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2022.2060719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a severe disease worldwide. Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) may be related to metabolic abnormalities in obese individuals, but the mechanism is still unclear. We aimed to investigate whether nuclear receptors NR1D1 and ULK1 influence obesity by affecting mitophagy. In vitro model was established by inducing 3T3-L1 cells differentiation. MTT was detected cell viability. ELISA was tested triglyceride (TG). Oil red O staining was performed to detect lipid droplets. Flow cytometry was measured mtROS. ChIP and Dual-luciferase reporter assay were verified NR1D1 bind to ULK1. LC3 level was detected by IF. After differentiation medium treatment, cell viability was decreased, TG content and lipid droplets were increased Moreover, NR1D1 expression was reduced in Model group. NR1D1 overexpression was increased cell viability, reduced TG content and lipid droplets. Subsequently, NR1D1 inhibited TOM20 and mtROS, whereas, Parkin and PINK1 were accelerated. NR1D1 overexpression facilitated LC3 expression, whereas ULK1 knockdown was reversed the effect of NR1D1 overexpression. Liensinine also reversed the effect of NR1D1 overexpression, that is, cell viability was reduced, mtROS, TG content and lipid droplets were increased. The combination of nuclear receptor NR1D1 and ULK1 promoted mitophagy in adipocytes to alleviate obesity, which provided new target and strategy for obesity treatment.Abbreviations: Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), triglyceride (TG), Uncoordinated-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1), Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (NR1D1), American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), fetal bovine serum (FBS), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), dexamethasone (DEX), short hairpin RNA ULK1 (sh-ULK1), wild-type (WT), mutant (MUT), Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Immunofluorescence (IF), standard deviation (SD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Department of General Medicine, Yueyang People’s Hospital, Yueyang Hospital Affiliated to Hunan Normal University, Yueyang, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Bao Pan
- Department of General Medicine, Yueyang People’s Hospital, Yueyang Hospital Affiliated to Hunan Normal University, Yueyang, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Fei-Yue Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang People’s Hospital, Yueyang Hospital Affiliated to Hunan Normal University, Yueyang, Hunan Province, P.R. China
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Molina-Montes E, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Ching-López A, Artacho R, Huerta JM, Amiano P, Lasheras C, Moreno-Iribas C, Jimenez-Zabala A, Chirlaque MD, Barricarte A, Luján-Barroslo L, Agudo A, Jakszyn P, Quirós JR, Sánchez MJ. Circadian clock gene variants and their link with chronotype, chrononutrition, sleeping patterns and obesity in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC) study. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:1977-1990. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Adlanmerini M, Krusen BM, Nguyen HCB, Teng CW, Woodie LN, Tackenberg MC, Geisler CE, Gaisinsky J, Peed LC, Carpenter BJ, Hayes MR, Lazar MA. REV-ERB nuclear receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus control circadian period and restrict diet-induced obesity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh2007. [PMID: 34705514 PMCID: PMC8550249 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Circadian disruption, as occurs in shift work, is associated with metabolic diseases often attributed to a discordance between internal clocks and environmental timekeepers. REV-ERB nuclear receptors are key components of the molecular clock, but their specific role in the SCN master clock is unknown. We report here that mice lacking circadian REV-ERB nuclear receptors in the SCN maintain free-running locomotor and metabolic rhythms, but these rhythms are notably shortened by 3 hours. When housed under a 24-hour light:dark cycle and fed an obesogenic diet, these mice gained excess weight and accrued more liver fat than controls. These metabolic disturbances were corrected by matching environmental lighting to the shortened endogenous 21-hour clock period, which decreased food consumption. Thus, SCN REV-ERBs are not required for rhythmicity but determine the free-running period length. Moreover, these results support the concept that dissonance between environmental conditions and endogenous time periods causes metabolic disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Adlanmerini
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brianna M. Krusen
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hoang C. B. Nguyen
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Clare W. Teng
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lauren N. Woodie
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael C. Tackenberg
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Caroline E. Geisler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jane Gaisinsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lindsey C. Peed
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bryce J. Carpenter
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R. Hayes
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Lazar
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Determination of genetic changes of Rev-erb beta and Rev-erb alpha genes in Type 2 diabetes mellitus by next-generation sequencing. Gene 2020; 763:145058. [PMID: 32798635 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear receptors Rev-erb alpha and Rev-erb beta are transcription factors that regulate the function of genes in glucose and lipid metabolism, and they also form a link between circadian rhythm and metabolism. We evaluated the variations in Rev-erb alpha and Rev-erb beta genes together with biochemical parameters as risk factors in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients. METHODS Molecular analyses of Rev-erb alpha and Rev-erb beta genes were performed on genomic DNA by using next-generation sequencing in 42 T2DM patients (21 obese and 21 non-obese) and 66 healthy controls. RESULTS We found 26 rare mutations in the study groups, including 13 missense mutations, 9 silent mutations, 3 5'UTR variations, and a 3'UTR variation, of which 9 were novel variations (5 missense and 3 silent and 1 5'UTR). Six common variations were also found in the Rev-erb genes; Rev-erb beta Chr3:24003765 A > G, Rev-erb beta rs924403442 (Chr3:24006717) G > T, Rev-erb alpha Chr17:38253751 T > C, Rev-erb alpha rs72836608 C > A, Rev-erb alpha rs2314339 C > T and Rev-erb alpha rs2102928 C > T. Of these, Rev-erb beta Chr3:24003765 A > G was a novel missense mutation (p.Q197R), while others were identified as intronic variants. T2DM patients with Rev-erb beta rs924403442 T allele had lower body surface area (BSA) than noncarriers (GG genotype) (p = 0.039). Rev-erb alpha rs72836608 A allele and Rev-erb alpha rs2314339 CC genotype were associated with decreased serum HDL-cholesterol levels in T2DM patients (p = 0.025 and p = 0.027, respectively). In our study, different effects of Rev-erbs polymorphisms were found according to gender and presence of obesity. Rev-erb alpha rs72836608 (C > A) and rs2314339 (C > T) and Rev-erb alpha rs2102928 (C > T) were associated with low HDL-C levels in male T2DM patients. In female patients, Rev-erb alpha rs2102928 (C > T) was associated with high microalbuminuria and Rev-erb beta rs9244403442 G > T was associated with low HDL and high BSA values. In addition, Rev-erb alpha Chr17: 38,253,751 (T > C), rs72836608 (C > A), and rs2314339 (C > T) and Rev-erb beta Chr3:24003765 (A > G) were associated with increased serum GGT levels in obese T2DM patients. In non-obese patients, Rev-erbs SNPs had no effect on serum GGT levels. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that variations in the Rev-erb alpha and Rev-erb beta genes can affect metabolic changes in T2DM and these effects may vary depending on gender and obesity.
