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Francis KL, Zheng HB, Suskind DL, Murphree TA, Phan BA, Quah E, Hendrickson AS, Zhou X, Nuding M, Hudson AS, Guttman M, Morton GJ, Schwartz MW, Alonge KM, Scarlett JM. Characterizing the human intestinal chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan sulfation signature in inflammatory bowel disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11839. [PMID: 38782973 PMCID: PMC11116513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestinal extracellular matrix (ECM) helps maintain appropriate tissue barrier function and regulate host-microbial interactions. Chondroitin sulfate- and dermatan sulfate-glycosaminoglycans (CS/DS-GAGs) are integral components of the intestinal ECM, and alterations in CS/DS-GAGs have been shown to significantly influence biological functions. Although pathologic ECM remodeling is implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is unknown whether changes in the intestinal CS/DS-GAG composition are also linked to IBD in humans. Our aim was to characterize changes in the intestinal ECM CS/DS-GAG composition in intestinal biopsy samples from patients with IBD using mass spectrometry. We characterized intestinal CS/DS-GAGs in 69 pediatric and young adult patients (n = 13 control, n = 32 active IBD, n = 24 IBD in remission) and 6 adult patients. Here, we report that patients with active IBD exhibit a significant decrease in the relative abundance of CS/DS isomers associated with matrix stability (CS-A and DS) compared to controls, while isomers implicated in matrix instability and inflammation (CS-C and CS-E) were significantly increased. This imbalance of intestinal CS/DS isomers was restored among patients in clinical remission. Moreover, the abundance of pro-stabilizing CS/DS isomers negatively correlated with clinical disease activity scores, whereas both pro-inflammatory CS-C and CS-E content positively correlated with disease activity scores. Thus, pediatric patients with active IBD exhibited increased pro-inflammatory and decreased pro-stabilizing CS/DS isomer composition, and future studies are needed to determine whether changes in the CS/DS-GAG composition play a pathogenic role in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L Francis
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hengqi B Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David L Suskind
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Taylor A Murphree
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bao Anh Phan
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Emily Quah
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Aarun S Hendrickson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Xisheng Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mason Nuding
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexandra S Hudson
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gregory J Morton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kimberly M Alonge
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Hendrickson AS, Francis KL, Kumar A, Le JP, Scarlett JM, Keene CD, Tovar DA, Alonge KM. Assessing translational applicability of perineuronal net dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease across species. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1396101. [PMID: 38745932 PMCID: PMC11091253 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1396101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of aging and age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, the brain's extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a critical regulator for neuronal health and cognitive function. Within the extracellular space, proteoglycans and their glycosaminoglycan attachments play essential roles in forming, stabilizing, and protecting neural circuits throughout neurodevelopment and adulthood. Recent studies in rodents reveal that chondroitin sulfate-glycosaminoglycan (CS-GAG) containing perineuronal nets (PNNs) exhibit both structural and compositional differences throughout the brain. While animal studies are illuminating, additional research is required to translate these interregional PNN/CS-GAG variations to human brain tissue. In this perspective article, we first investigate the translational potential for interregional CS-GAG variances across species as novel targets for region-specific therapeutic development. We specifically focus on the observation that alterations in brain PNN-associated CS-GAGs have been linked with the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology in humans, but these changes have not been fully recapitulated in rodent models of this disease. A second highlight of this perspective article investigates whether AD-associated shifts in CS-GAGs in humans may be dependent on region-specific baseline differences in CS-GAG sulfation patterning. The current findings begin to disentangle the intricate relationships between the interregional differences in brain PNN/CS-GAG matrices across species, while emphasizing the need to better understand the close relationship between dementia and changes in brain CS-GAG sulfation patterns in patients with AD and related dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarun S. Hendrickson
- Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kendra L. Francis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Asmit Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jaden P. Le
- Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jarrad M. Scarlett
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David A. Tovar
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kimberly M. Alonge
- Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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3
