1
|
Ullah R, Xue C, Wang S, Qin Z, Rauf N, Zhan S, Khan NU, Shen Y, Zhou YD, Fu J. Alternate-day fasting delays pubertal development in normal-weight mice but prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity and precocious puberty. Nutr Diabetes 2024; 14:82. [PMID: 39366955 PMCID: PMC11452675 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-024-00335-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Childhood obesity, particularly in girls, is linked to early puberty onset, heightening risks for adult-onset diseases. Addressing childhood obesity and precocious puberty is vital to mitigate societal burdens. Despite existing costly and invasive medical interventions, introducing lifestyle-based alternatives is essential. Our study investigates alternate-day fasting's (ADF) impact on pubertal development in normal-weight and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese female mice. METHODS Four groups of female mice were utilized, with dams initially fed control chow during and before pregnancy. Post-parturition, two groups continued on control chow, while two switched to an HFD. Offspring diets mirrored maternal exposure. One control and one HFD group were subjected to ADF. Morphometry and hormone analyses at various time points were performed. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that ADF in normal-weight mice led to reduced body length, weight, uterine, and ovarian weights, accompanied by delayed puberty and lower levels of sex hormones and growth hormone (GH). Remarkably, GH treatment effectively prevented ADF-induced growth reduction but did not prevent delayed puberty. Conversely, an HFD increased body length, induced obesity and precocious puberty, and altered sex hormones and leptin levels, which were counteracted by ADF regimen. Our data indicate ADF's potential in managing childhood obesity and precocious puberty. CONCLUSIONS ADF reduced GH and sex hormone levels, contributing to reduced growth and delayed puberty, respectively. Therefore, parents of normal-weight children should be cautious about prolonged overnight fasting. ADF prevented HFD-induced obesity and precocious puberty, offering an alternative to medical approaches; nevertheless, further studies are needed for translation into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ullah
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
| | - Chuqing Xue
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China
| | - Senjie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhewen Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China
| | - Naveed Rauf
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shumin Zhan
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China
| | - Naimat Ullah Khan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Yi Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
| | - Yu-Dong Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
von Schnurbein J, Zorn S, Nunziata A, Brandt S, Moepps B, Funcke JB, Hussain K, Farooqi IS, Fischer-Posovszky P, Wabitsch M. Classification of Congenital Leptin Deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:2602-2616. [PMID: 38470203 PMCID: PMC11403321 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Biallelic pathogenic leptin gene variants cause severe early-onset obesity usually associated with low or undetectable circulating leptin levels. Recently, variants have been described resulting in secreted mutant forms of the hormone leptin with either biologically inactive or antagonistic properties. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature research supplemented by unpublished data from patients at our center as well as new in vitro analyses to provide a systematic classification of congenital leptin deficiency based on the molecular and functional characteristics of the underlying leptin variants and investigated the correlation of disease subtype with severity of the clinical phenotype. RESULTS A total of 28 distinct homozygous leptin variants were identified in 148 patients. The identified variants can be divided into 3 different subtypes of congenital leptin deficiency: classical hormone deficiency (21 variants in 128 patients), biologically inactive hormone (3 variants in 12 patients), and antagonistic hormone (3 variants in 7 patients). Only 1 variant (n = 1 patient) remained unclassified. Patients with biological inactive leptin have a higher percentage of 95th body mass index percentile compared to patients with classical hormone deficiency. While patients with both classical hormone deficiency and biological inactive hormone can be treated with the same starting dose of metreleptin, patients with antagonistic hormone need a variant-tailored treatment approach to overcome the antagonistic properties of the variant leptin. MAIN CONCLUSION Categorization of leptin variants based on molecular and functional characteristics helps to determine the most adequate approach to treatment of patients with congenital leptin deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia von Schnurbein
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| | - Stefanie Zorn
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| | - Adriana Nunziata
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| | - Stephanie Brandt
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| | - Barbara Moepps
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacology of Natural Products, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Funcke
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, 89075, Germany
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Sidra Medicine, OPC, C6-340, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Pamela Fischer-Posovszky
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, 89075, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Myasoedova VA, Bertolini F, Valerio V, Moschetta D, Massaiu I, Rusconi V, De Giorgi D, Ciccarelli M, Parisi V, Poggio P. The Role of Adiponectin and Leptin in Fibro-Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1977. [PMID: 39335491 PMCID: PMC11428218 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12091977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibro-calcific aortic valve disease (FCAVD) is a progressive disorder characterized by the thickening and calcification of the aortic valve, eventually leading to aortic stenosis. Adiponectin and leptin, known for their anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory properties, respectively, have been implicated in cardiovascular diseases, but their associations with FCAVD are controversial. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the relationships between adiponectin and leptin levels and FCAVD, particularly in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). METHODS A systematic search was conducted across the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify studies on adiponectin and leptin levels in FCAVD. The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and publication bias was evaluated using Egger's test and funnel plots. RESULTS Out of 191 articles identified, 10 studies involving 2360 patients (989 with FCAVD and 1371 controls) were included. The analysis suggested trends in the associations of lower adiponectin levels (SMD = -0.143, 95% CI: -0.344, 0.057, p = 0.161) and higher leptin levels (SMD = 0.175, 95% CI: -0.045, 0.395, p = 0.119) with FCAVD. The association remained a trend for low adiponectin but showed a significant correlation with high leptin in severe AS patients (SMD = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.036, 0.543, p = 0.025). CONCLUSION This meta-analysis indicates a potential association between elevated leptin levels and severe aortic stenosis, while the relationship with adiponectin levels remains inconclusive. These findings highlight the need for further and dedicated research to clarify the roles of these adipokines in the pathogenesis of FCAVD and their potential roles as biomarkers for disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Valentina Parisi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Poggio
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Said NM, El-Shaer NH. Association of serum trefoil factor 3 and leptin levels with obesity: A case-control study. Cytokine 2024; 181:156690. [PMID: 38996578 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has a detrimental impact on individuals, communities, and healthcare systems. Trefoil factor 3 is a secretory protein involved in metabolic processes related to weight regulation. However, its relation with obesity is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the serum trefoil factor 3 level and to immunohistochemical detect the leptin in obese patients to evaluate their relation to obesity pathogenesis. METHODS As a case-control study, we enrolled 83 non-obese persons as a control group with a BMI (18.5-24.9) and 83 obese persons as a patient group with a BMI > 30. All the study volunteers are subjected to anthropometric measurements, glucose, and lipid profile analysis by colorimetric methods. Serum trefoil factor 3 level was estimated by ELISA and leptin hormone was detected immunohistochemically in the blood using cell block technique. RESULTS ROC curve analysis for TFF3 showed a good relation with obesity with an AUC of 0.891 and a cut-off value of > 96 ng/ml. There was a significant positive correlation between TFF3 and fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. The logistic regression analysis showed that TFF3 is a good risk factor for obesity incidence [p = 0.008; OR = 1.117; (95 % CI): 1.029-1.213]. This was confirmed by multiple linear regression that gave an equation for the possibility of predicting BMI using several factors including TFF3 [BMI = 0.821 + 0.051 × TFF3 + 0.044 × FBS + 0.85 × TC]. The more surprising was the ability of the immunohistochemistry cell block technique to detect leptin antigens associated with an obese person blood not only adipose tissue or serum. CONCLUSION Leptin hormone and TFF3 could be good indicators for obesity incidence. Further research with a larger sample size and in different populations could completely approve our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noha Mohamed Said
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Nahla H El-Shaer
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Ssengonzi R, Townley-Tilson WHD, Kayashima Y, Maeda-Smithies N, Li F. The Roles of Obesity and ASB4 in Preeclampsia Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9017. [PMID: 39201703 PMCID: PMC11354233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a complex pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder which poses significant risks for both maternal and fetal health. Preeclampsia affects 5-8% of pregnancies in the United States, causing a significant public health and economic burden. Despite extensive research, the etiology and pathogenesis of preeclampsia remain elusive, but have been correlated with maternal conditions such as obesity. In recent decades, the incidence of preeclampsia increased along with the prevalence of obesity among women of reproductive age. Maternal obesity has been shown to negatively affect pregnancy in almost all aspects. However, the precise mechanisms by which obesity influences preeclampsia are unclear. Ankyrin repeat and SOCS Box Containing protein 4 (ASB4) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can promote the degradation of a wide range of target proteins. ASB4-null mice display a full spectrum of preeclampsia-like phenotypes during pregnancy including hypertension, proteinuria, and decreased litter size. Furthermore, maternal obesity induced by a high-fat diet aggravates preeclampsia-like phenotypes in pregnant mice lacking ASB4. Variants in the ASB4 gene have been associated with obesity in humans, and a functional connection between the ASB4 gene and obesity has been established in mice. This review discusses the connections between preeclampsia, obesity, and ASB4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (Y.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lei M, Li Y, Li J, Liu J, Dai Z, Chen R, Zhu H. Low Testosterone and High Leptin Activate PPAR Signaling to Induce Adipogenesis and Promote Fat Deposition in Caponized Ganders. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8686. [PMID: 39201373 PMCID: PMC11354323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Low or insufficient testosterone levels caused by caponization promote fat deposition in animals. However, the molecular mechanism of fat deposition in caponized animals remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the metabolomics and transcriptomic profiles of adipose tissues and study the effect of testosterone and leptin on the proliferation of adipocytes. We observed a significant enlargement in the areas of adipocytes in the abdominal fat tissues in capon, as well as increased luciferase activity of the serum leptin and a sharp decrease in the serum testosterone in caponized gander. Metabolomics and transcriptomic results revealed differentially expressed genes and differentially expressed metabolites with enhanced PARR signal pathway. The mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ, fatty acid synthase, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in goose primary pre-adipocytes were significantly upregulated with high leptin treatment and decreased significantly with increasing testosterone dose. Hence, reduced testosterone and increased leptin levels after caponization possibly promoted adipocytes proliferation and abdominal fat deposition by altering the expression of PPAR pathway related genes in caponized ganders. This study provides a new direction for the mechanism through which testosterone regulates the biological function of leptin and fat deposition in male animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Lei
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.D.); (R.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.D.); (R.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.D.); (R.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.D.); (R.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zichun Dai
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.D.); (R.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.D.); (R.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huanxi Zhu
