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Sarkar M, Madabhavi I. COVID-19 mutations: An overview. World J Methodol 2024; 14:89761. [DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i3.89761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the genus Beta coronavirus and the family of Coronaviridae. It is a positive-sense, non-segmented single-strand RNA virus. Four common types of human coronaviruses circulate globally, particularly in the fall and winter seasons. They are responsible for 10%-30% of all mild upper respiratory tract infections in adults. These are 229E, NL63 of the Alfacoronaviridae family, OC43, and HKU1 of the Betacoronaviridae family. However, there are three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and the latest pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. All viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, have the inherent tendency to evolve. SARS-CoV-2 is still evolving in humans. Additionally, due to the development of herd immunity, prior infection, use of medication, vaccination, and antibodies, the viruses are facing immune pressure. During the replication process and due to immune pressure, the virus may undergo mutations. Several SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the variants of concern (VOCs), such as B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), B.1.617/B.1.617.2 (Delta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) have been reported from various parts of the world. These VOCs contain several important mutations; some of them are on the spike proteins. These mutations may lead to enhanced infectivity, transmissibility, and decreased neutralization efficacy by monoclonal antibodies, convalescent sera, or vaccines. Mutations may also lead to a failure of detection by molecular diagnostic tests, leading to a delayed diagnosis, increased community spread, and delayed treatment. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Covariant, the Stanford variant Database, and the CINAHL from December 2019 to February 2023 using the following search terms: VOC, SARS-CoV-2, Omicron, mutations in SARS-CoV-2, etc. This review discusses the various mutations and their impact on infectivity, transmissibility, and neutralization efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Sarkar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Irappa Madabhavi
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, J N Medical College, and KAHER, Belagavi, Karnataka 590010, India
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Kerudi Cancer Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka 587103, India
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2
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Xiao B, Wu L, Sun Q, Shu C, Hu S. Dynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 evolution based on different countries. Gene 2024; 916:148426. [PMID: 38575101 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Since late 2019, COVID-19 has significantly impacted the world. Understanding the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for protecting against future infectious pathogens. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive chronological analysis of SARS-CoV-2 evolution by examining mutation prevalence from the source countries of VOCs: United Kingdom, India, Brazil, South Africa, plus two countries: United States, Russia, utilizing genomic sequences from GISAID. Our methodological approach involved large-scale genomic sequence alignment using MAFFT, Python-based data processing on a high-performance computing platform, and advanced statistical methods the Maximal Information Coefficient (MIC), and also Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models for correlation analysis. Our findings elucidate the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 evolution, highlighting the virus's changing behaviour over various pandemic stages. Key results include the discovery of three temporal mutation patterns-lineage distinct, long-span, and competitive mutations-with varying levels of impact on the virus. Notably, we observed a convergence of advantageous mutations in the spike protein, especially in the later stages of the pandemic, indicating a substantial evolutionary pressure on the virus. One of the most significant revelations is the predominant role of natural immunity over vaccination-induced immunity in driving these evolutionary changes. This emphasizes the critical need for regular vaccine updates to maintain efficacy against evolving strains. In conclusion, our study not only sheds light on the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 but also underscores the urgency for robust, continuous global data collection and sharing. It highlights the necessity for rapid adaptations in medical countermeasures, including vaccine development, to stay ahead of pathogen evolution. This research provides valuable insights for future pandemic preparedness and response strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linhuan Wu
- Microbial Resource and Big Data Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Chinese National Microbiology Data Center (NMDC), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qinglan Sun
- Microbial Resource and Big Data Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Chinese National Microbiology Data Center (NMDC), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Songnian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Zhang L, Yu R, Wang L, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Zhou P, Wang Y, Guo H, Pan L, Liu X. Serial cell culture passaging in vitro led to complete attenuation and changes in the characteristic features of a virulent porcine deltacoronavirus strain. J Virol 2024:e0064524. [PMID: 39012141 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00645-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an important enteric coronavirus that has caused enormous economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. However, no commercial vaccine is currently available. Therefore, developing a safe and efficacious live-attenuated vaccine candidate is urgently needed. In this study, the PDCoV strain CH/XJYN/2016 was continuously passaged in LLC-PK cells until passage 240, and the virus growth kinetics in cell culture, pathogenicity in neonatal piglets, transcriptome differences after LLC-PK infection, changes in the functional characteristics of the spike (S) protein in the high- and low-passage strains, genetic variation of the virus genome, resistance to pepsin and acid, and protective effects of this strain when used as a live-attenuated vaccine were examined. The results of animal experiments demonstrated that the virulent PDCoV strain CH/XJYN/2016 was completely attenuated and not pathogenic in piglets following serial cell passage. Genome sequence analysis showed that amino acid mutations in nonstructural proteins were mainly concentrated in Nsp3, structural protein mutations were mainly concentrated in the S protein, and the N, M, and E genes were conserved. Transcriptome comparison revealed that compared with negative control cells, P10-infected LLC-PK cells had the most differentially expressed genes (DEGs), while P0 and P240 had the least number of DEGs. Analysis of trypsin dependence and related structural differences revealed that the P10 S protein interacted more strongly with trypsin and that the P120 S protein interacted more strongly with the APN receptor. Moreover, the infectivity of P240 was not affected by pepsin but was significantly decreased after exposure to low pH. Furthermore, the P240-based live-attenuated vaccine provided complete protection to piglets against the challenge of virulent PDCoV. In conclusion, we showed that a PDCoV strain was completely attenuated through serial passaging in vitro. These results provide insights into the potential molecular mechanisms of PDCoV attenuation and the development of a promising live-attenuated PDCoV vaccine.IMPORTANCEPorcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is one of the most important enteropathogenic pathogens that cause diarrhea in pigs of various ages, especially in suckling piglets, and causes enormous economic losses in the global commercial pork industry. There are currently no effective measures to prevent and control PDCoV. As reported in previous porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus studies, inactivated vaccines usually elicit less robust protective immune responses than live-attenuated vaccines in native sows. Therefore, identifying potential attenuation mechanisms, gene evolution, pathogenicity differences during PDCoV passaging, and immunogenicity as live-attenuated vaccines is important for elucidating the mechanism of attenuation and developing safe and effective vaccines for virulent PDCoV strains. In this study, we demonstrated that the virulence of the PDCoV strain CH/XJYN/2016 was completely attenuated following serial cell passaging in vitro, and changes in the biological characteristics and protection efficacy of the strain were evaluated. Our results help elucidate the mechanism of PDCoV attenuation and support the development of appropriate designs for the study of live PDCoV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruiming Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lianshun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanzhen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yonglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Disease and Biosafety Control, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Lanzhou, China
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Tse AL, Acreman CM, Ricardo-Lax I, Berrigan J, Lasso G, Balogun T, Kearns FL, Casalino L, McClain GL, Chandran AM, Lemeunier C, Amaro RE, Rice CM, Jangra RK, McLellan JS, Chandran K, Miller EH. Distinct pathway for evolution of enhanced receptor binding and cell entry in SARS-like bat coronaviruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.24.600393. [PMID: 38979151 PMCID: PMC11230278 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.24.600393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the zoonotic risks posed by bat coronaviruses (CoVs) is critical for pandemic preparedness. Herein, we generated recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs) bearing spikes from divergent bat CoVs to investigate their cell entry mechanisms. Unexpectedly, the successful recovery of rVSVs bearing the spike from SHC014, a SARS-like bat CoV, was associated with the acquisition of a novel substitution in the S2 fusion peptide-proximal region (FPPR). This substitution enhanced viral entry in both VSV and coronavirus contexts by increasing the availability of the spike receptor-binding domain to recognize its cellular receptor, ACE2. A second substitution in the spike N-terminal domain, uncovered through forward-genetic selection, interacted epistatically with the FPPR substitution to synergistically enhance spike:ACE2 interaction and viral entry. Our findings identify genetic pathways for adaptation by bat CoVs during spillover and host-to-host transmission, fitness trade-offs inherent to these pathways, and potential Achilles' heels that could be targeted with countermeasures.
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Ardell S, Martsul A, Johnson MS, Kryazhimskiy S. Environment-independent distribution of mutational effects emerges from microscopic epistasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.18.567655. [PMID: 38014325 PMCID: PMC10680819 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.18.567655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Predicting how new mutations alter phenotypes is difficult because mutational effects vary across genotypes and environments. Recently discovered global epistasis, where the fitness effects of mutations scale with the fitness of the background genotype, can improve predictions, but how the environment modulates this scaling is unknown. We measured the fitness effects of ~100 insertion mutations in 42 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in six laboratory environments and found that the global-epistasis scaling is nearly invariant across environments. Instead, the environment tunes one global parameter, the background fitness at which most mutations switch sign. As a consequence, the distribution of mutational effects is predictable across genotypes and environments. Our results suggest that the effective dimensionality of genotype-to-phenotype maps across environments is surprisingly low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ardell
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alena Martsul
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Milo S. Johnson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sergey Kryazhimskiy
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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6
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Benlarbi M, Ding S, Bélanger É, Tauzin A, Poujol R, Medjahed H, El Ferri O, Bo Y, Bourassa C, Hussin J, Fafard J, Pazgier M, Levade I, Abrams C, Côté M, Finzi A. Temperature-dependent Spike-ACE2 interaction of Omicron subvariants is associated with viral transmission. mBio 2024:e0090724. [PMID: 38953636 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00907-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The continued evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires persistent monitoring of its subvariants. Omicron subvariants are responsible for the vast majority of SARS-CoV-2 infections worldwide, with XBB and BA.2.86 sublineages representing more than 90% of circulating strains as of January 2024. To better understand parameters involved in viral transmission, we characterized the functional properties of Spike glycoproteins from BA.2.75, CH.1.1, DV.7.1, BA.4/5, BQ.1.1, XBB, XBB.1, XBB.1.16, XBB.1.5, FD.1.1, EG.5.1, HK.3, BA.2.86 and JN.1. We tested their capacity to evade plasma-mediated recognition and neutralization, binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), their susceptibility to cold inactivation, Spike processing, as well as the impact of temperature on Spike-ACE2 interaction. We found that compared to the early wild-type (D614G) strain, most Omicron subvariants' Spike glycoproteins evolved to escape recognition and neutralization by plasma from individuals who received a fifth dose of bivalent (BA.1 or BA.4/5) mRNA vaccine and improve ACE2 binding, particularly at low temperatures. Moreover, BA.2.86 had the best affinity for ACE2 at all temperatures tested. We found that Omicron subvariants' Spike processing is associated with their susceptibility to cold inactivation. Intriguingly, we found that Spike-ACE2 binding at low temperature was significantly associated with growth rates of Omicron subvariants in humans. Overall, we report that Spikes from newly emerged Omicron subvariants are relatively more stable and resistant to plasma-mediated neutralization, present improved affinity for ACE2 which is associated, particularly at low temperatures, with their growth rates.IMPORTANCEThe persistent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 gave rise to a wide range of variants harboring new mutations in their Spike glycoproteins. Several factors have been associated with viral transmission and fitness such as plasma-neutralization escape and ACE2 interaction. To better understand whether additional factors could be of importance in SARS-CoV-2 variants' transmission, we characterize the functional properties of Spike glycoproteins from several Omicron subvariants. We found that the Spike glycoprotein of Omicron subvariants presents an improved escape from plasma-mediated recognition and neutralization, Spike processing, and ACE2 binding which was further improved at low temperature. Intriguingly, Spike-ACE2 interaction at low temperature is strongly associated with viral growth rate, as such, low temperatures could represent another parameter affecting viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Étienne Bélanger
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Raphaël Poujol
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Omar El Ferri
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuxia Bo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Julie Hussin
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Mila-Quebec AI institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Judith Fafard
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Inès Levade
