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Fan R, Ma Y, Cao W, Jin S, Liu B, Wang W, Li H, Gong W. New insights into black carbon light absorption enhancement: A comprehensive analysis of two differential behaviors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 355:124175. [PMID: 38761879 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
High uncertainty in optical properties of black carbon (BC) involving heterogeneous chemistry has recently attracted increasing attention in the field of atmospheric climatology. To fill the gap in BC optical knowledge so as to estimate more accurate climate effects and serve the response to global warming, it is beneficial to conduct site-level studies on BC light absorption enhancement (Eabs) characteristics. Real-time surface gas and particulate pollutant observations during the summer and winter over Wuhan were utilized for the analysis of Eabs simulated by minimum R squared (MRS), considering two distinct atmospheric conditions (2015 and 2017). In general, differences in aerosol emissions led to Eabs differential behaviors. The summer average of Eabs (1.92 ± 0.55) in 2015 was higher than the winter average (1.27 ± 0.42), while the average (1.11 ± 0.20) in 2017 summer was lower than that (1.67 ± 0.69) in winter. Eabs and RBC (representing the mass ratio of non-refractory constituents to elemental carbon) constraints suggest that Eabs increased with the increase in RBC under the ambient condition enriched by secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), with a maximum growth rate of 70.6% in 2015 summer. However, Eabs demonstrated a negative trend against RBC in 2017 winter due to the more complicated mixing state. The result arose from the opposite impact of hygroscopic SIA and absorbing OC/irregular distributed coatings on amplifying the light absorbency of BC. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis revealed a robust positive correlation (R > 0.9) between aerosol chemical compositions (including sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and secondary organic carbon), which could be significantly perturbed by only a small fraction of absorbing materials or restructuring BC through gaps filling. The above findings not only deepen the understanding of BC, but also provide useful information for the scientific decision-making in government to mitigate particulate pollution and obtain more precise BC radiative forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yingying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Wenxiang Cao
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shikuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Boming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Weiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wei Gong
- School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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Li L, Wang Q, Tian J, Zhou Y, Ma N, Liu H, Zhang Y, Chen S, Wang J, Chen Y, Ran W, Li J, Cao J. Exploring secondary aerosol formation associated with elemental carbon in the lower free troposphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172992. [PMID: 38719037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The variability of element carbon (EC) mixed with secondary species significantly complicates the assessment of its environmental impact, reflecting the complexity and diversity of EC-containing particles' composition and morphology during their ascent and regional transport. While the catalytic role of EC in secondary aerosol formation is recognized, the effects of heterogeneous chemistry on secondary species formation within diverse EC particle types are not thoroughly understood, particularly in the troposphere. Alpine sites offer a prime environment to explore EC properties post-transport from the ground to the free troposphere. Consequently, we conducted a comprehensive study on the genesis of secondary aerosols in EC-containing particles at Mt. Hua (altitude: 2069 m) from 1 May to 10 July, using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Our analysis identified six major EC particle types, with EC-K, EC-SN, and EC-NaK particles accounting for 27.6 %, 27.0 %, and 19.6 % of the EC particle population, respectively. The concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) indicated that the lower free troposphere over Mt. Hua is significantly affected by anthropogenic emissions at ground-level, predominantly from northwestern and eastern China. Atmospheric interactions are crucial in generating high sulfate levels in EC-SN and EC-OC particles (> 70 %) and notable nitrate levels in EC-K, EC-BB, and EC-Fe particles (> 80 %). The observed high chloride content in EC-OC particles (56 ± 32 %) might enhance chlorine's reactivity with organic compounds via heterogeneous reactions within the troposphere. Distinct diurnal cycles for sulfate and nitrate are mainly driven by varying transport dynamics and formation processes, showing minimal dependency on EC particle types. Enhanced nocturnal oxalate conversion in EC-Fe particles is likely due to the aqueous oxidation of precursors, with Fe-catalyzed Fenton reactions enhancing OH radical production. This investigation provides critical insights into EC's role in secondary aerosol development during its transport in the lower free troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yaqing Zhou