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.D.); (R.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integration, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Nanjing 210014, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baird HJM, Shun-Shion AS, Mendes de Oliveira E, Stalder D, Liang L, Eden J, Chambers JE, Farooqi IS, Gershlick DC, Fazakerley DJ. A quantitative pipeline to assess secretion of human leptin coding variants reveals mechanisms underlying leptin deficiencies. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107562. [PMID: 39002670 PMCID: PMC11366920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The hormone leptin, primarily secreted by adipocytes, plays a crucial role in regulating whole-body energy homeostasis. Homozygous loss-of-function mutations in the leptin gene (LEP) cause hyperphagia and severe obesity, primarily through alterations in leptin's affinity for its receptor or changes in serum leptin concentrations. Although serum concentrations are influenced by various factors (e.g., gene expression, protein synthesis, stability in the serum), proper delivery of leptin from its site of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum via the secretory pathway to the extracellular serum is a critical step. However, the regulatory mechanisms and specific machinery involved in this trafficking route, particularly in the context of human LEP mutations, remain largely unexplored. We have employed the Retention Using Selective Hooks system to elucidate the secretory pathway of leptin. We have refined this system into a medium-throughput assay for examining the pathophysiology of a range of obesity-associated LEP variants. Our results reveal that leptin follows the default secretory pathway, with no additional regulatory steps identified prior to secretion. Through screening of leptin variants, we identified three mutations that lead to proteasomal degradation of leptin and one variant that significantly decreased leptin secretion, likely through aberrant disulfide bond formation. These observations have identified novel pathogenic effects of leptin variants, which can be informative for therapeutics and diagnostics. Finally, our novel quantitative screening platform can be adapted for other secreted proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry J M Baird
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amber S Shun-Shion
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edson Mendes de Oliveira
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Danièle Stalder
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Liang
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Eden
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph E Chambers
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - David C Gershlick
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ceccarini G, Pelosini C, Paoli M, Tyutyusheva N, Magno S, Gilio D, Palladino L, Sessa MR, Bertelloni S, Santini F. Serum levels of adiponectin differentiate generalized lipodystrophies from anorexia nervosa. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:1881-1886. [PMID: 38358463 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-024-02308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The differential diagnosis of lipodystrophy involves other disorders characterized by severe fat loss and may be sometimes challenging. Owing to the rarity of lipodystrophy, it is relevant to search for tools and assays that differentiate it from other diseases that may mimic it. We conducted a study on leptin and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin serum concentrations in a series of patients diagnosed with lipodystrophy and compared them with those found in anorexia nervosa, one of the illnesses that may be cause of a missed diagnosis of lipodystrophy. METHODS Leptin and HMW adiponectin serum concentrations were measured in six patients diagnosed with generalized lipodystrophy (GL), six with progeroid syndromes (PS), 13 with familial partial lipodystrophy type 1 (FPLD1, Kobberling syndrome), 10 with familial partial lipodystrophy type 2 (FPLD2, Dunnigan syndrome), 18 with acquired partial lipodystrophy (APL) and 12 affected by anorexia nervosa (AN). Measurements were compared to those obtained in 12 normal weight healthy subjects. RESULTS Serum leptin concentrations were reduced to a similar degree in GL, PS and AN, proportionally to the extent of fat loss. Serum concentrations of HMW adiponectin were found extremely low in patients with GL and PS, while comparable to normal weight subjects in patients with AN. CONCLUSION Serum HMW adiponectin can be regarded as a useful tool to discriminate between generalized lipodystrophy syndromes (including PS) and AN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Ceccarini
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center, Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - C Pelosini
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center, Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Chemistry and Endocrinology Laboratory, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Paoli
- Chemistry and Endocrinology Laboratory, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - N Tyutyusheva
- Pediatric Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Magno
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center, Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Gilio
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center, Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Palladino
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center, Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M R Sessa
- Chemistry and Endocrinology Laboratory, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Bertelloni
- Pediatric Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Santini
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center, Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vallès Y, Arshad M, Abdalbaqi M, Inman CK, Ahmad A, Drou N, Gunsalus KC, Ali R, Tahlak M, Abdulle A. The infants' gut microbiome: setting the stage for the early onset of obesity. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1371292. [PMID: 39081889 PMCID: PMC11287775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1371292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past three decades, dietary and lifestyle changes worldwide have resulted in a global increase in the prevalence of obesity in both adults and children. Known to be highly influenced by genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors, obesity is characterized by a low-grade chronic inflammation that contributes to the development of other metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Recently, the gut microbiome has been added as a cause/contributor to the development of obesity. As differences in the microbiome between obese and normoweight individuals have been observed, we set out to determine whether infants harbor an obesogenic microbiome early on and whether the pre-pregnancy status of the mother (obese or normoweight) is correlated to their infant's microbiome composition. Using shotgun sequencing, we analyzed stool samples throughout the first year of life from infants born to obese (n = 23 participants, m = 104 samples) and normoweight (n = 23 participants, m = 99 samples) mothers. We found that the infants' microbiome diversity at taxonomic and functional levels was significantly influenced by time (ANOVA p < 0.001) but not by the mother's pre-pregnancy status. Overall, no deterministic succession of taxa or functions was observed. However, infants born to obese mothers were found to have a significantly higher Bacillota/Bacteroidota ratio (p = 0.02) at six months, were significantly depleted from six months old of the well-established obesity biomarkers Akkermansia municiphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (p < 0.01), and were at one week old, significantly enriched in pathways such as the UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis II (p = 0.02) involved in leptin production, suggesting perhaps that there may exist some underlying mechanisms that dictate the development of an obesogenic microbiota early on.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Vallès
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Core Bioinformatics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mamoun Abdalbaqi
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Claire K. Inman
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amar Ahmad
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nizar Drou
- Core Bioinformatics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kristin C. Gunsalus
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Raghib Ali
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muna Tahlak
- Latifa Women and Children Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdishakur Abdulle
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ulusoy Ş, İnal E, Küpeli Akkol E, Çiçek M, Kartal M, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Evaluation of the anti-obesity effect of Sambucus nigra L. (elderberry) and Vitex agnus-castus L. (chasteberry) extracts in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1410854. [PMID: 39055496 PMCID: PMC11269222 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1410854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of S. nigra L. and V. agnus-castus L. plants on obesity in vivo. Extracts were prepared from S. nigra leaves, flowers, fruits and from V. agnus-castus leaves, flowers, and fruits using 100% water and 70% ethanol. The total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extracts were quantified spectrophotometrically. The findings revealed that the ethanol extracts of V. agnus-castus and S. nigra flowers had the highest phenolic content, while the ethanol extracts of S. nigra flowers and V. agnus-castus leaves had the highest flavonoid content. Qualification and quantification of the phenolic contents of the extracts were carried out using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analyses. The study investigated the effects of various extracts on plasma levels of leptin, insulin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and lipase enzyme in obesity-induced rats. The results showed that the ethanol extract of V. agnus-castus flowers, as well as the ethanol and water extracts of V. agnus-castus leaves, resulted in body weight reduction in rats with obesity. Additionally, these extracts were found to decrease serum levels of LDL, triglycerides, leptin, lipase, TNF-α, and IL-1β while increasing levels of HDL and adiponectin. The LC-HRMS results demonstrated that all three extracts exhibited relatively high concentrations of luteolin-7-glycoside and kaempferol, in comparison to the other extracts. The ethanol extract of V. agnus-castus flowers contained 653.04 mg/100 g of luteolin-7-glycoside and 62.63 mg/100 g of kaempferol. The ethanol extract of V. agnus-castus leaves contained 1,720.26 mg/100 g of luteolin-7-glycoside and 95.85 mg/100 g of kaempferol. The water extract of V. agnus-castus leaves contained 690.49 mg/100 g of luteolin-7-glycoside and 194.41 mg/100 g of kaempferol. The study suggests that the ethanol extract of V. agnus-castus flowers and leaves, as well as the water extract of V. agnus-castus leaves, may have potential benefits in treating obesity. However, further controlled clinical studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical efficacy of V. agnus-castus in treating obesity and investigate the in vivo anti-obesogenic effects of luteolin-7-glycoside and kaempferol separately, both in their pure form and in combination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Şeyma Ulusoy
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ebrar İnal
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mahmut Çiçek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Murat Kartal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Bezmialem Center of Education, Practice, and Research in Phytotherapy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Savulescu-Fiedler I, Mihalcea R, Dragosloveanu S, Scheau C, Baz RO, Caruntu A, Scheau AE, Caruntu C, Benea SN. The Interplay between Obesity and Inflammation. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:856. [PMID: 39063610 PMCID: PMC11277997 DOI: 10.3390/life14070856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important condition affecting the quality of life of numerous patients and increasing their associated risk for multiple diseases, including tumors and immune-mediated disorders. Inflammation appears to play a major role in the development of obesity and represents a central point for the activity of cellular and humoral components in the adipose tissue. Macrophages play a key role as the main cellular component of the adipose tissue regulating the chronic inflammation and modulating the secretion and differentiation of various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation also involves a series of signaling pathways that might represent the focus for new therapies and interventions. Weight loss is essential in decreasing cardiometabolic risks and the degree of associated inflammation; however, the latter can persist for long after the excess weight is lost, and can involve changes in macrophage phenotypes that can ensure the metabolic adjustment. A clear understanding of the pathophysiological processes in the adipose tissue and the interplay between obesity and chronic inflammation can lead to a better understanding of the development of comorbidities and may ensure future targets for the treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilinca Savulescu-Fiedler
- Department of Internal Medicine, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan Mihalcea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Serban Dragosloveanu
- Department of Orthopaedics, “Foisor” Clinical Hospital of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 021382 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Scheau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania (C.C.)
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, “Foisor” Clinical Hospital of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Octavian Baz
- Clinical Laboratory of Radiology and Medical Imaging, “Sf. Apostol Andrei” County Emergency Hospital, 900591 Constanta, Romania
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900527 Constanta, Romania
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea-Elena Scheau
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania (C.C.)
