1
|
Cooper ML, Calkins DJ. Beyond hypertrophy: Changing views of astrocytes in glaucoma. Vision Res 2024; 223:108461. [PMID: 39059109 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes serve multiple roles in helping to maintain homeostatic physiology of central nervous system tissue, ranging from metabolic support to coupling between vascular and neural elements. Astrocytes are especially critical in axonal tracts such as the optic nerve, where axons propagate energy-demanding action potentials great distances. In disease, astrocyte remodeling is a dynamic, multifaceted process that is often over-simplified between states of quiescence and reactivity. In glaucoma, axon degeneration in the optic nerve is characterized by progressive stages. So too is astrocyte remodeling. Here, using quantitative analysis of light and electron micrographs of myelinated optic nerve sections from the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma, we offer further insight into how astrocyte organization reflects stages of degeneration. This analysis indicates that even as axons degenerate, astrocyte gliosis in the nerve increases without abject proliferation, similar to results in the DBA/2J retina. Gliosis is accompanied by reorganization. As axons expand prior to frank degeneration, astrocyte processes retract from the extra-axonal space and reorient towards the nerve edge. After a critical threshold of expansion, axons drop out, and astrocyte processes distribute more evenly across the nerve reflecting gliosis. This multi-stage process likely reflects local rather than global cues from axons and the surrounding tissue that induce rapid reorganization to promote axon survival and extend functionality of the nerve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Cooper
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Skauli N, Zohoorian N, Banitalebi S, Geiseler S, Salameh M, Rao SB, Morland C, Ottersen OP, Amiry-Moghaddam M. Aquaporin-4 deletion leads to reduced infarct volume and increased peri-infarct astrocyte reactivity in a mouse model of cortical stroke. J Physiol 2024; 602:3151-3168. [PMID: 38924526 DOI: 10.1113/jp284099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the main water channel in brain and is enriched in perivascular astrocyte processes abutting brain microvessels. There is a rich literature on the role of AQP4 in experimental stroke. While its role in oedema formation following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) has been studied extensively, its specific impact on infarct volume remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of total and partial AQP4 deletion on infarct volume in mice subjected to distal medial cerebral artery (dMCAO) occlusion. Compared to MCAO, this model induces smaller infarcts confined to neocortex, and less oedema. We show that AQP4 deletion significantly reduced infarct volume as assessed 1 week after dMCAO, suggesting that the role of AQP4 in stroke goes beyond its effect on oedema formation and dissolution. The reduction in infarct volume was associated with increased astrocyte reactivity in the peri-infarct areas. No significant differences were observed in the number of microglia among the genotypes. These findings provide new insights in the role of AQP4 in ischaemic injury indicating that AQP4 affects both infarct volume and astrocyte reactivity in the peri-infarct zone. KEY POINTS: Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the main water channel in brain and is enriched in perivascular astrocyte processes abutting microvessels. A rich literature exists on the role of AQP4 in oedema formation following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We investigated the effects of total and partial AQP4 deletion on infarct volume in mice subjected to distal medial cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO), a model inducing smaller infarcts confined to neocortex and less oedema compared to MCAO. AQP4 deletion significantly reduced infarct volume 1 week after dMCAO, suggesting a broader role for AQP4 in stroke beyond oedema formation. The reduction in infarct volume was associated with increased astrocyte reactivity in the peri-infarct areas, while no significant differences were observed in the number of microglia among the genotypes. These findings provide new insights into the role of AQP4 in stroke, indicating that AQP4 affects both infarct volume and astrocyte reactivity in the peri-infarct zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Skauli
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Negar Zohoorian
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shervin Banitalebi
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Samuel Geiseler
- Cardiovascular Research Group IMB, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maher Salameh
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shreyas B Rao
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cecilie Morland
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole P Ottersen
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liddelow SA, Olsen ML, Sofroniew MV. Reactive Astrocytes and Emerging Roles in Central Nervous System (CNS) Disorders. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041356. [PMID: 38316554 PMCID: PMC11216178 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
In addition to their many functions in the healthy central nervous system (CNS), astrocytes respond to CNS damage and disease through a process called "reactivity." Recent evidence reveals that astrocyte reactivity is a heterogeneous spectrum of potential changes that occur in a context-specific manner. These changes are determined by diverse signaling events and vary not only with the nature and severity of different CNS insults but also with location in the CNS, genetic predispositions, age, and potentially also with "molecular memory" of previous reactivity events. Astrocyte reactivity can be associated with both essential beneficial functions as well as with harmful effects. The available information is rapidly expanding and much has been learned about molecular diversity of astrocyte reactivity. Emerging functional associations point toward central roles for astrocyte reactivity in determining the outcome in CNS disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Michelle L Olsen
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alhadidi QM, Bahader GA, Arvola O, Kitchen P, Shah ZA, Salman MM. Astrocytes in functional recovery following central nervous system injuries. J Physiol 2024; 602:3069-3096. [PMID: 37702572 DOI: 10.1113/jp284197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are increasingly recognised as partaking in complex homeostatic mechanisms critical for regulating neuronal plasticity following central nervous system (CNS) insults. Ischaemic stroke and traumatic brain injury are associated with high rates of disability and mortality. Depending on the context and type of injury, reactive astrocytes respond with diverse morphological, proliferative and functional changes collectively known as astrogliosis, which results in both pathogenic and protective effects. There is a large body of research on the negative consequences of astrogliosis following brain injuries. There is also growing interest in how astrogliosis might in some contexts be protective and help to limit the spread of the injury. However, little is known about how astrocytes contribute to the chronic functional recovery phase following traumatic and ischaemic brain insults. In this review, we explore the protective functions of astrocytes in various aspects of secondary brain injury such as oedema, inflammation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. We also discuss the current knowledge on astrocyte contribution to tissue regeneration, including angiogenesis, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, dendrogenesis and axogenesis. Finally, we discuss diverse astrocyte-related factors that, if selectively targeted, could form the basis of astrocyte-targeted therapeutic strategies to better address currently untreatable CNS disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qasim M Alhadidi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Yarmok University College, Diyala, Iraq
| | - Ghaith A Bahader
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Oiva Arvola
- Division of Anaesthesiology, Jorvi Hospital, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip Kitchen
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xie L, He M, Ying C, Chu H. Mechanisms of inflammation after ischemic stroke in brain-peripheral crosstalk. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1400808. [PMID: 38932932 PMCID: PMC11199882 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1400808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating disease with high morbidity, disability, and mortality, among which ischemic stroke is more common. However, there is still a lack of effective methods to improve the prognosis and reduce the incidence of its complications. At present, there is evidence that peripheral organs are involved in the inflammatory response after stroke. Moreover, the interaction between central and peripheral inflammation includes the activation of resident and peripheral immune cells, as well as the activation of inflammation-related signaling pathways, which all play an important role in the pathophysiology of stroke. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of inflammatory response after ischemic stroke, as well as the interactions through circulatory pathways between peripheral organs (such as the gut, heart, lung and spleen) and the brain to mediate and regulate inflammation after ischemic stroke. We also propose the potential role of meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs)-cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) as a brain-peripheral crosstalk lymphatic pathway in ischemic stroke. In addition, we also summarize the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xie
- Department of Critical Medicine, First People's Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming He
- Department of Critical Medicine, First People's Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caidi Ying
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, China
| | - Haifeng Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abomosallam M, Hendam BM, Abdallah AA, Refaat R, El-Hak HNG. Neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera leaves extract nanoemulsion against penconazole-induced neurotoxicity in albino rats via modulating TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:1903-1928. [PMID: 38630361 PMCID: PMC11136823 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Penconazole (PEN) is a systemic triazole fungicide used to control various fungal diseases on grapes, stone fruits, cucurbits, and strawberries. Still, it leaves residues on treated crops after collection with many hazardous effects on population including neurotoxicity. Withania somnifera leaves extract (WSLE) is known for its memory and brain function enhancing ability. To evoke such action efficiently, WSLE bioactive metabolites are needed to cross the blood-brain barrier, that could limit the availability of such compounds to be localized within the brain. Therefore, in the present study, the association between PEN exposure and neurotoxicity was evaluated, and formulated WSLE nanoemulsion was investigated for improving the permeability of the plant extract across the blood-brain barrier. The rats were divided into five groups (n = 6). The control group was administered distilled water, group II was treated with W. somnifera leaves extract nanoemulsion (WSLE NE), group III received PEN, group IV received PEN and WSLE, and group V received PEN and WSLE NE. All rats were gavaged daily for 6 weeks. Characterization of compounds in WSLE using LC-MS/MS analysis was estimated. Neurobehavioral disorders were evaluated in all groups. Oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzyme activities, and inflammatory cytokines were measured in brain tissue. Furthermore, the gene expression patterns of GFAP, APP, vimentin, TGF-β1, Smad2 and Bax were measured. Histopathological changes and immunohistochemical expression in the peripheral sciatic nerve and cerebral cortex were evaluated. A total of 91 compounds of different chemo-types were detected and identified in WSLE in both ionization modes. Our data showed behavioral impairment in the PEN-treated group, with significant elevation of oxidative stress biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines, neuronal damage, and apoptosis. In contrast, the PEN-treated group with WSLE NE showed marked improvement in behavioral performance and histopathological alteration with a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity and anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to the group administered WSLE alone. The PEN-treated group with WSLE NE in turn significantly downregulated the expression levels of GFAP, APP, vimentin, TGF-β1, Smad2 and Bax in brain tissue. In conclusion, WSLE NE markedly enhanced the permeability of plant extract constituents through the blood brain barrier to boost its neuroprotective effect against PEN-induced neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abomosallam