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Logsdon AF, Foresi B, Hu SJ, Quah E, Meuret CJ, Le JP, Hendrickson AS, Redford IK, Kumar A, Phan BA, Doan TP, Noonan C, Hendricks NE, Wheeler JM, Kraemer BC, Alonge KM. Perineuronal net deglycosylation associates with tauopathy-induced gliosis and neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38317026 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by clinical symptoms of memory and cognitive deficiencies. Postmortem evaluation of AD brain tissue shows proteinopathy that closely associate with the progression of this dementing disorder, including the accumulation of extracellular beta amyloid (Aβ) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) with neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Current therapies targeting Aβ have limited clinical efficacy and life-threatening side effects and highlight the need for alternative treatments targeting pTau and other pathophysiologic mechanisms driving AD pathogenesis. The brain's extracellular matrices (ECM), particularly perineuronal nets (PNNs), play a crucial role in brain functioning and neurocircuit stability, and reorganization of these unique PNN matrices has been associated with the progression of AD and accumulation of pTau in humans. We hypothesize that AD-associated changes in PNNs may in part be driven by the accumulation of pTau within the brain. In this work, we investigated whether the presence of pTau influenced PNN structural integrity and PNN chondroitin sulfate-glycosaminoglycan (CS-GAG) compositional changes in two transgenic mouse models expressing tauopathy-related AD pathology, PS19 (P301S) and Tau4RTg2652 mice. We show that PS19 mice exhibit an age-dependent loss of hippocampal PNN CS-GAGs, but not the underlying aggrecan core protein structures, in association with pTau accumulation, gliosis, and neurodegeneration. The loss of PNN CS-GAGs were linked to shifts in CS-GAG sulfation patterns to favor the neuroregenerative isomer, 2S6S-CS. Conversely, Tau4RTg2652 mice exhibit stable PNN structures and normal CS-GAG isomer composition despite robust pTau accumulation, suggesting a critical interaction between neuronal PNN glycan integrity and neighboring glial cell activation. Overall, our findings provide insights into the complex relationship between PNN CS-GAGs, pTau pathology, gliosis, and neurodegeneration in mouse models of tauopathy, and offer new therapeutic insights and targets for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brian Foresi
- College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Shannon J Hu
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Emily Quah
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cristiana J Meuret
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jaden P Le
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aarun S Hendrickson
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ingrid K Redford
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Asmit Kumar
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bao Anh Phan
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tammy P Doan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cassidy Noonan
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nzinga E Hendricks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeanna M Wheeler
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brian C Kraemer
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly M Alonge
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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4
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Moh ESX, Dalal S, Hutchinson MR, Packer NH. Mouse brain glycomics - Insights from exploring the Allen Brain Atlas and the implications for the neuroimmune brain. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 113:83-90. [PMID: 37394145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Allen Institute Mouse Brain Atlas, with visualisation using the Brain Explorer software, offers a 3-dimensional view of region-specific RNA expression of thousands of mouse genes. In this Viewpoint, we focused on the region-specific expression of genes related to cellular glycosylation, and discuss their relevance towards psychoneuroimmunology. Using specific examples, we show that the Atlas validates existing observations reported by others, identifies previously unknown potential region-specific glycan features, and highlights the need to promote collaborations between glycobiology and psychoneuroimmunology researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S X Moh
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sagar Dalal
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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5
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Valeri J, Gisabella B, Pantazopoulos H. Dynamic regulation of the extracellular matrix in reward memory processes: a question of time. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1208974. [PMID: 37396928 PMCID: PMC10311570 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1208974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders are a global health problem with increasing prevalence resulting in significant socioeconomic burden and increased mortality. Converging lines of evidence point to a critical role of brain extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in the pathophysiology of substance use disorders. An increasing number of preclinical studies highlight the ECM as a promising target for development of novel cessation pharmacotherapies. The brain ECM is dynamically regulated during learning and memory processes, thus the time course of ECM alterations in substance use disorders is a critical factor that may impact interpretation of the current studies and development of pharmacological therapies. This review highlights the evidence for the involvement of ECM molecules in reward learning, including drug reward and natural reward such as food, as well as evidence regarding the pathophysiological state of the brain's ECM in substance use disorders and metabolic disorders. We focus on the information regarding time-course and substance specific changes in ECM molecules and how this information can be leveraged for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Valeri
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Barbara Gisabella
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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6