- Department of Dermatology, “Prof. N.C. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Serban Nicolae Benea
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- “Prof. Dr. Matei Balș” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hönes GS, Geist D, Wenzek C, Pfluger PT, Müller TD, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, Amarie OV, Becker L, Dragano N, Garrett L, Hölter SM, Rathkolb B, Rozman J, Spielmann N, Treise I, Wolf E, Wurst W, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabe de Angelis M, Führer D, Moeller LC. Comparative Phenotyping of Mice Reveals Canonical and Noncanonical Physiological Functions of TRα and TRβ. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae067. [PMID: 38889231 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) effects are mediated through TH receptors (TRs), TRα1, TRβ1, and TRβ2. The TRs bind to the DNA and regulate expression of TH target genes (canonical signaling). In addition, they mediate activation of signaling pathways (noncanonical signaling). Whether noncanonical TR action contributes to the spectrum of TH effects is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to attribute physiological effects to the TR isoforms and their canonical and noncanonical signaling. We conducted multiparameter phenotyping in male and female TR knockout mice (TRαKO, TRβKO), mice with disrupted canonical signaling due to mutations in the TR DNA binding domain (TRαGS, TRβGS), and their wild-type littermates. Perturbations in senses, especially hearing (mainly TRβ with a lesser impact of TRα), visual acuity, retinal thickness (TRα and TRβ), and in muscle metabolism (TRα) highlighted the role of canonical TR action. Strikingly, selective abrogation of canonical TR action often had little phenotypic consequence, suggesting that noncanonical TR action sufficed to maintain the wild-type phenotype for specific effects. For instance, macrocytic anemia, reduced retinal vascularization, or increased anxiety-related behavior were only observed in TRαKO but not TRαGS mice. Noncanonical TRα action improved energy utilization and prevented hyperphagia observed in female TRαKO mice. In summary, by examining the phenotypes of TRα and TRβ knockout models alongside their DNA binding-deficient mutants and wild-type counterparts, we could establish that the noncanonical actions of TRα and TRβ play a crucial role in modulating sensory, behavioral, and metabolic functions and, thus, contribute to the spectrum of physiological TH effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Sebastian Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Daniela Geist
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Christina Wenzek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Paul Thomas Pfluger
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Division of Neurobiology of Diabetes, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Timo Dirk Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Juan Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Oana Veronica Amarie
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Natalia Dragano
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Lillian Garrett
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Sabine Maria Hölter
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Nadine Spielmann
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Irina Treise
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich 80336, Germany
- Chair of Developmental Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Lars Christian Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vijayashankar U, Ramashetty R, Rajeshekara M, Vishwanath N, Yadav AK, Prashant A, Lokeshwaraiah R. Leptin and ghrelin dynamics: unraveling their influence on food intake, energy balance, and the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:427-440. [PMID: 38932792 PMCID: PMC11196531 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-024-01418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose homeostasis. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the role of hunger and satiety hormones such as ghrelin and leptin in the development and progression of T2DM. In this context, the present literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of how ghrelin and leptin influences food intake and maintain energy balance and its implications in the pathophysiology of T2DM. Methods A thorough literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar to choose the studies that associated leptin and ghrelin with T2DM. Original articles and reviews were included, letters to editors and case reports were excluded. Results This narrative review article provides a comprehensive summary on mechanism of action of leptin and ghrelin, its association with obesity and T2DM, how they regulate energy and glucose homeostasis and potential therapeutic implications of leptin and ghrelin in managing T2DM. Conclusion Ghrelin, known for its appetite-stimulating effects, and leptin, a hormone involved in the regulation of energy balance, have been implicated in insulin resistance and glucose metabolism. Understanding the complexities of ghrelin and leptin interactions in the context of T2DM may offer insights into novel therapeutic strategies for this prevalent metabolic disorder. Further research is warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these hormone actions and to explore their clinical implications for T2DM prevention and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uma Vijayashankar
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Rajalakshmi Ramashetty
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Mahesh Rajeshekara
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, 560002 India
| | - Nagashree Vishwanath
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Anshu Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru-15, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Akila Prashant
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru-15, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Rajeshwari Lokeshwaraiah
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Perez-Leighton C, Kerr B, Scherer PE, Baudrand R, Cortés V. The interplay between leptin, glucocorticoids, and GLP1 regulates food intake and feeding behaviour. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:653-674. [PMID: 38072002 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Nutritional, endocrine, and neurological signals converge in multiple brain centres to control feeding behaviour and food intake as part of the allostatic regulation of energy balance. Among the several neuroendocrine systems involved, the leptin, glucocorticoid, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) systems have been extensively researched. Leptin is at the top hierarchical level since its complete absence is sufficient to trigger severe hyperphagia. Glucocorticoids are key regulators of the energy balance adaptation to stress and their sustained excess leads to excessive adiposity and metabolic perturbations. GLP1 participates in metabolic adaptation to food intake, regulating insulin secretion and satiety by parallel central and peripheral signalling systems. Herein, we review the brain and peripheral targets of these three hormone systems that integrate to regulate food intake, feeding behaviour, and metabolic homeostasis. We examine the functional relationships between leptin, glucocorticoids, and GLP1 at the central and peripheral levels, including the cross-regulation of their circulating levels and their cooperative or antagonistic actions at different brain centres. The pathophysiological roles of these neuroendocrine systems in dysregulated intake are explored in the two extremes of body adiposity - obesity and lipodystrophy - and eating behaviour disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Perez-Leighton
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
| | - Bredford Kerr
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina-CEBICEM, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Carmen Sylva 2444, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - René Baudrand
- Departmento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
- Centro Translacional de Endocrinología (CETREN), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
| | - Víctor Cortés
- Departmento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Youn I, Piao D, Park J, Ock SA, Han S, Han AR, Shin S, Seo EK. Anti-Obesity Activities of the Compounds from Perilla frutescens var. acuta and Chemical Profiling of the Extract. Molecules 2024; 29:2465. [PMID: 38893341 PMCID: PMC11174005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Perilla frutescens var. acuta (Lamiaceae) is widely used not only as an oil or a spice, but also as a traditional medicine to treat colds, coughs, fever, and indigestion. As an ongoing effort, luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide (1), apigenin-7-O-diglucuronide (2), and rosmarinic acid (3) isolated from P. frutescens var. acuta were investigated for their anti-adipogenic and thermogenic activities in 3T3-L1 cells. Compound 1 exhibited a strong inhibition against adipocyte differentiation by suppressing the expression of Pparg and Cebpa over 52.0% and 45.0%, respectively. Moreover, 2 inhibited the expression of those genes in a dose-dependent manner [Pparg: 41.7% (5 µM), 62.0% (10 µM), and 81.6% (50 µM); Cebpa: 13.8% (5 µM), 18.4% (10 µM), and 37.2% (50 µM)]. On the other hand, the P. frutescens var. acuta water extract showed moderate thermogenic activities. Compounds 1 and 3 also induced thermogenesis in a dose-dependent manner by stimulating the mRNA expressions of Ucp1, Pgc1a, and Prdm16. Moreover, an LC-MS/MS chromatogram of the extract was acquired using UHPLC-MS2 and it was analyzed by feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) and the Progenesis QI software (version 3.0). The chemical profiling of the extract demonstrated that flavonoids and their glycoside derivatives, including those isolated earlier as well as rosmarinic acid, are present in P. frutescens var. acuta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isoo Youn
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; (I.Y.); (D.P.); (S.H.)
| | - Donglan Piao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; (I.Y.); (D.P.); (S.H.)
| | - Jisu Park
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (A.-R.H.)
| | - Seung A Ock
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sujin Han
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; (I.Y.); (D.P.); (S.H.)
| | - Ah-Reum Han
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (A.-R.H.)
| | - Sunhye Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun Kyoung Seo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; (I.Y.); (D.P.); (S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dawid M, Pich K, Mlyczyńska E, Respekta-Długosz N, Wachowska D, Greggio A, Szkraba O, Kurowska P, Rak A. Adipokines in pregnancy. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 121:172-269. [PMID: 38797542 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive success consists of a sequential events chronology, starting with the ovum fertilization, implantation of the embryo, placentation, and cellular processes like proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, endocrinology, or metabolic changes, which taken together finally conduct the birth of healthy offspring. Currently, many factors are known that affect the regulation and proper maintenance of pregnancy in humans, domestic animals, or rodents. Among the determinants of reproductive success should be distinguished: the maternal microenvironment, genes, and proteins as well as numerous pregnancy hormones that regulate the most important processes and ensure organism homeostasis. It is well known that white adipose tissue, as the largest endocrine gland in our body, participates in the synthesis and secretion of numerous hormones belonging to the adipokine family, which also may regulate the course of pregnancy. Unfortunately, overweight and obesity lead to the expansion of adipose tissue in the body, and its excess in both women and animals contributes to changes in the synthesis and release of adipokines, which in turn translates into dramatic changes during pregnancy, including those taking place in the organ that is crucial for the proper progress of pregnancy, i.e. the placenta. In this chapter, we are summarizing the current knowledge about levels of adipokines and their role in the placenta, taking into account the physiological and pathological conditions of pregnancy, e.g. gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, or intrauterine growth restriction in humans, domestic animals, and rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dawid
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Mlyczyńska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Respekta-Długosz
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominka Wachowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Greggio
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Oliwia Szkraba
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kurowska
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Choi S, Kang JG, Tran YTH, Jeong SH, Park KY, Shin H, Kim YH, Park M, Nahmgoong H, Seol T, Jeon H, Kim Y, Park S, Kim HJ, Kim MS, Li X, Bou Sleiman M, Lee E, Choi J, Eisenbarth D, Lee SH, Cho S, Moore DD, Auwerx J, Kim IY, Kim JB, Park JE, Lim DS, Suh JM. Hippo-YAP/TAZ signalling coordinates adipose plasticity and energy balance by uncoupling leptin expression from fat mass. Nat Metab 2024; 6:847-860. [PMID: 38811804 PMCID: PMC11136666 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissues serve as an energy reservoir and endocrine organ, yet the mechanisms that coordinate these functions remain elusive. Here, we show that the transcriptional coregulators, YAP and TAZ, uncouple fat mass from leptin levels and regulate adipocyte plasticity to maintain metabolic homeostasis. Activating YAP/TAZ signalling in adipocytes by deletion of the upstream regulators Lats1 and Lats2 results in a profound reduction in fat mass by converting mature adipocytes into delipidated progenitor-like cells, but does not cause lipodystrophy-related metabolic dysfunction, due to a paradoxical increase in circulating leptin levels. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that YAP/TAZ-TEAD signalling upregulates leptin expression by directly binding to an upstream enhancer site of the leptin gene. We further show that YAP/TAZ activity is associated with, and functionally required for, leptin regulation during fasting and refeeding. These results suggest that adipocyte Hippo-YAP/TAZ signalling constitutes a nexus for coordinating adipose tissue lipid storage capacity and systemic energy balance through the regulation of adipocyte plasticity and leptin gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Gyeong Kang
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yen T H Tran
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Jeong
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Young Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemi Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Kim
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungsun Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahn Nahmgoong
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Seol
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeyon Jeon
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongmin Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Joo Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seob Kim
- Department of Fundamental Environment Research, Environmental Measurement and Analysis Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maroun Bou Sleiman
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eries Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - David Eisenbarth
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Heon Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyeon Cho
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Il-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipocyte Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Sik Lim
- National Creative Research Center for Cell Plasticity, KAIST Stem Cell Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Myoung Suh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guimarães GC, Coelho JBC, Silva JGO, de Sant'Ana ACC, de Sá CAC, Moreno JM, Reis LM, de Oliveira Guimarães CS. Obesity, diabetes and risk of bone fragility: How BMAT behavior is affected by metabolic disturbances and its influence on bone health. Osteoporos Int 2024; 35:575-588. [PMID: 38055051 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-023-06991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by decreased bone strength and mass, which predisposes patients to fractures and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Like osteoporosis, obesity and diabetes are systemic metabolic diseases associated with modifiable risk factors and lifestyle, and their prevalence is increasing. They are related to decreased quality of life, functional loss and increased mortality, generating high costs for health systems and representing a worldwide public health problem. Growing evidence reinforces the role of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) as an influential factor in the bone microenvironment and systemic metabolism. Given the impact of obesity and diabetes on metabolism and their possible effect on the bone microenvironment, changes in BMAT behavior may explain the risk of developing osteoporosis in the presence of these comorbidities. METHODS This study reviewed the scientific literature on the behavior of BMAT in pathological metabolic conditions, such as obesity and diabetes, and its potential involvement in the pathogenesis of bone fragility. RESULTS Published data strongly suggest a relationship between increased BMAT adiposity and the risk of bone fragility in the context of obesity and diabetes. CONCLUSION By secreting a broad range of factors, BMAT modulates the bone microenvironment and metabolism, ultimately affecting skeletal health. A better understanding of the relationship between BMAT expansion and metabolic disturbances observed in diabetic and obese patients will help to identify regulatory pathways and new targets for the treatment of bone-related diseases, with BMAT as a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - João Bosco Costa Coelho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Júlia Marques Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia Marçal Reis