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Wang S, Li F, Lin Y, Wu B. Targeting REV-ERBα for therapeutic purposes: promises and challenges. Theranostics 2020; 10:4168-4182. [PMID: 32226546 PMCID: PMC7086371 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
REV-ERBα (NR1D1) is a circadian clock component that functions as a transcriptional repressor. Due to its role in direct modulation of metabolic genes, REV-ERBα is regarded as an integrator of cell metabolism with circadian clock. Accordingly, REV-ERBα is first proposed as a drug target for treating sleep disorders and metabolic syndromes (e.g., dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia and obesity). Recent years of studies uncover a rather broad role of REV-ERBα in pathological conditions including local inflammatory diseases, heart failure and cancers. Moreover, REV-ERBα is involved in regulation of circadian drug metabolism that has implications in chronopharmacology. In the meantime, recent years have witnessed discovery of an array of new REV-ERBα ligands most of which have pharmacological activities in vivo. In this article, we review the regulatory role of REV-ERBα in various types of diseases and discuss the underlying mechanisms. We also describe the newly discovered ligands and the old ones together with their targeting potential. Despite well-established pharmacological effects of REV-ERBα ligands in animals (preclinical studies), no progress has been made regarding their translation to clinical trials. This implies certain challenges associated with drug development of REV-ERBα ligands. In particular, we discuss the potential challenges related to drug safety (or adverse effects) and bioavailability. For new drug development, it is advocated that REV-ERBα should be targeted to treat local diseases and a targeting drug should be locally distributed, avoiding the adverse effects on other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral research station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yanke Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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11
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Borba TKF, Toscano AE, Costa de Santana BJR, Silva SCDA, Lagranha CJ, Guzmán Quevedo O, Manhães-de-Castro R. Central administration of REV-ERBα agonist promotes opposite responses on energy balance in fasted and fed states. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12833. [PMID: 31957097 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The REV-ERBα receptor has a recognised role in the regulation of the circadian rhythm system. However, recent evidence suggests that it also contributes to energy balance regulation. Both expression and function of REV-ERBα can be influenced by the energy status of the body. Considering the possibility of the involvement of REV-ERBα in the regulation of energy balance, which is critically regulated by the hypothalamus, and based on the impact of intermittent fasting, the present study evaluated the effects of central administration of REV-ERBα agonist on energy balance in rats exposed to 24 hours of fasting or ad lib. feeding conditions. Initially, 24-hour fasted rats received an acute i.c.v. administration of agonist at doses of 1, 5, 10 or 15 μg per rat and feed efficiency was evaluated. Because 10 μg was a sufficient dose to affect feed efficiency, subsequent experiments used this dose to assess effects of agonist on the following parameters: energy expenditure induced by physical activity and locomotor activity, time spent in physical activity over 24 hours, and glucose and insulin tolerance. In fasted rats, the agonist promoted increased food intake and feed efficiency, with a greater body weight gain associated with less time spent in locomotor activity, suggesting a reduction in energy expenditure induced by physical activity. Furthermore, a reduction in glucose tolerance was noted. By contrast, free-fed rats exhibited reduced food intake and feed efficiency with decreased body weight gain along with an increase in locomotor activity and physical activity-dependent energy expenditure. Thus, i.c.v. administration of REV-ERBα agonist regulates energy balance depending on the energy status of the organism; that is, it promotes a positive energy balance in the fasted state and a negative energy balance in the fed state. These results may be useful in understanding the underlying mechanisms of energy balance disorders and intermittent fasting for body weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia Karin Ferreira Borba
- Post-Graduation in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Toscano
- Department of Nursing, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
- Unit of Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Juacy Rodrigues Costa de Santana
- Post-Graduation in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Unit of Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Severina Cassia de Andrade Silva
- Post-Graduation in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Claudia Jacques Lagranha
- Post-Graduation in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Raul Manhães-de-Castro
- Unit of Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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12
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Na H, Han J, Ka NL, Lee MH, Choi YL, Shin YK, Lee MO. High expression of NR1D1 is associated with good prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:127. [PMID: 31779659 PMCID: PMC6883674 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1 (NR1D1) is a ligand-regulated nuclear receptor and transcriptional factor. Although recent studies have implicated NR1D1 as a regulator of DNA repair and proliferation in breast cancers, its potential as a therapeutic target for breast cancer has not been assessed in terms of clinical outcomes. Thus, this study aims to analyze NR1D1 expression in breast cancer patients and to evaluate its potential prognostic value. Methods NR1D1 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using an anti-NR1D1 antibody in 694 breast cancer samples. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier method with the log-rank test to investigate the association of NR1D1 expression with clinical outcome. Results One hundred thirty-nine of these samples exhibited high NR1D1 expression, mostly in the nucleus of breast cancer cells. NR1D1 expression correlated significantly with histological grade and estrogen receptor status. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) did not correlate significantly with NR1D1 expression in breast cancer patients regardless of whether they had received chemotherapy. Subgroup analysis performed according to molecular subtype of breast cancer showed a significant influence of high NR1D1 expression on OS (P = 0.002) and DFS (P = 0.007) in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treated with chemotherapy. Conclusions High NR1D1 expression level had a favorable impact on OS and DFS in patients with TNBC treated with chemotherapy. NR1D1 should be investigated further as a possible prognostic marker in TNBC patients receiving chemotherapeutic treatment and as a target in the development of chemotherapeutic approaches to treating TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyelin Na
- College of Pharmacy, Bio-MAX, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinil Han
- Gencurix, Inc, Seoul, 08394, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Lee Ka
- College of Pharmacy, Bio-MAX, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Bio-MAX, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-La Choi