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Sun H, Lin W, Tang Y, Tu H, Chen T, Zhou J, Wang D, Xu Q, Niu J, Dong W, Liu S, Ni X, Yang W, Zhao Y, Ying L, Zhang J, Li X, Mohammadi M, Shen WL, Huang Z. Sustained remission of type 2 diabetes in rodents by centrally administered fibroblast growth factor 4. Cell Metab 2023:S1550-4131(23)00172-9. [PMID: 37167965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major health and economic burden worldwide. Despite the availability of multiple drugs for short-term management, sustained remission of T2D is currently not achievable pharmacologically. Intracerebroventricular administration of fibroblast growth factor 1 (icvFGF1) induces sustained remission in T2D rodents, propelling intense research efforts to understand its mechanism of action. Whether other FGFs possess similar therapeutic benefits is currently unknown. Here, we show that icvFGF4 also elicits a sustained antidiabetic effect in both male db/db mice and diet-induced obese mice by activating FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) expressed in glucose-sensing neurons within the mediobasal hypothalamus. Specifically, FGF4 excites glucose-excited (GE) neurons while inhibiting glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons. Moreover, icvFGF4 restores the percentage of GI neurons in db/db mice. Importantly, intranasal delivery of FGF4 alleviates hyperglycemia in db/db mice, paving the way for non-invasive therapy. We conclude that icvFGF4 holds significant therapeutic potential for achieving sustained remission of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Department of Physiology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Hongqing Tu
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Dezhong Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Biology Science Institutes, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jianlou Niu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wenliya Dong
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Sidan Liu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xinyan Ni
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wen Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yingzheng Zhao
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lei Ying
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Department of Physiology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wei L Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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Alonge KM, Porte D, Schwartz MW. Distinct Roles for Brain and Pancreas in Basal and Postprandial Glucose Homeostasis. Diabetes 2023; 72:547-556. [PMID: 37146276 PMCID: PMC10130484 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The glucose homeostasis system ensures that the circulating glucose level is maintained within narrow physiological limits both in the fasting (or basal) state and following a nutrient challenge. Although glucose homeostasis is traditionally conceptualized as a single overarching system, evidence reviewed here suggests that basal glycemia and glucose tolerance are governed by distinct control systems. Specifically, whereas glucose tolerance appears to be determined largely by interactions between insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, basal-state glucose homeostasis is predominated by insulin-independent mechanisms governed largely by the brain. In addition to a new perspective on how glucose homeostasis is achieved, this "dual control system" hypothesis offers a feasible and testable explanation for observations that are otherwise difficult to reconcile and sheds new light on the integration of central and peripheral metabolic control mechanisms. The implications of this model for the pathogenesis and treatment of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Alonge
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel Porte
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael W. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA
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Sewaybricker LE, Huang A, Chandrasekaran S, Melhorn SJ, Schur EA. The Significance of Hypothalamic Inflammation and Gliosis for the Pathogenesis of Obesity in Humans. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:281-296. [PMID: 36251886 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated preclinical literature demonstrates that hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis are underlying causal components of diet-induced obesity in rodent models. This review summarizes and synthesizes available translational data to better understand the applicability of preclinical findings to human obesity and its comorbidities. The published literature in humans includes histopathologic analyses performed postmortem and in vivo neuroimaging studies measuring indirect markers of hypothalamic tissue microstructure. Both support the presence of hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis in children and adults with obesity. Findings predominantly point to tissue changes in the region of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, although findings of altered tissue characteristics in whole hypothalamus or other hypothalamic regions also emerged. Moreover, the severity of hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis has been related to comorbid conditions, including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and low testosterone levels in men, independent of elevated body adiposity. Cross-sectional findings are augmented by a small number of prospective studies suggesting that a greater degree of hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis may predict adiposity gain and worsening insulin sensitivity in susceptible individuals. In conclusion, existing human studies corroborate a large preclinical literature demonstrating that hypothalamic neuroinflammatory responses play a role in obesity pathogenesis. Extensive or permanent hypothalamic tissue remodeling may negatively affect the function of neuroendocrine regulatory circuits and promote the development and maintenance of elevated body weight in obesity and/or comorbid endocrine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98015, USA
| | | | - Susan J Melhorn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ellen A Schur
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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9