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila Souza de Oliveira Guimarães
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Câmpus Universitário, Caixa Postal 3037, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ali A, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Gut-Derived Peptide Hormone Analogues and Potential Treatment of Bone Disorders in Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2024; 17:11795514241238059. [PMID: 38486712 PMCID: PMC10938612 DOI: 10.1177/11795514241238059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes mellitus are prevalent metabolic disorders that have a detrimental impact on overall health. In this regard, there is now a clear link between these metabolic disorders and compromised bone health. Interestingly, both obesity and diabetes lead to elevated risk of bone fracture which is independent of effects on bone mineral density (BMD). In this regard, gastrointestinal (GIT)-derived peptide hormones and their related long-acting analogues, some of which are already clinically approved for diabetes and/or obesity, also seem to possess positive effects on bone remodelling and microarchitecture to reduce bone fracture risk. Specifically, the incretin peptides, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), as well as glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), exert key direct and/or indirect benefits on bone metabolism. This review aims to provide an initial appraisal of the relationship between obesity, diabetes and bone, with a focus on the positive impact of these GIT-derived peptide hormones for bone health in obesity/diabetes. Brief discussion of related peptides such as parathyroid hormone, leptin, calcitonin and growth hormone is also included. Taken together, drugs engineered to promote GIP, GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor signalling may have potential to offer therapeutic promise for improving bone health in obesity and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asif Ali
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rendine M, Cocci P, de Vivo L, Bellesi M, Palermo FA. Effects of Chronic Sleep Restriction on Transcriptional Sirtuin 1 Signaling Regulation in Male Mice White Adipose Tissue. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2144-2154. [PMID: 38534754 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep restriction (CSR) is a prevalent issue in modern society that is associated with several pathological states, ranging from neuropsychiatric to metabolic diseases. Despite its known impact on metabolism, the specific effects of CSR on the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining metabolic homeostasis at the level of white adipose tissue (WAT) remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of CSR on sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) signaling pathway in the WAT of young male mice. Both genes interact with specific targets involved in multiple metabolic processes, including adipocyte differentiation, browning, and lipid metabolism. The quantitative PCR (qPCR) results demonstrated a significant upregulation of SIRT-1 and some of its target genes associated with the transcriptional regulation of lipid homeostasis (i.e., PPARα, PPARγ, PGC-1α, and SREBF) and adipose tissue development (i.e., leptin, adiponectin) in CSR mice. On the contrary, DNA-binding transcription factors (i.e., CEBP-β and C-myc), which play a pivotal function during the adipogenesis process, were found to be down-regulated. Our results also suggest that the induction of SIRT1-dependent molecular pathways prevents weight gain. Overall, these findings offer new, valuable insights into the molecular adaptations of WAT to CSR, in order to support increased energy demand due to sleep loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rendine
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Cocci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Luisa de Vivo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Michele Bellesi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rehman A, Lathief S, Charoenngam N, Pal L. Aging and Adiposity-Focus on Biological Females at Midlife and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2972. [PMID: 38474226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Menopause is a physiological phase of life of aging women, and more than 1 billion women worldwide will be in menopause by 2025. The processes of global senescence parallel stages of reproductive aging and occur alongside aging-related changes in the body. Alterations in the endocrine pathways accompany and often predate the physiologic changes of aging, and interactions of these processes are increasingly being recognized as contributory to the progression of senescence. Our goal for this review is to examine, in aging women, the complex interplay between the endocrinology of menopause transition and post-menopause, and the metabolic transition, the hallmark being an increasing tendency towards central adiposity that begins in tandem with reproductive aging and is often exacerbated post menopause. For the purpose of this review, our choice of the terms 'female' and 'woman' refer to genetic females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amna Rehman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Berkshire Medical Center, Pittsfield, MA 02101, USA
| | - Sanam Lathief
- Division of Endocrinology, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nipith Charoenngam
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Lubna Pal
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lonardo MS, Cacciapuoti N, Guida B, Di Lorenzo M, Chiurazzi M, Damiano S, Menale C. Hypothalamic-Ovarian axis and Adiposity Relationship in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Physiopathology and Therapeutic Options for the Management of Metabolic and Inflammatory Aspects. Curr Obes Rep 2024; 13:51-70. [PMID: 38172476 PMCID: PMC10933167 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-023-00531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of the present review is to address the main adiposity-related alterations in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) focusing on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (H-P-O) axis and to provide an overview of nutraceutical and pharmacological therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Female reproduction is a complex and delicate interplay between neuroendocrine signals involving the H-P-O axis. Elements that disrupt the balance of these interactions can lead to metabolic and reproductive disorders, such as PCOS. This disorder includes menstrual, metabolic, and biochemical abnormalities as well as hyperandrogenism, oligo-anovulatory menstrual cycles, insulin resistance, and hyperleptinemia which share an inflammatory state with other chronic diseases. Moreover, as in a self-feeding cycle, high androgen levels in PCOS lead to visceral fat deposition, resulting in insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, further stimulating ovarian and adrenal androgen production. In fact, regardless of age and BMI, women with PCOS have more adipose tissue and less lean mass than healthy women. Excessive adiposity, especially visceral adiposity, is capable of affecting female reproduction through direct mechanisms compromising the luteal phase, and indirect mechanisms as metabolic alterations able to affect the function of the H-P-O axis. The intricate crosstalk between adiposity, inflammatory status and H-P-O axis function contributes to the main adiposity-related alterations in PCOS, and alongside currently available hormonal treatments, nutraceutical and pharmacological therapeutic strategies can be exploited to treat these alterations, in order to enable a more comprehensive synergistic and tailored treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serena Lonardo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Physiology Nutrition Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Nunzia Cacciapuoti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Physiology Nutrition Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Bruna Guida
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Physiology Nutrition Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mariana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Physiology Nutrition Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Martina Chiurazzi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Physiology Nutrition Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Simona Damiano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Physiology Nutrition Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ciro Menale
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Physiology Nutrition Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zheng Y, Lin J, Zhou S, Liao S, Fu Y, Zhang Y, Chen X, Li J, Sha W, Dai S, Ma W. Circulating leptin levels in the assessment of Crohn's disease activity and its relation to nutritional status. NUTR HOSP 2024; 41:130-137. [PMID: 37534522 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Objective: to evaluate leptin levels and its relation to nutritional status in Crohn's disease (CD). Methods: the study included 154 CD patients and healthy controls. Leptin level was determined before treatment. Nutrition levels were assessed using the Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) and Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). Indicators included body mass index (BMI), mid-arm circumference, the circumference of the upper-arm muscle, triceps skinfold thickness, and circumference of legs. Results: leptin levels differed between CD patients (1,025 ± 874 ng/ml) and controls (18,481,222 ng/ml). Significant differences were seen in NRS-2002, PG-SGA scores, BMI and other nutritional indicators. Negative correlations were observed between leptin and NRS-2002, PG-SGA scores, while positive correlations were observed with other nutritional indicators. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed association between leptin and the diagnosis of CD, suggesting leptin concentration below 803.02 ng/ml as a threshold for CD. Conclusion: dysfunctional leptin regulation may relate to poor nutritional status associated with CD. The leptin level is thus an additional tool for evaluating CD patients, predicting disease activity and clinical response. Leptin may be a potential target for intervention in CD to improve nutritional status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- Department of Nutrition. Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital - Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences. Southern Medical University
| | - Junlong Lin
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine. Southern Medical University
| | - Siqi Zhou
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine. Southern Medical University
| | - Shanying Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology. Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital - Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences. Southern Medical University
| | - Yiming Fu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine and Nanfang Hospital. Southern Medical University
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Nutrition. Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital - Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences. Southern Medical University
| | - Xinbin Chen
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine. Southern Medical University
| | - Jinghong Li
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine. Southern Medical University
| | - Weihong Sha
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital - Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences. Southern Medical University
| | - Shixue Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology. Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute. National Key Clinical Specialty. Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital - Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences. Southern Medical University
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Nutrition. Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital - Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences. Southern Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Athar F, Karmani M, Templeman N. Metabolic hormones are integral regulators of female reproductive health and function. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231916. [PMID: 38131197 PMCID: PMC10830447 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The female reproductive system is strongly influenced by nutrition and energy balance. It is well known that food restriction or energy depletion can induce suppression of reproductive processes, while overnutrition is associated with reproductive dysfunction. However, the intricate mechanisms through which nutritional inputs and metabolic health are integrated into the coordination of reproduction are still being defined. In this review, we describe evidence for essential contributions by hormones that are responsive to food intake or fuel stores. Key metabolic hormones-including insulin, the incretins (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1), growth hormone, ghrelin, leptin, and adiponectin-signal throughout the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis to support or suppress reproduction. We synthesize current knowledge on how these multifaceted hormones interact with the brain, pituitary, and ovaries to regulate functioning of the female reproductive system, incorporating in vitro and in vivo data from animal models and humans. Metabolic hormones are involved in orchestrating reproductive processes in healthy states, but some also play a significant role in the pathophysiology or treatment strategies of female reproductive disorders. Further understanding of the complex interrelationships between metabolic health and female reproductive function has important implications for improving women's health overall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faria Athar
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Muskan Karmani
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Nicole M. Templeman
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cremades M, Talavera-Urquijo E, Beisani M, Pappa S, Jordà M, Tarascó J, Moreno P, Caballero A, Martínez-López E, Pellitero S, Balibrea JM. Transcriptional and epigenetic changes after dietary and surgical weight loss interventions in an animal model of obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:103-110. [PMID: 37833561 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying determinants that can predict response to weight loss interventions is imperative for optimizing therapeutic benefit. We aimed to identify changes in DNA methylation and mRNA expression of a subset of target genes following dietary and surgical interventions in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. METHODS Forty-two adult Wistar Han male rats were divided into two groups: control rats (n = 7) and obese rats (n = 28), fed a HFD for 10 weeks (t10). Obese rats were randomly subdivided into five intervention groups (seven animals per group): (i) HFD; (ii) very-low-calorie diet (VLCD); (iii) sham surgery, and (iv) sleeve gastrectomy (SG). At week sixteen (t16), animals were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected to analyze changes in DNA methylation and mRNA expression of the selected genes. RESULTS By type of intervention, the surgical procedures led to the greatest weight loss. Changes in methylation and/or expression of candidate genes occurred proportionally to the effectiveness of the weight loss interventions. Leptin expression, increased sixfold in the visceral fat of the obese rats, was partially normalized after all interventions. The expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) genes, which was reduced 0.5- and 0.15-fold, respectively, in the liver tissue of obese rats, were completely normalized after weight loss interventions, particularly after surgical interventions. The upregulation of FASN and MCP-1 gene expression was accompanied by a significant reduction in promoter methylation, up to 0.5-fold decrease in the case of the FASN (all intervention groups) and a 0.8-fold decrease in the case of the MCP-1 (SG group). CONCLUSIONS Changes in tissue expression of specific genes involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of obesity can be significantly attenuated following weight loss interventions, particularly surgery. Some of these genes are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manel Cremades
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eider Talavera-Urquijo
- Esophagogastric and Bariatric Surgery Unit, Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Donostia University Hospital, Donostia, Guipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Marc Beisani
- Bariatric and Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery Unit, Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stella Pappa