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Bio-MAX, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-Ock Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Bio-MAX, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Nanduri R, Kalra R, Bhagyaraj E, Chacko AP, Ahuja N, Tiwari D, Kumar S, Jain M, Parkesh R, Gupta P. AutophagySMDB: a curated database of small molecules that modulate protein targets regulating autophagy. Autophagy 2019; 15:1280-1295. [PMID: 30669929 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1571717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a complex self-degradative mechanism responsible for clearance of non functional organelles and proteins. A range of factors influences the autophagic process, and disruptions in autophagy-related mechanisms lead to disease states, and further exacerbation of disease. Despite in-depth research into autophagy and its role in pathophysiological processes, the resources available to use it for therapeutic purposes are currently lacking. Herein we report the Autophagy Small Molecule Database (AutophagySMDB; http://www.autophagysmdb.org/ ) of small molecules and their cognate protein targets that modulate autophagy. Presently, AutophagySMDB enlists ~10,000 small molecules which regulate 71 target proteins. All entries are comprised of information such as EC50 (half maximal effective concentration), IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration), Kd (dissociation constant) and Ki (inhibition constant), IUPAC name, canonical SMILE, structure, molecular weight, QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship) properties such as hydrogen donor and acceptor count, aromatic rings and XlogP. AutophagySMDB is an exhaustive, cross-platform, manually curated database, where either the cognate targets for small molecule or small molecules for a target can be searched. This database is provided with different search options including text search, advanced search and structure search. Various computational tools such as tree tool, cataloging tools, and clustering tools have also been implemented for advanced analysis. Data and the tools provided in this database helps to identify common or unique scaffolds for designing novel drugs or to improve the existing ones for autophagy small molecule therapeutics. The approach to multitarget drug discovery by identifying common scaffolds has been illustrated with experimental validation. Abbreviations: AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy related; AutophagySMDB: autophagy small molecule database; BCL2: BCL2, apoptosis regulator; BECN1: beclin 1; CAPN: calpain; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PPARG: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; SMILES: simplified molecular input line entry system; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikanth Nanduri
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Rashi Kalra
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Ella Bhagyaraj
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Anuja P Chacko
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Nancy Ahuja
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Drishti Tiwari
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Monika Jain
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Raman Parkesh
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- a Department of Molecular Biology , CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
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14
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Nascimento Ferreira MV, Goumidi L, Carvalho HB, De Moraes ACF, Santaliestra-Pasías AM, Kafatos A, Molnar D, Lambrinou CP, De Henauw S, Gutierrez A, Censi L, Marcos A, Widhalm K, Gottrand F, Gonzalez-Gross M, Meirhaeghe A, Moreno LA. Associations between REV-ERBα, sleep duration and body mass index in European adolescents. Sleep Med 2018; 46:56-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for many aspects of cellular homeostasis, including energy harvesting through oxidative phosphorylation. Alterations of mitochondrial function not only impact on cellular metabolism but also critically influence whole-body metabolism, health, and life span. Diseases defined by mitochondrial dysfunction have expanded from rare monogenic disorders in a strict sense to now also include many common polygenic diseases, including metabolic, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and neuromuscular diseases. This has led to an intensive search for new therapeutic and preventive strategies aimed at invigorating mitochondrial function by exploiting key components of mitochondrial biogenesis, redox metabolism, dynamics, mitophagy, and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. As such, new findings linking mitochondrial function to the progression or outcome of this ever-increasing list of diseases has stimulated the discovery and development of the first true mitochondrial drugs, which are now entering the clinic and are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Keir J Menzies
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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16
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Wang Z, Xu K, Zhang X, Wu X, Wang Z. Longitudinal SNP-set association analysis of quantitative phenotypes. Genet Epidemiol 2017; 41:81-93. [PMID: 27859628 PMCID: PMC5154867 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many genetic epidemiological studies collect repeated measurements over time. This design not only provides a more accurate assessment of disease condition, but allows us to explore the genetic influence on disease development and progression. Thus, it is of great interest to study the longitudinal contribution of genes to disease susceptibility. Most association testing methods for longitudinal phenotypes are developed for single variant, and may have limited power to detect association, especially for variants with low minor allele frequency. We propose Longitudinal SNP-set/sequence kernel association test (LSKAT), a robust, mixed-effects method for association testing of rare and common variants with longitudinal quantitative phenotypes. LSKAT uses several random effects to account for the within-subject correlation in longitudinal data, and allows for adjustment for both static and time-varying covariates. We also present a longitudinal trait burden test (LBT), where we test association between the trait and the burden score in linear mixed models. In simulation studies, we demonstrate that LBT achieves high power when variants are almost all deleterious or all protective, while LSKAT performs well in a wide range of genetic models. By making full use of trait values from repeated measures, LSKAT is more powerful than several tests applied to a single measurement or average over all time points. Moreover, LSKAT is robust to misspecification of the covariance structure. We apply the LSKAT and LBT methods to detect association with longitudinally measured body mass index in the Framingham Heart Study, where we are able to replicate association with a circadian gene NR1D2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Center for Computational Biology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zuoheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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17
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Zhao X, Hirota T, Han X, Cho H, Chong LW, Lamia K, Liu S, Atkins AR, Banayo E, Liddle C, Yu RT, Yates JR, Kay SA, Downes M, Evans RM. Circadian Amplitude Regulation via FBXW7-Targeted REV-ERBα Degradation. Cell 2016; 165:1644-1657. [PMID: 27238018 PMCID: PMC4912445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Defects in circadian rhythm influence physiology and behavior with implications for the treatment of sleep disorders, metabolic disease, and cancer. Although core regulatory components of clock rhythmicity have been defined, insight into the mechanisms underpinning amplitude is limited. Here, we show that REV-ERBα, a core inhibitory component of clock transcription, is targeted for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the F-box protein FBXW7. By relieving REV-ERBα-dependent repression, FBXW7 provides an unrecognized mechanism for enhancing the amplitude of clock gene transcription. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1)-mediated phosphorylation of REV-ERBα is necessary for FBXW7 recognition. Moreover, targeted hepatic disruption of FBXW7 alters circadian expression of core clock genes and perturbs whole-body lipid and glucose levels. This CDK1-FBXW7 pathway controlling REV-ERBα repression defines an unexpected molecular mechanism for re-engaging the positive transcriptional arm of the clock, as well as a potential route to manipulate clock amplitude via small molecule CDK1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirota