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Basma M Hendam
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amr A Abdallah
- Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rasha Refaat
- Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Nageh Gad El-Hak
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 10, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Castillo X, Ortiz G, Arnold E, Wu Z, Tovar Y Romo LB, Clapp C, Martínez de la Escalera G. The influence of the prolactin/vasoinhibin axis on post-stroke lesion volume, astrogliosis, and survival. J Neuroendocrinol 2024:e13415. [PMID: 38808481 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a significant global health issue, ranking fifth among all causes of death and a leading cause of serious long-term disability. Ischemic stroke leads to severe outcomes, including permanent brain damage and neuronal dysfunction. Therefore, decreasing and preventing neuronal injuries caused by stroke has been the focus of therapeutic research. In recent years, many studies have shown that fluctuations in hormonal levels influence the prognosis of ischemic stroke. Thus, it is relevant to understand the role of hormones in the pathophysiological mechanisms of ischemic stroke for preventing and treating this health issue. Here, we investigate the contribution of the prolactin/vasoinhibin axis, an endocrine system regulating blood vessel growth, immune processes, and neuronal survival, to the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Male mice with brain overexpression of prolactin or vasoinhibin by adeno-associated virus (AAV) intracerebroventricular injection or lacking the prolactin receptor (Prlr-/-) were exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) for 45 min followed by 48 h of reperfusion. Overexpression of vasoinhibin or the absence of the prolactin receptor led to an increased lesion volume and decreased survival rates in mice following tMCAO, whereas overexpression of prolactin had no effect. In addition, astrocytic distribution in the penumbra was altered, glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100b mRNA expressions were reduced, and interleukin-6 mRNA expression increased in the ischemic hemisphere of mice overexpressing vasoinhibin. Of note, prolactin receptor-null mice (Prlr-/-) showed a marked increase in serum vasoinhibin levels. Furthermore, vasoinhibin decreased astrocyte numbers in mixed hippocampal neuron-glia cultures. These observations suggest that increased vasoinhibin levels may hinder astrocytes' protective reactivity. Overall, this study suggests the involvement of the prolactin/vasoinhibin axis in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke-induced brain injury and provides insights into the impact of its dysregulation on astrocyte reactivity and lesion size. Understanding these mechanisms could help develop therapeutic interventions in ischemic stroke and other related neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Castillo
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Georgina Ortiz
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Edith Arnold
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
- CONAHCYT-Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Zhijian Wu
- Ocular Gene Therapy Laboratory, Neurobiology, National Eye Institute (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis B Tovar Y Romo
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fan X, Cao J, Li M, Zhang D, El‐Battrawy I, Chen G, Zhou X, Yang G, Akin I. Stroke Related Brain-Heart Crosstalk: Pathophysiology, Clinical Implications, and Underlying Mechanisms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307698. [PMID: 38308187 PMCID: PMC11005719 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) induced cardiovascular dysfunctions as a bidirectional interaction has gained paramount importance in understanding the intricate relationship between the brain and heart. Post AIS, the ensuing cardiovascular dysfunctions encompass a spectrum of complications, including heart attack, congestive heart failure, systolic or diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmias, electrocardiographic anomalies, hemodynamic instability, cardiac arrest, among others, all of which are correlated with adverse outcomes and mortality. Mounting evidence underscores the intimate crosstalk between the heart and the brain, facilitated by intricate physiological and neurohumoral complex networks. The primary pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to these severe cardiac complications involve the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, sympathetic and parasympathetic hyperactivity, immune and inflammatory responses, and gut dysbiosis, collectively shaping the stroke-related brain-heart axis. Ongoing research endeavors are concentrated on devising strategies to prevent AIS-induced cardiovascular dysfunctions. Notably, labetalol, nicardipine, and nitroprusside are recommended for hypertension control, while β-blockers are employed to avert chronic remodeling and address arrhythmias. However, despite these therapeutic interventions, therapeutic targets remain elusive, necessitating further investigations into this complex challenge. This review aims to delineate the state-of-the-art pathophysiological mechanisms in AIS through preclinical and clinical research, unraveling their intricate interplay within the brain-heart axis, and offering pragmatic suggestions for managing AIS-induced cardiovascular dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical ElectrophysiologyMinistry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular DiseasesInstitute of Cardiovascular ResearchSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhou646000China
- CardiologyAngiologyHaemostaseologyand Medical Intensive CareMedical Centre MannheimMedical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University68167HeidelbergGermany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS)German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheimand Centre for Cardiovascular Acute Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM)Medical Centre MannheimHeidelberg University68167HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jianyang Cao
- School of Physical EducationSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouSichuan Province646000China
- Acupuncture and Rehabilitation DepartmentThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhou646000China
| | - Mingxia Li
- School of Physical EducationSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouSichuan Province646000China
- Acupuncture and Rehabilitation DepartmentThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhou646000China
| | - Dechou Zhang
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhou646000China
| | - Ibrahim El‐Battrawy
- Department of Cardiology and AngiologyRuhr University44780BochumGermany
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL)Department of Molecular and Experimental CardiologyRuhr‐University Bochum44780BochumGermany
| | - Guiquan Chen
- Acupuncture and Rehabilitation DepartmentThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhou646000China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical ElectrophysiologyMinistry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceCollaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular DiseasesInstitute of Cardiovascular ResearchSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhou646000China
- CardiologyAngiologyHaemostaseologyand Medical Intensive CareMedical Centre MannheimMedical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University68167HeidelbergGermany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS)German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheimand Centre for Cardiovascular Acute Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM)Medical Centre MannheimHeidelberg University68167HeidelbergGermany
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- CardiologyAngiologyHaemostaseologyand Medical Intensive CareMedical Centre MannheimMedical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University68167HeidelbergGermany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS)German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheimand Centre for Cardiovascular Acute Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM)Medical Centre MannheimHeidelberg University68167HeidelbergGermany
- Acupuncture and Rehabilitation DepartmentThe Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhou646000China
| | - Ibrahim Akin
- CardiologyAngiologyHaemostaseologyand Medical Intensive CareMedical Centre MannheimMedical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University68167HeidelbergGermany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS)German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheimand Centre for Cardiovascular Acute Medicine Mannheim (ZKAM)Medical Centre MannheimHeidelberg University68167HeidelbergGermany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thumu SCR, Jain M, Soman S, Das S, Verma V, Nandi A, Gutmann DH, Jayaprakash B, Nair D, Clement JP, Marathe S, Ramanan N. SRF-deficient astrocytes provide neuroprotection in mouse models of excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration. eLife 2024; 13:e95577. [PMID: 38289036 PMCID: PMC10857791 DOI: 10.7554/elife.95577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis is a common pathological hallmark of CNS injury, infection, and neurodegeneration, where reactive astrocytes can be protective or detrimental to normal brain functions. Currently, the mechanisms regulating neuroprotective astrocytes and the extent of neuroprotection are poorly understood. Here, we report that conditional deletion of serum response factor (SRF) in adult astrocytes causes reactive-like hypertrophic astrocytes throughout the mouse brain. These SrfGFAP-ERCKO astrocytes do not affect neuron survival, synapse numbers, synaptic plasticity or learning and memory. However, the brains of Srf knockout mice exhibited neuroprotection against kainic-acid induced excitotoxic cell death. Relevant to human neurodegenerative diseases, SrfGFAP-ERCKO astrocytes abrogate nigral dopaminergic neuron death and reduce β-amyloid plaques in mouse models of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, respectively. Taken together, these findings establish SRF as a key molecular switch for the generation of reactive astrocytes with neuroprotective functions that attenuate neuronal injury in the setting of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Jain
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Sumitha Soman
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Soumen Das
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Vijaya Verma
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific ResearchBangaloreIndia
| | - Arnab Nandi
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | | | - Deepak Nair
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - James P Clement
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific ResearchBangaloreIndia
| | - Swananda Marathe
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Passarelli JP, Nimjee SM, Townsend KL. Stroke and Neurogenesis: Bridging Clinical Observations to New Mechanistic Insights from Animal Models. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:53-68. [PMID: 36462099 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Stroke was the 2nd leading cause of death and a major cause of morbidity. Unfortunately, there are limited means to promote neurological recovery post-stroke, but research has unearthed potential targets for therapies to encourage post-stroke neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. The occurrence of neurogenesis in adult mammalian brains, including humans, was not widely accepted until the 1990s. Now, adult neurogenesis has been extensively studied in human and mouse neurogenic brain niches, of which the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus are best studied. Numerous other niches are under investigation for neurogenic potential. This review offers a basic overview to stroke in the clinical setting, a focused summary of recent and foundational research literature on cortical neurogenesis and post-stroke brain plasticity, and insights regarding how the meninges and choroid plexus have emerged as key players in neurogenesis and neuroplasticity in the context of focal cerebral ischemia disrupting the anterior circulation. The choroid plexus and meninges are vital as they are integral sites for neuroimmune interactions, glymphatic perfusion, and niche signaling pertinent to neural stem cells and neurogenesis. Modulating neuroimmune interactions with a focus on astrocyte activity, potentially through manipulation of the choroid plexus and meningeal niches, may reduce the exacerbation of stroke by inflammatory mediators and create an environment conducive to neurorecovery. Furthermore, addressing impaired glymphatic perfusion after ischemic stroke likely supports a neurogenic environment by clearing out inflammatory mediators, neurotoxic metabolites, and other accumulated waste. The meninges and choroid plexus also contribute more directly to promoting neurogenesis: the meninges are thought to harbor neural stem cells and are a niche amenable to neural stem/progenitor cell migration. Additionally, the choroid plexus has secretory functions that directly influences stem cells through signaling mechanisms and growth factor actions. More research to better understand the functions of the meninges and choroid plexus may lead to novel approaches for stimulating neuronal recovery after ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahid M Nimjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kijima C, Inaba T, Hira K, Miyamoto N, Yamashiro K, Urabe T, Hattori N, Ueno Y. Astrocytic Extracellular Vesicles Regulated by Microglial Inflammatory Responses Improve Stroke Recovery. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1002-1021. [PMID: 37676390 PMCID: PMC10861643 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