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Brown TE, Sorg BA. Net gain and loss: influence of natural rewards and drugs of abuse on perineuronal nets. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:3-20. [PMID: 35568740 PMCID: PMC9700711 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Overindulgence, excessive consumption, and a pattern of compulsive use of natural rewards, such as certain foods or drugs of abuse, may result in the development of obesity or substance use disorder, respectively. Natural rewards and drugs of abuse can trigger similar changes in the neurobiological substrates that drive food- and drug-seeking behaviors. This review examines the impact natural rewards and drugs of abuse have on perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs are specialized extracellular matrix structures that ensheathe certain neurons during development over the critical period to provide synaptic stabilization and a protective microenvironment for the cells they surround. This review also analyzes how natural rewards and drugs of abuse impact the density and maturation of PNNs within reward-associated circuitry of the brain, which may contribute to maladaptive food- and drug-seeking behaviors. Finally, we evaluate the relatively few studies that have degraded PNNs to perturb reward-seeking behaviors. Taken together, this review sheds light on the complex way PNNs are regulated by natural rewards and drugs and highlights a need for future studies to delineate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the modification and maintenance of PNNs following exposure to rewarding stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E Brown
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Barbara A Sorg
- R.S. Dow Neurobiology, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
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10
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Hwang E, Scarlett JM, Baquero AF, Bennett CM, Dong Y, Chau D, Brown JM, Mercer AJ, Meek TH, Grove KL, Phan BAN, Morton GJ, Williams KW, Schwartz MW. Sustained inhibition of NPY/AgRP neuronal activity by FGF1. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e160891. [PMID: 35917179 PMCID: PMC9536267 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodent models of type 2 diabetes (T2D), central administration of FGF1 normalizes elevated blood glucose levels in a manner that is sustained for weeks or months. Increased activity of NPY/AgRP neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) is implicated in the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia in these animals, and the ARC is a key brain area for the antidiabetic action of FGF1. We therefore sought to determine whether FGF1 inhibits NPY/AgRP neurons and, if so, whether this inhibitory effect is sufficiently durable to offer a feasible explanation for sustained diabetes remission induced by central administration of FGF1. Here, we show that FGF1 inhibited ARC NPY/AgRP neuron activity, both after intracerebroventricular injection in vivo and when applied ex vivo in a slice preparation; we also showed that the underlying mechanism involved increased input from presynaptic GABAergic neurons. Following central administration, the inhibitory effect of FGF1 on NPY/AgRP neurons was also highly durable, lasting for at least 2 weeks. To our knowledge, no precedent for such a prolonged inhibitory effect exists. Future studies are warranted to determine whether NPY/AgRP neuron inhibition contributes to the sustained antidiabetic action elicited by intracerebroventricular FGF1 injection in rodent models of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsang Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jarrad M. Scarlett
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Arian F. Baquero
- Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Camdin M. Bennett
- Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yanbin Dong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dominic Chau
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jenny M. Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Copenhagen, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aaron J. Mercer
- Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas H. Meek
- Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Discovery Technologies & Genomics, Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin L. Grove
- Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bao Anh N. Phan
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gregory J. Morton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin W. Williams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael W. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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11
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Nampoothiri S, Nogueiras R, Schwaninger M, Prevot V. Glial cells as integrators of peripheral and central signals in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Nat Metab 2022; 4:813-825. [PMID: 35879459 PMCID: PMC7613794 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Communication between the periphery and the brain is key for maintaining energy homeostasis. To do so, peripheral signals from the circulation reach the brain via the circumventricular organs (CVOs), which are characterized by fenestrated vessels lacking the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB). Glial cells, by virtue of their plasticity and their ideal location at the interface of blood vessels and neurons, participate in the integration and transmission of peripheral information to neuronal networks in the brain for the neuroendocrine control of whole-body metabolism. Metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, can disrupt the brain-to-periphery communication mediated by glial cells, highlighting the relevance of these cell types in the pathophysiology of such complications. An improved understanding of how glial cells integrate and respond to metabolic and humoral signals has become a priority for the discovery of promising therapeutic strategies to treat metabolic disorders. This Review highlights the role of glial cells in the exchange of metabolic signals between the periphery and the brain that are relevant for the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekala Nampoothiri
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigation Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrition, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, Lille, France.