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huikun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuoyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Science and Technology on Aerospace Chemical Power Laboratory, Xiangyang 441003, China
| | - Weikang Ran
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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3
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Gao J, Wang H, Liu W, Xu H, Wei Y, Tian X, Feng Y, Song S, Shi G. Hydrogen peroxide serves as pivotal fountainhead for aerosol aqueous sulfate formation from a global perspective. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4625. [PMID: 38816351 PMCID: PMC11139875 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional atmospheric chemistry posits that sulfur dioxide (SO2) can be oxidized to sulfate (SO42-) through aqueous-phase reactions in clouds and gas-phase oxidation. Despite adequate knowledge of traditional mechanisms, several studies have highlighted the potential for SO2 oxidation within aerosol water. Given the widespread presence of tropospheric aerosols, SO42- production through aqueous-phase oxidation in aerosol water could have a pervasive global impact. Here, we quantify the potential contributions of aerosol aqueous pathways to global sulfate formation based on the GEOS-Chem simulations and subsequent theoretical calculations. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidation significantly influences continental regions both horizontally and vertically. Over the past two decades, shifts in the formation pathways within typical cities reveal an intriguing trend: despite reductions in SO2 emissions, the increased atmospheric oxidation capacities, like rising H2O2 levels, prevent a steady decline in SO42- concentrations. Abating oxidants would facilitate the benefit of SO2 reduction and the positive feedback in sulfate mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Haoqi Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wenqi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Han Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuting Wei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiao Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shaojie Song
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, China Meteorological Administration-Nankai University Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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4
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Fu S, Liu J, Wang J, Tian J, Li X. Enhancing urban ecological resilience through integrated green technology progress: evidence from Chinese cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:36349-36366. [PMID: 37639096 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The effective resolution of environmental pollution caused by carbon haze through coordinated progress in green technology and urban ecological resilience is a crucial approach towards promoting sustainable development in Chinese cities. In this study, panel data from 281 cities in China from 2007 to 2019 were analyzed using the entropy method and the coupling coordination degree model to determine the coupling coordination degree between green technology progress and urban ecological resilience. The coordinated influence model and threshold model were applied to investigate coupled coordination types and influencing factors. Results indicate that green technology progress levels have shown an upward trend with increasing volatility from east to west and decreasing volatility with urban scale expansion. Ecological resilience levels have also steadily increased, albeit at a reduced rate. The coupling coordination degree of green technology progress and urban ecological resilience has evolved overall from low to high levels; however, the coupling coordination type has regressed to some extent, with most regions exhibiting lagging green technological progress. Pressure resilience has a positive impact on the coupling coordination degree, while state resilience and response resilience have a negative impact. Green technology progress has a dual threshold effect on the coupling coordination degree. By exploring the coupling and coordination mechanism between green technology progress and urban ecological resilience, this study not only facilitates collaborative management of pollutants and greenhouse gases in cities but also provides a comprehensive reference for the construction of an institutional system for collaborative carbon and haze management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Fu
- School of Law and Business, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
- Center for High Quality Collaborative Development of Resources, Environment and Economy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Jiabei Liu
- School of Law and Business, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Jinwei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Emissions Trading System Co-Constructed By the Province and Ministry, Wuhan, 430205, China
- Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Jiali Tian
- School of Law and Business, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
- Center for High Quality Collaborative Development of Resources, Environment and Economy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
| | - Xiaofan Li
- School of Law and Business, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
- Center for High Quality Collaborative Development of Resources, Environment and Economy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China