There are no effective treatments for post-stroke glial scar formation, which inhibits axonal outgrowth and functional recovery after stroke. We investigated whether astrocytic extracellular vesicles (AEVs) regulated by microglia modulate glial scars and improve stroke recovery. We found that peri-infarct glial scars comprised reactive astrocytes with proliferating C3d and decreased S100A10 expression in chronic stroke. In cultured astrocytes, microglia-conditioned media and treatment with P2Y1 receptor antagonists increased and reduced the area of S100A10- and C3d-expressing reactive astrocytes, respectively, by suppressing mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-κβ (NF-κB)/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)/interleukin-1β signaling after oxygen-glucose deprivation. Intracerebral administrations of AEVs enriched miR-146a-5p, downregulated NF-κB, and suppressed TNF-α expressions, by transforming reactive astrocytes to those with S100A10 preponderance, causing functional recovery in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Modulating neuroinflammation in post-stroke glial scars could permit axonal outgrowth, thus providing a basis for stroke recovery with neuroprotective AEVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chikage Kijima
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Inaba
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hira
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamashiro
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takao Urabe
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuji Ueno
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng X, Yang J, Hou Y, Shi X, Liu K. Prediction of clinical progression in nervous system diseases: plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:51. [PMID: 38216970 PMCID: PMC10785482 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an intracellular type III intermediate filament protein, provides structural support and maintains the mechanical integrity of astrocytes. It is predominantly found in the astrocytes which are the most abundant subtypes of glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. As a marker protein of astrocytes, GFAP may exert a variety of physiological effects in neurological diseases. For example, previous published literatures showed that autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, the studies of GFAP in brain tumors mainly focus on the predictive value of tumor volume. Furthermore, using biomarkers in the early setting will lead to a simplified and standardized way to estimate the poor outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ischemic stroke. Recently, observational studies revealed that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) GFAP, as a valuable potential diagnostic biomarker for neurosyphilis, had a sensitivity of 76.60% and specificity of 85.56%. The reason plasma GFAP could serve as a promising biomarker for diagnosis and prediction of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is that it effectively distinguished AD dementia from multiple neurodegenerative diseases and predicted the individual risk of AD progression. In addition, GFAP can be helpful in differentiating relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) versus progressive MS (PMS). This review article aims to provide an overview of GFAP in the prediction of clinical progression in neuroinflammation, brain tumors, TBI, ischemic stroke, genetic disorders, neurodegeneration and other diseases in the CNS and to explore the potential therapeutic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyao Yang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiwei Hou
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, Changchun, China
| | - Xinye Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Yingkang Yisheng General Hospital, Renmin North Road 5188#, Yuncheng, China
| | - Kangding Liu
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, Changchun, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gong Z, Guo J, Liu B, Guo Y, Cheng C, Jiang Y, Liang N, Hu M, Song T, Yang L, Li H, Zhang H, Zong X, Che Q, Shi N. Mechanisms of immune response and cell death in ischemic stroke and their regulation by natural compounds. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1287857. [PMID: 38274789 PMCID: PMC10808662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS), which is the third foremost cause of disability and death worldwide, has inflammation and cell death as its main pathological features. IS can lead to neuronal cell death and release factors such as damage-related molecular patterns, stimulating the immune system to release inflammatory mediators, thereby resulting in inflammation and exacerbating brain damage. Currently, there are a limited number of treatment methods for IS, which is a fact necessitating the discovery of new treatment targets. For this review, current research on inflammation and cell death in ischemic stroke was summarized. The complex roles and pathways of the principal immune cells (microglia, astrocyte, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophage) in the immune system after IS in inflammation are discussed. The mechanisms of immune cell interactions and the cytokines involved in these interactions are summarized. Moreover, the cell death mechanisms (pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, PANoptosis, and ferroptosis) and pathways after IS are explored. Finally, a summary is provided of the mechanism of action of natural pharmacological active ingredients in the treatment of IS. Despite significant recent progress in research on IS, there remain many challenges that need to be overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qianzi Che
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Shi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mathias K, Machado RS, Stork S, Dos Santos D, Joaquim L, Generoso J, Danielski LG, Barichello T, Prophiro JS, Petronilho F. Blood-brain barrier permeability in the ischemic stroke: An update. Microvasc Res 2024; 151:104621. [PMID: 37918521 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death globally and the major cause of long-term disability. Among the types of strokes, ischemic stroke, which occurs due to obstruction of blood vessels responsible for cerebral irrigation, is considered the most prevalent, accounting for approximately 86 % of all stroke cases. This interruption of blood supply leads to a critical pathophysiological mechanism, including oxidative stress and neuroinflammation which are responsible for structural alterations of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The increased BBB permeability associated with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion may contribute to a worse outcome after stroke. Thus, this narrative review aims to update the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the increase in BBB permeability and to list the possible therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil.
| | - Richard Simon Machado
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Solange Stork
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - David Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Lucinéia Gainski Danielski
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Josiane Somariva Prophiro
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ren K, Pei J, Guo Y, Jiao Y, Xing H, Xie Y, Yang Y, Feng Q, Yang J. Regulated necrosis pathways: a potential target for ischemic stroke. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad016. [PMID: 38026442 PMCID: PMC10656754 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Globally, ischemic stroke causes millions of deaths per year. The outcomes of ischemic stroke are largely determined by the amount of ischemia-related and reperfusion-related neuronal death in the infarct region. In the infarct region, cell injuries follow either the regulated pathway involving precise signaling cascades, such as apoptosis and autophagy, or the nonregulated pathway, which is uncontrolled by any molecularly defined effector mechanisms such as necrosis. However, numerous studies have recently found that a certain type of necrosis can be regulated and potentially modified by drugs and is nonapoptotic; this type of necrosis is referred to as regulated necrosis. Depending on the signaling pathway, various elements of regulated necrosis contribute to the development of ischemic stroke, such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, pathanatos, mitochondrial permeability transition pore-mediated necrosis and oncosis. In this review, we aim to summarize the underlying molecular mechanisms of regulated necrosis in ischemic stroke and explore the crosstalk and interplay among the diverse types of regulated necrosis. We believe that targeting these regulated necrosis pathways both pharmacologically and genetically in ischemia-induced neuronal death and protection could be an efficient strategy to increase neuronal survival and regeneration in ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Application & Translation of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jinyan Pei
- Quality Management Department, Henan No. 3 Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan No. 3 Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Application & Translation of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yuxue Jiao
- Quality Management Department, Henan No. 3 Provincial People’s Hospital, Henan No. 3 Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Han Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Application & Translation of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Research Center for Clinical System Biology, Translational Medicine Center, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Qi Feng
- Research Institute of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Application & Translation of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, No. 1 Jianshe Dong Road, ErQi District, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miguel-Hidalgo JJ. Neuroprotective astroglial response to neural damage and its relevance to affective disorders. EXPLORATION OF NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPY 2023; 3:328-345. [PMID: 37920189 PMCID: PMC10622120 DOI: 10.37349/ent.2023.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes not only support neuronal function with essential roles in synaptic neurotransmission, action potential propagation, metabolic support, or neuroplastic and developmental adaptations. They also respond to damage or dysfunction in surrounding neurons and oligodendrocytes by releasing neurotrophic factors and other molecules that increase the survival of the supported cells or contribute to mechanisms of structural and molecular restoration. The neuroprotective responsiveness of astrocytes is based on their ability to sense signals of degeneration, metabolic jeopardy and structural damage, and on their aptitude to locally deliver specific molecules to remedy threats to the molecular and structural features of their cellular partners. To the extent that neuronal and other glial cell disturbances are known to occur in affective disorders, astrocyte responsiveness to those disturbances may help to better understand the roles astrocytes play in affective disorders. The astrocytic sensing apparatus supporting those responses involves receptors for neurotransmitters, purines, cell adhesion molecules and growth factors. Astrocytes also share with the immune system the capacity of responding to cytokines released upon neuronal damage. In addition, in responses to specific signals astrocytes release unique factors such as clusterin or humanin that have been shown to exert potent neuroprotective effects. Astrocytes integrate the signals above to further deliver structural lipids, removing toxic metabolites, stabilizing the osmotic environment, normalizing neurotransmitters, providing anti-oxidant protection, facilitating synaptogenesis and acting as barriers to contain varied deleterious signals, some of which have been described in brain regions relevant to affective disorders and related animal models. Since various of the injurious signals that activate astrocytes have been implicated in different aspects of the etiopathology of affective disorders, particularly in relation to the diagnosis of depression, potentiating the corresponding astrocyte neuroprotective responses may provide additional opportunities to improve or complement available pharmacological and behavioral therapies for affective disorders.