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12
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Gasser E, Sancar G, Downes M, Evans RM. Metabolic Messengers: fibroblast growth factor 1. Nat Metab 2022; 4:663-671. [PMID: 35681108 PMCID: PMC9624216 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 is expressed in multiple tissues, only adipose-derived and brain FGF1 have been implicated in the regulation of metabolism. Adipose FGF1 production is upregulated in response to dietary stress and is essential for adipose tissue plasticity in these conditions. Similarly, in the brain, FGF1 secretion into the ventricular space and the adjacent parenchyma is increased after a hypercaloric challenge induced by either feeding or glucose infusion. Potent anorexigenic properties have been ascribed to both peripheral and centrally injected FGF1. The ability of recombinant FGF1 and variants with reduced mitogenicity to lower glucose, suppress adipose lipolysis and promote insulin sensitization elevates their potential as candidates in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated comorbidities. Here, we provide an overview of the known metabolic functions of endogenous FGF1 and discuss its therapeutic potential, distinguishing between peripherally or centrally administered FGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Gasser
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gencer Sancar
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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13
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Tu L, Fukuda M, Tong Q, Xu Y. The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus: watchdog of whole-body glucose homeostasis. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:71. [PMID: 35619170 PMCID: PMC9134642 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain, particularly the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), has been long known for its involvement in glucose sensing and whole-body glucose homeostasis. However, it is still not fully understood how the brain detects and responds to the changes in the circulating glucose levels, as well as brain-body coordinated control of glucose homeostasis. In this review, we address the growing evidence implicating the brain in glucose homeostasis, especially in the contexts of hypoglycemia and diabetes. In addition to neurons, we emphasize the potential roles played by non-neuronal cells, as well as extracellular matrix in the hypothalamus in whole-body glucose homeostasis. Further, we review the ionic mechanisms by which glucose-sensing neurons sense fluctuations of ambient glucose levels. We also introduce the significant implications of heterogeneous neurons in the VMH upon glucose sensing and whole-body glucose homeostasis, in which sex difference is also addressed. Meanwhile, research gaps have also been identified, which necessities further mechanistic studies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Tu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street #8066, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Makoto Fukuda
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street #8066, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street #8066, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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14
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Scarlett JM, Hu SJ, Alonge KM. The "Loss" of Perineuronal Nets in Alzheimer's Disease: Missing or Hiding in Plain Sight? Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:896400. [PMID: 35694184 PMCID: PMC9174696 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.896400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are chondroitin-sulfate glycosaminoglycan (CS-GAG) containing extracellular matrix structures that assemble around neurons involved in learning, memory, and cognition. Owing to the unique patterning of negative charges stemming from sulfate modifications to the attached CS-GAGs, these matrices play key roles in mediating glycan-protein binding, signaling interactions, and charged ion buffering of the underlying circuitry. Histochemical loss of PNN matrices has been reported for a range of neurocognitive and neurodegenerative diseases, implying that PNNs might be a key player in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. In this hypothesis and theory article, we begin by highlighting PNN changes observed in human postmortem brain tissue associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and corresponding changes reported in rodent models of AD neuropathology. We then discuss the technical limitations surrounding traditional methods for PNN analyses and propose alternative explanations to these historical findings. Lastly, we embark on a global re-evaluation of the interpretations for PNN changes across brain regions, across species, and in relation to other neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrad M Scarlett
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shannon J Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kimberly M Alonge
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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15
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Glial Modulation of Energy Balance: The Dorsal Vagal Complex Is No Exception. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020960. [PMID: 35055143 PMCID: PMC8779587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The avoidance of being overweight or obese is a daily challenge for a growing number of people. The growing proportion of people suffering from a nutritional imbalance in many parts of the world exemplifies this challenge and emphasizes the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate nutritional balance. Until recently, research on the central regulation of food intake primarily focused on neuronal signaling, with little attention paid to the role of glial cells. Over the last few decades, our understanding of glial cells has changed dramatically. These cells are increasingly regarded as important neuronal partners, contributing not just to cerebral homeostasis, but also to cerebral signaling. Our understanding of the central regulation of energy balance is part of this (r)evolution. Evidence is accumulating that glial cells play a dynamic role in the modulation of energy balance. In the present review, we summarize recent data indicating that the multifaceted glial compartment of the brainstem dorsal vagal complex (DVC) should be considered in research aimed at identifying feeding-related processes operating at this level.