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Tarascó
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Endocrine-Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Moreno
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Endocrine-Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Caballero
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Endocrine-Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-López
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolism, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Pellitero
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolism, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Balibrea
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Endocrine-Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yanik T, Durhan ST. Neuroendocrinological and Clinical Aspects of Leptin. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:886-894. [PMID: 37622709 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230825100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by an abnormal increase in adipose tissue mass and is regarded as a neurobehavioral as well as a metabolic disorder. Increases in body fat are caused by even slight, long-term discrepancies between energy intake and energy expenditure. It is a chronic condition linked to the metabolic syndrome, a spectrum of risky conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. With a swiftly rising prevalence, obesity has emerged as a significant global health concern. Leptin influences the brain's neuroendocrine and metabolic processes, which is important for maintaining energy homeostasis. White adipose tissue secretes the majority of leptin, and there is a positive correlation between leptin levels in the blood and body fat percentages. The central nervous system is also modulated by leptin levels to modify energy intake and usage. The idea of an obesity cure sparked excitement after it was discovered more than 25 years ago. However, the leptin medication only effectively reduces weight in patients with congenital leptin insufficiency and not in patients with typical obesity who may also have leptin resistance. Recent research has focused on the role of leptin in managing weight reduction and preventing "yo-yo dieting". This review concentrates on the neurological effects of leptin with a focus on therapeutic and diagnostic applications, particularly for childhood obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tulin Yanik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Seyda Tugce Durhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Engin A. Obesity-Associated Breast Cancer: Analysis of Risk Factors and Current Clinical Evaluation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1460:767-819. [PMID: 39287872 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-63657-8_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Several studies show that a significantly stronger association is obvious between increased body mass index (BMI) and higher breast cancer incidence. Additionally, obese and postmenopausal women are at higher risk of all-cause and breast cancer-specific mortality compared with non-obese women with breast cancer. In this context, increased levels of estrogens, excessive aromatization activity of the adipose tissue, overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, insulin resistance, adipocyte-derived adipokines, hypercholesterolemia, and excessive oxidative stress contribute to the development of breast cancer in obese women. Genetic evaluation is an integral part of diagnosis and treatment for patients with breast cancer. Despite trimodality therapy, the four-year cumulative incidence of regional recurrence is significantly higher. Axillary lymph nodes as well as primary lesions have diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance for the management of breast cancer. In clinical setting, because of the obese population primary lesions and enlarged lymph nodes could be less palpable, the diagnosis may be challenging due to misinterpretation of physical findings. Thereby, a nomogram has been created as the "Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System" (BI-RADS) to increase agreement and decision-making consistency between mammography and ultrasonography (USG) experts. Additionally, the "breast density classification system," "artificial intelligence risk scores," ligand-targeted receptor probes," "digital breast tomosynthesis," "diffusion-weighted imaging," "18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography," and "dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)" are important techniques for the earlier detection of breast cancers and to reduce false-positive results. A high concordance between estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status evaluated in preoperative percutaneous core needle biopsy and surgical specimens is demonstrated. Breast cancer surgery has become increasingly conservative; however, mastectomy may be combined with any axillary procedures, such as sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and/or axillary lymph node dissection whenever is required. As a rule, SLNB-guided axillary dissection in breast cancer patients who have clinically axillary lymph node-positive to node-negative conversion following neoadjuvant chemotherapy is recommended, because lymphedema is the most debilitating complication after any axillary surgery. There is no clear consensus on the optimal treatment of occult breast cancer, which is much discussed today. Similarly, the current trend in metastatic breast cancer is that the main palliative treatment option is systemic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
- Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kueck PJ, Morris JK, Stanford JA. Current Perspectives: Obesity and Neurodegeneration - Links and Risks. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2023; 13:111-129. [PMID: 38196559 PMCID: PMC10774290 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s388579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasing in prevalence across all age groups. Long-term obesity can lead to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases through its effects on adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver tissue. Pathological mechanisms associated with obesity include immune response and inflammation as well as oxidative stress and consequent endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent evidence links obesity to diminished brain health and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Both AD and PD are associated with insulin resistance, an underlying syndrome of obesity. Despite these links, causative mechanism(s) resulting in neurodegenerative disease remain unclear. This review discusses relationships between obesity, AD, and PD, including clinical and preclinical findings. The review then briefly explores nonpharmacological directions for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kueck
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jill K Morris
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - John A Stanford
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Amorim MR, Wang X, Aung O, Bevans-Fonti S, Anokye-Danso F, Ribeiro C, Escobar J, Freire C, Pho H, Dergacheva O, Branco LGS, Ahima RS, Mendelowitz D, Polotsky VY. Leptin signaling in the dorsomedial hypothalamus couples breathing and metabolism in obesity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113512. [PMID: 38039129 PMCID: PMC10804286 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mismatch between CO2 production (Vco2) and respiration underlies the pathogenesis of obesity hypoventilation. Leptin-mediated CNS pathways stimulate both metabolism and breathing, but interactions between these functions remain elusive. We hypothesized that LEPRb+ neurons of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) regulate metabolism and breathing in obesity. In diet-induced obese LeprbCre mice, chemogenetic activation of LEPRb+ DMH neurons increases minute ventilation (Ve) during sleep, the hypercapnic ventilatory response, Vco2, and Ve/Vco2, indicating that breathing is stimulated out of proportion to metabolism. The effects of chemogenetic activation are abolished by a serotonin blocker. Optogenetic stimulation of the LEPRb+ DMH neurons evokes excitatory postsynaptic currents in downstream serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe (DR). Administration of retrograde AAV harboring Cre-dependent caspase to the DR deletes LEPRb+ DMH neurons and abolishes metabolic and respiratory responses to leptin. These findings indicate that LEPRb+ DMH neurons match breathing to metabolism through serotonergic pathways to prevent obesity-induced hypoventilation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateus R Amorim
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - O Aung
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Shannon Bevans-Fonti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | | | - Caitlin Ribeiro
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Joan Escobar
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Carla Freire
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Huy Pho
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Olga Dergacheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Luiz G S Branco
- University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David Mendelowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Miles TK, Odle AK, Byrum SD, Lagasse A, Haney A, Ortega VG, Bolen CR, Banik J, Reddick MM, Herdman A, MacNicol MC, MacNicol AM, Childs GV. Anterior Pituitary Transcriptomics Following a High-Fat Diet: Impact of Oxidative Stress on Cell Metabolism. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad191. [PMID: 38103263 PMCID: PMC10771268 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Anterior pituitary cell function requires a high level of protein synthesis and secretion which depend heavily on mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production and functional endoplasmic reticula. Obesity adds stress to tissues, requiring them to adapt to inflammation and oxidative stress, and adding to their allostatic load. We hypothesized that pituitary function is vulnerable to the stress of obesity. Here, we utilized a 10- to 15-week high-fat diet (HFD, 60%) in a thermoneutral environment to promote obesity, testing both male and female FVB.129P mice. We quantified serum hormones and cytokines, characterized the metabolic phenotype, and defined changes in the pituitary transcriptome using single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis. Weight gain was significant by 3 weeks in HFD mice, and by 10 weeks all HFD groups had gained 20 g. HFD females (15 weeks) had increased energy expenditure and decreased activity. All HFD groups showed increases in serum leptin and decreases in adiponectin. HFD caused increased inflammatory markers: interleukin-6, resistin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tumor necrosis factorα. HFD males and females also had increased insulin and increased TSH, and HFD females had decreased serum prolactin and growth hormone pulse amplitude. Pituitary single-cell transcriptomics revealed modest or no changes in pituitary cell gene expression from HFD males after 10 or 15 weeks or from HFD females after 10 weeks. However, HFD females (15 weeks) showed significant numbers of differentially expressed genes in lactotropes and pituitary stem cells. Collectively, these studies reveal that pituitary cells from males appear to be more resilient to the oxidative stress of obesity than females and identify the most vulnerable pituitary cell populations in females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany K Miles
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Angela K Odle
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Stephanie D Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Biomedical informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Alex Lagasse
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Anessa Haney
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Victoria G Ortega
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Cole R Bolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Jewel Banik
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Milla M Reddick
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Ashley Herdman
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Melanie C MacNicol
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Angus M MacNicol
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Gwen V Childs
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kalusche W, Case C, Taylor E. Leptin antagonism attenuates hypertension and renal injury in an experimental model of autoimmune disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1771-1785. [PMID: 38031726 PMCID: PMC10721433 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that is characterized by B- and T-lymphocyte dysfunction and altered cytokine production, including elevated levels of the adipocytokine leptin. Leptin has various immunomodulatory properties, including promoting the expansion of proinflammatory T lymphocytes and the proliferation and survival of B cells. In the present study, we hypothesized that leptin antagonism would improve B- and T-cell dysfunction and attenuate hypertension in an experimental model of SLE, the NZBWF1 mouse. To test this hypothesis, 28-week-old female control and SLE mice were administered 5 mg/kg of murine leptin superantagonist (LA) or vehicle via ip injection every other day for four weeks. Analysis of peripheral blood immune cell populations showed no changes in total CD45R+ B and CD3+ T cell percentages after treatment with LA. However, SLE mice treated with LA had an improved CD4/CD8 ratio and decreased CD3+CD4-CD8- double negative (DN) T cells. Blood pressure was higher in SLE than in control, and treatment with LA decreased blood pressure in SLE mice. Treatment with LA also delayed the onset of albuminuria and decreased glomerulosclerosis in SLE mice. Renal immune cell infiltration was significantly higher in SLE mice as compared with control, but LA treatment was associated with decreased levels of renal CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, these data suggest that leptin plays a pathogenic role in the development of hypertension in SLE, in part, by promoting the expansion of inflammatory DN T cells and the infiltration of T cells into the kidneys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Kalusche
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A
| | - Clinton T. Case
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A
| | - Erin B. Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Moreira MV, Vale-Fernandes E, Albergaria IC, Alves MG, Monteiro MP. Follicular fluid composition and reproductive outcomes of women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing in vitro fertilization: A systematic review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:1045-1073. [PMID: 37493841 PMCID: PMC10697886 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is recognized as one of the most prevalent endocrinopathy in women at reproductive age. As affected women tend to have poorer assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes, PCOS has been suggested to endanger oocyte quality and competence development. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the available evidence on how the follicular fluid (FF) profile of women with PCOS undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment differs from the FF of normo-ovulatory women. For that, an electronic search in PubMed and Web of Science databases was conducted (up to December 2021). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses - PRISMA guidelines were followed, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. Data retrieved from papers included (n=42), revealed that the FF composition of women with PCOS compared to those without PCOS predominantly diverged at the following molecular classes: oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers, growth factors and hormones. Among those biomarkers, some were proposed as being closely related to pathophysiological processes, strengthening the hypothesis that low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress play a critical role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Notwithstanding, it should be noticed that the available data on PCOS FF fingerprints derives from a limited number of studies conducted in a relatively small number of subjects. Furthermore, phenotypic heterogeneity of PCOS hampers wider comparisons and weakens putative conclusions. Therefore, future studies should be focused at comparing well characterized patient subgroups according to phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda V Moreira
- ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, 228 4050-313, Portugal
- ITR- Laboratory for Integrative, Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Emídio Vale-Fernandes
- ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, 228 4050-313, Portugal
- ITR- Laboratory for Integrative, Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Medically Assisted Procreation / Public Gamete Bank, Gynaecology Department, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte Dr. Albino Aroso (CMIN), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António (CHUdSA), 4099-001, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês C Albergaria
- ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, 228 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, 228 4050-313, Portugal
- ITR- Laboratory for Integrative, Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, 228 4050-313, Portugal.