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Cai Y, Diallo S, Rosenthal K, Ren K, Flores DJ, Dippel A, Oganesyan V, van Dyk N, Chen X, Cantu E, Choudhary R, Sulikowski M, Adissu H, Chawla B, Kar S, Liu C, Dijokaite-Guraliuc A, Mongkolsapaya J, Rajan S, Loo YM, Beavon R, Webber C, Chang LJ, Thomas S, Clegg L, Zhang H, Screaton GR, Philbin N, Harre M, Selim A, Martinez-Alier N, Uriel A, Cohen TS, Perez JL, Esser MT, Blair W, Francica JR. AZD3152 neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 historical and contemporary variants and is protective in hamsters and well tolerated in adults. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eado2817. [PMID: 38924429 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ado2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in variants that can escape neutralization by therapeutic antibodies. Here, we describe AZD3152, a SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing monoclonal antibody designed to provide improved potency and coverage against emerging variants. AZD3152 binds to the back left shoulder of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain and prevents interaction with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. AZD3152 potently neutralized a broad panel of pseudovirus variants, including the currently dominant Omicron variant JN.1 but has reduced potency against XBB subvariants containing F456L. In vitro studies confirmed F456L resistance and additionally identified T415I and K458E as escape mutations. In a Syrian hamster challenge model, prophylactic administration of AZD3152 protected hamsters from weight loss and inflammation-related lung pathologies and reduced lung viral load. In the phase 1 sentinel safety cohort of the ongoing SUPERNOVA study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05648110), a single 600-mg intramuscular injection of AZD5156 (containing 300 mg each of AZD3152 and cilgavimab) was well tolerated in adults through day 91. Observed serum concentrations of AZD3152 through day 91 were similar to those observed with cilgavimab and consistent with predictions for AZD7442, a SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibody combination of cilgavimab and tixagevimab, in a population pharmacokinetic model. On the basis of its pharmacokinetic characteristics, AZD3152 is predicted to provide durable protection against symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 caused by susceptible SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as JN.1, in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- Humans
- COVID-19/virology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Cricetinae
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Mesocricetus
- Female
- Male
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Mutation/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Viral Load/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyun Cai
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Seme Diallo
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Kim Rosenthal
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Kuishu Ren
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Daniel J Flores
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Andrew Dippel
- Biologics Engineering, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Vaheh Oganesyan
- Biologics Engineering, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Nydia van Dyk
- Biologics Engineering, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Xiaoru Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Erin Cantu
- Imaging and Data Analytics, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Rakesh Choudhary
- Imaging and Data Analytics, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Hibret Adissu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | - Chang Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Aiste Dijokaite-Guraliuc
- Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand, Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Saravanan Rajan
- Biologics Engineering, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Rohini Beavon
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK
| | - Chris Webber
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK
| | - Lee-Jah Chang
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Steven Thomas
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Lindsay Clegg
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Huixia Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Nora Philbin
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK
| | - Mark Harre
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK
| | - Abdulhafez Selim
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK
| | - Nuria Martinez-Alier
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 8PA, UK
| | - Alison Uriel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, North Manchester General Hospital (Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust), Manchester M8 5RB, UK
| | - Taylor S Cohen
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - John L Perez
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Mark T Esser
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Wade Blair
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Joseph R Francica
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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8
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He L, Wu Q, Zhang Z, Chen L, Yu K, Li L, Jia Q, Wang Y, Ni J, Wang C, Li Q, Zhai X, Zhao J, Liu Y, Fan R, Li YP. Development of Broad-Spectrum Nanobodies for the Therapy and Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Multiple Variants. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 38920116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The continuous evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has evaded the efficacy of previously developed antibodies and vaccines, thus remaining a significant global public health threat. Therefore, it is imperative to develop additional antibodies that are capable of neutralizing emerging variants. Nanobodies, as the smallest functional single-domain antibodies, exhibit enhanced stability and penetration ability, enabling them to recognize numerous concealed epitopes that are inaccessible to conventional antibodies. Herein, we constructed an immune library based on the immunization of alpaca with the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, from which two nanobodies, Nb1 and Nb2, were selected using phage display technology for further characterization. Both nanobodies, with the binding residues residing within the receptor-binding domain (RBD) region of the spike, exhibited high affinity toward the S1 subunit. Moreover, they displayed cross-neutralizing activity against both wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and 10 ο variants, including BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.5, BA.2.75, BF.7, BQ.1, EG.5.1, XBB.1.5, and JN.1. Molecular modeling and dynamics simulations predicted that both nanobodies interacted with the viral RBD through their complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) and CDR2. These two nanobodies are novel tools for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic countermeasures targeting SARS-CoV-2 variants and potentially emerging coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Kuai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Leibin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Qiong Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Yanqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jianqiang Ni
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Chuanbin Wang
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Qi Li
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Xinyan Zhai
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - Ruiwen Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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9
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Trende R, Darling TL, Gan T, Wang D, Boon AC. Barcoded SARS-CoV-2 viruses define the impact of time and route of transmission on the transmission bottleneck in a Syrian hamster model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.08.597602. [PMID: 38915710 PMCID: PMC11195048 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.08.597602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The transmission bottleneck, defined as the number of viruses that transmit from one host to infect another, is an important determinant of the rate of virus evolution and the level of immunity required to protect against virus transmission. Despite its importance, SARS-CoV-2's transmission bottleneck remains poorly characterized, in part due to a lack of quantitative measurement tools. To address this, we adapted a SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics system to generate a pool of >200 isogenic SARS-CoV-2 viruses harboring specific 6-nucleotide barcodes inserted in ORF10, a non-translated ORF. We directly inoculated donor Syrian hamsters intranasally with this barcoded virus pool and exposed a paired naïve contact hamster to each donor. Following exposure, the nasal turbinates, trachea, and lungs were collected, viral titers were measured, and the number of barcodes in each tissue were enumerated to quantify the transmission bottleneck. The duration and route (airborne, direct contact, and fomite) of exposure were varied to assess their impact on the transmission bottleneck. In airborne-exposed hamsters, the transmission bottleneck increased with longer exposure durations. We found that direct contact exposure produced the largest transmission bottleneck (average 27 BCs), followed by airborne exposure (average 16 BCs) then fomite exposure (average 8 BCs). Interestingly, we detected unique BCs in both the upper and lower respiratory tract of contact animals from all routes of exposure, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect hamster lungs. Altogether, these findings highlight the utility of barcoded viruses as tools to rigorously study virus transmission. In the future, barcoded SARS-CoV-2 will strengthen studies of immune factors that influence virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed Trende
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tamarand L. Darling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tianyu Gan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adrianus C.M. Boon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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10
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Wang D, Huot M, Mohanty V, Shakhnovich EI. Biophysical principles predict fitness of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314518121. [PMID: 38820002 PMCID: PMC11161772 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314518121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 employs its spike protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) to enter host cells. The RBD is constantly subjected to immune responses, while requiring efficient binding to host cell receptors for successful infection. However, our understanding of how RBD's biophysical properties contribute to SARS-CoV-2's epidemiological fitness remains largely incomplete. Through a comprehensive approach, comprising large-scale sequence analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants and the identification of a fitness function based on binding thermodynamics, we unravel the relationship between the biophysical properties of RBD variants and their contribution to viral fitness. We developed a biophysical model that uses statistical mechanics to map the molecular phenotype space, characterized by dissociation constants of RBD to ACE2, LY-CoV016, LY-CoV555, REGN10987, and S309, onto an epistatic fitness landscape. We validate our findings through experimentally measured and machine learning (ML) estimated binding affinities, coupled with infectivity data derived from population-level sequencing. Our analysis reveals that this model effectively predicts the fitness of novel RBD variants and can account for the epistatic interactions among mutations, including explaining the later reversal of Q493R. Our study sheds light on the impact of specific mutations on viral fitness and delivers a tool for predicting the future epidemiological trajectory of previously unseen or emerging low-frequency variants. These insights offer not only greater understanding of viral evolution but also potentially aid in guiding public health decisions in the battle against COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianzhuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Marian Huot
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau91128, France
| | - Vaibhav Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Eugene I. Shakhnovich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
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11
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Singh UB, Deb S, Rani L, Gupta R, Verma S, Kumari L, Bhardwaj D, Bala K, Ahmed J, Gaurav S, Perumalla S, Nizam M, Mishra A, Stephenraj J, Shukla J, Nayer J, Aggarwal P, Kabra M, Ahuja V, Chaudhry R, Sinha S, Guleria R. Phylogeny and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 during Delta and Omicron variant waves in India. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4769-4781. [PMID: 37318006 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2222832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 evolution has continued to generate variants, responsible for new pandemic waves locally and globally. Varying disease presentation and severity has been ascribed to inherent variant characteristics and vaccine immunity. This study analyzed genomic data from 305 whole genome sequences from SARS-CoV-2 patients before and through the third wave in India. Delta variant was reported in patients without comorbidity (97%), while Omicron BA.2 was reported in patients with comorbidity (77%). Tissue adaptation studies brought forth higher propensity of Omicron variants to bronchial tissue than lung, contrary to observation in Delta variants from Delhi. Study of codon usage pattern distinguished the prevalent variants, clustering them separately, Omicron BA.2 isolated in February grouped away from December strains, and all BA.2 after December acquired a new mutation S959P in ORF1b (44.3% of BA.2 in the study) indicating ongoing evolution. Loss of critical spike mutations in Omicron BA.2 and gain of immune evasion mutations including G142D, reported in Delta but absent in BA.1, and S371F instead of S371L in BA.1 could explain very brief period of BA.1 in December 2021, followed by complete replacement by BA.2. Higher propensity of Omicron variants to bronchial tissue, probably ensured increased transmission while Omicron BA.2 became the prevalent variant possibly due to evolutionary trade-off. Virus evolution continues to shape the epidemic and its culmination.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi B Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushanta Deb
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lata Rani
- Central Core Research Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Verma
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lata Kumari
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Bhardwaj
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kiran Bala
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jawed Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudesh Gaurav
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sowjanya Perumalla
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Nizam
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anwita Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - J Stephenraj
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jamshed Nayer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Aggarwal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhulika Kabra
- Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rama Chaudhry
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Randeep Guleria
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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12