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16
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Mirzadeh Z, Faber CL, Schwartz MW. Central Nervous System Control of Glucose Homeostasis: A Therapeutic Target for Type 2 Diabetes? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 62:55-84. [PMID: 34990204 PMCID: PMC8900291 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052220-010446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Historically, pancreatic islet beta cells have been viewed as principal regulators of glycemia, with type 2 diabetes (T2D) resulting when insulin secretion fails to compensate for peripheral tissue insulin resistance. However, glycemia is also regulated by insulin-independent mechanisms that are dysregulated in T2D. Based on evidence supporting its role both in adaptive coupling of insulin secretion to changes in insulin sensitivity and in the regulation of insulin-independent glucose disposal, the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged as a fundamental player in glucose homeostasis. Here, we review and expand upon an integrative model wherein the CNS, together with the islet, establishes and maintains the defended level of glycemia. We discuss the implications of this model for understanding both normal glucose homeostasis and T2D pathogenesis and highlight centrally targeted therapeutic approaches with the potential to restore normoglycemia to patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaman Mirzadeh
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA;
| | - Chelsea L Faber
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA;
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
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17
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Alonge KM, Herbert MJ, Yagi M, Cook DG, Banks WA, Logsdon AF. Changes in Brain Matrix Glycan Sulfation Associate With Reactive Gliosis and Motor Coordination in Mice With Head Trauma. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:745288. [PMID: 34776892 PMCID: PMC8581466 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.745288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) structures that enmesh and regulate neurocircuits involved in motor and sensory function. Maladaptive changes to the composition and/or abundance of PNNs have been implicated in preclinical models of neuroinflammation and neurocircuit destabilization. The central nervous system (CNS) is limited in its capacity to repair and reorganize neural networks following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and little is known about mechanisms of ECM repair in the adult brain after TBI. In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a TBI via a controlled cortical impact (CCI) to the right motor and somatosensory cortices. At 7 days following CCI, histological analysis revealed a loss of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) positive PNN matrices in the ipsilateral cortex. PNNs are comprised of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS)-glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the composition of which are known to influence neuronal integrity and repair. Using an innovative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, we analyzed the relative abundance of six specific CS/DS-GAG isomers (Δ4S-, Δ6S-, Δ4S6S-, Δ2S6S-, Δ0S-CS, and Δ2S4S-DS) from fixed-brain sections after CCI injury. We report a significant shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns within the rostro-caudal extent of the injury site from mice exposed to CCI at 7 days, but not at 1 day, post-CCI. In the ipsilateral thalamus, the appearance of WFA+ puncta occurred in tandem with gliosis at 7 days post-CCI, but weakly colocalized with markers of gliosis. Thalamic WFA+ puncta showed moderate colocalization with neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), a clinical biomarker for TBI injury. A shift in CS/DS-GAG sulfation was also present in the thalamus including an increase of 6S-CS, which is a specific isomer that associates with the presence of glial scarring. Upregulation of the 6S-CS-specific sulfotransferase (CHST3) gene expression was accompanied by reactive gliosis in both the ipsilateral cortex and thalamus. Moreover, changes in 6S-CS extracted from the thalamus positively correlated with deficits in motor coordination after CCI. Collectively, these data argue that CCI alters CS/DS-GAG sulfation in association with the spatiotemporal progression of neurorepair. Therapeutic interventions targeting restoration of CS/DS-GAG sulfation patterns may improve outcomes from TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Alonge
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Melanie J Herbert
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mayumi Yagi
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David G Cook
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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18
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Brown JM, Bentsen MA, Rausch DM, Phan BA, Wieck D, Wasanwala H, Matsen ME, Acharya N, Richardson NE, Zhao X, Zhai P, Secher A, Morton GJ, Pers TH, Schwartz MW, Scarlett JM. Role of hypothalamic MAPK/ERK signaling and central action of FGF1 in diabetes remission. iScience 2021; 24:102944. [PMID: 34430821 PMCID: PMC8368994 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the brain to elicit sustained remission of hyperglycemia in rodent models of type 2 diabetes following intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is well established. Here, we show that following icv FGF1 injection, hypothalamic signaling by extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, is induced for at least 24 h. Further, we show that this prolonged response is required for the sustained antidiabetic action of FGF1 since it is abolished by sustained (but not acute) pharmacologic blockade of hypothalamic MAPK/ERK signaling. We also demonstrate that FGF1 R50E, a FGF1 mutant that activates FGF receptors but induces only transient hypothalamic MAPK/ERK signaling, fails to mimic the sustained glucose lowering induced by FGF1. These data identify sustained activation of hypothalamic MAPK/ERK signaling as playing an essential role in the mechanism underlying diabetes remission induced by icv FGF1 administration. FGF1 action in the brain induces remission of diabetic hyperglycemia FGF1 induces sustained activation of hypothalamic MAPK/ERK signaling Blockade of hypothalamic MAPK/ERK signaling abolishes the antidiabetic action of FGF1 FGF1 increases hypothalamic astrocyte-neuron interaction by transcriptomic analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie A Bentsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dylan M Rausch
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bao Anh Phan
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Danielle Wieck
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Huzaifa Wasanwala
- Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Miles E Matsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nikhil Acharya
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nicole E Richardson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Xin Zhao
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research China, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peng Zhai