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Xuemei Han
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Han Cho
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ling-Wa Chong
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katja Lamia
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sihao Liu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ester Banayo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steve A Kay
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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18
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Nam D, Yechoor VK, Ma K. Molecular clock integration of brown adipose tissue formation and function. Adipocyte 2016; 5:243-50. [PMID: 27385482 PMCID: PMC4916866 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2015.1082015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is an essential time-keeping mechanism that entrains internal physiology to environmental cues. Despite the well-established link between the molecular clock and metabolic homeostasis, an intimate interplay between the clock machinery and the metabolically active brown adipose tissue (BAT) is only emerging. Recently, we came to appreciate that the formation and metabolic functions of BAT, a key organ for body temperature maintenance, are under an orchestrated circadian clock regulation. Two complementary studies from our group uncover that the cell-intrinsic clock machinery exerts concerted control of brown adipogenesis with consequent impacts on adaptive thermogenesis, which adds a previously unappreciated temporal dimension to the regulatory mechanisms governing BAT development and function. The essential clock transcriptional activator, Bmal1, suppresses adipocyte lineage commitment and differentiation, whereas the clock repressor, Rev-erbα, promotes these processes. This newly discovered temporal mechanism in fine-tuning BAT thermogenic capacity may enable energy utilization and body temperature regulation in accordance with external timing signals during development and functional recruitment. Given the important role of BAT in whole-body metabolic homeostasis, pharmacological interventions targeting the BAT-modulatory activities of the clock circuit may offer new avenues for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders, particularly those associated with circadian dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokhwa Nam
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vijay K. Yechoor
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ke Ma
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Nutrigenetics and Nutrimiromics of the Circadian System: The Time for Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:299. [PMID: 26927084 PMCID: PMC4813163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though the rhythmic oscillations of life have long been known, the precise molecular mechanisms of the biological clock are only recently being explored. Circadian rhythms are found in virtually all organisms and affect our lives. Thus, it is not surprising that the correct running of this clock is essential for cellular functions and health. The circadian system is composed of an intricate network of genes interwined in an intrincated transcriptional/translational feedback loop. The precise oscillation of this clock is controlled by the circadian genes that, in turn, regulate the circadian oscillations of many cellular pathways. Consequently, variations in these genes have been associated with human diseases and metabolic disorders. From a nutrigenetics point of view, some of these variations modify the individual response to the diet and interact with nutrients to modulate such response. This circadian feedback loop is also epigenetically modulated. Among the epigenetic mechanisms that control circadian rhythms, microRNAs are the least studied ones. In this paper, we review the variants of circadian-related genes associated to human disease and nutritional response and discuss the current knowledge about circadian microRNAs. Accumulated evidence on the genetics and epigenetics of the circadian system points to important implications of chronotherapy in the clinical practice, not only in terms of pharmacotherapy, but also for dietary interventions. However, interventional studies (especially nutritional trials) that include chronotherapy are scarce. Given the importance of chronobiology in human health such studies are warranted in the near future.
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20
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Interdependence of nutrient metabolism and the circadian clock system: Importance for metabolic health. Mol Metab 2016; 5:133-152. [PMID: 26977390 PMCID: PMC4770266 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While additional research is needed, a number of large epidemiological studies show an association between circadian disruption and metabolic disorders. Specifically, obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and other signs of metabolic syndrome all have been linked to circadian disruption in humans. Studies in other species support this association and generally reveal that feeding that is not in phase with the external light/dark cycle, as often occurs with night or rotating shift workers, is disadvantageous in terms of energy balance. As food is a strong driver of circadian rhythms in the periphery, understanding how nutrient metabolism drives clocks across the body is important for dissecting out why circadian misalignment may produce such metabolic effects. A number of circadian clock proteins as well as their accessory proteins (such as nuclear receptors) are highly sensitive to nutrient metabolism. Macronutrients and micronutrients can function as zeitgebers for the clock in a tissue-specific way and can thus impair synchrony between clocks across the body, or potentially restore synchrony in the case of circadian misalignment. Circadian nuclear receptors are particularly sensitive to nutrient metabolism and can alter tissue-specific rhythms in response to changes in the diet. Finally, SNPs in human clock genes appear to be correlated with diet-specific responses and along with chronotype eventually may provide valuable information from a clinical perspective on how to use diet and nutrition to treat metabolic disorders. SCOPE OF REVIEW This article presents a background of the circadian clock components and their interrelated metabolic and transcriptional feedback loops, followed by a review of some recent studies in humans and rodents that address the effects of nutrient metabolism on the circadian clock and vice versa. We focus on studies in which results suggest that nutrients provide an opportunity to restore or, alternatively, can destroy synchrony between peripheral clocks and the central pacemaker in the brain as well as between peripheral clocks themselves. In addition, we review several studies looking at clock gene SNPs in humans and the metabolic phenotypes or tendencies associated with particular clock gene mutations. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Targeted use of specific nutrients based on chronotype has the potential for immense clinical utility in the future. Macronutrients and micronutrients have the ability to function as zeitgebers for the clock by activating or modulating specific clock proteins or accessory proteins (such as nuclear receptors). Circadian clock control by nutrients can be tissue-specific. With a better understanding of the mechanisms that support nutrient-induced circadian control in specific tissues, human chronotype and SNP information might eventually be used to tailor nutritional regimens for metabolic disease treatment and thus be an important part of personalized medicine's future.