- ITR- Laboratory for Integrative, Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dhaliwal KK, Avedzi HM, Richard C, Zwaigenbaum L, Haqq AM. Brief Report: Plasma Leptin and Mealtime Feeding Behaviors Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:4929-4936. [PMID: 35583626 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined the relationship between weight status, appetite regulating hormones, and mealtime behaviors among children, (5-12 years old), diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in a cross-sectional study. All (N = 21) completed anthropometry measurements and (n = 18) provided blood samples for hormone analysis. Mealtime behavior, dietary, physical activity, puberty stage, and social impairment data were collected. Under fasting conditions, overweight/obese (OWOB) participants, (n = 6), had higher leptin concentrations (p < 0.02) and more feeding challenges (p < 0.05) than normal weight (n = 15). Higher leptin levels and disruptions in mealtime behaviors may exist among OWOB children in this study. Future longitudinal studies that examine appetite regulating hormones and mealtime behaviors may inform our understanding of the role of these markers in the development of obesity in ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khushmol K Dhaliwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 1C4 Walter C. Mackenzie Health Sciences Center, 8440-112 St NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Hayford M Avedzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 1C4 Walter C. Mackenzie Health Sciences Center, 8440-112 St NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Caroline Richard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 1C4 Walter C. Mackenzie Health Sciences Center, 8440-112 St NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Andrea M Haqq
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 1C4 Walter C. Mackenzie Health Sciences Center, 8440-112 St NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tschöp MH, Friedman JM. Seeking satiety: From signals to solutions. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh4453. [PMID: 37992155 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Remedies for the treatment of obesity date to Hippocrates, when patients with obesity were directed to "reduce food and avoid drinking to fullness" and begin "running during the night." Similar recommendations have been repeated ever since, despite the fact that they are largely ineffective. Recently, highly effective therapeutics were developed that may soon enable physicians to manage body weight in patients with obesity in a manner similar to the way that blood pressure is controlled in patients with hypertension. These medicines have grown out of a revolution in our understanding of the molecular and neural control of appetite and body weight, reviewed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias H Tschöp
- Helmholtz Munich and Technical University Munich, Munich, 85758 Germany
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kokkorakis M, Katsarou A, Katsiki N, Mantzoros CS. Milestones in the journey towards addressing obesity; Past trials and triumphs, recent breakthroughs, and an exciting future in the era of emerging effective medical therapies and integration of effective medical therapies with metabolic surgery. Metabolism 2023; 148:155689. [PMID: 37689110 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The 21st century is characterized by an increasing incidence and prevalence of obesity and the burden of its associated comorbidities, especially cardiometabolic diseases, which are reaching pandemic proportions. In the late '90s, the "black box" of adipose tissue and energy homeostasis was opened with the discovery of leptin, transforming the adipose tissue from an "inert fat-storage organ" to the largest human endocrine organ and creating the basis on which more intensified research efforts to elucidate the pathogenesis of obesity and develop novel treatments were based upon. Even though leptin was eventually not proven to be the "standalone magic bullet" for the treatment of common/polygenic obesity, it has been successful in the treatment of monogenic obesity syndromes. Additionally, it shifted the paradigm of treating obesity from a condition due to "lack of willpower" to a disease due to distinct underlying biological mechanisms for which specific pharmacotherapies would be needed in addition to lifestyle modification. Subsequently, the melanocortin pathway proved to be an equally valuable pathway for the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Melanocortin receptor agonists have recently been approved for treating certain types of syndromic obesity. Other molecules- such as incretins, implicated in energy and glucose homeostasis- are secreted by the gastrointestinal tract. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is the most prominent one, with GLP-1 analogs approved for common/polygenic obesity. Unimolecular combinations with other incretins, e.g., GLP-1 with gastric inhibitory polypeptide and/or glucagon, are expected to be approved soon as more effective pharmacotherapies for obesity and its comorbidities. Unimolecular combinations with other compounds and small molecules activating the receptors of these molecules are currently under investigation as promising future pharmacotherapies. Moreover, metabolic and bariatric surgery has also demonstrated impressive results, especially in the case of morbid obesity. Consequently, this broadening therapeutic armamentarium calls for a well-thought-after and well-coordinated multidisciplinary approach, for instance, through cardiometabolic expertise centers, that would ideally address effectively and cost-effectively obesity and its comorbidities, providing tangible benefits to large segments of the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Kokkorakis
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Angeliki Katsarou
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Section of Endocrinology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wu W, Chen Z, Han J, Qian L, Wang W, Lei J, Wang H. Endocrine, genetic, and microbiome nexus of obesity and potential role of postbiotics: a narrative review. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:84. [PMID: 37861729 PMCID: PMC10589153 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01593-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a public health crisis, presenting a huge burden on health care and the economic system in both developed and developing countries. According to the WHO's latest report on obesity, 39% of adults of age 18 and above are obese, with an increase of 18% compared to the last few decades. Metabolic energy imbalance due to contemporary lifestyle, changes in gut microbiota, hormonal imbalance, inherent genetics, and epigenetics is a major contributory factor to this crisis. Multiple studies have shown that probiotics and their metabolites (postbiotics) supplementation have an effect on obesity-related effects in vitro, in vivo, and in human clinical investigations. Postbiotics such as the SCFAs suppress obesity by regulating metabolic hormones such as GLP-1, and PPY thus reducing feed intake and suppressing appetite. Furthermore, muramyl di-peptides, bacteriocins, and LPS have been tested against obesity and yielded promising results in both human and mice studies. These insights provide an overview of targetable pharmacological sites and explore new opportunities for the safer use of postbiotics against obesity in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, 215500, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengfang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Changshu First People's Hospital, Changshu, 215501, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiani Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, 215500, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, 215500, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanqiu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, 215500, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiacai Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310005, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaguan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310005, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Peiró R, Argente MJ, García ML. Changes in Body Reserves, Non-Esterified Fatty Acids, and Leptin during the Reproductive Lifespan of the Rabbit Female. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3213. [PMID: 37893936 PMCID: PMC10603740 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to study changes in body weight, perirenal fat thickness (PFT), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and leptin concentrations throughout the reproductive life of the rabbit female and their correlations when a semi-intensive reproductive rhythm is applied. A total of 46 lactating females were used. Body weight, PFT, and NEFA and leptin concentration were recorded at 12 weeks of age, at first mating and delivery, and at second, third, and fourth mating, 12th d of gestation, and delivery. The highest body weight was detected on the 12th d of any gestation, around 4280 g, and the lowest weight was at delivery, around 4030 g. PFT increased until third mating. NEFA and leptin concentration showed a cyclical pattern throughout the reproductive lifespan of the females. NEFAs presented the highest concentration at delivery within each reproductive cycle and levels decreased over the course of the deliveries (0.423 mmol/L at first delivery, 0.406 mmol/L at second delivery, 0.371 mmol/L at third delivery, and 0.309 mmol/L at fourth delivery). Similar NEFA concentrations at mating and on the 12th d of gestation were obtained. Leptin showed the highest concentrations at mating within each reproductive cycle. Leptin decreased between mating and delivery in all reproductive cycles and it was close to 1 ng/mL HE. Low or null correlations were shown between body weight, PFT, and NEFA and leptin concentration at mating, 12th d of gestation, and delivery. In conclusion, females are able to maintain a semi-intensive reproductive rhythm across four parities weighing around 4 kg from first mating. Females had an increased perirenal fat thickness until third delivery, and their NEFA concentration was maximum at delivery and leptin concentration was maximum at mating. Body weight, PFT, and NEFA and leptin concentration should be measured during critical moments of reproductive life in order to determine body condition and energy mobilization, due to their low or null correlations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Peiró
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María-José Argente
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Ctra. Beniel km 3.2, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (M.-J.A.); (M.-L.G.)