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5
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Duan R, Li Z, Fu Y, Shan Y, Yu Y, He G, He H. Combined Experimental and Density Functional Theory Study on the Mechanism of the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH 3 over Metal-Free Carbon-Based Catalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5598-5605. [PMID: 38466913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Metal-free carbon-based catalysts are attracting much attention in the low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 (NH3-SCR). However, the mechanism of the NH3-SCR reaction on carbon-based catalysts is still controversial, which severely limits the development of carbon-based SCR catalysts. Herein, we successfully reconstructed carbon-based catalysts through oxidation treatment with nitric acid, thereby enhancing their low-temperature activity in NH3-SCR. Combining experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we proposed a previously unreported NH3-SCR reaction mechanism over carbon-based catalysts. We demonstrated that C-OH and C-O-C groups not only effectively activate NH3 but also remarkedly promote the decomposition of intermediate NH2NO. This study enhances the understanding of the NH3-SCR mechanism on carbon-based catalysts and paves the way to develop low-temperature metal-free SCR catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucheng Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuocan Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Fu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulong Shan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yunbo Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Guangzhi He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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6
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Wang W, Liu Y, Wang T, Ge Q, Li K, Liu J, You W, Wang L, Xie L, Fu H, Chen J, Zhang L. Significantly Accelerated Photosensitized Formation of Atmospheric Sulfate at the Air-Water Interface of Microdroplets. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6580-6590. [PMID: 38427385 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The multiphase oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to form sulfate is a complex and important process in the atmosphere. While the conventional photosensitized reaction mainly explored in the bulk medium is reported to be one of the drivers to trigger atmospheric sulfate production, how this scheme functionalizes at the air-water interface (AWI) of aerosol remains an open question. Herein, employing an advanced size-controllable microdroplet-printing device, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analysis, nanosecond transient adsorption spectrometer, and molecular level theoretical calculations, we revealed the previously overlooked interfacial role in photosensitized oxidation of SO2 in humic-like substance (HULIS) aerosol, where a 3-4 orders of magnitude increase in sulfate formation rate was speculated in cloud and aerosol relevant-sized particles relative to the conventional bulk-phase medium. The rapid formation of a battery of reactive oxygen species (ROS) comes from the accelerated electron transfer process at the AWI, where the excited triplet state of HULIS (3HULIS*) of the incomplete solvent cage can readily capture electrons from HSO3- in a way that is more efficient than that in the bulk medium fully blocked by water molecules. This phenomenon could be explained by the significantly reduced desolvation energy barrier required for reagents residing in the AWI region with an open solvent shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Qiuyue Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Kejian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Juan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Wenbo You
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Longqian Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Lifang Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, Peoples' Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, Peoples' Republic of China
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Cheng Y, Chen L, Wu H, Liu J, Ren J, Zhang F. Wintertime fine aerosol particles composition and its evolution in two megacities of southern and northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169778. [PMID: 38176561 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Study on fine aerosols composition can help understand the particles formation and is crucial for improving the accuracy of model simulations. Based on field data measured by a Q-ACSM (Quadrupole-Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor), we have comprehensively compared the characteristics, evolution, and potential formation mechanisms of the components in NR-PM2.5 during wintertime at two megacities (Beijing and Guangzhou) of southern and northern China. We show that as PM pollution intensifies, the mass fraction of the primary aerosols (e.g., COA, HOA) in PM2.5 in Guangzhou increased, along with a slight decline in proportion of both the secondary organic (SOA) and inorganic (SIA) aerosols; In contrast, in Beijing, the proportion of the SIA ramped up from 28 % to 53 % with the pollution evolution; and the fraction of SOA in total OA also increased due to a substantial increment in the proportion of MO-OOA (from 29 % to 48 %), suggesting