Collapse
|
17
|
Li H, Ghorbani S, Ling CC, Yong VW, Xue M. The extracellular matrix as modifier of neuroinflammation and recovery in ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 186:106282. [PMID: 37683956 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and has two major subtypes: ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), contributing to the extent of brain injury but also in its repair. Neuroinflammation is intricately linked to the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is profoundly altered after brain injury and in aging. In the early stages after ischemic stroke and ICH, immune cells are involved in the deposition and remodeling of the ECM thereby affecting processes such as blood-brain barrier and cellular integrity. ECM components regulate leukocyte infiltration into the central nervous system, activate a variety of immune cells, and induce the elevation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) after stroke. In turn, excessive MMPs may degrade ECM into components that are pro-inflammatory and injurious. Conversely, in the later stages after stroke, several ECM molecules may contribute to tissue recovery. For example, thrombospondin-1 and biglycan may promote activity of regulatory T cells, inhibit the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, and aid regenerative processes. We highlight these roles of the ECM in ischemic stroke and ICH and discuss their potential cellular and molecular mechanisms. Finally, we discuss therapeutics that could be considered to normalize the ECM in stroke. Our goal is to spur research on the ECM in order to improve the prognosis of ischemic stroke and ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samira Ghorbani
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chang-Chun Ling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guerin SP, Melbourne JK, Dang HQ, Shaji CA, Nixon K. Astrocyte Reactivity and Neurodegeneration in the Female Rat Brain Following Alcohol Dependence. Neuroscience 2023; 529:183-199. [PMID: 37598836 PMCID: PMC10810177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that alcohol use disorder (AUD) may manifest itself differently in women compared to men. Women experience AUDs on an accelerated timeline and may have certain regional vulnerabilities. In male rats, neuronal cell death and astrocyte reactivity are noted following induction of alcohol dependence in an animal model of an AUD. However, the regional and temporal patterns of neurodegeneration and astrocyte reactivity have yet to be fully examined in females using this model. Therefore, adult female rats were exposed to a 4-day binge model of alcohol dependence followed by different periods of abstinence. Histological markers for FluoroJade B, a label of degenerating neurons, and vimentin, a marker for reactive astrocytes, were utilized. The expression of these markers in cortical and limbic regions was quantified immediately after their last dose (e.g., T0), or 2, 7, and 14 days later. Significant neuronal cell death was noted in the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus, similar to previous reports in males, but also in several cortical regions not previously observed. Vimentin immunoreactivity was noted in the same regions as previously reported, in addition to three novel regions. Vimentin immunoreactivity also occurred at earlier and later time points in some cortical and hippocampal regions. These data suggest that both neuronal cell death and astrocyte reactivity could be more widespread in females compared to males. Therefore, this study provides a framework for specific regions and time points which should be examined in future studies of alcohol-induced damage that include female rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Guerin
- The University of Texas at Austin, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Jennifer K Melbourne
- The University of Texas at Austin, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Huy Q Dang
- The University of Texas at Austin, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Chinchusha Anasooya Shaji
- The University of Texas at Austin, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Kimberly Nixon
- The University of Texas at Austin, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sevieri M, Mazzucchelli S, Barbieri L, Garbujo S, Carelli S, Bonizzi A, Rey F, Recordati C, Recchia M, Allevi R, Sitia L, Morasso C, Zerbi P, Prosperi D, Corsi F, Truffi M. Ferritin nanoconjugates guide trastuzumab brain delivery to promote an antitumor response in murine HER2 + breast cancer brain metastasis. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106934. [PMID: 37734460 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Brain metastasis (BM) represents a clinical challenge for patients with advanced HER2 + breast cancer (BC). The monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab (TZ) improves survival of BC patients, but it has low central nervous system penetrance, being ineffective in treating BM. Previous studies showed that ferritin nanoparticles (HFn) may cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) through binding to the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1). However, whether this has efficacy in promoting the trans-BBB delivery of TZ and combating BC BM was not studied yet. Here, we investigated the potential of HFn to drive TZ brain delivery and promote a targeted antitumor response in a murine model of BC BM established by stereotaxic injection of engineered BC cells overexpressing human HER2. HFn were covalently conjugated with TZ to obtain a nanoconjugate endowed with HER2 and TfR1 targeting specificity (H-TZ). H-TZ efficiently achieved TZ brain delivery upon intraperitoneal injection and triggered stable targeting of cancer cells. Treatment with H-TZ plus docetaxel significantly reduced tumor growth and shaped a protective brain microenvironment by engaging macrophage activation toward cancer cells. H-TZ-based treatment also avoided TZ-associated cardiotoxicity by preventing drug accumulation in the heart and did not induce any other major side effects when combined with docetaxel. These results provided in vivo demonstration of the pharmacological potential of H-TZ, able to tackle BC BM in combination with docetaxel. Indeed, upon systemic administration, the nanoconjugate guides TZ brain accumulation, reduces BM growth and limits side effects in off-target organs, thus showing promise for the management of HER2 + BC metastatic to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sevieri
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Mazzucchelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Barbieri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Garbujo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Arianna Bonizzi
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, via Maugeri 4, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Rey
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Camilla Recordati
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory, Fondazione Unimi, viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Matteo Recchia
- Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory, Fondazione Unimi, viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università di Milano, via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Raffaele Allevi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Sitia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Morasso
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, via Maugeri 4, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Zerbi
- Anatomia Patologica, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, via Pio II, 3, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Prosperi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Corsi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, via Maugeri 4, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marta Truffi
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, via Maugeri 4, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Coulter OR, Walker CD, Risher ML. Astrocyte-specific Ca 2+ activity: Mechanisms of action, experimental tools, and roles in ethanol-induced dysfunction. Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 101:410-421. [PMID: 36989534 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2023-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are a subtype of non-neuronal glial cells that reside in the central nervous system. Astrocytes have extensive peripheral astrocytic processes that ensheathe synapses to form the tripartite synapse. Through a multitude of pathways, astrocytes can influence synaptic development and structural maturation, respond to neuronal signals, and modulate synaptic transmission. Over the last decade, strong evidence has emerged demonstrating that astrocytes can influence behavioral outcomes in various animal models of cognition. However, the full extent of how astrocytes influence brain function is still being revealed. Astrocyte calcium (Ca2+) signaling has emerged as an important driver of astrocyte-neuronal communication allowing intricate crosstalk through mechanisms that are still not fully understood. Here, we will review the field's current understanding of astrocyte Ca2+ signaling and discuss the sophisticated state-of-the-art tools and approaches used to continue unraveling astrocytes' interesting role in brain function. Using the field of pre-clinical ethanol (EtOH) studies in the context of alcohol use disorder, we focus on how these novel approaches have helped to reveal an important role for astrocyte Ca2+ function in regulating EtOH consumption and how astrocyte Ca2+ dysfunction contributes to the cognitive deficits that emerge after EtOH exposure in a rodent model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O R Coulter
- Department of Biomedical Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
| | - C D Walker
- Department of Biomedical Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Hershel 'Woody' Williams Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Huntington, WV 25704, USA
| | - M-L Risher
- Department of Biomedical Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Hershel 'Woody' Williams Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Huntington, WV 25704, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lana D, Magni G, Landucci E, Wenk GL, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Giovannini MG. Phenomic Microglia Diversity as a Druggable Target in the Hippocampus in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13668. [PMID: 37761971 PMCID: PMC10531074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenomics, the complexity of microglia phenotypes and their related functions compels the continuous study of microglia in disease animal models to find druggable targets for neurodegenerative disorders. Activation of microglia was long considered detrimental for neuron survival, but more recently it has become apparent that the real scenario of microglia morphofunctional diversity is far more complex. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on the alterations in microglia phenomics in the hippocampus of animal models of normal brain aging, acute neuroinflammation, ischemia, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD. Microglia undergo phenomic changes consisting of transcriptional, functional, and morphological changes that transform them into cells with different properties and functions. The classical subdivision of microglia into M1 and M2, two different, all-or-nothing states is too simplistic, and does not correspond to the variety of phenotypes recently discovered in the brain. We will discuss the phenomic modifications of microglia focusing not only on the differences in microglia reactivity in the diverse models of neurodegenerative disorders, but also among different areas of the brain. For instance, in contiguous and highly interconnected regions of the rat hippocampus, microglia show a differential, finely regulated, and region-specific reactivity, demonstrating that microglia responses are not uniform, but vary significantly from area to area in response to insults. It is of great interest to verify whether the differences in microglia reactivity may explain the differential susceptibility of different brain areas to insults, and particularly the higher sensitivity of CA1 pyramidal neurons to inflammatory stimuli. Understanding the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of microglia phenomics in health and disease is of paramount importance to find new druggable targets for the development of novel microglia-targeted therapies in different CNS disorders. This will allow interventions in three different ways: (i) by suppressing the pro-inflammatory properties of microglia to limit the deleterious effect of their activation; (ii) by modulating microglia phenotypic change to favor anti-inflammatory properties; (iii) by influencing microglia priming early in the disease process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Giada Magni
- Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”, National Research Council (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Florence, Italy;
| | - Elisa Landucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Gary L. Wenk