| | - María-Luz García
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Ctra. Beniel km 3.2, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (M.-J.A.); (M.-L.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chitraju C, Fischer AW, Ambaw YA, Wang K, Yuan B, Hui S, Walther TC, Farese RV. Mice lacking triglyceride synthesis enzymes in adipose tissue are resistant to diet-induced obesity. eLife 2023; 12:RP88049. [PMID: 37782317 PMCID: PMC10545428 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Triglycerides (TGs) in adipocytes provide the major stores of metabolic energy in the body. Optimal amounts of TG stores are desirable as insufficient capacity to store TG, as in lipodystrophy, or exceeding the capacity for storage, as in obesity, results in metabolic disease. We hypothesized that mice lacking TG storage in adipocytes would result in excess TG storage in cell types other than adipocytes and severe lipotoxicity accompanied by metabolic disease. To test this hypothesis, we selectively deleted both TG synthesis enzymes, DGAT1 and DGAT2, in adipocytes (ADGAT DKO mice). As expected with depleted energy stores, ADGAT DKO mice did not tolerate fasting well and, with prolonged fasting, entered torpor. However, ADGAT DKO mice were unexpectedly otherwise metabolically healthy and did not accumulate TGs ectopically or develop associated metabolic perturbations, even when fed a high-fat diet. The favorable metabolic phenotype resulted from activation of energy expenditure, in part via BAT (brown adipose tissue) activation and beiging of white adipose tissue. Thus, the ADGAT DKO mice provide a fascinating new model to study the coupling of metabolic energy storage to energy expenditure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandramohan Chitraju
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Yohannes A Ambaw
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
| | - Sheng Hui
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
| | - Tobias C Walther
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
El Amine Z, Mauger JF, Imbeault P. Human Preadipocytes Differentiated under Hypoxia following PCB126 Exposure during Proliferation: Effects on Differentiation, Glucose Uptake and Adipokine Profile. Cells 2023; 12:2326. [PMID: 37759548 PMCID: PMC10527447 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) accumulation and hypoxia are two factors proposed to adversely alter adipose tissue (AT) functions in the context of excess adiposity. Studies have shown that preadipocytes exposure to dioxin and dioxin-like POPs have the greatest deleterious impact on rodent and immortalized human preadipocyte differentiation, but evidence on human preadipocytes is lacking. Additionally, hypoxia is known to strongly interfere with the dioxin-response pathway. Therefore, we tested the effects of pre-differentiation polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)126 exposure at 10 µM for 3 days and subsequent differentiation under hypoxia on human subcutaneous adipocytes (hSA) differentiation, glucose uptake and expression of selected metabolism- and inflammation-related genes. Pre-differentiation PCB126 exposure lowered the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, glucose uptake and leptin expression of mature adipocytes but had limited effects on differentiation under normoxia (21% O2). Under hypoxia (3% O2), preadipocytes ability to differentiate was significantly reduced as reflected by significant decreased lipid accumulation and downregulation of key adipocyte genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and adiponectin. Hypoxia increased glucose uptake and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression but abolished the adipocytes insulin response and GLUT4 expression. The expression of pro-inflammatory adipokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) was slightly increased by both PCB126 and hypoxia, while IL-8 expression was significantly increased only following the PCB126-hypoxia sequence. These observations suggest that PCB126 does not affect human preadipocyte differentiation, but does affect the subsequent adipocytes population, as reflected by lower ATP levels and absolute glucose uptake. On the other hand, PCB126 and hypoxia exert additive effects on AT inflammation, an important player in the development of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab El Amine
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (Z.E.A.); (J.-F.M.)
| | - Jean-François Mauger
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (Z.E.A.); (J.-F.M.)
| | - Pascal Imbeault
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (Z.E.A.); (J.-F.M.)
- Institut du savoir Montfort, Hôpital Montfort, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Andersson MLE, Thorén E, Sylwander C, Bergman S. Associations between chronic widespread pain, pressure pain thresholds, leptin, and metabolic factors in individuals with knee pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:639. [PMID: 37559026 PMCID: PMC10410998 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06773-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to study associations between chronic widespread pain, widespread pain sensitivity, leptin, and metabolic factors in individuals with knee pain. A secondary aim was to study these associations in a subgroup of individuals with normal BMI. METHOD This cross-sectional study included 265 individuals. The participants were categorised into three different pain groups: Chronic widespread pain (CWP), chronic regional pain (ChRP), or no chronic pain (NCP). The pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were assessed using computerised pressure algometry. Low PPTs were defined as having PPTs in the lowest third of all tender points. Leptin and metabolic factors such as BMI, visceral fat area (VFA), lipids, and glucose were also assessed. RESULT Sixteen per cent reported CWP, 15% had low PPTs, and 4% fulfilled both criteria. Those who fulfilled the criteria for CWP were more often women, more obese, and had increased leptin levels. In logistic regression, adjusted for age and gender, leptin was associated with fulfilling criteria for CWP, OR 1.015 (95% CI 1.004-1.027, p = 0.008). In logistic regression, adjusted for age and gender, leptin was associated with low PPTs, OR 1.016 (95% CI 1.004-1.029, p = 0.012). Leptin was also associated with fulfilling both criteria, adjusted for age, sex, and visceral fat area (VFA), OR 1.030 (95% CI 1.001-1.060), p = 0.040. CONCLUSION Leptin was associated with fulfilling the combined criteria for chronic widespread pain and low PPTs, even after adjusting for the visceral fat area (VFA). Longitudinal studies are needed to study the causal relationships between leptin and the development of widespread pain. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04928170.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L E Andersson
- Spenshult Research and Development Centre, Halmstad, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden.
| | - Emelie Thorén
- Spenshult Research and Development Centre, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Sylwander
- Spenshult Research and Development Centre, Halmstad, Sweden
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Stefan Bergman
- Spenshult Research and Development Centre, Halmstad, Sweden
- Primary Health Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
von Schnurbein J, Remy M, Brandt S, Manzoor J, Kohlsdorf K, Mahmood S, Hebebrand J, Wabitsch M. Positive effect of leptin substitution on mood and behaviour in patients with congenital leptin deficiency. Pediatr Obes 2023; 18:e13057. [PMID: 37226403 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND States of starvation are characterized by reduced physical activity and social withdrawal. This has been suggested to be mediated at least in part via reduced leptin concentrations. OBJECTIVE We therefore aimed to ascertain if leptin substitution in patients with congenital leptin deficiency (CLD) can improve physical activity and mood. METHODS Seven patients with CLD were filmed prior to and after short- and long-term substitution (2-21 days; 3-4 months) in a play situation. Six independent, blinded investigators ranked each video according to specifically developed scales concerning motor activity, social interaction, emotionality, and mood with higher scores representing improvements. RESULTS Short term metreleptin substitution significantly increased mean total score from 17.7 ± 4.1 to 22.6 ± 6.6 (p = 0.039), and mean scores for motor activity (4.1 ± 1.1 to 5.1 ± 1.5, p = 0.023) and social interaction (4.6 ± 1.1 to 6.2 ± 1.7, p = 0.016). After long term substitution means of all four single scales and of total score were even higher than at short-term follow-up. During a treatment pause of 3 months in two children, all four scale scores fell below substitution levels and rose again after restart. CONCLUSIONS Metreleptin substitution improved indices of physical activity and psychological wellbeing in patients with CLD. This suggests that reduced leptin concentrations might be in part responsible for emotional and behavioural changes seen during starvation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia von Schnurbein
- Department for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Miriam Remy
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Brandt
- Department for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jaida Manzoor
- The Children's Hospital, University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Katja Kohlsdorf
- Department for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Saqib Mahmood
- Human Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Department for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bittner S, Pape K, Klotz L, Zipp F. Implications of immunometabolism for smouldering MS pathology and therapy. Nat Rev Neurol 2023:10.1038/s41582-023-00839-6. [PMID: 37430070 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Clinical symptom worsening in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is driven by inflammation compartmentalized within the CNS, which results in chronic neuronal damage owing to insufficient repair mechanisms. The term 'smouldering inflammation' summarizes the biological aspects underlying this chronic, non-relapsing and immune-mediated mechanism of disease progression. Smouldering inflammation is likely to be shaped and sustained by local factors in the CNS that account for the persistence of this inflammatory response and explain why current treatments for MS do not sufficiently target this process. Local factors that affect the metabolic properties of glial cells and neurons include cytokines, pH value, lactate levels and nutrient availability. This Review summarizes current knowledge of the local inflammatory microenvironment in smouldering inflammation and how it interacts with the metabolism of tissue-resident immune cells, thereby promoting inflammatory niches within the CNS. The discussion highlights environmental and lifestyle factors that are increasingly recognized as capable of altering immune cell metabolism and potentially responsible for smouldering pathology in the CNS. Currently approved MS therapies that target metabolic pathways are also discussed, along with their potential for preventing the processes that contribute to smouldering inflammation and thereby to progressive neurodegenerative damage in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Katrin Pape
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tsameret S, Chapnik N, Froy O. Effect of early vs. late time-restricted high-fat feeding on circadian metabolism and weight loss in obese mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:180. [PMID: 37329359 PMCID: PMC11072437 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Time-restricted feeding (TRF) limits the time and duration of food availability without calorie reduction. Although a high-fat (HF) diet leads to disrupted circadian rhythms, TRF can prevent metabolic diseases, emphasizing the importance of the timing component. However, the question of when to implement the feeding window and its metabolic effect remains unclear, specifically in obese and metabolically impaired animals. Our aim was to study the effect of early vs. late TRF-HF on diet-induced obese mice in an 8:16 light-dark cycle. C57BL male mice were fed ad libitum a high-fat diet for 14 weeks after which they were given the same food during the early (E-TRF-HF) or late (L-TRF-HF) 8 h of the dark phase for 5 weeks. The control groups were fed ad libitum either a high-fat (AL-HF) or a low-fat diet (AL-LF). Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was highest for the AL-LF group and the lowest for the AL-HF group. E-TRF-HF led to lower body weight and fat depots, lower glucose, C-peptide, insulin, cholesterol, leptin, TNFα, and ALT levels compared with L-TRF-HF- and AL-HF-fed mice. TRF-HF regardless whether it was early or late led to reduced inflammation and fat accumulation compared with AL-HF-fed mice. E-TRF-HF led to advanced liver circadian rhythms with higher amplitudes and daily expression levels of clock proteins. In addition, TRF-HF led to improved metabolic state in muscle and adipose tissue. In summary, E-TRF-HF leads to increased insulin sensitivity and fat oxidation and decreased body weight, fat profile and inflammation contrary to AL-HF-fed, but comparable to AL-LF-fed mice. These results emphasize the importance of timed feeding compared to ad libitum feeding, specifically to the early hours of the activity period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shani Tsameret
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nava Chapnik
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oren Froy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
McCarty KJ, Pratt SL, Long NM. Effects of Exogenous Glucocorticoid Infusion on Appetitic Center Development in Postnatal Dairy Bull Calves. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1980. [PMID: 37370490 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of exogenous glucocorticoid administration on leptin concentrations and brain development markers, such as protein and hypothalamic gene expression, in dairy bull calves. Within 4 h of parturition, Holstein bulls were intravenously infused with either a low cortisol dose (LC; n = 9, 3.5 µg/kg of body weight (BW)), high cortisol dose (HC; n = 9, 7.0 µg/kg BW), or control (CON; n = 9, saline) dose, with a 2nd infusion 24 h postpartum. Jugular blood was collected prior to infusion and daily until the calves were euthanized (day 5). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the third ventricle and adipose (omental, perirenal, and mesenteric) and hypothalamic tissue were collected. The blood and CSF samples were analyzed for leptin concentrations. The data were analyzed using SAS. Serum (p = 0.013) and CSF (p = 0.005) leptin concentrations in HC- and LC-treated calves were decreased compared with CON-treated calves. Leptin protein expression was decreased (p < 0.044) in perirenal and omental adipose tissue of LC-treated calves compared with CON-treated calves. Gene abundance of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and fibroblast growth factors 1 and 2 were decreased (p < 0.006) in HC- and LC-treated calves compared with CON-treated calves. In summary, cortisol administered to dairy bull calves reduced leptin concentrations, decreased leptin protein expression in perirenal and omental adipose tissue, and altered gene expression in hypothalamic tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keelee J McCarty