a significance of the secondary processes in worsening aerosols pollution in Beijing. Our further analysis demonstrates a leading role of aqueous pathway in the secondary formation of aerosols at the Beijing site, presenting an exponential rising of SIA and SOA with the relative humidity (RH) increase. Compared to Beijing, however, we find that the photochemical oxidation other than aqueous process in Guangzhou plays a more critical role in those secondary aerosols formation. Combined with the Hysplit trajectory model, we identify the high humid conditions in Guangzhou are typically affected by clean marine air masses, explaining the slower response of secondary components to the RH changes. Moreover, the particles in Guangzhou were observed less hygroscopic that is adverse to the aerosol aqueous chemistry. The results provide basis for the precise control of PM pollution in different regions across China and would be helpful in improving model simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Cheng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Jieyao Liu
- School of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jingye Ren
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
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8
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Liu Q, Liu Y, Yang Z, Qi X, Schauer JJ. High loadings of carbonaceous aerosols from wood smoke in the atmosphere of Beijing from 2015 to 2017: Implications for energy transition policy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123240. [PMID: 38154780 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Recently, biomass has been regarded as a promising option for solid energy in China, which is promoted in the residential sector and firing power plants. We collected 200 PM2.5 samples (particulate matter with a aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm) at multi-sites across Beijing from three individual sampling cases from 2015 to 2017. The levels of OC, OC fractions, EC, EC fractions, as well as K+ were measured. Then, we adopted the Positive Matrix Factorization 5.0 to apportion the sources of carbonaceous aerosols. The source apportionment results were compared with the estimates of source contribution using the bottom-up technical method with the latest emission inventories after the Action Plan was put into effect in 2013. Our results demonstrate that high pollution of carbonaceous aerosols originated from wood smoking based on the receptor modeling and bottom-up technical method in Beijing from 2015 to 2017. Future energy transition policy should focus on the technologies and regulations for reducing emissions from renewable biomass fuel combustion. This study highlights the importance of regulations that address emissions controls on fuels replacing coal combustion to meet the needs to mitigate air pollution from primary energy use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Liu
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing, 100089, China; College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing, 100089, China; Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing, 100074, China.
| | - Zheng Yang
- Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing, 100074, China
| | - Xuekui Qi
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis), Beijing, 100089, China
| | - James J Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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9
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Zhang S, Li D, Ge S, Wu C, Xu X, Liu X, Li R, Zhang F, Wang G. Elucidating the Mechanism on the Transition-Metal Ion-Synergetic-Catalyzed Oxidation of SO 2 with Implications for Sulfate Formation in Beijing Haze. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2912-2921. [PMID: 38252977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Currently, atmospheric sulfate aerosols cannot be predicted reliably by numerical models because the pathways and kinetics of sulfate formation are unclear. Here, we systematically investigated the synergetic catalyzing role of transition-metal ions (TMIs, Fe3+/Mn2+) in the oxidation of SO2 by O2 on aerosols using chamber experiments. Our results showed that the synergetic effect of TMIs is critically dependent on aerosol pH due to the solubility of Fe(III) species sensitive to the aqueous phase acidity, which is effective only under pH < 3 conditions. The sulfate formation rate on aerosols is 2 orders of magnitude larger than that in bulk solution and increases significantly on smaller aerosols, suggesting that such a synergetic-catalyzed oxidation occurs on the aerosol surface. The kinetic reaction rate can be described as R = k*[H+]-2.95[Mn(II)][Fe(III)][S(IV)] (pH ≤ 3.0). We found that TMI-synergetic-catalyzed oxidation is the dominant pathway of sulfate formation in Beijing when haze particles are very acidic, while heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 by NO2 is the most important pathway when haze particles are weakly acidic. Our work for the first time clarified the role and kinetics of TMI-synergetic-catalyzed oxidation of SO2 by O2 in haze periods, which can be parameterized into models for future studies of sulfate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Shanghai Energy Construction Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200434, China
| | | | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Xinbei Xu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chongming, Shanghai 202150, China