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Domenico Edoardo Pellegrini-Giampietro
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.); (M.G.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brunelli S, Giannella E, Bizzaglia M, De Angelis D, Sancesario GM. Secondary neurodegeneration following Stroke: what can blood biomarkers tell us? Front Neurol 2023; 14:1198216. [PMID: 37719764 PMCID: PMC10502514 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1198216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and the primary source of disability in adults, resulting in neuronal necrosis of ischemic areas, and in possible secondary degeneration of regions surrounding or distant to the initial damaged area. Secondary neurodegeneration (SNDG) following stroke has been shown to have different pathogenetic origins including inflammation, neurovascular response and cytotoxicity, but can be associated also to regenerative processes. Aside from focal neuronal loss, ipsilateral and contralateral effects distal to the lesion site, disruptions of global functional connectivity and a transcallosal diaschisis have been reported in the chronic stages after stroke. Furthermore, SNDG can be observed in different areas not directly connected to the primary lesion, such as thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, substantia nigra, corpus callosum, bilateral inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and superior longitudinal fasciculus, which can be highlighted by neuroimaging techniques. Although the clinical relevance of SNDG following stroke has not been well understood, the identification of specific biomarkers that reflect the brain response to the damage, is of paramount importance to investigate in vivo the different phases of stroke. Actually, brain-derived markers, particularly neurofilament light chain, tau protein, S100b, in post-stroke patients have yielded promising results. This review focuses on cerebral morphological modifications occurring after a stroke, on associated cellular and molecular changes and on state-of-the-art of biomarkers in acute and chronic phase. Finally, we discuss new perspectives regarding the implementation of blood-based biomarkers in clinical practice to improve the rehabilitation approaches and post stroke recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Brunelli
- NeuroRehabilitation Unit 4, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Giannella
- Clinical Neurochemistry Unit and Biobank, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Bizzaglia
- Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xie X, Liu J. New role of astrocytes in neuroprotective mechanisms after ischemic stroke. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2023; 81:748-755. [PMID: 37647906 PMCID: PMC10468254 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1770352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell subtypes in the central nervous system. Previous studies believed that astrocytes are supporting cells in the brain, which only provide nutrients for neurons. However, recent studies have found that astrocytes have more crucial and complex functions in the brain, such as neurogenesis, phagocytosis, and ischemic tolerance. After an ischemic stroke, the activated astrocytes can exert neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects through a variety of pathways. In this review, we will discuss the neuroprotective mechanisms of astrocytes in cerebral ischemia, and mainly focus on reactive astrocytosis or glial scar, neurogenesis, phagocytosis, and cerebral ischemic tolerance, for providing new strategies for the clinical treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Xie
- Guangxi Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Jingli Liu
- Guangxi Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Neurology, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kobayashi M, Moro N, Yoshino A, Kumagawa T, Shijo K, Maeda T, Oshima H. Inhibition of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors improves histological and behavioral outcomes after experimental traumatic brain injury in rats. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:378. [PMID: 37456165 PMCID: PMC10347371 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Release of large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a gliotransmitter, into the extracellular space by traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered to activate the microglia followed by release of inflammatory cytokines resulting in excessive inflammatory response that induces secondary brain injury. The present study investigated whether antagonists of ATP receptors (P2X4 and/or P2X7) on microglia are beneficial for reducing the post-injury inflammatory response that leads to secondary injury, a prognostic aggravation factor of TBI. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to cortical contusion injury (CCI) and randomly assigned to injury and drug treatment conditions, as follows: i) No surgical intervention (naïve group); ii) dimethyl sulfoxide treatment after CCI (CCI-control group); iii) 5-BDBD (antagonist of P2X4 receptor) treatment after CCI (CCI-5-BDBD group); iv) CCI-AZ11645373 (antagonist of P2X7 receptor) treatment after CCI (CCI-AZ11645373 group); v) or 5-BDBD and AZ11645373 treatment after CCI (CCI-5-BDBD + AZ11645373 group). In the CCI-5-BDBD, CCI-AZ11645373, and CCI-5-BDBD + AZ11645373 groups, expression of activated microglia was suppressed in the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus 3 days after the CCI. Western blotting with ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 antibody revealed that administration of CCI-5-BDBD and/or CCI-AZ11645373 suppressed expression of microglia and reduced expression of inflammatory cytokine mRNA 3 days after the CCI. Furthermore, the plus maze test, which reflects the spatial memory function and involves the hippocampal function, showed improvement 28 days after secondary injury to the hippocampus. These findings confirmed that blocking the P2X4 and P2X7 receptors, which are ATP receptors central in gliotransmission, suppresses microglial activation and subsequent cytokine expression after brain injury, and demonstrates the potential as an effective treatment for reducing secondary brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kobayashi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Moro
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Honjo-General Hospital, Saitama 367-0031, Japan
| | - Atsuo Yoshino
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kumagawa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Katsunori Shijo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Takeshi Maeda
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hideki Oshima
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mohammed SR, Elmasry K, El-Gamal R, El-Shahat MA, Sherif RN. Alteration of Aquaporins 1 and 4 immunohistochemical and gene expression in the cerebellum of diabetic albino rat. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102076. [PMID: 36989704 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of transmembrane channel proteins. AQP1 and AQP4 are expressed in cerebellum amongst others. This study was designed to assess the effect of diabetes on AQP1 and AQP4 expression in cerebellum of rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin 45 mg/kg in 24 adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Six rats from control and diabetic groups were sacrificed at one, four, and eight weeks post diabetic confirmation. After eight weeks, measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations, and cerebellar mRNA expression for AQP1 and AQP4 genes were performed. Immunohistochemical evaluation of AQP1, AQP4, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for cerebellar sections was performed for all groups. Diabetes caused degenerative changes in Purkinje cells with a significant increase in the cerebellar level of MDA and AQP1 immunoreactivity and a significant decrease in GSH level and AQP4 expression levels. However, the alteration in the AQP1 mRNA level was not statistically significant. GFAP immunoreactivity was increased in 8 W diabetic rats following its decrease in 1 W diabetic rats. Diabetes caused some alteration in the AQPs 1 and 4 expression in the cerebellum of diabetic rats which may contribute to diabetes-induced cerebellar complications.
Collapse
|
26
|
Shi S, Zhang C, Liu J. TIMP2 facilitates CIRI through activating NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:3635-3643. [PMID: 37178321 PMCID: PMC10449283 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) in mice using CIR and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) cell models. The study evaluated brain tissue weight, pathological injury, and changes in the expression levels of TIMP2, p-ERK1/2 and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis-related proteins in brain tissues and hippocampal neurons of CIR mice using established methods such as dry/wet weight measurement, HE staining, qPCR, TUNEL assay, and Western blotting. The results demonstrated a significant increase in brain water content and neuronal apoptosis rate in the experimental groups compared with those in the control group. In particular, the I/R+TIMP2 group showed the highest increase. Additionally, the control group exhibited a clear brain tissue structure, neatly and densely arranged cells with normal morphology, and evenly stained and clear hippocampal tissues. However, the I/R group showed hippocampal structure disorders, interstitial edema, deep nuclear staining, karyopyknosis, and karyorrhexis in brain tissues. The study results further revealed that TIMP2 could aggravate the pathological damage of brain tissues in the I/R+TIMP2 group compared with the I/R group and significantly reduced it in the TIMP2-KD group. Furthermore, the Western blotting results demonstrated that the protein expression levels of TIMP2, p-ERK1/2, t-ERK1/2, NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-18, GSDMD, Caspase-1, and ASC in brain tissues and hippocampal neurons were significantly higher in the experimental groups than those in the control group. The I/R+TIMP2 group displaying the highest increase and the TIMP2-KD group showing a significant decrease. In conclusion, TIMP2 can contribute to the occurrence and progression of CIRI by activating NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Shi
- Department of Prehospital Emergency Care, Qinhuangdao First Hospital, Qinhuangdao 066000, China
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- Department of Prehospital Emergency Care, Qinhuangdao First Hospital, Qinhuangdao 066000, China
| | - Jiaxiang Liu
- Department of Prehospital Emergency Care, Qinhuangdao First Hospital, Qinhuangdao 066000, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang M, Thomson AW, Yu F, Hazra R, Junagade A, Hu X. Regulatory T lymphocytes as a therapy for ischemic stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2023; 45:329-346. [PMID: 36469056 PMCID: PMC10239790 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Unrestrained excessive inflammatory responses exacerbate ischemic brain injury and impede post-stroke brain recovery. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play important immunosuppressive roles to curtail inflammatory responses and regain immune homeostasis after stroke. Accumulating evidence confirms that Treg cells are neuroprotective at the acute stage after stroke and promote brain repair at the chronic phases. The beneficial effects of Treg cells are mediated by diverse mechanisms involving cell-cell interactions and soluble factor release. Multiple types of cells, including both immune cells and non-immune CNS cells, have been identified to be cellular targets of Treg cells. In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding the function of Treg cells in ischemic stroke and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. The protective and reparative properties of Treg cells endorse them as good candidates for immune therapy. Strategies that boost the numbers and functions of Treg cells have been actively developing in the fields of transplantation and autoimmune diseases. We discuss the approaches for Treg cell expansion that have been tested in stroke models. The application of these approaches to stroke patients may bring new hope for stroke treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, SBST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Department of Surgery and Department of Immunology, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, SBST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Rimi Hazra
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Aditi Junagade