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Pavia G, Quirino A, Marascio N, Veneziano C, Longhini F, Bruni A, Garofalo E, Pantanella M, Manno M, Gigliotti S, Giancotti A, Barreca GS, Branda F, Torti C, Rotundo S, Lionello R, La Gamba V, Berardelli L, Gullì SP, Trecarichi EM, Russo A, Palmieri C, De Marco C, Viglietto G, Casu M, Sanna D, Ciccozzi M, Scarpa F, Matera G. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral intra- and inter-host evolution in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29708. [PMID: 38804179 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) persistence in COVID-19 patients could play a key role in the emergence of variants of concern. The rapid intra-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 may result in an increased transmissibility, immune and therapeutic escape which could be a direct consequence of COVID-19 epidemic currents. In this context, a longitudinal retrospective study on eight consecutive COVID-19 patients with persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection, from January 2022 to March 2023, was conducted. To characterize the intra- and inter-host viral evolution, whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed on nasopharyngeal samples collected at different time points. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed an accelerated SARS-CoV-2 intra-host evolution and emergence of antigenically divergent variants. The Bayesian inference and principal coordinate analysis analysis showed a host-based genomic structuring among antigenically divergent variants, that might reflect the positive effect of containment practices, within the critical hospital area. All longitudinal antigenically divergent isolates shared a wide range of amino acidic (aa) changes, particularly in the Spike (S) glycoprotein, that increased viral transmissibility (K417N, S477N, N501Y and Q498R), enhanced infectivity (R346T, S373P, R408S, T478K, Q498R, Y505H, D614G, H655Y, N679K and P681H), caused host immune escape (S371L, S375F, T376A, K417N, and K444T/R) and displayed partial or complete resistance to treatments (G339D, R346K/T, S371F/L, S375F, T376A, D405N, N440K, G446S, N460K, E484A, F486V, Q493R, G496S and Q498R). These results suggest that multiple novel variants which emerge in the patient during persistent infection, might spread to another individual and continue to evolve. A pro-active genomic surveillance of persistent SARS-CoV-2 infected patients is recommended to identify genetically divergent lineages before their diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Pavia
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela Quirino
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nadia Marascio
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Veneziano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center of Services (CIS), Molecular Genomics and Pathology, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federico Longhini
- Unit of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Bruni
- Unit of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eugenio Garofalo
- Unit of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marta Pantanella
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Manno
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simona Gigliotti
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Aida Giancotti
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giorgio Settimo Barreca
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Branda
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Torti
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Rotundo
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosaria Lionello
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valentina La Gamba
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lavinia Berardelli
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sara Palma Gullì
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Enrico Maria Trecarichi
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Camillo Palmieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmela De Marco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center of Services (CIS), Molecular Genomics and Pathology, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center of Services (CIS), Molecular Genomics and Pathology, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marco Casu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daria Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Matera
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
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13
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Xu X, Deng Y, Ding J, Tang Q, Lin Y, Zheng X, Zhang T. High-resolution and real-time wastewater viral surveillance by Nanopore sequencing. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121623. [PMID: 38657304 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater genomic sequencing stands as a pivotal complementary tool for viral surveillance in populations. While long-read Nanopore sequencing is a promising platform to provide real-time genomic data, concerns over the sequencing accuracy of the earlier Nanopore versions have somewhat restrained its widespread application in wastewater analysis. Here, we evaluate the latest improved version of Nanopore sequencing (R10.4.1), using SARS-CoV-2 as the model infectious virus, to demonstrate its effectiveness in wastewater viral monitoring. By comparing amplicon lengths of 400 bp and 1200 bp, we revealed that shorter PCR amplification is more suitable for wastewater samples due to viral genome fragmentation. Utilizing mock wastewater samples, we validated the reliability of Nanopore sequencing for variant identification by comparing it with Illumina sequencing results. The strength of Nanopore sequencing in generating real-time genomic data for providing early warning signals was also showcased, indicating that as little as 0.001 Gb of data can provide accurate results for variant prevalence. Our evaluation also identified optimal alteration frequency cutoffs (>50 %) for precise mutation profiling, achieving >99 % precision in detecting single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertions/deletions (indels). Monitoring two major wastewater treatment plants in Hong Kong from September 2022 to April 2023, covering over 4.5 million population, we observed a transition in dominant variants from BA.5 to XBB lineages, with XBB.1.5 being the most prevalent variants. Mutation detection also highlighted the potential of wastewater Nanopore sequencing in uncovering novel mutations and revealed links between signature mutations and specific variants. This study not only reveals the environmental implications of Nanopore sequencing in SARS-CoV-2 surveillance but also underscores its potential in broader applications including environmental health monitoring of other epidemic viruses, which could significantly enhance the field of wastewater-based epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Xu
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yu Deng
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jiahui Ding
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Qinling Tang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yunqi Lin
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Xiawan Zheng
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Environmental Engineering Research, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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14
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Xue S, Han Y, Wu F, Wang Q. Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain and their delicate balance between ACE2 affinity and antibody evasion. Protein Cell 2024; 15:403-418. [PMID: 38442025 PMCID: PMC11131022 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Intensive selection pressure constrains the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 genomes and results in various novel variants with distinct mutation profiles. Point mutations, particularly those within the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, lead to the functional alteration in both receptor engagement and monoclonal antibody (mAb) recognition. Here, we review the data of the RBD point mutations possessed by major SARS-CoV-2 variants and discuss their individual effects on ACE2 affinity and immune evasion. Many single amino acid substitutions within RBD epitopes crucial for the antibody evasion capacity may conversely weaken ACE2 binding affinity. However, this weakened effect could be largely compensated by specific epistatic mutations, such as N501Y, thus maintaining the overall ACE2 affinity for the spike protein of all major variants. The predominant direction of SARS-CoV-2 evolution lies neither in promoting ACE2 affinity nor evading mAb neutralization but in maintaining a delicate balance between these two dimensions. Together, this review interprets how RBD mutations efficiently resist antibody neutralization and meanwhile how the affinity between ACE2 and spike protein is maintained, emphasizing the significance of comprehensive assessment of spike mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuru Han
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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15
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Almulla N, Soltane R, Alasiri A, Kamal Allayeh A, Alqadi T, Alshehri F, Hamad Alrokban A, Zaghlool SS, Zayan AZ, Abdalla KF, Sayed AM. Advancements in SARS-CoV-2 detection: Navigating the molecular landscape and diagnostic technologies. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29909. [PMID: 38707469 PMCID: PMC11068538 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
According to information from the World Health Organization, the world has experienced about 430 million cases of COVID-19, a world-wide health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This outbreak, originating from China in 2019, has led to nearly 6 million deaths worldwide. As the number of confirmed infections continues to rise, the need for cutting-edge techniques that can detect SARS-CoV-2 infections early and accurately has become more critical. To address this, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) has issued emergency use authorizations (EUAs) for a wide range of diagnostic tools. These include tests based on detecting nucleic acids and antigen-antibody reactions. The quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assay stands out as the gold standard for early virus detection. However, despite its accuracy, qRT-PCR has limitations, such as complex testing protocols and a risk of false negatives, which drive the continuous improvement in nucleic acid and serological testing approaches. The emergence of highly contagious variants of the coronavirus, such as Alpha (B.1.1.7), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529), has increased the need for tests that can specifically identify these mutations. This article explores both nucleic acid-based and antigen-antibody serological assays, assessing the performance of recently approved FDA tests and those documented in scientific research, especially in identifying new coronavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Almulla
- Department of Biology, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raya Soltane
- Department of Biology, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam Alasiri
- Department of Biology, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdou Kamal Allayeh
- Virology Lab 176, Environment and Climate Change Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Taha Alqadi
- Department of Biology, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma Alshehri
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam Hamad Alrokban
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh S. Zaghlool
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, 61014, Al-Maaqal, Basra, Iraq
| | - Abdallah Z. Zayan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Collage of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, 61014, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Karam F. Abdalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Collage of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, 61014, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Collage of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, 61014, Basrah, Iraq
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16
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Wietschel KA, Fechtner K, Antileo E, Abdurrahman G, Drechsler CA, Makuvise MK, Rose R, Voß M, Krumbholz A, Michalik S, Weiss S, Ulm L, Franikowski P, Fickenscher H, Bröker BM, Raafat D, Holtfreter S. Non-cross-reactive epitopes dominate the humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccination - kinetics of plasma antibodies, plasmablasts and memory B cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1382911. [PMID: 38807606 PMCID: PMC11130424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1382911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in inducing protective immunity. While the serum antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination has been studied in depth, our knowledge of the underlying plasmablast and memory B cell (Bmem) responses is still incomplete. Here, we determined the antibody and B cell response to COVID-19 vaccination in a naïve population and contrasted it with the response to a single influenza vaccination in a primed cohort. In addition, we analyzed the antibody and B cell responses against the four endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Methods Measurement of specific plasma IgG antibodies was combined with functional analyses of antibody-secreting plasmablasts and Bmems. SARS-CoV-2- and HCoV-specific IgG antibodies were quantified with an in-house bead-based multiplexed immunoassay. Results The antibody and B cell responses to COVID-19 vaccination reflected the kinetics of a prime-boost immunization, characterized by a slow and moderate primary response and a faster and stronger secondary response. In contrast, the influenza vaccinees possessed robust immune memory for the vaccine antigens prior to vaccination, and the recall vaccination moderately boosted antibody production and Bmem responses. Antibody levels and Bmem responses waned several months after the 2nd COVID-19 vaccination, but were restored upon the 3rd vaccination. The COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibodies mainly targeted novel, non-cross-reactive S1 epitopes of the viral spike protein, while cross-reactive S2 epitopes were less immunogenic. Booster vaccination not only strongly enhanced neutralizing antibodies against an original SARS-CoV-2 strain, but also induced neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron BA.2 variant. We observed a 100% plasma antibody prevalence against the S1 subunits of HCoVs, which was not affected by vaccination. Discussion Overall, by complementing classical serology with a functional evaluation of plasmablasts and memory B cells we provide new insights into the specificity of COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody and B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian A. Wietschel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kevin Fechtner
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elmer Antileo
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Goran Abdurrahman
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Chiara A. Drechsler
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Ruben Rose
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mathias Voß
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Labor Dr. Krause und Kollegen MVZ GmbH, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lena Ulm
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Franikowski
- Institute for Educational Quality Improvement, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dina Raafat
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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17