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10
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Qin C, Fu X, Wang T, Gao J, Wang J. Control of fine particulate nitrate during severe winter haze in "2+26" cities. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:261-269. [PMID: 37923436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The "2+26" cities, suffering the most severe winter haze pollution, have been the key region for air quality improvement in China. Increasing prominent nitrate pollution is one of the most challenging environmental issues in this region, necessitating development of an effective control strategy. Herein, we use observations, and state-of-the-art model simulations with scenario analysis and process analysis to quantify the effectiveness of the future SO2-NOX-VOC-NH3 emission control on nitrate pollution mitigation in "2+26" cities. Focusing on a serious winter haze episode, we find that limited NOX emission reduction alone in the short-term period is a less effective choice than VOC or NH3 emission reduction alone to decrease nitrate concentrations, due to the accelerated NOX-HNO3 conversion by atmospheric oxidants and the enhanced HNO3 to NO3- partition by ammonia, although deep NOX emission reduction is essential in the long-term period. The synergistic NH3 and VOC emission control is strongly recommended, which can counteract the adverse effects of nonlinear photochemistry and aerosol chemical feedback to decrease nitrate more. Such extra benefits will be reduced if the synergistic NH3 and VOC reduction is delayed, and thus reducing emission of multiple precursors is urgently required for the effective control of increasingly severe winter nitrate pollution in "2+26" cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Qin
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 10084, China
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11
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Han X, Dong X, Liu CQ, Wei R, Lang Y, Strauss H, Guo Q. Multiple Sulfur Isotopic Evidence for Sulfate Formation in Haze Pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20647-20656. [PMID: 38033251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of sulfate formation during winter haze events in North China remains largely elusive. In this study, the multiple sulfur isotopic composition of sulfate in different grain-size aerosol fractions collected seasonally from sampling sites in rural, suburban, urban, industrial, and coastal areas of North China are used to constrain the mechanism of SO2 oxidation at different levels of air pollution. The Δ33S values of sulfate in aerosols show an obvious seasonal variation, except for those samples collected in the rural area. The positive Δ33S signatures (0‰ < Δ33S < 0.439‰) observed on clean days are mainly influenced by tropospheric SO2 oxidation and stratospheric SO2 photolysis. The negative Δ33S signatures (-0.236‰ < Δ33S < ∼0‰) observed during winter haze events (PM2.5 > 200 μg/m3) are mainly attributed to SO2 oxidation by H2O2 and transition metal ion catalysis (TMI) in the troposphere. These results reveal that both the H2O2 and TMI pathways play critical roles in sulfate formation during haze events in North China. Additionally, these new data provide evidence that the tropospheric oxidation of SO2 can produce significant negative Δ33S values in sulfate aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Han
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinyuan Dong
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cong-Qiang Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rongfei Wei
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yunchao Lang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Harald Strauss
- Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 24, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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12
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Zhang P, Wang Y, Chen T, Yu Y, Ma Q, Liu C, Li H, Chu B, He H. Insight into the Mechanism and Kinetics of the Heterogeneous Reaction between SO 2 and NO 2 on Diesel Black Carbon under Light Irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17718-17726. [PMID: 36919346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 by NO2 has been extensively proposed as an important pathway of sulfate production during haze events in China. However, the kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of SO2 by NO2 on the surface of complex particles remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically explore the mechanism and kinetics of the reaction between SO2 and NO2 on diesel black carbon (DBC) under light irradiation. The experimental results prove that DBC photochemistry can not only significantly promote the heterogeneous reduction of NO2 to produce HONO via transferring photoinduced electrons but also indirectly promote OH radical formation. These reduction products of NO2 as well as NO2 itself greatly promote the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 on DBC. NO2 oxidation, HONO oxidation, and the surface photo-oxidation process are proven to be three major surface oxidation pathways of SO2. The kinetics results indicate that the surface photooxidation pathway accounts for the majority of the total SO2 uptake (∼63%), followed by the HONO oxidation pathway (∼27%) and direct oxidation by NO2 (∼10%). This work highlights the significant synergistic roles of DBC, NO2, and light irradiation in enhancing the atmospheric oxidation capacity and promoting the heterogeneous formation of sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunbo Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | | | - Hao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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13