- Animal And Veterinary Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Scott L Pratt
- Animal And Veterinary Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Nathan M Long
- Animal And Veterinary Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Daskalaki MG, Axarlis K, Tsoureki A, Michailidou S, Efraimoglou C, Lapi I, Kolliniati O, Dermitzaki E, Venihaki M, Kousoulaki K, Argiriou A, Tsatsanis C. Fish-Derived Protein Hydrolysates Increase Insulin Sensitivity and Alter Intestinal Microbiome in High-Fat-Induced Obese Mice. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:343. [PMID: 37367668 DOI: 10.3390/md21060343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are characterized by low-grade systemic inflammation and glucose intolerance, which can be partially controlled with nutritional interventions. Protein-containing nutritional supplements possess health-promoting benefits. Herein, we examined the effect of dietary supplementation with protein hydrolysates derived from fish sidestreams on obesity and diabetes, utilizing a mouse model of High-Fat Diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes. We examined the effect of protein hydrolysates from salmon and mackerel backbone (HSB and HMB, respectively), salmon and mackerel heads (HSH and HMH, respectively), and fish collagen. The results showed that none of the dietary supplements affected weight gain, but HSH partially suppressed glucose intolerance, while HMB and HMH suppressed leptin increase in the adipose tissue. We further analyzed the gut microbiome, which contributes to the metabolic disease implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes, and found that supplementation with selected protein hydrolysates resulted in distinct changes in gut microbiome composition. The most prominent changes occurred when the diet was supplemented with fish collagen since it increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria and restricted the presence of harmful ones. Overall, the results suggest that protein hydrolysates derived from fish sidestreams can be utilized as dietary supplements with significant health benefits in the context of type 2 diabetes and diet-induced changes in the gut microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Daskalaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 71100 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Axarlis
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 71100 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antiopi Tsoureki
- Institute of Applied Biosciences (INAB), CERTH, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Michailidou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences (INAB), CERTH, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Efraimoglou
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 71100 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioanna Lapi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 71100 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ourania Kolliniati
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 71100 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eirini Dermitzaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 71100 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Venihaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Anagnostis Argiriou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences (INAB), CERTH, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Myrina, 81400 Lemnos, Greece
| | - Christos Tsatsanis
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 71100 Heraklion, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kang T, Ree J, Park JW, Choe H, Park YI. Anti-Obesity Effects of SPY Fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus BST-L.601 via Suppression of Adipogenesis and Lipogenesis in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112202. [PMID: 37297447 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, the potential anti-obesity efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus BST-L.601 and its fermented product (named SPY) with mashed sweet potato paste were investigated using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet (HD)-induced obese mice. SPY (0-0.5 mg/mL) dose-dependently and significantly reduced lipid accumulation and TG content and the expression of adipogenic markers (C/EBPα, PPAR-γ, and aP2) and fatty acid synthetic pathway proteins (ACC and FAS) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, demonstrating that SPY suppresses adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis. Oral administration of SPY (4 × 107 CFU/kg body weight) to HD-induced obese mice for 12 weeks significantly reduced the body and liver weight, the size of adipocytes, and the weight of epididymal, visceral, and subcutaneous fat tissues. SPY was more effective in decreasing body weight gain in HD mice than in treatment with BST-L.601 alone. Administration of SPY or BST-L.601 also reduced the serum level of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and leptin secretion at a similar level. These results revealed that both SPY and BST-L.601 effectively suppress HD-induced adipogenesis and lipogenesis, suggesting that these materials would be useful in the functional foods industry to ameliorate and/or prevent obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taewook Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
- Biostream Co., Ltd., Suwon 10442, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ree
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
- Biostream Co., Ltd., Suwon 10442, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyewon Choe
- Biostream Co., Ltd., Suwon 10442, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Genetics and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Guerrero SC, Panettieri RA, Rastogi D. Mechanistic Links Between Obesity and Airway Pathobiology Inform Therapies for Obesity-Related Asthma. Paediatr Drugs 2023; 25:283-299. [PMID: 36656428 PMCID: PMC11071627 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-022-00554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-related asthma is associated with a high disease burden and a poor response to existent asthma therapies, suggesting that it is a distinct asthma phenotype. The proposed mechanisms that contribute to obesity-related asthma include the effects of the mechanical load of obesity, adipokine perturbations, and immune dysregulation. Each of these influences airway smooth muscle function. Mechanical fat load alters airway smooth muscle stretch affecting airway wall geometry, airway smooth muscle contractility, and agonist delivery; weight loss strategies, including medically induced weight loss, counter these effects. Among the metabolic disturbances, insulin resistance and free fatty acid receptor activation influence distinct signaling pathways in the airway smooth muscle downstream of both the M2 muscarinic receptor and the β2 adrenergic receptor, such as phospholipase C and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling cascade. Medications that decrease insulin resistance and dyslipidemia are associated with a lower asthma disease burden. Leptin resistance is best understood to modulate muscarinic receptors via the neural pathways but there are no specific therapies for leptin resistance. From the immune perspective, monocytes and T helper cells are involved in systemic pro-inflammatory profiles driven by obesity, notably associated with elevated levels of interleukin-6. Clinical trials on tocilizumab, an anti-interleukin antibody, are ongoing for obesity-related asthma. This armamentarium of therapies is distinct from standard asthma medications, and once investigated for its efficacy and safety among children, will serve as a novel therapeutic intervention for pediatric obesity-related asthma. Irrespective of the directionality of the association between asthma and obesity, airway-specific mechanistic studies are needed to identify additional novel therapeutic targets for obesity-related asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cabrera Guerrero
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Deepa Rastogi
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zupa R, Duncan N, Giménez I, Mylonas CC, Pousis C, Passantino L, Cuko R, Corriero A. Male germ cell proliferation and apoptosis in sexually immature meagre Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) treated with recombinant follicle stimulating hormone. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7013. [PMID: 37117257 PMCID: PMC10147655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The meagre Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) is a marine fish species that has an increasing aquaculture production in Europe. Lowering the age at maturity of hatchery-produced juveniles would support meagre aquaculture by reducing time between generations in selective breeding programs and reducing industrial costs for broodstock maintenance. The aim of this work was to assess the effects of a treatment with recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFsh), produced in ovarian cells of Chinese hamsters, on male germ cell proliferation and apoptosis in sexually immature meagre. The rFsh-treated fish had higher gonadosomatic index, larger seminiferous tubules, more abundant luminal spermatozoa, a lower density of anti-PCNA positive single A spermatogonia, a higher density of anti-PCNA positive spermatocysts and a lower incidence of germ cell apoptosis than control groups. The present study demonstrated the effectiveness of the produced rFsh in stimulating testis development and spermatogenesis in pre-pubertal meagre. Moreover, the rFsh treatment proved to be highly efficient in removing the apoptotic block of spermatogenesis observed in juvenile meagre, allowing spermatogonial survival and progress towards meiosis. The administration of rFsh did not stimulate spermatogonial self-renewal, a process whose control still needs to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Zupa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km.3, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Neil Duncan
- IRTA, Ctra. de Poble Nou km. 5.5, 43540, La Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Giménez
- Rara Avis Biotec, S. L., Calle Moratín 17, 46002, Valencia, Spain
| | - Constantinos C Mylonas
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Chrysovalentinos Pousis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km.3, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Letizia Passantino
- DiMePRe-J, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km.3, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Rezart Cuko
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km.3, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Aldo Corriero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. per Casamassima km.3, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Donato J. Programming of metabolism by adipokines during development. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023:10.1038/s41574-023-00828-1. [PMID: 37055548 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00828-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The intrauterine and early postnatal periods represent key developmental stages in which an organism is highly susceptible to being permanently influenced by maternal factors and nutritional status. Strong evidence indicates that either undernutrition or overnutrition during development can predispose individuals to disease later in life, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, a concept known as metabolic programming. Adipose tissue produces important signalling molecules that control energy and glucose homeostasis, including leptin and adiponectin. In addition to their well-characterized metabolic effects in adults, adipokines have been associated with metabolic programming by affecting different aspects of development. Therefore, alterations in the secretion or signalling of adipokines, caused by nutritional insults in early life, might lead to metabolic diseases in adulthood. This Review summarizes and discusses the potential role of several adipokines in inducing metabolic programming through their effects during development. The identification of the endocrine factors that act in early life to permanently influence metabolism represents a key step in understanding the mechanisms behind metabolic programming. Thus, future strategies aiming to prevent and treat these metabolic diseases can be designed, taking into consideration the relationship between adipokines and the developmental origins of health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Han Y, He Y, Harris L, Xu Y, Wu Q. Identification of a GABAergic neural circuit governing leptin signaling deficiency-induced obesity. eLife 2023; 12:e82649. [PMID: 37043384 PMCID: PMC10097419 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormone leptin is known to robustly suppress food intake by acting upon the leptin receptor (LepR) signaling system residing within the agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons of the hypothalamus. However, clinical studies indicate that leptin is undesirable as a therapeutic regiment for obesity, which is at least partly attributed to the poorly understood complex secondary structure and key signaling mechanism of the leptin-responsive neural circuit. Here, we show that the LepR-expressing portal neurons send GABAergic projections to a cohort of α3-GABAA receptor expressing neurons within the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) for the control of leptin-mediated obesity phenotype. We identified the DMH as a key brain region that contributes to the regulation of leptin-mediated feeding. Acute activation of the GABAergic AgRP-DMH circuit promoted food intake and glucose intolerance, while activation of post-synaptic MC4R neurons in the DMH elicited exactly opposite phenotypes. Rapid deletion of LepR from AgRP neurons caused an obesity phenotype which can be rescued by blockage of GABAA receptor in the DMH. Consistent with behavioral results, these DMH neurons displayed suppressed neural activities in response to hunger or hyperglycemia. Furthermore, we identified that α3-GABAA receptor signaling within the DMH exerts potent bi-directional regulation of the central effects of leptin on feeding and body weight. Together, our results demonstrate a novel GABAergic neural circuit governing leptin-mediated feeding and energy balance via a unique α3-GABAA signaling within the secondary leptin-responsive neural circuit, constituting a new avenue for therapeutic interventions in the treatment of obesity and associated comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Han
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Yang He
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Lauren Harris
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Qi Wu
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| |
Collapse
|