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Combe M, Cherif E, Deremarque T, Rivera-Ingraham G, Seck-Thiam F, Justy F, Doudou JC, Carod JF, Carage T, Procureur A, Gozlan RE. Wastewater sequencing as a powerful tool to reveal SARS-CoV-2 variant introduction and spread in French Guiana, South America. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171645. [PMID: 38479523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The origin of introduction of a new pathogen in a country, the evolutionary dynamics of an epidemic within a country, and the role of cross-border areas on pathogen dynamics remain complex to disentangle and are often poorly understood. For instance, cross-border areas represent the ideal location for the sharing of viral variants between countries, with international air travel, land travel and waterways playing an important role in the cross-border spread of infectious diseases. Unfortunately, monitoring the point of entry and the evolutionary dynamics of viruses in space and time within local populations remain challenging. Here we tested the efficiency of wastewater-based epidemiology and genotyping in monitoring Covid-19 epidemiology and SARS-CoV-2 variant dynamics in French Guiana, a tropical country located in South America. Our results suggest that wastewater-based epidemiology and genotyping are powerful tools to monitor variant introduction and disease evolution within a tropical country but the inclusion of both clinical and wastewater samples could still improve our understanding of genetic diversity co-circulating. Wastewater sequencing also revealed the cryptic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants within the country. Interestingly, we found some amino acid changes specific to the variants co-circulating in French Guiana, suggesting a local evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 variants after their introduction. More importantly, our results showed that the proximity to bordering countries was not the origin of the emergence of the French Guianese B.1.160.25 variant, but rather that this variant emerged from an ancestor B.1.160 variant introduced by European air plane travelers, suggesting thus that air travel remains a significant risk for cross-border spread of infectious diseases. Overall, we suggest that wastewater-based epidemiology and genotyping provides a cost effective and non-invasive approach for pathogen monitoring and an early-warning tool for disease emergence and spread within a tropical country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Combe
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Emira Cherif
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Georgina Rivera-Ingraham
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; Centre IRD de Cayenne, Guyane Française, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-François Carod
- Laboratoire et Pôle Appui aux Fonctions Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais (CHOG), 97320 Saint-Laurent du Maroni, Guyane Française, France
| | - Thierry Carage
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Carage de Kourou, 6 avenue Leopold Heder, 97310 Kourou, Guyane Française, France
| | - Angélique Procureur
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Carage de Kourou, 6 avenue Leopold Heder, 97310 Kourou, Guyane Française, France
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18
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Cao B, Wang X, Yin W, Gao Z, Xia B. The human microbiota is a beneficial reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 mutations. mBio 2024; 15:e0318723. [PMID: 38530031 PMCID: PMC11237538 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03187-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mutations are rapidly emerging. In particular, beneficial mutations in the spike (S) protein, which can either make a person more infectious or enable immunological escape, are providing a significant obstacle to the prevention and treatment of pandemics. However, how the virus acquires a high number of beneficial mutations in a short time remains a mystery. We demonstrate here that variations of concern may be mutated due in part to the influence of the human microbiome. We searched the National Center for Biotechnology Information database for homologous fragments (HFs) after finding a mutation and the six neighboring amino acids in a viral mutation fragment. Among the approximate 8,000 HFs obtained, 61 mutations in S and other outer membrane proteins were found in bacteria, accounting for 62% of all mutation sources, which is 12-fold higher than the natural variable proportion. A significant proportion of these bacterial species-roughly 70%-come from the human microbiota, are mainly found in the lung or gut, and share a composition pattern with COVID-19 patients. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase replicates corresponding bacterial mRNAs harboring mutations, producing chimeric RNAs. SARS-CoV-2 may collectively pick up mutations from the human microbiota that change the original virus's binding sites or antigenic determinants. Our study clarifies the evolving mutational mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mutations are rapidly emerging, in particular advantageous mutations in the spike (S) protein, which either increase transmissibility or lead to immune escape and are posing a major challenge to pandemic prevention and treatment. However, how the virus acquires a high number of advantageous mutations in a short time remains a mystery. Here, we provide evidence that the human microbiota is a reservoir of advantageous mutations and aids mutational evolution and host adaptation of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings demonstrate a conceptual breakthrough on the mutational evolution mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 for human adaptation. SARS-CoV-2 may grab advantageous mutations from the widely existing microorganisms in the host, which is undoubtedly an "efficient" manner. Our study might open a new perspective to understand the evolution of virus mutation, which has enormous implications for comprehending the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Guangya High School, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanchao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Zhaobing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Bingqing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Hills FR, Eruera AR, Hodgkinson-Bean J, Jorge F, Easingwood R, Brown SHJ, Bouwer JC, Li YP, Burga LN, Bostina M. Variation in structural motifs within SARS-related coronavirus spike proteins. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012158. [PMID: 38805567 PMCID: PMC11236199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the third known coronavirus (CoV) that has crossed the animal-human barrier in the last two decades. However, little structural information exists related to the close genetic species within the SARS-related coronaviruses. Here, we present three novel SARS-related CoV spike protein structures solved by single particle cryo-electron microscopy analysis derived from bat (bat SL-CoV WIV1) and civet (cCoV-SZ3, cCoV-007) hosts. We report complex glycan trees that decorate the glycoproteins and density for water molecules which facilitated modeling of the water molecule coordination networks within structurally important regions. We note structural conservation of the fatty acid binding pocket and presence of a linoleic acid molecule which are associated with stabilization of the receptor binding domains in the "down" conformation. Additionally, the N-terminal biliverdin binding pocket is occupied by a density in all the structures. Finally, we analyzed structural differences in a loop of the receptor binding motif between coronaviruses known to infect humans and the animal coronaviruses described in this study, which regulate binding to the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor. This study offers a structural framework to evaluate the close relatives of SARS-CoV-2, the ability to inform pandemic prevention, and aid in the development of pan-neutralizing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca R. Hills
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alice-Roza Eruera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James Hodgkinson-Bean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fátima Jorge
- Otago Microscopy and Nano Imaging Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard Easingwood
- Otago Microscopy and Nano Imaging Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Simon H. J. Brown
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James C. Bouwer
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Laura N. Burga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Otago Microscopy and Nano Imaging Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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20
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Albiheyri R, Ahmad V, Khan MI, Alzahrani FA, Jamal QMS. Investigating the Antiviral Properties of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn against the Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, Nipah, and Chikungunya Viruses: A Computational Simulation Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:581. [PMID: 38794151 PMCID: PMC11124395 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The hunt for naturally occurring antiviral compounds to combat viral infection was expedited when COVID-19 and Ebola spread rapidly. Phytochemicals from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn were evaluated as significant inhibitors of these viruses. Methods: Computational tools and techniques were used to assess the binding pattern of phytochemicals from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn to Ebola virus VP35, SARS-CoV-2 protease, Nipah virus glycoprotein, and chikungunya virus. Results: Virtual screening and AutoDock analysis revealed that arborside-C, beta amyrin, and beta-sitosterol exhibited a substantial binding affinity for specific viral targets. The arborside-C and beta-sitosterol molecules were shown to have binding energies of -8.65 and -9.11 kcal/mol, respectively, when interacting with the major protease. Simultaneously, the medication remdesivir exhibited a control value of -6.18 kcal/mol. The measured affinity of phytochemicals for the other investigated targets was -7.52 for beta-amyrin against Ebola and -6.33 kcal/mol for nicotiflorin against Nipah virus targets. Additional molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) conducted on the molecules with significant antiviral potential, specifically the beta-amyrin-VP35 complex showing a stable RMSD pattern, yielded encouraging outcomes. Conclusions: Arborside-C, beta-sitosterol, beta-amyrin, and nicotiflorin could be established as excellent natural antiviral compounds derived from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. The virus-suppressing phytochemicals in this plant make it a compelling target for both in vitro and in vivo research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed Albiheyri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Varish Ahmad
- Health Information Technology Department, The Applied College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Imran Khan
- Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faisal A. Alzahrani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Embryonic Stem Cell Unit, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Carrascosa-Sàez M, Marqués MC, Geller R, Elena SF, Rahmeh A, Dufloo J, Sanjuán R. Cell type-specific adaptation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae032. [PMID: 38779130 PMCID: PMC11110937 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can infect various human tissues and cell types, principally via interaction with its cognate receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). However, how the virus evolves in different cellular environments is poorly understood. Here, we used experimental evolution to study the adaptation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike to four human cell lines expressing different levels of key entry factors. After twenty passages of a spike-expressing recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), cell-type-specific phenotypic changes were observed and sequencing allowed the identification of sixteen adaptive spike mutations. We used VSV pseudotyping to measure the entry efficiency, ACE2 affinity, spike processing, TMPRSS2 usage, and entry pathway usage of all the mutants, alone or in combination. The fusogenicity of the mutant spikes was assessed with a cell-cell fusion assay. Finally, mutant recombinant VSVs were used to measure the fitness advantage associated with selected mutations. We found that the effects of these mutations varied across cell types, both in terms of viral entry and replicative fitness. Interestingly, two spike mutations (L48S and A372T) that emerged in cells expressing low ACE2 levels increased receptor affinity, syncytia induction, and entry efficiency under low-ACE2 conditions. Our results demonstrate specific adaptation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike to different cell types and have implications for understanding SARS-CoV-2 tissue tropism and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Carrascosa-Sàez
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio). University of Valencia—CSIC, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - María-Carmen Marqués
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio). University of Valencia—CSIC, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - Ron Geller
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio). University of Valencia—CSIC, Paterna, 46980, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV), CSIC and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Santiago F Elena
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio). University of Valencia—CSIC, Paterna, 46980, Spain
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Amal Rahmeh
- Departament de Medicina i Ciències de La Vida (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio). University of Valencia—CSIC, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio). University of Valencia—CSIC, Paterna, 46980, Spain
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22
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Meganck RM, Edwards CE, Mallory ML, Lee RE, Dang H, Bailey AB, Wykoff JA, Gallant SC, Zhu DR, Yount BL, Kato T, Shaffer KM, Nakano S, Cawley AM, Sontake V, Wang JR, Hagan RS, Miller MB, Tata PR, Randell SH, Tse LV, Ehre C, Okuda K, Boucher RC, Baric RS. SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern fitness and adaptation in primary human airway epithelia. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114076. [PMID: 38607917 PMCID: PMC11165423 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic is characterized by the emergence of novel variants of concern (VOCs) that replace ancestral strains. Here, we dissect the complex selective pressures by evaluating variant fitness and adaptation in human respiratory tissues. We evaluate viral properties and host responses to reconstruct forces behind D614G through Omicron (BA.1) emergence. We observe differential replication in airway epithelia, differences in cellular tropism, and virus-induced cytotoxicity. D614G accumulates the most mutations after infection, supporting zoonosis and adaptation to the human airway. We perform head-to-head competitions and observe the highest fitness for Gamma and Delta. Under these conditions, RNA recombination favors variants encoding the B.1.617.1 lineage 3' end. Based on viral growth kinetics, Alpha, Gamma, and Delta exhibit increased fitness compared to D614G. In contrast, the global success of Omicron likely derives from increased transmission and antigenic variation. Our data provide molecular evidence to support epidemiological observations of VOC emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita M Meganck
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Caitlin E Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Michael L Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Rhianna E Lee
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Hong Dang
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Alexis B Bailey
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Jason A Wykoff
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Samuel C Gallant
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Deanna R Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Takafumi Kato
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Kendall M Shaffer
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Satoko Nakano
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Anne Marie Cawley
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | | | - Jeremy R Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Robert S Hagan
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Melissa B Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | | | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Longping V Tse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Camille Ehre
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Kenichi Okuda
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Richard C Boucher
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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Branda F, Ciccozzi M. Navigating Novel Viral Challenges: Understanding, Tracking, and Mitigating Emerging Threats. Microorganisms 2024; 12:807. [PMID: 38674751 PMCID: PMC11051937 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new viral threats continues to pose significant challenges to global health security [...].