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Peng Y, Cao LM, Wei J, Cheng Y, Yu K, Du K, Huang XF. Key drivers to heterogeneity evolution of black carbon-containing particles in real atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:166394. [PMID: 37597544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of black carbon (BC) particles during atmospheric aging led to the complexity of their environmental and climate effect assessment. This study simultaneously measured the heterogeneous distribution of multi-level microphysical properties of BC-containing particles (i.e., BC mass concentration, coating amounts, and morphology) by a suite of state-of-the-art instruments, and investigated how atmospheric processing influence these heterogeneities. Our field measurements show that the mixing states of atmospheric BC-containing particles exhibit a clear dependence on BC core diameters. The particles with small BC core sizes (80-160 nm) are coated and reshaped more rapidly in real atmosphere, with coating-to-BC mass ratios (MR) and non-spherical fractions of 5.1 ± 1.2 and 61 ± 19 %, respectively. Conversely, the particles with large core sizes (240-320 nm) are thinly coated and fractal, with MR and non-spherical fractions of 4.0 ± 0.3 and 74 ± 15 %, respectively. Furthermore, primary emissions result in low heterogeneity in coating amount but great heterogeneity in morphology between BC-containing particles of different sizes, while photochemical processing would enhance heterogeneity in coating amount but weaken the heterogeneity in morphology. Overall, our field measurement of multi-level microphysical properties highlights that BC core size and atmospheric processing are the key factors that drive the heterogeneity evolution of BC-containing particles in real atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Li-Ming Cao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kuangyou Yu
- Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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14
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Pei C, Wu Y, Tao J, Zhang L, Zhang T, Zhang R, Li S. Seasonal variations of mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon in PM 2.5 in urban Guangzhou of South China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 133:83-92. [PMID: 37451792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates seasonal variations of mass absorption efficiency of elemental carbon (MAEEC) and possible influencing factors in urban Guangzhou of South China. Mass concentrations of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) in PM2.5 and aerosol absorption coefficient (bap) at multi-wavelengths were simultaneously measured in four seasons of 2018-2019 at hourly resolution by a semi-continuous carbon analyzer and an aethalometer. Seasonal average mass concentrations of EC were in the range of 1.36-1.70 µgC/m3 with a lower value in summer than in the other seasons, while those of OC were in the range of 4.70-6.49 µgC/m3 with the lowest value in summer and the highest in autumn. Vehicle exhaust from local traffic was identified to be the predominant source of carbonaceous aerosols. The average aerosol absorption Ångström exponents (AAE) were lower than 1.2 in four seasons, indicating EC and bap were closely related with vehicle exhaust. Seasonal MAEEC at 550 nm was 11.0, 8.5, 10.4 and 11.3 m2/g in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. High MAEEC was related with the high mass ratio of non-carbonaceous aerosols to EC and high ambient relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangzhou Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 518049, China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jun Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Runqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Liu Y, He G, Chu B, Ma Q, He H. Atmospheric heterogeneous reactions on soot: A review. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 3:579-591. [PMID: 38933550 PMCID: PMC11197571 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soot particles, composed of elemental carbon and organic compounds, have attracted widespread attention in recent years due to their significant impacts on climate, the environment and human health. Soot has been found to be chemically and physically active in atmospheric aging processes, which leads to alterations in its composition, morphology, hygroscopicity and optical properties and thus changes its environmental and health effects. The heterogeneous reactions on soot also have a significant impact on the transformation of gaseous pollutants into secondary aerosols. Therefore, the interactions between soot and atmospheric substances have been widely investigated to better understand the environmental behaviors of soot. In this review, we systematically summarize the progress and developments in the heterogeneous chemistry on soot over the past 30 years. Atmospheric trace constituents such as NO2, O3, SO2, N2O5, HNO3, H2SO4, OH radical, HO2 radical, peroxyacetyl nitrate etc., are presented in detail from the aspect of