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21
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Kumar Jha P, Challet E, Kalsbeek A. Circadian rhythms in glucose and lipid metabolism in nocturnal and diurnal mammals. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 1:74-88. [PMID: 25662277 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most aspects of energy metabolism display clear variations during day and night. This daily rhythmicity of metabolic functions, including hormone release, is governed by a circadian system that consists of the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN) and many secondary clocks in the brain and peripheral organs. The SCN control peripheral timing via the autonomic and neuroendocrine system, as well as via behavioral outputs. The sleep-wake cycle, the feeding/fasting rhythm and most hormonal rhythms, including that of leptin, ghrelin and glucocorticoids, usually show an opposite phase (relative to the light-dark cycle) in diurnal and nocturnal species. By contrast, the SCN clock is most active at the same astronomical times in these two categories of mammals. Moreover, in both species, pineal melatonin is secreted only at night. In this review we describe the current knowledge on the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by central and peripheral clock mechanisms. Most experimental knowledge comes from studies in nocturnal laboratory rodents. Nevertheless, we will also mention some relevant findings in diurnal mammals, including humans. It will become clear that as a consequence of the tight connections between the circadian clock system and energy metabolism, circadian clock impairments (e.g., mutations or knock-out of clock genes) and circadian clock misalignments (such as during shift work and chronic jet-lag) have an adverse effect on energy metabolism, that may trigger or enhancing obese and diabetic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Jha
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Regulation of Circadian Clocks Team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, France; International Associated Laboratory LIA1061 Understanding the Neural Basis of Diurnality, CNRS, France and the Netherlands
| | - Etienne Challet
- Regulation of Circadian Clocks Team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, France; International Associated Laboratory LIA1061 Understanding the Neural Basis of Diurnality, CNRS, France and the Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; International Associated Laboratory LIA1061 Understanding the Neural Basis of Diurnality, CNRS, France and the Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Coomans CP, Lucassen EA, Kooijman S, Fifel K, Deboer T, Rensen PCN, Michel S, Meijer JH. Plasticity of circadian clocks and consequences for metabolism. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17 Suppl 1:65-75. [PMID: 26332970 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increased prevalence of metabolic disorders and obesity in modern society, together with the widespread use of artificial light at night, have led researchers to investigate whether altered patterns of light exposure contribute to metabolic disorders. This article discusses the experimental evidence that perturbed environmental cycles induce rhythm disorders in the circadian system, thus leading to metabolic disorders. This notion is generally supported by animal studies. Distorted environmental cycles, including continuous exposure to light, affect the neuronal organization of the central circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), its waveform and amplitude of the rhythm in electrical activity. Moreover, repeated exposure to a shifted light cycle or the application of dim light at night are environmental cues that cause a change in SCN function. The effects on the SCN waveform are the result of changes in synchronization among the SCN's neuronal cell population, which lead consistently to metabolic disturbances. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of sleep deprivation and the time of feeding on metabolism, as these factors are associated with exposure to disturbed environmental cycles. Finally, we suggest that these experimental studies reveal a causal relationship between the rhythm disorders and the metabolic disorders observed in epidemiological studies performed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Coomans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - E A Lucassen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - S Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - K Fifel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - T Deboer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - P C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - S Michel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J H Meijer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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23
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Vieira E, Merino B, Quesada I. Role of the clock gene Rev-erbα in metabolism and in the endocrine pancreas. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17 Suppl 1:106-14. [PMID: 26332975 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several hormones are regulated by circadian rhythms to adjust the metabolism to the light/dark cycles and feeding/activity patterns throughout the day. Circadian rhythms are mainly governed by the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus but also by clocks present in peripheral organs, like the endocrine pancreas. Plasma glucose levels and the main pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon also exhibit daily variations. Alterations in circadian rhythms are associated with metabolic disturbances and pathologies such as obesity and diabetes. The molecular components of central and peripheral clocks and their regulatory mechanisms are well established. Among the different clock genes, Rev-erbα is considered one of the key links between circadian rhythms and metabolism. Rev-erbα is a critical part of a negative feedback loop in the core circadian clock and modulates the clock oscillatory properties. In addition, Rev-erbα plays an important role in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, thermogenesis, adipocyte and muscle differentiation as well as mitochondrial function. In the endocrine pancreas, Rev-erbα regulates insulin and glucagon secretion and pancreatic β-cell proliferation. In the present review, we discuss all these subjects and, particularly, the role of the clock gene Rev-erbα in the endocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vieira
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetic, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - B Merino
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain
| | - I Quesada
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain