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24
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Acuña-Castillo C, Vidal M, Vallejos-Vidal E, Luraschi R, Barrera-Avalos C, Inostroza-Molina A, Molina-Cabrera S, Valdes D, Schafer C, Maisey K, Imarai M, Vera R, Vargas S, Rojo LE, Leiva-Salcedo E, Escobar A, Reyes-Cerpa S, Gaete A, Palma-Vejares R, Travisany D, Torres C, Reyes-López FE, Sandino AM. A retrospective study suggests 55 days of persistence of SARS-CoV-2 during the first wave of the pandemic in Santiago de Chile. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24419. [PMID: 38601544 PMCID: PMC11004068 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background As the COVID-19 pandemic persists, infections continue to surge globally. Presently, the most effective strategies to curb the disease and prevent outbreaks involve fostering immunity, promptly identifying positive cases, and ensuring their timely isolation. Notably, there are instances where the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains infectious even after patients have completed their quarantine. Objective Understanding viral persistence post-quarantine is crucial as it could account for localized infection outbreaks. Therefore, studying and documenting such instances is vital for shaping future public health policies. Design This study delves into a unique case of SARS-CoV-2 persistence in a 60-year-old female healthcare worker with a medical history of hypertension and hypothyroidism. The research spans 55 days, marking the duration between her initial and subsequent diagnosis during Chile's first COVID-19 wave, with the analysis conducted using RT-qPCR. Results Genomic sequencing-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 detected in both Nasopharyngeal swab samples (NPSs) was consistent with the 20B clade of the Nextstrain classification, even after a 55-day interval. Conclusion This research underscores the need for heightened vigilance concerning cases of viral persistence. Such instances, albeit rare, might be pivotal in understanding sporadic infection outbreaks that occur post-quarantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mabel Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad De Las Américas, La Florida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Luraschi
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Valdes
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Schafer
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Vera
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Vargas
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonel E. Rojo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro Escobar
- Laboratorio Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Gaete
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de Los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Palma-Vejares
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático UMI-CNRS 2807, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dante Travisany
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático UMI-CNRS 2807, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Inria Chile Research Center, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Torres
- Department of Neurobiology Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States
| | | | - Ana María Sandino
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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25
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Wagner C, Kistler KE, Perchetti GA, Baker N, Frisbie LA, Torres LM, Aragona F, Yun C, Figgins M, Greninger AL, Cox A, Oltean HN, Roychoudhury P, Bedford T. Positive selection underlies repeated knockout of ORF8 in SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3207. [PMID: 38615031 PMCID: PMC11016114 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Knockout of the ORF8 protein has repeatedly spread through the global viral population during SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Here we use both regional and global pathogen sequencing to explore the selection pressures underlying its loss. In Washington State, we identified transmission clusters with ORF8 knockout throughout SARS-CoV-2 evolution, not just on novel, high fitness viral backbones. Indeed, ORF8 is truncated more frequently and knockouts circulate for longer than for any other gene. Using a global phylogeny, we find evidence of positive selection to explain this phenomenon: nonsense mutations resulting in shortened protein products occur more frequently and are associated with faster clade growth rates than synonymous mutations in ORF8. Loss of ORF8 is also associated with reduced clinical severity, highlighting the diverse clinical impacts of SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia Wagner
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kathryn E Kistler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Garrett A Perchetti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noah Baker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Frank Aragona
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Cory Yun
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Marlin Figgins
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alex Cox
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Hanna N Oltean
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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26
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Falkenberg SM, Buckley A, Boggiatto P. Evaluation of the PrimeFlow RNA assay as a method of detection of SARS-CoV-2 single and dual Infections. Cytotechnology 2024; 76:191-196. [PMID: 38495292 PMCID: PMC10940553 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-023-00608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the implications of increased transmissibility, virulence, host range, and immune escapes of emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2, developing in vitro models that allow for detection of variants and differences in infection dynamics is important. The objective of this study, was to evaluate the PrimeFlow RNA in-situ assay as a method of detection for multiple strains of SARS-CoV-2. Evaluation of detection and infection statuses included single infections with an Alpha, Delta, or Omicron variants and dual infections with Alpha/Omicron or Delta/Omicron. RNA probes specific for the Spike protein coding region, were designed (omicron or non-omicron specific). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in greater frequency in the Vero E6 and minimally in the fetal deer testicle cell lines by flow cytometry using this approach for viral detection of multiple variants. Most evident in the Vero E6 cells, 24 h post infection both Alpha and Delta predominated over Omicron in dual infections. This is the first report using the PrimeFlow assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 at the single-cell level and as a potential model for competition of variants utilizing infection dynamics in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shollie M. Falkenberg
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Alexa Buckley
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA USA
| | - Paola Boggiatto
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA USA
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27
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Liu P, Cai J, Tian H, Li J, Lu L, Xu M, Zhu X, Fu X, Wang X, Zhong H, Jia R, Ge Y, Zhu Y, Zeng M, Xu J. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 variants in Shanghai after ending the zero-COVID policy in December 2022: a clinical and genomic analysis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1372078. [PMID: 38605705 PMCID: PMC11007228 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1372078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction An unprecedented surge of Omicron infections appeared nationwide in China in December 2022 after the adjustment of the COVID-19 response policy. Here, we report the clinical and genomic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infections among children in Shanghai during this outbreak. Methods A total of 64 children with symptomatic COVID-19 were enrolled. SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequences were obtained using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics were compared between variants. Phylogenetic tree, mutation spectrum, and the impact of unique mutations on SARS-CoV-2 proteins were analysed in silico. Results The genomic monitoring revealed that the emerging BA.5.2.48 and BF.7.14 were the dominant variants. The BA.5.2.48 infections were more frequently observed to experience vomiting/diarrhea and less frequently present cough compared to the BF.7.14 infections among patients without comorbidities in the study. The high-frequency unique non-synonymous mutations were present in BA.5.2.48 (N:Q241K) and BF.7.14 (nsp2:V94L, nsp12:L247F, S:C1243F, ORF7a:H47Y) with respect to their parental lineages. Of these mutations, S:C1243F, nsp12:L247F, and ORF7a:H47Y protein were predicted to have a deleterious effect on the protein function. Besides, nsp2:V94L and nsp12:L247F were predicted to destabilize the proteins. Discussion Further in vitro to in vivo studies are needed to verify the role of these specific mutations in viral fitness. In addition, continuous genomic monitoring and clinical manifestation assessments of the emerging variants will still be crucial for the effective responses to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Children’s Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiehao Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Children’s Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Children’s Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Children’s Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Children’s Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghua Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Children’s Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunhua Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Children’s Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Children’s Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangshi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Children’s Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaqing Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Children’s Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Children’s Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanling Ge
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Children’s Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Children’s Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Children’s Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Children’s Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Hussein HAM, Thabet AA, Wardany AA, El-Adly AM, Ali M, Hassan MEA, Abdeldayem MAB, Mohamed ARMA, Sobhy A, El-Mokhtar MA, Afifi MM, Fathy SM, Sultan S. SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: role of viral proteins and genomic diversity in virus infection and COVID-19 progression. Virol J 2024; 21:75. [PMID: 38539202 PMCID: PMC10967059 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); a severe respiratory distress that has emerged from the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China during December 2019. COVID-19 is currently the major global health problem and the disease has now spread to most countries in the world. COVID-19 has profoundly impacted human health and activities worldwide. Genetic mutation is one of the essential characteristics of viruses. They do so to adapt to their host or to move to another one. Viral genetic mutations have a high potentiality to impact human health as these mutations grant viruses unique unpredicted characteristics. The difficulty in predicting viral genetic mutations is a significant obstacle in the field. Evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 has a variety of genetic mutations and genomic diversity with obvious clinical consequences and implications. In this review, we comprehensively summarized and discussed the currently available knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks with a fundamental focus on the role of the viral proteins and their mutations in viral infection and COVID-19 progression. We also summarized the clinical implications of SARS-CoV-2 variants and how they affect the disease severity and hinder vaccine development. Finally, we provided a massive phylogenetic analysis of the spike gene of 214 SARS-CoV-2 isolates from different geographical regions all over the world and their associated clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosni A M Hussein
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Ali A Thabet
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Wardany
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Adly
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E A Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A B Abdeldayem
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Ali Sobhy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos Campus, Lebanon
| | - Magdy M Afifi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah M Fathy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
| | - Serageldeen Sultan
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, South Valley University, 83523, Qena, Egypt.
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29
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Bricker TL, Joshi A, Soudani N, Scheaffer SM, Patel N, Guebre-Xabier M, Smith G, Diamond MS, Boon ACM. Prototype and BA.5 protein nanoparticle vaccines protect against Omicron BA.5 variant in Syrian hamsters. J Virol 2024; 98:e0120623. [PMID: 38305154 PMCID: PMC10994816 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01206-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with greater transmissibility or immune evasion properties has jeopardized the existing vaccine and antibody-based countermeasures. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of boosting pre-immune hamsters with protein nanoparticle vaccines (Novavax, Inc.) containing recombinant Prototype (Wuhan-1) or BA.5 S proteins against a challenge with the Omicron BA.5 variant of SARS-CoV-2. Serum antibody binding and neutralization titers were quantified before challenge, and viral loads were measured 3 days after challenge. Boosting with Prototype or BA.5 vaccine induced similar antibody binding responses against ancestral Wuhan-1 or BA.5 S proteins, and neutralizing activity of Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 variants. One and three months after vaccine boosting, hamsters were challenged with the Omicron BA.5 variant. Prototype and BA.5 vaccine-boosted hamsters had reduced viral infection in the nasal washes, nasal turbinates, and lungs compared to unvaccinated animals. Although no significant differences in virus load were detected between the Prototype and BA.5 vaccine-boosted animals, fewer breakthrough infections were detected in the BA.5-vaccinated hamsters. Thus, immunity induced by Prototype or BA.5 S protein nanoparticle vaccine boosting can protect against the Omicron BA.5 variant in the Syrian hamster model. IMPORTANCE As SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, there may be a need to update the vaccines to match the newly emerging variants. Here, we compared the protective efficacy of the updated BA.5 and the original Wuhan-1 COVID-19 vaccine against a challenge with the BA.5 Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in hamsters. Both vaccines induced similar levels of neutralizing antibodies against multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2. One and three months after the final immunization, hamsters were challenged with BA.5. No differences in protection against the BA.5 variant virus were observed between the two vaccines, although fewer breakthrough infections were detected in the BA.5-vaccinated hamsters. Together, our data show that both protein nanoparticle vaccines are effective against the BA.5 variant of SARS-CoV-2 but given the increased number of breakthrough infections and continued evolution, it is important to update the COVID-19 vaccine for long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci L. Bricker
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Astha Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nadia Soudani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Scheaffer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nita Patel
- Novavax Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Gale Smith
- Novavax Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Adrianus C. M. Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Zeng Q, Antia A, Casorla-Perez LA, Puray-Chavez M, Kutluay SB, Ciorba MA, Ding S. Calpain-2 mediates SARS-CoV-2 entry via regulating ACE2 levels. mBio 2024; 15:e0228723. [PMID: 38349185 PMCID: PMC10936414 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02287-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, much effort has been dedicated to identifying effective antivirals against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A number of calpain inhibitors show excellent antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the viral main protease (Mpro), which plays an essential role in processing viral polyproteins. In this study, we found that calpain inhibitors potently inhibited the infection of a chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein but not Mpro. In contrast, calpain inhibitors did not exhibit antiviral activities toward the wild-type VSV with its native glycoprotein. Genetic knockout of calpain-2 by CRISPR/Cas9 conferred resistance of the host cells to the chimeric VSV-SARS-CoV-2 virus and a clinical isolate of wild-type SARS-CoV-2. Mechanistically, calpain-2 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated cell attachment by positively regulating the cell surface levels of ACE2. These results highlight an Mpro-independent pathway targeted by calpain inhibitors for efficient viral inhibition. We also identify calpain-2 as a novel host factor and a potential therapeutic target responsible for SARS-CoV-2 infection at the entry step. IMPORTANCE Many efforts in small-molecule screens have been made to counter SARS-CoV-2 infection by targeting the viral main protease, the major element that processes viral proteins after translation. Here, we discovered that calpain inhibitors further block SARS-CoV-2 infection in a main protease-independent manner. We identified the host cysteine protease calpain-2 as an important positive regulator of the cell surface levels of SARS-CoV-2 cellular receptor ACE2 and, thus, a facilitator of viral infection. By either pharmacological inhibition or genetic knockout of calpain-2, the SARS-CoV-2 binding to host cells is blocked and viral infection is decreased. Our findings highlight a novel mechanism of ACE2 regulation, which presents a potential new therapeutic target. Since calpain inhibitors also potently interfere with the viral main protease, our data also provide a mechanistic understanding of the potential use of calpain inhibitors as dual inhibitors (entry and replication) in the clinical setting of COVID-19 diseases. Our findings bring mechanistic insights into the cellular process of SARS-CoV-2 entry and offer a novel explanation to the mechanism of activities of calpain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiru Zeng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Avan Antia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Luis Alberto Casorla-Perez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Maritza Puray-Chavez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sebla B. Kutluay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Matthew A. Ciorba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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31