their heterogeneous reactions on soot. The possible mechanisms and the effects of environmental conditions on these heterogeneous reactions are also addressed. Further, the impacts of the heterogeneous reactions of soot on the atmospheric environment are discussed, and some aspects of soot-related research which require further investigation are proposed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangzhi He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment and Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment and Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment and Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Wei W, Wang M, Yuan Q, Zhang Z, Li X, Han S, Duan Y, Fu Q, Lee SC. Comprehensive Assessment of Pollution Sources and Health Impacts in Suburban Area of Shanghai. TOXICS 2023; 11:552. [PMID: 37505518 PMCID: PMC10383545 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Shanghai, one of China's largest metropolises, faces significant environmental pollution challenges due to rapid economic development. Suburban areas of Shanghai are affected by both long-distance transport and local sources of pollutants. This study conducted an integrated analysis that links health-risk assessment of heavy metals and source apportionment of atmospheric constituents to distinguish the contributions of emission sources and the major sources of health risks. Source-apportionment analysis revealed that secondary sources had the greatest contribution to the local pollutants, indicating the significant influence of peripheral and long-distance transport. Health-risk assessment of Cr, Ni, As, and Cd revealed that local residents were exposed to respiratory health risks, in which Cr is the major contributor. This health risk was primarily associated with emissions from nearby industry-related sources. Our study highlights the significant effects of both long-distance transport and local source emissions on atmospheric composition and human health in large urban agglomerations. The findings can inform future efforts to develop more precise emission-reduction strategies and policy improvements to mitigate environmental pollution and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhuozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuwen Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yusen Duan
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shun-Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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Wei J, Huang XF, Peng Y, Lin XY, Lei ZH, Cao LM, Zhu WF, Guo S, He LY. Evolution characteristic of atmospheric black carbon particles at a coastal site in the Pearl River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121380. [PMID: 36863439 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The mixing of black carbon (BC) with secondary materials is a major uncertainty source in assessing its radiative forcing. However, current understanding of the formation and evolution of various BC components is limited, particularly in the Pearl River Delta, China. This study measured submicron BC-associated nonrefractory materials and the total submicron nonrefractory materials using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer and a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, respectively, at a coastal site in Shenzhen, China. Two distinct atmospheric conditions were also identified to further explore the distinctive evolution of BC-associated components: polluted period (PP) and clean period (CP). Comparing the components of two particles, we found that more-oxidized organic factor (MO-OOA) prefers to form on BC during PP rather CP. The formation of MO-OOA on BC (MO-OOABC) was affected by both enhanced photochemical processes and nocturnal heterogeneous processes. Enhanced photo-reactivity of BC, photochemistry during the daytime, and heterogeneous reaction at nighttime were potential pathways for MO-OOABC formation during PP. The fresh BC surface was favorable for the formation of MO-OOABC. Our study shows the evolution of BC-associated components under different atmospheric conditions, which should be considered in regional climate models to improve the assessment of the climate effects of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yan Peng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Lin
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Lei
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li-Ming Cao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wen-Fei Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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18
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Luo L, Bai X, Lv Y, Liu S, Guo Z, Liu W, Hao Y, Sun Y, Hao J, Zhang K, Zhao H, Lin S, Zhao S, Xiao Y, Yang J, Tian H. Exploring the driving factors of haze events in Beijing during Chinese New Year holidays in 2020 and 2021 under the influence of COVID-19 pandemic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160172. [PMID: 36395856 PMCID: PMC9663379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Unexpected outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has profoundly altered the way of human life and production activity, which posed visible impacts on PM2.5 and its chemical species. The abruptly emergency reduction in human activities provided an opportunity to explore the synergetic impacts of multi-factors on shaping PM2.5 pollution. Here, we conducted two comprehensive