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research China, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Anna Secher
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Gregory J Morton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tune H Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98145, USA
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19
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Logsdon AF, Francis KL, Richardson NE, Hu SJ, Faber CL, Phan BA, Nguyen V, Setthavongsack N, Banks WA, Woltjer RL, Keene CD, Latimer CS, Schwartz MW, Scarlett JM, Alonge KM. Decoding perineuronal net glycan sulfation patterns in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:942-954. [PMID: 34482642 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain comprises unique glycan "sulfation codes" that influence neurological function. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are chondroitin sulfate-glycosaminoglycan (CS-GAG) containing matrices that enmesh neural networks involved in memory and cognition, and loss of PNN matrices is reported in patients with neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we show that patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD-related dementia undergo a re-coding of their PNN-associated CS-GAGs that correlates to Braak stage progression, hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) accumulation, and cognitive impairment. As these CS-GAG sulfation changes are detectable prior to the regional onset of classical AD pathology, they may contribute to the initiation and/or progression of the underlying degenerative processes and implicate the brain matrix sulfation code as a key player in the development of AD clinicopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kendra L Francis
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole E Richardson
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shannon J Hu
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chelsea L Faber
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bao Anh Phan
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vy Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Naly Setthavongsack
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Randy L Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caitlin S Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly M Alonge
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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20
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Zhang N, Yan Z, Liu H, Yu M, He Y, Liu H, Liang C, Tu L, Wang L, Yin N, Han J, Scarcelli N, Yang Y, Wang C, Zeng T, Chen LL, Xu Y. Hypothalamic Perineuronal Nets Are Regulated by Sex and Dietary Interventions. Front Physiol 2021; 12:714104. [PMID: 34393830 PMCID: PMC8355523 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.714104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are widely present in the hypothalamus, and are thought to provide physical protection and ion buffering for neurons and regulate their synaptic plasticity and intracellular signaling. Recent evidence indicates that PNNs in the mediobasal hypothalamus play an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. However, whether and how hypothalamic PNNs are regulated are not fully understood. In the present study, we examined whether PNNs in various hypothalamic regions in mice can be regulated by sex, gonadal hormones, dietary interventions, or their interactions. We demonstrated that gonadal hormones are required to maintain normal PNNs in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus in both male and female mice. In addition, PNNs in the terete hypothalamic nucleus display a sexual dimorphism with females higher than males, and high-fat diet feeding increases terete PNNs only in female mice but not in male mice. On the other hand, PNNs in other hypothalamic regions are not influenced by sex, gonadal hormones or dietary interventions. In summary, we demonstrated that hypothalamic PNNs are regulated in a region-specific manner and these results provide a framework to further investigate the potential functions of PNNs in regulating energy/glucose homeostasis at the interplay of sex, gonadal hormones and diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorder, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Yan
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hailan Liu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Meng Yu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yang He
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hesong Liu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chen Liang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Longlong Tu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lina Wang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Na Yin
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Junying Han
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nikolas Scarcelli
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tianshu Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorder, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu-Lu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorder, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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21
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Rohrbach A, Caron E, Dali R, Brunner M, Pasquettaz R, Kolotuev I, Santoni F, Thorens B, Langlet F. Ablation of glucokinase-expressing tanycytes impacts energy balance and increases adiposity in mice. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101311. [PMID: 34325016 PMCID: PMC8379510 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Glucokinase (GCK) is critical for glucosensing. In rats, GCK is expressed in hypothalamic tanycytes and appears to play an essential role in feeding behavior. In this study, we investigated the distribution of GCK-expressing tanycytes in mice and their role in the regulation of energy balance. Methods In situ hybridization, reporter gene assay, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess GCK expression along the third ventricle in mice. To evaluate the impact of GCK-expressing tanycytes on arcuate neuron function and mouse physiology, Gck deletion along the ventricle was achieved using loxP/Cre recombinase technology in adult mice. Results GCK expression was low along the third ventricle, but detectable in tanycytes facing the ventromedial arcuate nucleus from bregma −1.5 to −2.2. Gck deletion induced the death of this tanycyte subgroup through the activation of the BAD signaling pathway. The ablation of GCK-expressing tanycytes affected different aspects of energy balance, leading to an increase in adiposity in mice. This phenotype was systematically associated with a defect in NPY neuron function. In contrast, the regulation of glucose homeostasis was mostly preserved, except for glucoprivic responses. Conclusions This study describes the role of GCK in tanycyte biology and highlights the impact of tanycyte loss on the regulation of energy balance. vmARH tanycytes express glucokinase. Glucokinase deletion in tanycytes induces cell death. Ablation of vmARH tanycytes alters energy balance and adiposity. Ablation of vmARH tanycytes alters NPY neuron function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Rohrbach