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, SBST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, SBST, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tureckova J, Hermanova Z, Marchetti V, Anderova M. Astrocytic TRPV4 Channels and Their Role in Brain Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087101. [PMID: 37108263 PMCID: PMC10138480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential cation channels subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) are non-selective cation channels expressed in different cell types of the central nervous system. These channels can be activated by diverse physical and chemical stimuli, including heat and mechanical stress. In astrocytes, they are involved in the modulation of neuronal excitability, control of blood flow, and brain edema formation. All these processes are significantly impaired in cerebral ischemia due to insufficient blood supply to the tissue, resulting in energy depletion, ionic disbalance, and excitotoxicity. The polymodal cation channel TRPV4, which mediates Ca2+ influx into the cell because of activation by various stimuli, is one of the potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. However, its expression and function vary significantly between brain cell types, and therefore, the effect of its modulation in healthy tissue and pathology needs to be carefully studied and evaluated. In this review, we provide a summary of available information on TRPV4 channels and their expression in healthy and injured neural cells, with a particular focus on their role in ischemic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tureckova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hermanova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 84 V Uvalu, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valeria Marchetti
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 84 V Uvalu, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1083 Videnska, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 84 V Uvalu, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pekna M, Siqin S, de Pablo Y, Stokowska A, Torinsson Naluai Å, Pekny M. Astrocyte Responses to Complement Peptide C3a are Highly Context-Dependent. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1233-1241. [PMID: 36097103 PMCID: PMC10030406 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes perform a range of homeostatic and regulatory tasks that are critical for normal functioning of the central nervous system. In response to an injury or disease, astrocytes undergo a pronounced transformation into a reactive state that involves changes in the expression of many genes and dramatically changes astrocyte morphology and functions. This astrocyte reactivity is highly dependent on the initiating insult and pathological context. C3a is a peptide generated by the proteolytic cleavage of the third complement component. C3a has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects, stimulate neural plasticity and promote astrocyte survival but can also contribute to synapse loss, Alzheimer's disease type neurodegeneration and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. To test the hypothesis that C3a elicits differential effects on astrocytes depending on their reactivity state, we measured the expression of Gfap, Nes, C3ar1, C3, Ngf, Tnf and Il1b in primary mouse cortical astrocytes after chemical ischemia, after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as in control naïve astrocytes. We found that C3a down-regulated the expression of Gfap, C3 and Nes in astrocytes after ischemia. Further, C3a increased the expression of Tnf and Il1b in naive astrocytes and the expression of Nes in astrocytes exposed to LPS but did not affect the expression of C3ar1 or Ngf. Jointly, these results provide the first evidence that the complement peptide C3a modulates the responses of astrocytes in a highly context-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Sumen Siqin
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
- Division of Episomal Persistent DNA in Cancer and Chronic Diseases, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yolanda de Pablo
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna Stokowska
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Torinsson Naluai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Martins Sá RW, Theparambil SM, Dos Santos KM, Christie IN, Marina N, Cardoso BV, Hosford PS, Antunes VR. Salt-loading promotes extracellular ATP release mediated by glial cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rats. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 124:103806. [PMID: 36592801 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that purinergic signalling is involved in the control of hyperosmotic-induced sympathoexcitation at the level of the PVN, via activation of P2X receptors. However, the source(s) of ATP that drives osmotically-induced increases in sympathetic outflow remained undetermined. Here, we tested the two competing hypotheses that either (1) higher extracellular ATP in PVN during salt loading (SL) is a result of a failure of ectonucleotidases to metabolize ATP; and/or (2) SL can stimulate PVN astrocytes to release ATP. Rats were salt loaded with a 2 % NaCl solution replacing drinking water up to 4 days, an experimental model known to cause a gradual increase in blood pressure and plasma osmolarity. Immunohistochemical assessment of glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) revealed increased glial cell reactivity in the PVN of rats after 4 days of high salt exposure. ATP and adenosine release measurements via biosensors in hypothalamic slices showed that baseline ATP release was increased 17-fold in the PVN while adenosine remained unchanged. Disruption of Ca2+-dependent vesicular release mechanisms in PVN astrocytes by virally-driven expression of a dominant-negative SNARE protein decreased the release of ATP. The activity of ectonucleotidases quantified in vitro by production of adenosine from ATP was increased in SL group. Our results showed that SL stimulates the release of ATP in the PVN, at least in part, from glial cells by a vesicle-mediated route and likely contributes to the neural control of circulation during osmotic challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato W Martins Sá
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shefeeq M Theparambil
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karoline Martins Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel N Christie
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nephtali Marina
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara V Cardoso
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Patrick S Hosford
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Vagner R Antunes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fan Y, Huang H, Shao J, Huang W. MicroRNA-mediated regulation of reactive astrocytes in central nervous system diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1061343. [PMID: 36710937 PMCID: PMC9877358 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1061343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes (AST) are abundant glial cells in the human brain, accounting for approximately 20-50% percent of mammalian central nervous system (CNS) cells. They display essential functions necessary to sustain the physiological processes of the CNS, including maintaining neuronal structure, forming the blood-brain barrier, coordinating neuronal metabolism, maintaining the extracellular environment, regulating cerebral blood flow, stabilizing intercellular communication, participating in neurotransmitter synthesis, and defending against oxidative stress et al. During the pathological development of brain tumors, stroke, spinal cord injury (SCI), neurodegenerative diseases, and other neurological disorders, astrocytes undergo a series of highly heterogeneous changes, which are called reactive astrocytes, and mediate the corresponding pathophysiological process. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of reactive astrocytes and their therapeutic relevance remain unclear. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are essential for cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival, which play a crucial role in the pathophysiological development of CNS diseases. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs on reactive astrocytes in CNS diseases, which might provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of CNS diseases.
Collapse
|
32
|
Liang Z, Lou Y, Hao Y, Li H, Feng J, Liu S. The Relationship of Astrocytes and Microglia with Different Stages of Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2465-2480. [PMID: 37464832 PMCID: PMC10616922 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230718104634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the predominant cause of severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. Post-stroke neuroinflammation has recently received increasing attention with the aim of providing a new effective treatment strategy for ischemic stroke. Microglia and astrocytes are major components of the innate immune system of the central nervous system. They can be involved in all phases of ischemic stroke, from the early stage, contributing to the first wave of neuronal cell death, to the late stage involving phagocytosis and repair. In the early stage of ischemic stroke, a vicious cycle exists between the activation of microglia and astrocytes (through astrocytic connexin 43 hemichannels), aggravating neuroinflammatory injury post-stroke. However, in the late stage of ischemic stroke, repeatedly activated microglia can induce the formation of glial scars by triggering reactive astrogliosis in the peri-infarct regions, which may limit the movement of activated microglia in reverse and restrict the diffusion of inflammation to healthy brain tissues, alleviating the neuroinflammatory injury poststroke. In this review, we elucidated the various roles of astrocytes and microglia and summarized their relationship with neuroinflammation. We also examined how astrocytes and microglia influence each other at different stages of ischemic stroke. Several potential therapeutic approaches targeting astrocytes and microglia in ischemic stroke have been reviewed. Understanding the details of astrocytemicroglia interaction processes will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying ischemic stroke, contributing to the identification of new therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingyue Lou
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yulei Hao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Songyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hemati-Gourabi M, Cao T, Romprey MK, Chen M. Capacity of astrocytes to promote axon growth in the injured mammalian central nervous system. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:955598. [PMID: 36203815 PMCID: PMC9530187 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.955598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulation of axon growth after injury to the adult central nervous system (CNS) is crucial to improve neural repair. Following acute focal CNS injury, astrocytes are one cellular component of the scar tissue at the primary lesion that is traditionally associated with inhibition of axon regeneration. Advances in genetic models and experimental approaches have broadened knowledge of the capacity of astrocytes to facilitate injury-induced axon growth. This review summarizes findings that support a positive role of astrocytes in axon regeneration and axon sprouting in the mature mammalian CNS, along with potential underlying mechanisms. It is important to recognize that astrocytic functions, including modulation of axon growth, are context-dependent. Evidence suggests that the local injury environment, neuron-intrinsic regenerative potential, and astrocytes’ reactive states determine the astrocytic capacity to support axon growth. An integrated understanding of these factors will optimize therapeutic potential of astrocyte-targeted strategies for neural repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuoxin Cao
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Megan K. Romprey
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Meifan Chen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Meifan Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Remodeling of the Neurovascular Unit Following Cerebral Ischemia and Hemorrhage. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182823. [PMID: 36139398 PMCID: PMC9496956 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Formulated as a group effort of the stroke community, the transforming concept of the neurovascular unit (NVU) depicts the structural and functional relationship between brain cells and the vascular structure. Composed of both neural and vascular elements, the NVU forms the blood-brain barrier that regulates cerebral blood flow to meet the oxygen demand of the brain in normal physiology and maintain brain homeostasis. Conversely, the dysregulation and dysfunction of the NVU is an essential pathological feature that underlies neurological disorders spanning from chronic neurodegeneration to acute cerebrovascular events such as ischemic stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, which were the focus of this review. We also discussed how common vascular risk factors of stroke predispose the NVU to pathological changes. We synthesized existing literature and first provided an overview of the basic structure and function of NVU, followed by knowledge of how these components remodel in response to ischemic stroke and brain hemorrhage. A greater understanding of the NVU dysfunction and remodeling will enable the design of targeted therapies and provide a valuable foundation for relevant research in this area.