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Dashti HS, Follis JL, Smith CE, Tanaka T, Garaulet M, Gottlieb DJ, Hruby A, Jacques PF, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Lamon-Fava S, Scheer FAJL, Bartz TM, Kovanen L, Wojczynski MK, Frazier-Wood AC, Ahluwalia TS, Perälä MM, Jonsson A, Muka T, Kalafati IP, Mikkilä V, Ordovás JM, Partonen T, Ebeling T, Hopkins PN, Paternoster L, Lahti J, Hernandez DG, Toft U, Saxena R, Vitezova A, Kanoni S, Raitakari OT, Psaty BM, Perola M, Männistö S, Straka RJ, Hansen T, Räikkönen K, Ferrucci L, Grarup N, Johnson WC, Rallidis L, Kähönen M, Siscovick DS, Havulinna AS, Astrup A, Jørgensen T, Chen TA, Hofman A, Deloukas P, Viikari JS, Mozaffarian D, Pedersen O, Rotter JI, Uitterlinden AG, Seppälä I, Tiemeier H, Salomaa V, Gharib SA, Borecki IB, Arnett DK, Sørensen TI, Eriksson JG, Bandinelli S, Linneberg A, Rich SS, Franco OH, Dedoussis G, Lehtimäki T. Gene-Environment Interactions of Circadian-Related Genes for Cardiometabolic Traits. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:1456-66. [PMID: 26084345 PMCID: PMC4512139 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Common circadian-related gene variants associate with increased risk for metabolic alterations including type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about whether diet and sleep could modify associations between circadian-related variants (CLOCK-rs1801260, CRY2-rs11605924, MTNR1B-rs1387153, MTNR1B-rs10830963, NR1D1-rs2314339) and cardiometabolic traits (fasting glucose [FG], HOMA-insulin resistance, BMI, waist circumference, and HDL-cholesterol) to facilitate personalized recommendations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted inverse-variance weighted, fixed-effect meta-analyses of results of adjusted associations and interactions between dietary intake/sleep duration and selected variants on cardiometabolic traits from 15 cohort studies including up to 28,190 participants of European descent from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium. RESULTS We observed significant associations between relative macronutrient intakes and glycemic traits and short sleep duration (<7 h) and higher FG and replicated known MTNR1B associations with glycemic traits. No interactions were evident after accounting for multiple comparisons. However, we observed nominally significant interactions (all P < 0.01) between carbohydrate intake and MTNR1B-rs1387153 for FG with a 0.003 mmol/L higher FG with each additional 1% carbohydrate intake in the presence of the T allele, between sleep duration and CRY2-rs11605924 for HDL-cholesterol with a 0.010 mmol/L higher HDL-cholesterol with each additional hour of sleep in the presence of the A allele, and between long sleep duration (≥9 h) and MTNR1B-rs1387153 for BMI with a 0.60 kg/m(2) higher BMI with long sleep duration in the presence of the T allele relative to normal sleep duration (≥7 to <9 h). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that lower carbohydrate intake and normal sleep duration may ameliorate cardiometabolic abnormalities conferred by common circadian-related genetic variants. Until further mechanistic examination of the nominally significant interactions is conducted, recommendations applicable to the general population regarding diet—specifically higher carbohydrate and lower fat composition—and normal sleep duration should continue to be emphasized among individuals with the investigated circadian-related gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan S Dashti
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Jack L Follis
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Cooperative Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Houston, TX
| | - Caren E Smith
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniel J Gottlieb
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Sleep Disorders Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Adela Hruby
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Nutritional Epidemiology Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Jessica C Kiefte-de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Global Public Health, Leiden University College, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Stefania Lamon-Fava
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Leena Kovanen
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Alexis C Frazier-Wood
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Danish Pediatric Asthma Centre, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mia-Maria Perälä
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Jonsson
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Taulant Muka
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ioanna P Kalafati
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Vera Mikkilä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - José M Ordovás
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA Department of Epidemiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Alimentación (IMDEA-FOOD), Madrid, Spain
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25
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Novel Function of Rev-erbα in Promoting Brown Adipogenesis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11239. [PMID: 26058812 PMCID: PMC4462032 DOI: 10.1038/srep11239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue is a major thermogenic organ that plays a key role in maintenance of body temperature and whole-body energy homeostasis. Rev-erbα, a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor and transcription repressor of the molecular clock, has been implicated in the regulation of adipogenesis. However, whether Rev-erbα participates in brown fat formation is not known. Here we show that Rev-erbα is a key regulator of brown adipose tissue development by promoting brown adipogenesis. Genetic ablation of Rev-erbα in mice severely impairs embryonic and neonatal brown fat formation accompanied by loss of brown identity. This defect is due to a cell-autonomous function of Rev-erbα in brown adipocyte lineage commitment and terminal differentiation, as demonstrated by genetic loss- and gain-of-function studies in mesenchymal precursors and brown preadipocytes. Moreover, pharmacological activation of Rev-erbα activity promotes, whereas its inhibition suppresses brown adipocyte differentiation. Mechanistic investigations reveal that Rev-erbα represses key components of the TGF-β cascade, an inhibitory pathway of brown fat development. Collectively, our findings delineate a novel role of Rev-erbα in driving brown adipocyte development, and provide experimental evidence that pharmacological interventions of Rev-erbα may offer new avenues for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Abstract
Circadian rhythm, or daily oscillation, of behaviors and biological processes is a fundamental feature of mammalian physiology that has developed over hundreds of thousands of years under the continuous evolutionary pressure of energy conservation and efficiency. Evolution has fine-tuned the body's clock to anticipate and respond to numerous environmental cues in order to maintain homeostatic balance and promote survival. However, we now live in a society in which these classic circadian entrainment stimuli have been dramatically altered from the conditions under which the clock machinery was originally set. A bombardment of artificial lighting, heating, and cooling systems that maintain constant ambient temperature; sedentary lifestyle; and the availability of inexpensive, high-calorie foods has threatened even the most powerful and ancient circadian programming mechanisms. Such environmental changes have contributed to the recent staggering elevation in lifestyle-influenced pathologies, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, depression, obesity, and diabetes. This review scrutinizes the role of the body's internal clocks in the hard-wiring of circadian networks that have evolved to achieve energetic balance and adaptability, and it discusses potential therapeutic strategies to reset clock metabolic control to modern time for the benefit of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Gerhart-Hines