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Ho CL, Yen LC, Huang HW, Lu CC, Hung YJ, Liao CL, Hung CM, Chiu KC. Long-term analysis of humoral responses and spike-specific T cell memory to Omicron variants after different COVID-19 vaccine regimens. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340645. [PMID: 38533494 PMCID: PMC10963495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has raised concerns about the sustainability of vaccine-induced immunity. Little is known about the long-term humoral responses and spike-specific T cell memory to Omicron variants, with specific attention to BA.4/5, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1. Methods We assessed immune responses in 50 uninfected individuals who received varying three-dose vaccination combinations (2X AstraZeneca + 1X Moderna, 1X AstraZeneca + 2X Moderna, and 3X Moderna) against wild-type (WT) and Omicron variants at eight months post-vaccination. The serum antibody titers were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and neutralizing activities were examined by pseudovirus and infectious SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays. T cell reactivities and their memory phenotypes were determined by flow cytometry. Results We found that RBD-specific antibody titers, neutralizing activities, and CD4+ T cell reactivities were reduced against Omicron variants compared to WT. In contrast, CD8+ T cell responses, central memory, effector memory, and CD45RA+ effector memory T cells remained unaffected upon stimulation with the Omicron peptide pool. Notably, CD4+ effector memory T cells even exhibited a higher proportion of reactivity against Omicron variants. Furthermore, participants who received three doses of the Moderna showed a more robust response regarding neutralization and CD8+ T cell reactions than other three-dose vaccination groups. Conclusion Reduction of humoral and CD4+ T cell responses against Omicron variants in vaccinees suggested that vaccine effectiveness after eight months may not have sufficient protection against the new emerging variants, which provides valuable information for future vaccination strategies such as receiving BA.4/5 or XBB.1-based bivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lo Ho
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Yen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wei Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Lu
- Division of Rheumatology/Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Mao Hung
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chou Chiu
- Division of General Dentistry, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kubinski HC, Despres HW, Johnson BA, Schmidt MM, Jaffrani SA, Mills MG, Lokugamage K, Dumas CM, Shirley DJ, Estes LK, Pekosz A, Crothers JW, Roychoudhury P, Greninger AL, Jerome KR, Di Genova BM, Walker DH, Ballif BA, Ladinsky MS, Bjorkman PJ, Menachery VD, Bruce EA. Variant mutation in SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid enhances viral infection via altered genomic encapsidation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.08.584120. [PMID: 38559000 PMCID: PMC10979914 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.584120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their respective phenotypes represents an important set of tools to understand basic coronavirus biology as well as the public health implications of individual mutations in variants of concern. While mutations outside of Spike are not well studied, the entire viral genome is undergoing evolutionary selection, particularly the central disordered linker region of the nucleocapsid (N) protein. Here, we identify a mutation (G215C), characteristic of the Delta variant, that introduces a novel cysteine into this linker domain, which results in the formation of a disulfide bond and a stable N-N dimer. Using reverse genetics, we determined that this cysteine residue is necessary and sufficient for stable dimer formation in a WA1 SARS-CoV-2 background, where it results in significantly increased viral growth both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate that the N:G215C virus packages more nucleocapsid per virion and that individual virions are larger, with elongated morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C. Kubinski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Hannah W. Despres
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Bryan A. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Madaline M. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Sara A. Jaffrani
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Margaret G. Mills
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Kumari Lokugamage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Caroline M. Dumas
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont 109 Carrigan Drive, 120A Marsh Life Sciences, Burlington VT 05404, USA
| | - David J. Shirley
- Faraday, Inc. Data Science Department. Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Leah K. Estes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica W. Crothers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Larner, MD College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexander L. Greninger
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Bruno Martorelli Di Genova
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - David H. Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bryan A. Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont 109 Carrigan Drive, 120A Marsh Life Sciences, Burlington VT 05404, USA
| | - Mark S. Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA. 91125, USA
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA. 91125, USA
| | - Vineet D. Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Emily A. Bruce
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
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Roederer AL, Cao Y, Denis KS, Sheehan ML, Li CJ, Lam EC, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Iafrate AJ, Canaday DH, Gravenstein S, Garcia-Beltran WF, Balazs AB. Ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 drives escape from mRNA vaccine-induced humoral immunity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.05.24303815. [PMID: 38496628 PMCID: PMC10942518 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.05.24303815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 pandemic began in 2020, viral sequencing has documented 131 individual mutations in the viral spike protein across 48 named variants. To determine the ability of vaccine-mediated humoral immunity to keep pace with continued SARS-CoV-2 evolution, we assessed the neutralization potency of sera from 76 vaccine recipients collected after 2 to 6 immunizations against a comprehensive panel of mutations observed during the pandemic. Remarkably, while many individual mutations that emerged between 2020 and 2022 exhibit escape from sera following primary vaccination, few escape boosted sera. However, progressive loss of neutralization was observed across newer variants, irrespective of vaccine doses. Importantly, an updated XBB.1.5 booster significantly increased titers against newer variants but not JN.1. These findings demonstrate that seasonal boosters improve titers against contemporaneous strains, but novel variants continue to evade updated mRNA vaccines, demonstrating the need for novel approaches to adequately control SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L. Roederer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yi Cao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kerri St. Denis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Chia Jung Li
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Evan C. Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David J. Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - David H. Canaday
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stefan Gravenstein
- Center of Innovation in Long-Term Services and Supports, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Brown University School of Public Health Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Kumar S, Dasgupta S, Sajadi MM, Snyder GA, DeVico AL, Ray K. Discordant Antigenic Properties of Soluble and Virion SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins. Viruses 2024; 16:407. [PMID: 38543772 PMCID: PMC10974403 DOI: 10.3390/v16030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop vaccine and immunotherapeutic countermeasures against the COVID-19 pandemic focus on targeting the trimeric spike (S) proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines and therapeutic design strategies must impart the characteristics of virion S from historical and emerging variants onto practical constructs such as soluble, stabilized trimers. The virus spike is a heterotrimer of two subunits: S1, which includes the receptor binding domain (RBD) that binds the cell surface receptor ACE2, and S2, which mediates membrane fusion. Previous studies suggest that the antigenic, structural, and functional characteristics of virion S may differ from current soluble surrogates. For example, it was reported that certain anti-glycan, HIV-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies bind soluble SARS-CoV-2 S but do not neutralize SARS-CoV-2 virions. In this study, we used single-molecule fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) under physiologically relevant conditions to examine the reactivity of broadly neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-S human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated in 2020. Binding efficiency was assessed by FCS with soluble S trimers, pseudoviruses and inactivated wild-type virions representing variants emerging from 2020 to date. Anti-glycan mAbs were tested and compared. We find that both anti-S specific and anti-glycan mAbs exhibit variable but efficient binding to a range of stabilized, soluble trimers. Across mAbs, the efficiencies of soluble S binding were positively correlated with reactivity against inactivated virions but not pseudoviruses. Binding efficiencies with pseudoviruses were generally lower than with soluble S or inactivated virions. Among neutralizing mAbs, potency did not correlate with binding efficiencies on any target. No neutralizing activity was detected with anti-glycan antibodies. Notably, the virion S released from membranes by detergent treatment gained more efficient reactivity with anti-glycan, HIV-neutralizing antibodies but lost reactivity with all anti-S mAbs. Collectively, the FCS binding data suggest that virion surfaces present appreciable amounts of both functional and nonfunctional trimers, with neutralizing anti-S favoring the former structures and non-neutralizing anti-glycan mAbs binding the latter. S released from solubilized virions represents a nonfunctional structure bound by anti-glycan mAbs, while engineered soluble trimers present a composite structure that is broadly reactive with both mAb types. The detection of disparate antigenicity and immunoreactivity profiles in engineered and virion-associated S highlight the value of single-virus analyses in designing future antiviral strategies against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Kumar
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Souradip Dasgupta
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mohammad M. Sajadi
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Division of Clinical Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Greg A. Snyder
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Anthony L. DeVico
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Lv JX, Liu X, Pei YY, Song ZG, Chen X, Hu SJ, She JL, Liu Y, Chen YM, Zhang YZ. Evolutionary trajectory of diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants at the beginning of COVID-19 outbreak. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae020. [PMID: 38562953 PMCID: PMC10984623 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive scientific efforts directed toward the evolutionary trajectory of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in humans at the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic, it remains unclear how the virus jumped into and evolved in humans so far. Herein, we recruited almost all adult coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases appeared locally or imported from abroad during the first 8 months of the outbreak in Shanghai. From these patients, SARS-CoV-2 genomes occupying the important phylogenetic positions in the virus phylogeny were recovered. Phylogenetic and mutational landscape analyses of viral genomes recovered here and those collected in and outside of China revealed that all known SARS-CoV-2 variants exhibited the evolutionary continuity despite the co-circulation of multiple lineages during the early period of the epidemic. Various mutations have driven the rapid SARS-CoV-2 diversification, and some of them favor its better adaptation and circulation in humans, which may have determined the waxing and waning of various lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, No. 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, No. 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, No. 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, No. 2901 Canglang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 210508, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, No. 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, No. 2901 Canglang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 210508, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Shu-Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, No. 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jia-Lei She
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, No. 2901 Canglang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 210508, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, No. 2901 Canglang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 210508, China
| | - Yan-Mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, No. 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yong-Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, No. 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China
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Liana DF, Novianry V, Andriani A, Mahyarudin M, Astuti P. Disappearance of Imported Cases of Omicron Lineage BA.2.40 in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 49:176-185. [PMID: 38584647 PMCID: PMC10997853 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2023.97513.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization has declared Omicron as the fifth variant of concern with more than 50 mutations, particularly in the spike protein. Given increased viral infectivity due to mutations, worldwide genomic surveillance and detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is essential. The present study aimed to track Omicron lineage BA.2.40 in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Methods In May-August 2022, nasopharyngeal swab samples (n=3,642) were collected from international travelers to West Kalimantan (active surveillance), and patients hospitalized due to SARS-CoV-2 infection (baseline surveillance). The samples were tested for Omicron lineages based on ORF1ab, N, and HV69-70del genes, followed by whole-genome sequencing. The sequences were then identified using two genomic databases, aligned against the reference genome (Wuhan/Hu-1/2019), and then compared with BA.2.40 lineage detected across the world. Phylogenetic analysis between the samples and other SARS-CoV-2 isolates was performed using molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software. Results Based on the genomic databases, 10 isolates were identified as BA.2.40. All samples tested positive for the ORF1ab and N genes, but negative for the HV69-70del gene, which is a marker to detect the Omicron variant. Phylogenetic analysis showed the isolates were closely related to an isolate from Malaysia, an area dominated by BA.2.40. Conclusion Omicron lineage BA.2.40 has no HV69-70 deletion in the spike protein, a marker used to screen for the Omicron variant. BA.2.40 showed a high similarity to an isolate from Malaysia and was detected only during certain periods, indicating the effect of internationally imported cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delima Fajar Liana
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia
| | - Virhan Novianry
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomolecular, School of Medicine, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia
| | - Andriani Andriani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomolecular, School of Medicine, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia
| | - Mahyarudin Mahyarudin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia
| | - Puji Astuti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomolecular, School of Medicine, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia
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Linosefa L, Hasmiwati H, Jamsari J, Putra AE. Dynamic Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in West Sumatra: Analyzing S Gene Mutations Across Variants and Their Impact on Public Health and Vaccine Strategies. Pak J Biol Sci 2024; 27:182-189. [PMID: 38812109 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2024.182.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> The global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic highlights the importance of tracking virus evolution through genomic surveillance, especially concerning mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, crucial for vaccine development. Despite global concern over variants, regions like West Sumatra, Indonesia, lack thorough genomic analysis, prompting this study to analyze S gene mutations across three pandemic waves in West Sumatra. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Next-generation sequencing was conducted through the Illumina MiSeq instrument to leverage a dataset of 352 anonymized samples collected between March, 2020 and November, 2022 and rigorous analysis of S gene mutation using CLC Genomics Workbench<sup>®</sup> 21 version 21.0.3 were employed. Statistical analyses assessed mutation prevalence over time, exploring associations with clinical outcomes. <b>Results:</b> The findings revealed significant variability in mutation profiles across different variants. Notably, the Omicron variant (21K) exhibited a high mutation rate, suggesting enhanced immune evasion capabilities. Comparative analysis highlighted evolutionary trends, from early variants with fewer mutations to highly adapted forms like Delta (21I) and Omicron. The dynamic nature of SARS-CoV-2 evolution underscores the importance of continuous surveillance, rapid public health response and vaccine adaptation. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study contributes valuable insights into the virus's evolving landscape, emphasizing the need for ongoing research, global collaboration and adaptable vaccine strategies to manage the evolving threat of COVID-19 effectively.