Collapse
|
35
|
Koizumi S, Hirayama Y. Ischemic Tolerance Induced by Glial Cells. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2522-2528. [PMID: 35920970 PMCID: PMC9463280 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic tolerance is a phenomenon in which resistance to subsequent invasive ischemia is acquired by a preceding noninvasive ischemic application, and is observed in many organs, including the brain, the organ most vulnerable to ischemic insult. To date, much research has been conducted on cerebral ischemic tolerance as a cell-autonomous action of neurons. In this article, we review the essential roles of microglia and astrocytes in the acquisition of ischemic tolerance through neuron-non-autonomous mechanisms, where the two types of glial cells function in a concerted manner to induce ischemic tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Yamanashi, Japan. .,Yamanashi GLIA Center, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 409-3898, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Yuri Hirayama
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Yamanashi, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 260-8670, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Aleksandrova MA, Sukhinich KK. Astrocytes of the Brain: Retinue Plays the King. Russ J Dev Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360422040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
37
|
Hsu PC, Lan YJ, Chen CC, Lee LY, Chen WP, Wang YC, Lee YH. Erinacine A attenuates glutamate transporter 1 downregulation and protects against ischemic brain injury. Life Sci 2022; 306:120833. [PMID: 35882273 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining glutamate homeostasis through astrocyte-enriched glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) is critical for neuronal survival, but it is often disrupted after brain injury. Hericium erinaceus (HE), an edible mushroom, was reported to be anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective against brain ischemia, but its effect on glutamate homeostasis was unknown. Here we investigated the neuroprotective effect of erinacine A (EA), an active component of HE, with special focus on the GLT-1 function in the in vitro and in vivo cerebral ischemia mouse models. By using oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) to challenge mouse glia-neuron (GN) mixed culture as the in vitro model, we found that EA treatment significantly improved neuronal/astroglial survival and attenuated OGD-induced proinflammatory NFκB and AKT signaling activations. Notably, EA attenuated OGD-induced GLT-1 downregulation, and a selective GLT-1 inhibitor WAY-213613 reversed these EA-mediated neuroprotection. EA also ameliorated glutamate excitotoxicity effectively. In a transient hypoxia-ischemia (tHI) brain injury mouse model, we examined an EA treatment strategy by performing a pre-tHI daily oral gavage of EA (oEA) for 7 days followed by a post-tHI intranasal injection of EA (nEA) for 3 days, and found that this treatment significantly protected sensorimotor cortex and improved the post-tHI forepaw grip strength. Western blotting results further revealed that EA treatment also preserved astrocyte-enriched glutamate and aspartate transporter (GLAST) as well as a GLT-1 function-associated potassium channel Kir4.1 in the cerebral cortex and striatum after tHI. These results suggest that EA is effective for preserving GLT-1 and glutamate clearance machinery to protect against excitotoxicity after ischemic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chien Hsu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie Lan
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Biotech Research Institute, Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City 324, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ya Lee
- Biotech Research Institute, Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City 324, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ping Chen
- Biotech Research Institute, Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City 324, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ching Wang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vicente-Acosta A, Ceprian M, Sobrino P, Pazos MR, Loría F. Cannabinoids as Glial Cell Modulators in Ischemic Stroke: Implications for Neuroprotection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:888222. [PMID: 35721207 PMCID: PMC9199389 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.888222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide following coronary heart disease. Despite significant efforts to find effective treatments to reduce neurological damage, many patients suffer from sequelae that impair their quality of life. For this reason, the search for new therapeutic options for the treatment of these patients is a priority. Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, participate in crucial processes that allow the correct functioning of the neural tissue, being actively involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of ischemic stroke. Although the exact mechanisms by which glial cells contribute in the pathophysiological context of stroke are not yet completely understood, they have emerged as potentially therapeutic targets to improve brain recovery. The endocannabinoid system has interesting immunomodulatory and protective effects in glial cells, and the pharmacological modulation of this signaling pathway has revealed potential neuroprotective effects in different neurological diseases. Therefore, here we recapitulate current findings on the potential promising contribution of the endocannabinoid system pharmacological manipulation in glial cells for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Vicente-Acosta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Ceprian
- ERC Team, PGNM, INSERM U1315, CNRS UMR5261, University of Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pilar Sobrino
- Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Maria Ruth Pazos
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Frida Loría
- Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
He T, Yang GY, Zhang Z. Crosstalk of Astrocytes and Other Cells during Ischemic Stroke. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12060910. [PMID: 35743941 PMCID: PMC9228674 DOI: 10.3390/life12060910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. Astrocytes structurally compose tripartite synapses, blood–brain barrier, and the neurovascular unit and perform multiple functions through cell-to-cell signaling of neurons, glial cells, and vasculature. The crosstalk of astrocytes and other cells is complicated and incompletely understood. Here we review the role of astrocytes in response to ischemic stroke, both beneficial and detrimental, from a cell–cell interaction perspective. Reactive astrocytes provide neuroprotection through antioxidation and antiexcitatory effects and metabolic support; they also contribute to neurorestoration involving neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, angiogenesis, and oligodendrogenesis by crosstalk with stem cells and cell lineage. In the meantime, reactive astrocytes also play a vital role in neuroinflammation and brain edema. Glial scar formation in the chronic phase hinders functional recovery. We further discuss astrocyte enriched microRNAs and exosomes in the regulation of ischemic stroke. In addition, the latest notion of reactive astrocyte subsets and astrocytic activity revealed by optogenetics is mentioned. This review discusses the current understanding of the intimate molecular conversation between astrocytes and other cells and outlines its potential implications after ischemic stroke. “Neurocentric” strategies may not be sufficient for neurological protection and recovery; future therapeutic strategies could target reactive astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting He
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China;
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Correspondence: (G.-Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-62933186 (G.-Y.Y.); Fax: +86-21-62932302 (G.-Y.Y.)
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Correspondence: (G.-Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-62933186 (G.-Y.Y.); Fax: +86-21-62932302 (G.-Y.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lazic A, Balint V, Stanisavljevic Ninkovic D, Peric M, Stevanovic M. Reactive and Senescent Astroglial Phenotypes as Hallmarks of Brain Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094995. [PMID: 35563385 PMCID: PMC9100382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, as the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system, are tightly integrated into neural networks and participate in numerous aspects of brain physiology and pathology. They are the main homeostatic cells in the central nervous system, and the loss of astrocyte physiological functions and/or gain of pro-inflammatory functions, due to their reactivation or cellular senescence, can have profound impacts on the surrounding microenvironment with pathological outcomes. Although the importance of astrocytes is generally recognized, and both senescence and reactive astrogliosis have been extensively reviewed independently, there are only a few comparative overviews of these complex processes. In this review, we summarize the latest data regarding astrocyte reactivation and senescence, and outline similarities and differences between these phenotypes from morphological, functional, and molecular points of view. A special focus has been given to neurodegenerative diseases, where these phenotypic alternations of astrocytes are significantly implicated. We also summarize current perspectives regarding new advances in model systems based on astrocytes as well as data pointing to these glial cells as potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrijana Lazic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.B.); (D.S.N.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vanda Balint
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.B.); (D.S.N.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Danijela Stanisavljevic Ninkovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.B.); (D.S.N.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Mina Peric
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.B.); (D.S.N.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Milena Stevanovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.B.); (D.S.N.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Kneza Mihaila 35, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
More than 27 yr ago, the vimentin knockout (Vim-/- ) mouse was reported to develop and reproduce without an obvious phenotype, implying that this major cytoskeletal protein was nonessential. Subsequently, comprehensive and careful analyses have revealed numerous phenotypes in Vim-/- mice and their organs, tissues, and cells, frequently reflecting altered responses in the recovery of tissues following various insults or injuries. These findings have been supported by cell-based experiments demonstrating that vimentin intermediate filaments (IFs) play a critical role in regulating cell mechanics and are required to coordinate mechanosensing, transduction, signaling pathways, motility, and inflammatory responses. This review highlights the essential functions of vimentin IFs revealed from studies of Vim-/- mice and cells derived from them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - John E Eriksson
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Åbo Akademi University, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland
- Euro-Bioimaging European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), FIN-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales 2300, Australia
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Amalia L. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP): Neuroinflammation Biomarker in Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Inflamm Res 2022; 14:7501-7506. [PMID: 35002283 PMCID: PMC8722682 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s342097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Blockage of the cerebral arteries due to thrombosis and embolism resulting in decreased blood flow to the brain, reduced oxygen supply to the brain, resulting in neuronal damage and causes astrocyte cells to secrete glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between GFAP levels serum and clinical outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods This was observational with a cross-sectional design on acute ischemic stroke patients confirmed by CT scans and divided into large vessel occlusion and small-vessel occlusion. Clinical outcome was measured using the National Institutional Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) tool. Statistical analysis uses Spearman’s rank correlation test and Mann Whitney’s test, significant if p < 0.05. Results After collecting 33 research subjects, we found 16 people with large vessel occlusion and 17 people with small vessel occlusion. Serum GFAP levels were 0.2–1.9 ng/mL, 9.1% with a mild neurological deficit, 45.45% were moderate neurological deficits, and 45.45% were severe neurological deficits. There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.522; p = 0.002) between serum GFAP levels and the degree of neurological deficit in ischemic stroke patients. There was a statistically significant difference between serum GFAP levels in ischemic stroke patients with CT scan results of large artery occlusion compared to small artery occlusion (0.7 vs 0.4ng/mL; p = 0.001). Conclusion There was a positive correlation between GFAP level serum and NIHSS score on acute ischemic stroke. The higher the value of GFAP serum level, the higher the value for NIHSS and correlated with stroke severity and the extent of brain damage in ischemic stroke patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisda Amalia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/RSUP dr. Hasan Sadikin, Bandung, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Loss-of-function manipulations to identify roles of diverse glia and stromal cells during CNS scar formation. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 387:337-350. [PMID: 34164732 PMCID: PMC8975763 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Scar formation is the replacement of parenchymal cells by stromal cells and fibrotic extracellular matrix. Until as recently as 25 years ago, little was known about the major functional contributions of different neural and non-neural cell types in the formation of scar tissue and tissue fibrosis in the CNS. Concepts about CNS scar formation are evolving rapidly with the availability of different types of loss-of-function technologies that allow mechanistic probing of cellular and molecular functions in models of CNS disorders in vivo. Such loss-of-function studies are beginning to reveal that scar formation and tissue fibrosis in the CNS involves complex interactions amongst multiple types of CNS glia and non-neural stromal cells. For example, attenuating functions of the CNS resident glial cells, astrocytes or microglia, can disrupt the formation of limitans borders that form around stromal cell scars, which leads to increased spread of inflammation, increased loss of neural tissue, and increased fibrosis. Insights are being gained into specific neuropathological mechanisms whereby specific dysfunctions of different types of CNS glia could cause or contribute to disorder-related tissue pathology and dysfunction. CNS glia, as well as fibrosis-producing stromal cells, are emerging as potential major contributors to diverse CNS disorders either through loss- or gain-of-functions, and are thereby emerging as important potential targets for interventions. In this article, we will review and discuss the effects on CNS scar formation and tissue repair of loss-of-function studies targeted at different specific cell types in various disorder models in vivo.