- Section for Metabolic Receptology (Z.G.-H.), Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (M.A.L.), Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Section for Metabolic Receptology (Z.G.-H.), Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (M.A.L.), Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Simcox JA, Mitchell TC, Gao Y, Just SF, Cooksey R, Cox J, Ajioka R, Jones D, Lee SH, King D, Huang J, McClain DA. Dietary iron controls circadian hepatic glucose metabolism through heme synthesis. Diabetes 2015; 64:1108-19. [PMID: 25315005 PMCID: PMC4375081 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The circadian rhythm of the liver maintains glucose homeostasis, and disruption of this rhythm is associated with type 2 diabetes. Feeding is one factor that sets the circadian clock in peripheral tissues, but relatively little is known about the role of specific dietary components in that regard. We assessed the effects of dietary iron on circadian gluconeogenesis. Dietary iron affects circadian glucose metabolism through heme-mediated regulation of the interaction of nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group d member 1 (Rev-Erbα) with its cosuppressor nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR). Loss of regulated heme synthesis was achieved by aminolevulinic acid (ALA) treatment of mice or cultured cells to bypass the rate-limiting enzyme in hepatic heme synthesis, ALA synthase 1 (ALAS1). ALA treatment abolishes differences in hepatic glucose production and in the expression of gluconeogenic enzymes seen with variation of dietary iron. The differences among diets are also lost with inhibition of heme synthesis with isonicotinylhydrazine. Dietary iron modulates levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), a transcriptional activator of ALAS1, to affect hepatic heme. Treatment of mice with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine diminishes PGC-1α variation observed among the iron diets, suggesting that iron is acting through reactive oxygen species signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Simcox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Yan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Steven F Just
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Robert Cooksey
- Veterans Administration Research Service, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - James Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Richard Ajioka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Deborah Jones
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Soh-Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Daniel King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jingyu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Donald A McClain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT Veterans Administration Research Service, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT
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Vieira E, G. Ruano E, C. Figueroa AL, Aranda G, Momblan D, Carmona F, Gomis R, Vidal J, Hanzu FA. Altered clock gene expression in obese visceral adipose tissue is associated with metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111678. [PMID: 25365257 PMCID: PMC4218799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clock gene expression was associated with different components of metabolic syndrome (MS) in human adipose tissue. However, no study has been done to compare the expression of clock genes in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) from lean and obese subjects and its clinical implications. Therefore, we studied in lean and obese women the endogenous 24 h expression of clock genes in isolated adipocytes and its association with MS components. VAT was obtained from lean (BMI 21-25 kg/m2; n = 21) and morbidly obese women (BMI >40 kg/m2; n = 28). The 24 h pattern of clock genes was analyzed every 6 hours using RT-PCR. Correlation of clinical data was studied by Spearman analysis. The 24 h pattern of clock genes showed that obesity alters the expression of CLOCK, BMAL1, PER1, CRY2 and REV-ERB ALPHA in adipocytes with changes found in CRY2 and REV-ERB ALPHA throughout the 24 h period. The same results were confirmed in VAT and stromal cells (SC) showing an upregulation of CRY2 and REV-ERB ALPHA from obese women. A positive correlation was observed for REV-ERB ALPHA gene expression with BMI and waist circumference in the obese population. Expression of ROR ALPHA was correlated with HDL levels and CLOCK with LDL. Obese subjects with MS exhibited positive correlation in the PER2 gene with LDL cholesterol, whereas REV-ERB ALPHA was correlated with waist circumference. We identified CRY2 and REV-ERB ALPHA as the clock genes upregulated in obesity during the 24 h period and that REV-ERB ALPHA is an important gene associated with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Vieira
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Elena G. Ruano
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gloria Aranda
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dulce Momblan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Carmona
- Institute Clinic of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Gomis
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felicia A. Hanzu
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Ruano EG, Canivell S, Vieira E. REV-ERB ALPHA polymorphism is associated with obesity in the Spanish obese male population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104065. [PMID: 25089907 PMCID: PMC4121274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
REV-ERB ALPHA has been shown to link metabolism with circadian rhythms. We aimed to identify new polymorphisms in the promoter of REV-ERB ALPHA and tested whether these polymorphisms could be associated with obesity in the Spanish population. Of the 1197 subjects included in our study, 779 were obese (BMI 34.38±3.1 kg/m2) and 418 lean (BMI 23.27±1.5 kg/m2). In the obese group, 469 of the 779 had type 2 diabetes. Genomic DNA from all the subjects was obtained from peripheral blood cells and the genotyping in the REV-ERB ALPHA promoter was analyzed by High Resolution Melting. We found six polymorphisms in the REV-ERB ALPHA promoter and identified rs939347 as a SNP with the highest frequency in the total population. We did not find any association between rs939347 and type 2 diabetes (p = 0.101), but rs939347 was associated with obesity (p = 0.036) with the genotype AA exhibiting higher frequency in the obese (5.2% in total obese vs 2.4% in lean). This association was found only in men (p = 0.031; 6.5% AA-carriers in obese men vs 1.9% AA-carriers in lean men), with no association found in the female population (p = 0.505; 4.4% AA-carriers in obese women vs 2.7% AA-carriers in lean women). Our results suggest that the REV-ERB ALPHA rs939347 polymorphism could modulate body fat mass in men. The present work supports the role of REV-ERB ALPHA in the development of obesity as well as a potential target for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Ruano
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Canivell
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elaine Vieira
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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30
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Abstract