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Caron
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S, 1172, Lille, France
| | - Rafik Dali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Brunner
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roxane Pasquettaz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Irina Kolotuev
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federico Santoni
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Langlet
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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Kohnke S, Buller S, Nuzzaci D, Ridley K, Lam B, Pivonkova H, Bentsen MA, Alonge KM, Zhao C, Tadross J, Holmqvist S, Shimizu T, Hathaway H, Li H, Macklin W, Schwartz MW, Richardson WD, Yeo GSH, Franklin RJM, Karadottir RT, Rowitch DH, Blouet C. Nutritional regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation regulates perineuronal net remodeling in the median eminence. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109362. [PMID: 34260928 PMCID: PMC8293628 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH; arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus [ARH] and median eminence [ME]) is a key nutrient sensing site for the production of the complex homeostatic feedback responses required for the maintenance of energy balance. Here, we show that refeeding after an overnight fast rapidly triggers proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors, leading to the production of new oligodendrocytes in the ME specifically. During this nutritional paradigm, ME perineuronal nets (PNNs), emerging regulators of ARH metabolic functions, are rapidly remodeled, and this process requires myelin regulatory factor (Myrf) in oligodendrocyte progenitors. In genetically obese ob/ob mice, nutritional regulations of ME oligodendrocyte differentiation and PNN remodeling are blunted, and enzymatic digestion of local PNN increases food intake and weight gain. We conclude that MBH PNNs are required for the maintenance of energy balance in lean mice and are remodeled in the adult ME by the nutritional control of oligodendrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kohnke
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sophie Buller
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Danae Nuzzaci
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katherine Ridley
- Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian Lam
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Helena Pivonkova
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marie A Bentsen
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kimberly M Alonge
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Tadross
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Staffan Holmqvist
- Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Hathaway
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Huiliang Li
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy Macklin
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ragnhildur T Karadottir
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Clemence Blouet
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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23
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Myers MG, Affinati AH, Richardson N, Schwartz MW. Central nervous system regulation of organismal energy and glucose homeostasis. Nat Metab 2021; 3:737-750. [PMID: 34158655 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates the brain in the regulation of both immediate fuel availability (for example, circulating glucose) and long-term energy stores (that is, adipose tissue mass). Rather than viewing the adipose tissue and glucose control systems separately, we suggest that the brain systems that control them are components of a larger, highly integrated, 'fuel homeostasis' control system. This conceptual framework, along with new insights into the organization and function of distinct neuronal systems, provides a context within which to understand how metabolic homeostasis is achieved in both basal and postprandial states. We also review evidence that dysfunction of the central fuel homeostasis system contributes to the close association between obesity and type 2 diabetes, with the goal of identifying more effective treatment options for these common metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Myers
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alison H Affinati
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicole Richardson
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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24
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Alonge KM, D'Alessio DA, Schwartz MW. Brain control of blood glucose levels: implications for the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:5-14. [PMID: 33043401 PMCID: PMC7718404 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite a rapidly growing literature, the role played by the brain in both normal glucose homeostasis and in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In this review, we introduce a framework for understanding the brain's essential role in these processes based on evidence that the brain, like the pancreas, is equipped to sense and respond to changes in the circulating glucose level. Further, we review evidence that glucose sensing by the brain plays a fundamental role in establishing the defended level of blood glucose, and that defects in this control system contribute to type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. We also consider the possibility that the close association between obesity and type 2 diabetes arises from a shared defect in the highly integrated neurocircuitry governing energy homeostasis and glucose homeostasis. Thus, whereas obesity is characterised by an increase in the defended level of the body's fuel stores (e.g. adipose mass), type 2 diabetes is characterised by an increase in the defended level of the body's available fuel (e.g. circulating glucose), with the underlying pathogenesis in each case involving impaired sensing of (or responsiveness to) relevant humoral negative feedback signals. This perspective is strengthened by growing preclinical evidence that in type 2 diabetes the defended level of blood glucose can be restored to normal by therapies that restore the brain's ability to properly sense the circulating glucose level. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Alonge
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A D'Alessio
- Duke Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Neurons within the arcuate nucleus control energy balance and represent the functional substrates through which FGF1 deploys its anti-diabetic action. Alonge et al. (2020) now report that the integrity of arcuate perineuronal nets, an extracellular matrix component that enmeshes GABAergic neurons, is reversibly altered in diabetic rats and a key component for FGF1-mediated diabetic remission. These novel insights unravel how perineuronal nets dynamically contribute to the central control of glycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France.
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