Collapse
|
44
|
Karampatsi D, Zabala A, Wilhelmsson U, Dekens D, Vercalsteren E, Larsson M, Nyström T, Pekny M, Patrone C, Darsalia V. Diet-induced weight loss in obese/diabetic mice normalizes glucose metabolism and promotes functional recovery after stroke. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:240. [PMID: 34937562 PMCID: PMC8697500 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-stroke functional recovery is severely impaired by type 2 diabetes (T2D). This is an important clinical problem since T2D is one of the most common diseases. Because weight loss-based strategies have been shown to decrease stroke risk in people with T2D, we aimed to investigate whether diet-induced weight loss can also improve post-stroke functional recovery and identify some of the underlying mechanisms. METHODS T2D/obesity was induced by 6 months of high-fat diet (HFD). Weight loss was achieved by a short- or long-term dietary change, replacing HFD with standard diet for 2 or 4 months, respectively. Stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion and post-stroke recovery was assessed by sensorimotor tests. Mechanisms involved in neurovascular damage in the post-stroke recovery phase, i.e. neuroinflammation, impaired angiogenesis and cellular atrophy of GABAergic parvalbumin (PV)+ interneurons were assessed by immunohistochemistry/quantitative microscopy. RESULTS Both short- and long-term dietary change led to similar weight loss. However, only the latter enhanced functional recovery after stroke. This effect was associated with pre-stroke normalization of fasting glucose and insulin resistance, and with the reduction of T2D-induced cellular atrophy of PV+ interneurons. Moreover, stroke recovery was associated with decreased T2D-induced neuroinflammation and reduced astrocyte reactivity in the contralateral striatum. CONCLUSION The global diabetes epidemic will dramatically increase the number of people in need of post-stroke treatment and care. Our results suggest that diet-induced weight loss leading to pre-stroke normalization of glucose metabolism has great potential to reduce the sequelae of stroke in the diabetic population.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Biomarkers/blood
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diet therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Glycemic Control
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/blood
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/diet therapy
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Obesity/blood
- Obesity/diet therapy
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Recovery of Function
- Stroke/blood
- Stroke/diet therapy
- Stroke/pathology
- Stroke/physiopathology
- Time Factors
- Weight Loss
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Karampatsi
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Zabala
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Doortje Dekens
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellen Vercalsteren
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Larsson
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Nyström
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cesare Patrone
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Vladimer Darsalia
- NeuroCardioMetabol Group, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 118 83, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Reactive Astrocytes Prevent Maladaptive Plasticity after Ischemic Stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 209:102199. [PMID: 34921928 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of functional connectivity is a major contributor to functional recovery after stroke. We investigated the role of reactive astrocytes in functional connectivity and recovery after photothrombotic stroke in mice with attenuated reactive gliosis (GFAP-/-Vim-/-). Infarct volume and longitudinal functional connectivity changes were determined by in vivo T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting-state functional MRI. Sensorimotor function was assessed with behavioral tests, and glial and neural plasticity responses were quantified in the peri-infarct region. Four weeks after stroke, GFAP-/-Vim-/- mice showed impaired recovery of sensorimotor function and aberrant restoration of global neuronal connectivity. These mice also exhibited maladaptive plasticity responses, shown by higher number of lost and newly formed functional connections between primary and secondary targets of cortical stroke regions and increased peri-infarct expression of the axonal plasticity marker Gap43. We conclude that reactive astrocytes modulate recovery-promoting plasticity responses after ischemic stroke.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
In the twentieth century, neuropsychiatric disorders have been perceived solely from a neurone-centric point of view, which considers neurones as the key cellular elements of pathological processes. This dogma has been challenged thanks to the better comprehension of the brain functioning, which, even if far from being complete, has revealed the complexity of interactions that exist between neurones and neuroglia. Glial cells represent a highly heterogeneous population of cells of neural (astroglia and oligodendroglia) and non-neural (microglia) origin populating the central nervous system. The variety of glia reflects the innumerable functions that glial cells perform to support functions of the nervous system. Aberrant execution of glial functions contributes to the development of neuropsychiatric pathologies. Arguably, all types of glial cells are implicated in the neuropathology; however, astrocytes have received particular attention in recent years because of their pleiotropic functions that make them decisive in maintaining cerebral homeostasis. This chapter describes the multiple roles of astrocytes in the healthy central nervous system and discusses the diversity of astroglial responses in neuropsychiatric disorders suggesting that targeting astrocytes may represent an effective therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
|
47
|
Verkhratsky A, Li B, Scuderi C, Parpura V. Principles of Astrogliopathology. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 26:55-73. [PMID: 34888830 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of astrocytes in the nervous system pathology was early on embraced by neuroscientists at end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, only to be pushed aside by neurone-centric dogmas during most of the twentieth century. However, the last decade of the twentieth century and the twenty-first century have brought the astroglial "renaissance", which has put astroglial cells as key players in pathophysiology of most if not all disorders of the nervous system and has regarded astroglia as a fertile ground for therapeutic intervention.Astrocytic contribution to neuropathology can be primary, whereby cell-autonomous changes, such as mutations in gene encoding for glial fibrillary acidic protein, can drive the pathologic progression, in this example, Alexander disease. They can also be secondary, when astrocytes respond to a variety of insults to the nervous tissue. Regardless of their origin, being cell-autonomous or not, changes in astroglia that occur in pathology, that is, astrogliopathology, can be contemporary and arbitrary classified into four forms: (i) reactive astrogliosis, (ii) astrocytic atrophy with loss of function, (iii) pathological remodelling of astrocytes and (iv) astrodegeneration morphologically manifested as clasmatodendrosis. Inevitably, as with any other classification, this classification of astrogliopathology awaits its revision that shall be rooted in new discoveries and concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Baoman Li
- Practical Teaching Center, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Stuckey SM, Ong LK, Collins-Praino LE, Turner RJ. Neuroinflammation as a Key Driver of Secondary Neurodegeneration Following Stroke? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313101. [PMID: 34884906 PMCID: PMC8658328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke involves the rapid onset of focal neurological dysfunction, most commonly due to an arterial blockage in a specific region of the brain. Stroke is a leading cause of death and common cause of disability, with over 17 million people worldwide suffering from a stroke each year. It is now well-documented that neuroinflammation and immune mediators play a key role in acute and long-term neuronal tissue damage and healing, not only in the infarct core but also in distal regions. Importantly, in these distal regions, termed sites of secondary neurodegeneration (SND), spikes in neuroinflammation may be seen sometime after the initial stroke onset, but prior to the presence of the neuronal tissue damage within these regions. However, it is key to acknowledge that, despite the mounting information describing neuroinflammation following ischaemic stroke, the exact mechanisms whereby inflammatory cells and their mediators drive stroke-induced neuroinflammation are still not fully understood. As a result, current anti-inflammatory treatments have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. In this review we discuss the complexities of post-stroke neuroinflammation, specifically how it affects neuronal tissue and post-stroke outcome acutely, chronically, and in sites of SND. We then discuss current and previously assessed anti-inflammatory therapies, with a particular focus on how failed anti-inflammatories may be repurposed to target SND-associated neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Stuckey
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E. Collins-Praino
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Renée J. Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8313-3114
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Brann DW, Lu Y, Wang J, Zhang Q, Thakkar R, Sareddy GR, Pratap UP, Tekmal RR, Vadlamudi RK. Brain-derived estrogen and neural function. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:793-817. [PMID: 34823913 PMCID: PMC8816863 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although classically known as an endocrine signal produced by the ovary, 17β-estradiol (E2) is also a neurosteroid produced in neurons and astrocytes in the brain of many different species. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the localization, regulation, sex differences, and physiological/pathological roles of brain-derived E2 (BDE2). Much of what we know regarding the functional roles of BDE2 has come from studies using specific inhibitors of the E2 synthesis enzyme, aromatase, as well as the recent development of conditional forebrain neuron-specific and astrocyte-specific aromatase knockout mouse models. The evidence from these studies support a critical role for neuron-derived E2 (NDE2) in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, memory, socio-sexual behavior, sexual differentiation, reproduction, injury-induced reactive gliosis, and neuroprotection. Furthermore, we review evidence that astrocyte-derived E2 (ADE2) is induced following brain injury/ischemia, and plays a key role in reactive gliosis, neuroprotection, and cognitive preservation. Finally, we conclude by discussing the key controversies and challenges in this area, as well as potential future directions for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darrell W Brann
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Roshni Thakkar
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Gangadhara R Sareddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health, San Antoio TX, 78229, USA
| | - Uday P Pratap
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health, San Antoio TX, 78229, USA
| | - Rajeshwar R Tekmal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health, San Antoio TX, 78229, USA
| | - Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health, San Antoio TX, 78229, USA; Audie L. Murphy Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Archie SR, Al Shoyaib A, Cucullo L. Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in CNS Disorders and Putative Therapeutic Targets: An Overview. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111779. [PMID: 34834200 PMCID: PMC8622070 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental component of the central nervous system (CNS). Its functional and structural integrity is vital to maintain the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment by controlling the passage of substances and regulating the trafficking of immune cells between the blood and the brain. The BBB is primarily composed of highly specialized microvascular endothelial cells. These cells’ special features and physiological properties are acquired and maintained through the concerted effort of hemodynamic and cellular cues from the surrounding environment. This complex multicellular system, comprising endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, and neurons, is known as the neurovascular unit (NVU). The BBB strictly controls the transport of nutrients and metabolites into brain parenchyma through a tightly regulated transport system while limiting the access of potentially harmful substances via efflux transcytosis and metabolic mechanisms. Not surprisingly, a disruption of the BBB has been associated with the onset and/or progression of major neurological disorders. Although the association between disease and BBB disruption is clear, its nature is not always evident, specifically with regard to whether an impaired BBB function results from the pathological condition or whether the BBB damage is the primary pathogenic factor prodromal to the onset of the disease. In either case, repairing the barrier could be a viable option for treating and/or reducing the effects of CNS disorders. In this review, we describe the fundamental structure and function of the BBB in both healthy and altered/diseased conditions. Additionally, we provide an overview of the potential therapeutic targets that could be leveraged to restore the integrity of the BBB concomitant to the treatment of these brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (S.R.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Abdullah Al Shoyaib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (S.R.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-248-370-3884; Fax: +1-248-370-4060
| |
Collapse
|