Humans as diurnal beings are active during the day and rest at night. This daily oscillation of behavior and physiology is driven by an endogenous circadian clock not environmental cues. In modern societies, changes in lifestyle have led to a frequent disruption of the endogenous circadian homeostasis leading to increased risk of various diseases including cancer. The clock is operated by the feedback loops of circadian genes and controls daily physiology by coupling cell proliferation and metabolism, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis in peripheral tissues with physical activity, energy homeostasis, immune and neuroendocrine functions at the organismal level. Recent studies have revealed that defects in circadian genes due to targeted gene ablation in animal models or single nucleotide polymorphism, deletion, deregulation and/or epigenetic silencing in humans are closely associated with increased risk of cancer. In addition, disruption of circadian rhythm can disrupt the molecular clock in peripheral tissues in the absence of circadian gene mutations. Circadian disruption has recently been recognized as an independent cancer risk factor. Further study of the mechanism of clock-controlled tumor suppression will have a significant impact on human health by improving the efficiencies of cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Kettner
- Department of Pediatrics/U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service/ Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA
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31
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Kalsbeek A, la Fleur S, Fliers E. Circadian control of glucose metabolism. Mol Metab 2014; 3:372-83. [PMID: 24944897 PMCID: PMC4060304 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has risen to epidemic proportions. The pathophysiology of T2DM is complex and involves insulin resistance, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and visceral adiposity. It has been known for decades that a disruption of biological rhythms (which happens the most profoundly with shift work) increases the risk of developing obesity and T2DM. Recent evidence from basal studies has further sparked interest in the involvement of daily rhythms (and their disruption) in the development of obesity and T2DM. Most living organisms have molecular clocks in almost every tissue, which govern rhythmicity in many domains of physiology, such as rest/activity rhythms, feeding/fasting rhythms, and hormonal secretion. Here we present the latest research describing the specific role played by the molecular clock mechanism in the control of glucose metabolism and speculate on how disruption of these tissue clocks may lead to the disturbances in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Garaulet M, Smith CE, Gomez-Abellán P, Ordovás-Montañés M, Lee YC, Parnell LD, Arnett DK, Ordovás JM. REV-ERB-ALPHA circadian gene variant associates with obesity in two independent populations: Mediterranean and North American. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:821-9. [PMID: 24173768 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Despite the solid connection between REV-ERB and obesity, the information about whether genetic variations at this locus may be associated with obesity traits is scarce. Therefore our objective was to study the association between REV-ERB-ALPHA1 rs2314339 and obesity in two independent populations. METHODS AND RESULTS Participants were 2214 subjects from Spanish Mediterranean (n = 1404) and North American (n = 810) populations. Anthropometric, biochemical, dietary, and genotype analyses were performed. We found novel associations between the REV-ERB-ALPHA1 rs2314339 genotype and obesity in two independent populations: in Spanish Mediterranean and North American groups, the frequency of the minor-allele-carriers (AA+ AG) was significantly lower in the "abdominally obese" group than in those of the "nonabdominally obese" group (p < 0.05). Minor allele carriers had lower probability of abdominal obesity than noncarriers, and the effect was of similar magnitude for both populations (OR ≈ 1.50). There were consistent associations between REV-ERB-ALPHA1 genotype and obesity-related traits (p < 0.05). Energy intake was not significantly associated with REV-ERB-ALPHA1 rs2314339. However, physical activity significantly differed by genotype. A significant interaction between the REV-ERB-ALPHA1 variant and monounsaturated-fatty-acids (MUFA) intake for obesity was also detected in the Mediterranean population. CONCLUSION This new discovery highlights the importance of REV-ERB-ALPHA1 in obesity and provides evidence for the connection between our biological clock and obesity-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Duez H, Sebti Y, Staels B. Horloges circadiennes et métabolisme : intégration des signaux métaboliques et environnementaux. Med Sci (Paris) 2013; 29:772-7. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2013298017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Rey G, Reddy AB. Connecting cellular metabolism to circadian clocks. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:234-41. [PMID: 23391694 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock is a cellular timekeeping mechanism that helps organisms to organize their behaviour and physiology around daily alternations of days and nights. In humans, misalignment of an individual's internal clock with its environment is associated with adverse health consequences, including metabolic disorders and cancers. In current models of the eukaryotic circadian oscillator, transcription/translation feedback loops (TTFLs) are considered the prime mechanism sustaining intracellular rhythms. The discovery of many cytosolic loops has extended the TTFL model by embedding it in cellular physiology. Recently, however, several studies have revealed metabolic rhythms that are independent of transcription, questioning the TTFL model as the sole cellular timekeeping mechanism. Thus, the time has come to carefully reassess these models of the clockwork in a broad cellular context to integrate its genetic, cytosolic, and metabolic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Rey
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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35
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Circadian Clocks, Food Intake, and Metabolism. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 119:105-35. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396971-2.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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36
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Evans JA, Davidson AJ. Health consequences of circadian disruption in humans and animal models. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 119:283-323. [PMID: 23899601 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396971-2.00010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Daily rhythms in behavior and physiology are programmed by a hierarchical collection of biological clocks located throughout the brain and body, known as the circadian system. Mounting evidence indicates that disruption of circadian regulation is associated with a wide variety of adverse health consequences, including increased risk for premature death, cancer, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular dysfunction, immune dysregulation, reproductive problems, mood disorders, and learning deficits. Here we review the evidence for the pervasive effects of circadian disruption in humans and animal models, drawing from both environmental and genetic studies, and identify questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Evans
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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