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Adamopoulos PG, Diamantopoulos MA, Boti MA, Zafeiriadou A, Galani A, Kostakis M, Markou A, Sideris DC, Avgeris M, Thomaidis NS, Scorilas A. Spike-Seq: An amplicon-based high-throughput sequencing approach for the sensitive detection and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 genetic variations in environmental samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169747. [PMID: 38159750 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ever since the outbreak of COVID-19 disease in Wuhan, China, different variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been identified. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), an approach that has been successfully applied in numerous case studies worldwide, offers a cost-effective and rapid way for monitoring trends of SARS-Cov-2 in the community level without selection bias. Despite being a gold-standard procedure, WBE is a challenging approach due to the sample instability and the moderate efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 concentration in wastewater. In the present study, we introduce Spike-Seq, a custom amplicon-based approach for the S gene sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples, which enables not only the accurate identification of the existing Spike-related genetic markers, but also the estimation of their frequency in the investigated samples. The implementation of Spike-Seq involves the combination of nested PCR-based assays that efficiently amplify the entire nucleotide sequence of the S gene and next-generation sequencing, which enables the variant detection and the estimation of their frequency. In the framework of the current work, Spike-Seq was performed to investigate the mutational profile of SARS-CoV-2 in samples from the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) of Athens, Greece, which originated from multiple timepoints, ranging from March 2021 until July 2022. Our findings demonstrate that Spike-Seq efficiently detected major genetic markers of B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.617.2 (Delta) as well as B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variants in wastewater samples and provided their frequency levels, showing similar variant distributions with the published clinical data from the National Public Health organization. The presented approach can prove to be a useful tool for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in challenging wastewater samples and the identification of the existing genetic variants of S gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Adamopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marios A Diamantopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michaela A Boti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Zafeiriadou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Galani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Marios Kostakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Markou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Diamantis C Sideris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Margaritis Avgeris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Ying B, Darling TL, Desai P, Liang CY, Dmitriev IP, Soudani N, Bricker T, Kashentseva EA, Harastani H, Raju S, Liu M, Schmidt AG, Curiel DT, Boon ACM, Diamond MS. Mucosal vaccine-induced cross-reactive CD8 + T cells protect against SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 respiratory tract infection. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:537-551. [PMID: 38337035 PMCID: PMC10907304 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A nasally delivered chimpanzee adenoviral-vectored severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine (ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S) is currently used in India (iNCOVACC). Here, we update this vaccine by creating ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-BA.5-S, which encodes a prefusion-stabilized BA.5 spike protein. Whereas serum neutralizing antibody responses induced by monovalent or bivalent adenoviral vaccines were poor against the antigenically distant XBB.1.5 strain and insufficient to protect in passive transfer experiments, mucosal antibody and cross-reactive memory T cell responses were robust, and protection was evident against WA1/2020 D614G and Omicron variants BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in mice and hamsters. However, depletion of memory CD8+ T cells before XBB.1.5 challenge resulted in loss of protection against upper and lower respiratory tract infection. Thus, nasally delivered vaccines stimulate mucosal immunity against emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains, and cross-reactive memory CD8+ T cells mediate protection against lung infection by antigenically distant strains in the setting of low serum levels of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tamarand L Darling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Igor P Dmitriev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nadia Soudani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Traci Bricker
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elena A Kashentseva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Houda Harastani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meizi Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Yao Z, Zhang L, Duan Y, Tang X, Lu J. Molecular insights into the adaptive evolution of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Infect 2024; 88:106121. [PMID: 38367704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has substantially damaged the global economy and human health. The spike (S) protein of coronaviruses plays a pivotal role in viral entry by binding to host cell receptors. Additionally, it acts as the primary target for neutralizing antibodies in those infected and is the central focus for currently utilized or researched vaccines. During the virus's adaptation to the human host, the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 has undergone significant evolution. As the COVID-19 pandemic has unfolded, new mutations have arisen and vanished, giving rise to distinctive amino acid profiles within variant of concern strains of SARS-CoV-2. Notably, many of these changes in the S protein have been positively selected, leading to substantial alterations in viral characteristics, such as heightened transmissibility and immune evasion capabilities. This review aims to provide an overview of our current understanding of the structural implications associated with key amino acid changes in the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. These research findings shed light on the intricate and dynamic nature of viral evolution, underscoring the importance of continuous monitoring and analysis of viral genomes. Through these molecular-level investigations, we can attain deeper insights into the virus's adaptive evolution, offering valuable guidance for designing vaccines and developing antiviral drugs to combat the ever-evolving viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuocheng Yao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Fishery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuange Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaolu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Gerashchenko GV, Hryshchenko NV, Melnichuk NS, Marchyshak TV, Chernushyn SY, Demchyshina IV, Chernenko LM, Kuzin IV, Tkachuk ZY, Kashuba VI, Tukalo MA. Genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 virus variants observed upon three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine between February 2021-January 2022. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25618. [PMID: 38380034 PMCID: PMC10877268 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to identify and characterize the SARS-CoV-2 variants in COVID-19 patients' samples collected from different regions of Ukraine to determine the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 phylogenetics and COVID-19 epidemiology. Patients and methods Samples were collected from COVID-19 patients during 2021 and the beginning of 2022 (401 patients). The SARS-CoV-2 genotyping was performed by parallel whole genome sequencing. Results The obtained SARS-CoV-2 genotypes showed that three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine were represented by three main variants of concern (VOC), named Alpha, Delta and Omicron; each VOC successfully replaced the earlier variant. The VOC Alpha strain was presented by one B.1.1.7 lineage, while VOC Delta showed a spectrum of 25 lineages that had different prevalence in 19 investigated regions of Ukraine. The VOC Omicron in the first half of the pandemic was represented by 13 lines that belonged to two different clades representing B.1 and B.2 Omicron strains. Each of the three epidemic waves (VOC Alpha, Delta, and Omicron) demonstrated their own course of disease, associated with genetic changes in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. The observed epidemiological features are associated with the genetic characteristics of the different VOCs, such as point mutations, deletions and insertions in the viral genome. A phylogenetic and transmission analysis showed the different mutation rates; there were multiple virus sources with a limited distribution between regions. Conclusions The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 virus and high levels of morbidity due to COVID-19 are still registered in the world. Observed multiple virus sourses with the limited distribution between regions indicates the high efficiency of the anti-epidemic policy pursued by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine to prevent the spread of the epidemic, despite the low level of vaccination of the Ukrainian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zenovii Yu Tkachuk
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir I. Kashuba
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo A. Tukalo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Szabó D, Crowe A, Mamotte C, Strappe P. Natural products as a source of Coronavirus entry inhibitors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1353971. [PMID: 38449827 PMCID: PMC10915212 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1353971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant and lasting impact on the world. Four years on, despite the existence of effective vaccines, the continuous emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants remains a challenge for long-term immunity. Additionally, there remain few purpose-built antivirals to protect individuals at risk of severe disease in the event of future coronavirus outbreaks. A promising mechanism of action for novel coronavirus antivirals is the inhibition of viral entry. To facilitate entry, the coronavirus spike glycoprotein interacts with angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on respiratory epithelial cells. Blocking this interaction and consequently viral replication may be an effective strategy for treating infection, however further research is needed to better characterize candidate molecules with antiviral activity before progressing to animal studies and clinical trials. In general, antiviral drugs are developed from purely synthetic compounds or synthetic derivatives of natural products such as plant secondary metabolites. While the former is often favored due to the higher specificity afforded by rational drug design, natural products offer several unique advantages that make them worthy of further study including diverse bioactivity and the ability to work synergistically with other drugs. Accordingly, there has recently been a renewed interest in natural product-derived antivirals in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. This review provides a summary of recent research into coronavirus entry inhibitors, with a focus on natural compounds derived from plants, honey, and marine sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Szabó
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew Crowe
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Cyril Mamotte
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Padraig Strappe
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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43
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Korosec CS, Wahl LM, Heffernan JM. Within-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2: how often are de novo mutations transmitted from symptomatic infections? Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae006. [PMID: 38425472 PMCID: PMC10904108 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite a relatively low mutation rate, the large number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections has allowed for substantial genetic change, leading to a multitude of emerging variants. Using a recently determined mutation rate (per site replication), as well as within-host parameter estimates for symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, we apply a stochastic transmission-bottleneck model to describe the survival probability of de novo SARS-CoV-2 mutations as a function of bottleneck size and selection coefficient. For narrow bottlenecks, we find that mutations affecting per-target-cell attachment rate (with phenotypes associated with fusogenicity and ACE2 binding) have similar transmission probabilities to mutations affecting viral load clearance (with phenotypes associated with humoral evasion). We further find that mutations affecting the eclipse rate (with phenotypes associated with reorganization of cellular metabolic processes and synthesis of viral budding precursor material) are highly favoured relative to all other traits examined. We find that mutations leading to reduced removal rates of infected cells (with phenotypes associated with innate immune evasion) have limited transmission advantage relative to mutations leading to humoral evasion. Predicted transmission probabilities, however, for mutations affecting innate immune evasion are more consistent with the range of clinically estimated household transmission probabilities for de novo mutations. This result suggests that although mutations affecting humoral evasion are more easily transmitted when they occur, mutations affecting innate immune evasion may occur more readily. We examine our predictions in the context of a number of previously characterized mutations in circulating strains of SARS-CoV-2. Our work offers both a null model for SARS-CoV-2 mutation rates and predicts which aspects of viral life history are most likely to successfully evolve, despite low mutation rates and repeated transmission bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chapin S Korosec
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Lindi M Wahl
- Applied Mathematics, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jane M Heffernan
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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Rancati S, Nicora G, Prosperi M, Bellazzi R, Salemi M, Marini S. Forecasting dominance of SARS-CoV-2 lineages by anomaly detection using deep AutoEncoders. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.24.563721. [PMID: 37961168 PMCID: PMC10634784 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is characterized by sequential emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants and lineages outcompeting previously circulating ones because of, among other factors, increased transmissibility and immune escape1-3. We devised an unsupervised deep learning AutoEncoder for viral genomes anomaly detection to predict future dominant lineages (FDLs), i.e., lineages or sublineages comprising ≥10% of viral sequences added to the GISAID database on a given week4. The algorithm was trained and validated by assembling global and country-specific data sets from 16,187,950 Spike protein sequences sampled between December 24th, 2019, and November 8th, 2023. The AutoEncoder flags low frequency FDLs (0.01% - 3%), with median lead times of 4-16 weeks. Over time, positive predictive values oscillate, decreasing linearly with the number of unique sequences per data set, showing average performance up to 30 times better than baseline approaches. The B.1.617.2 vaccine reference strain was flagged as FDL when its frequency was only 0.01%, more than one year earlier of being considered for an updated COVID-19 vaccine. Our AutoEncoder, applicable in principle to any pathogen, also pinpoints specific mutations potentially linked to increased fitness, and may provide significant insights for the optimization of public health pre-emptive intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rancati
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Nicora
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mattia Prosperi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Riccardo Bellazzi
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Simone Marini
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Juma KM, Morimoto K, Sharma V, Sharma K, Biyani R, Biyani M, Takita T, Yasukawa K. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein D614G mutation using μTGGE. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:289. [PMID: 38329653 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accurate and expeditious detection of SARS-CoV-2 mutations is critical for monitoring viral evolution, assessing its impact on transmission, virulence, and vaccine efficacy, and formulating public health interventions. In this study, a detection system utilizing micro temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (μTGGE) was developed for the identification of the D614 and G614 variants of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. METHODS The in vitro synthesized D614 and G614 gene fragments of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were amplified via polymerase chain reaction and subjected to μTGGE analysis. RESULTS The migration patterns exhibited by the D614 and G614 variants on the polyacrylamide gel were distinctly dissimilar and readily discernible by μTGGE. In particular, the mid-melting pattern of D614 was shorter than that of G614. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the capability of μTGGE for the rapid, precise, and cost-effective detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein D614 and G614 variants without the need for sequencing. Therefore, this approach holds considerable potential for use in point-of-care mutation assays for SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Maafu Juma
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenta Morimoto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Vishnu Sharma
- BioSeeds Corporation, JAIST Venture Business Laboratory, Ishikawa Create Lab, Ashahidai 2-13, Nomi City, Ishikawa, 923-1211, Japan
- Biyani BioSolutions Pvt. Ltd., R-4, Sector 3, Vidhyadharnagar, Jaipur, 302023, India
| | - Kirti Sharma
- BioSeeds Corporation, JAIST Venture Business Laboratory, Ishikawa Create Lab, Ashahidai 2-13, Nomi City, Ishikawa, 923-1211, Japan
| | - Radhika Biyani
- BioSeeds Corporation, JAIST Venture Business Laboratory, Ishikawa Create Lab, Ashahidai 2-13, Nomi City, Ishikawa, 923-1211, Japan
| | - Manish Biyani
- BioSeeds Corporation, JAIST Venture Business Laboratory, Ishikawa Create Lab, Ashahidai 2-13, Nomi City, Ishikawa, 923-1211, Japan.
- Biyani BioSolutions Pvt. Ltd., R-4, Sector 3, Vidhyadharnagar, Jaipur, 302023, India.
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi City, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan.
| | - Teisuke Takita
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yasukawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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Zech F, Jung C, Jacob T, Kirchhoff F. Causes and Consequences of Coronavirus Spike Protein Variability. Viruses 2024; 16:177. [PMID: 38399953 PMCID: PMC10892391 DOI: 10.3390/v16020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses found in numerous animal species. They are well known for their ability to cross species barriers and have been transmitted from bats or intermediate hosts to humans on several occasions. Four of the seven human coronaviruses (hCoVs) are responsible for approximately 20% of common colds (hCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43, -HKU1). Two others (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) cause severe and frequently lethal respiratory syndromes but have only spread to very limited extents in the human population. In contrast the most recent human hCoV, SARS-CoV-2, while exhibiting intermediate pathogenicity, has a profound impact on public health due to its enormous spread. In this review, we discuss which initial features of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and subsequent adaptations to the new human host may have helped this pathogen to cause the COVID-19 pandemic. Our focus is on host forces driving changes in the Spike protein and their consequences for virus infectivity, pathogenicity, immune evasion and resistance to preventive or therapeutic agents. In addition, we briefly address the significance and perspectives of broad-spectrum therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Zech
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph Jung
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (C.J.); (T.J.)
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (C.J.); (T.J.)
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Cianfarini C, Hassler L, Wysocki J, Hassan A, Nicolaescu V, Elli D, Gula H, Ibrahim AM, Randall G, Henkin J, Batlle D. Soluble Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Protein Improves Survival and Lowers Viral Titers in Lethal Mouse Model of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Type 2 Infection with the Delta Variant. Cells 2024; 13:203. [PMID: 38334597 PMCID: PMC10854654 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) utilizes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its main receptor for cell entry. We bioengineered a soluble ACE2 protein termed ACE2 618-DDC-ABD that has increased binding to SARS-CoV-2 and prolonged duration of action. Here, we investigated the protective effect of this protein when administered intranasally to k18-hACE2 mice infected with the aggressive SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. k18-hACE2 mice were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant by inoculation of a lethal dose (2 × 104 PFU). ACE2 618-DDC-ABD (10 mg/kg) or PBS was administered intranasally six hours prior and 24 and 48 h post-viral inoculation. All animals in the PBS control group succumbed to the disease on day seven post-infection (0% survival), whereas, in contrast, there was only one casualty in the group that received ACE2 618-DDC-ABD (90% survival). Mice in the ACE2 618-DDC-ABD group had minimal disease as assessed using a clinical score and stable weight, and both brain and lung viral titers were markedly reduced. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of a bioengineered soluble ACE2 decoy with an extended duration of action in protecting against the aggressive Delta SARS-CoV-2 variant. Together with previous work, these findings underline the universal protective potential against current and future emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Cianfarini
- Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 710 North Fairbanks Court, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luise Hassler
- Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 710 North Fairbanks Court, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jan Wysocki
- Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 710 North Fairbanks Court, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Abdelsabour Hassan
- Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 710 North Fairbanks Court, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vlad Nicolaescu
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Lemont, IL 60637, USA
| | - Derek Elli
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Lemont, IL 60637, USA
| | - Haley Gula
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Lemont, IL 60637, USA
| | - Amany M. Ibrahim
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Lemont, IL 60637, USA
| | - Glenn Randall
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Lemont, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jack Henkin
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 710 North Fairbanks Court, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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48
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Ling-Hu T, Simons LM, Dean TJ, Rios-Guzman E, Caputo MT, Alisoltani A, Qi C, Malczynski M, Blanke T, Jennings LJ, Ison MG, Achenbach CJ, Larkin PM, Kaul KL, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Ozer EA, Hultquist JF. Integration of individualized and population-level molecular epidemiology data to model COVID-19 outcomes. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101361. [PMID: 38232695 PMCID: PMC10829796 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with enhanced transmissibility and immune escape have emerged periodically throughout the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, but the impact of these variants on disease severity has remained unclear. In this single-center, retrospective cohort study, we examined the association between SARS-CoV-2 clade and patient outcome over a two-year period in Chicago, Illinois. Between March 2020 and March 2022, 14,252 residual diagnostic specimens were collected from SARS-CoV-2-positive inpatients and outpatients alongside linked clinical and demographic metadata, of which 2,114 were processed for viral whole-genome sequencing. When controlling for patient demographics and vaccination status, several viral clades were associated with risk for hospitalization, but this association was negated by the inclusion of population-level confounders, including case count, sampling bias, and shifting standards of care. These data highlight the importance of integrating non-virological factors into disease severity and outcome models for the accurate assessment of patient risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Ling-Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lacy M Simons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Taylor J Dean
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Estefany Rios-Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew T Caputo
- Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Arghavan Alisoltani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Chao Qi
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Michael Malczynski
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Timothy Blanke
- Diagnostic Molecular Biology Laboratory, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lawrence J Jennings
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Michael G Ison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Chad J Achenbach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Paige M Larkin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Northshore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Karen L Kaul
- Department of Pathology, Northshore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Egon A Ozer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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49
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Desai P, Karl CE, Ying B, Liang CY, Garcia-Salum T, Santana AC, Caten FT, Urban JF, Elbashir SM, Edwards DK, Ribeiro SP, Thackray LB, Sekaly RP, Diamond MS. Intestinal helminth infection impairs vaccine-induced T cell responses and protection against SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.14.575588. [PMID: 38293221 PMCID: PMC10827110 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.14.575588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Although vaccines have reduced COVID-19 disease burden, their efficacy in helminth infection endemic areas is not well characterized. We evaluated the impact of infection by Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hpb), a murine intestinal hookworm, on the efficacy of an mRNA vaccine targeting the Wuhan-1 spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Although immunization generated similar B cell responses in Hpb-infected and uninfected mice, polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were markedly reduced in Hpb-infected mice. Hpb-infected and mRNA vaccinated mice were protected against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain WA1/2020, but control of lung infection was diminished against an Omicron variant compared to animals immunized without Hpb infection. Helminth mediated suppression of spike-specific CD8+ T cell responses occurred independently of STAT6 signaling, whereas blockade of IL-10 rescued vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses. In mice, intestinal helminth infection impairs vaccine induced T cell responses via an IL-10 pathway and compromises protection against antigenically shifted SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Courtney E. Karl
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tamara Garcia-Salum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ana Carolina Santana
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Felipe Ten Caten
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph F. Urban
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, and Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | | | | | - Susan P. Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Larissa B. Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rafick P. Sekaly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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50
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Pal A, Ganguly A, Wei P, Barman SR, Chang C, Lin Z. Construction of Triboelectric Series and Chirality Detection of Amino Acids Using Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307266. [PMID: 38032132 PMCID: PMC10811508 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Triboelectrification necessitates a frictional interaction between two materials, and their contact electrification is characteristically based on the polarity variance in the triboelectric series. Utilizing this fundamental advantage of the triboelectric phenomenon, different materials can be identified according to their contact electrification capability. Herein, an in-depth analysis of the amino acids present in the stratum corneum of human skin is performed and these are quantified regarding triboelectric polarization. The principal focus of this study lies in analyzing and identifying the amino acids present in copious amounts in the stratum corneum to explain their positive behavior during the contact electrification process. Thus, an augmented triboelectric series of amino acids with quantified triboelectric charging polarity by scrutinizing the transfer charge, work function, and atomic percentage is presented. Furthermore, the chirality of aspartic acid as it is most susceptible to racemization with clear consequences on the human skin is detected. The study is expected to accelerate research exploiting triboelectrification and provide valuable information on the surface properties and biological activities of these important biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Pal
- International Intercollegiate PhD ProgramNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
| | - Anindita Ganguly
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Po‐Han Wei
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
| | - Snigdha Roy Barman
- International Intercollegiate PhD ProgramNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Chih Chang
- Department of Applied ChemistryNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung University1001 University RoadHsinchu30010Taiwan
| | - Zong‐Hong Lin
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
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