observation measurements of PM2.5 and its chemical species from 1 January to 16 February in Beijing 2020 and the same lunar date in 2021, to investigate temporal variations and reveal the driving factors of haze before and after Chinese New Year (CNY). Results show that mean PM2.5 concentrations during the whole observation were 63.83 and 66.86 μg/m3 in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Higher secondary inorganic species were observed after CNY, and K+, Cl- showed three prominent peaks which associated closely with fireworks burnings from suburb Beijing and surroundings, verifying that they could be used as two representative tracers of fireworks. Further, we explored the impacts of meteorological conditions, regional transportation as well as chemical reactions on PM2.5. We found that unfavorable meteorological conditions accounted for 11.0 % and 16.9 % of PM2.5 during CNY holidays in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Regional transport from southwest and southeast (south) played an important role on PM2.5 during the two observation periods. Higher ratio of NO3-/SO42- were observed under high OX and low RH conditions, suggesting the major pathway of NO3- and SO42- formation could be photochemical process and aqueous-phase reaction. Additionally, nocturnal chemistry facilitated the formation of secondary components of both inorganic and organic. This study promotes understandings of PM2.5 pollution in winter under the influence of COVID-19 pandemic and provides a well reference for haze and PM2.5 control in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yunqian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhihui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yujiao Sun
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences School of Public Health University at Albany, State University of New York, One University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States of America
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shumin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yifei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Junqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hezhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Wei J, Niu YB, Tang MX, Peng Y, Cao LM, He LY, Huang XF. Characterizing formation mechanisms of secondary aerosols on black carbon in a megacity in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160290. [PMID: 36410489 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Refractory black carbon (rBC) aerosols emitted from incomplete combustion are important climate forcers. Understanding the chemical characteristics and evolution of rBC-related components is particularly crucial to assess rBC environmental impacts. Here, we explored the chemical components of rBC in Shenzhen, China, using a soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS). The observations showed that the rBC coating was mainly composed of secondary aerosols with an average mass contribution of 84.7 %. Among them, secondary organic coating occupied ∼57.7 % of the total coating mass. Exploration of the relationship between secondary organic aerosol (SOA) coating and Ox (=NO2 + O3, an indicator of the extent of photochemical processing) showed that SOA coating was generated mainly through photochemical oxidation during the day. Similarly, sulfate coating, with a small mass fraction of 0.9 %, was also dominated by photochemical oxidation. In contrast, nitrate coating responded positively to ambient relative humidity, especially at night, indicating that it was driven by heterogeneous reactions. In addition, the increased ratio of nitrate on rBC to bulk nitrate at night suggested that black carbon surface could facilitate nocturnal nitrate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying-Bo Niu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Meng-Xue Tang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Li-Ming Cao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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20
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El Baramoussi EM, Ren Y, Xue C, Ouchen I, Daële V, Mercier P, Chalumeau C, Fur FLE, Colin P, Yahyaoui A, Favez O, Mellouki A. Nearly five-year continuous atmospheric measurements of black carbon over a suburban area in central France. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159905. [PMID: 36343810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric black carbon (BC) concentration over a nearly 5 year period (mid-2017-2021) was continuously monitored over a suburban area of Orléans city (France). Annual mean atmospheric BC concentration were 0.75 ± 0.65, 0.58 ± 0.44, 0.54 ± 0.64, 0.48 ± 0.46 and 0.50 ± 0.72 μg m-3, respectively, for the year of 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021. Seasonal pattern was also observed with maximum concentration (0.70 ± 0.18 μg m-3) in winter and minimum concentration (0.38 ± 0.04 μg m-3) in summer. We found a different diurnal pattern between cold (winter and fall) and warm (spring and summer) seasons. Further, fossil fuel burning contributed >90 % of atmospheric BC in the summer and biomass burning had a contribution equivalent to that of the fossil fuel in the winter. Significant week days effect on BC concentrations was observed, indicating the important role of local emissions such as car exhaust in BC level at this site. The behavior of atmospheric BC level with COVID-19 lockdown was also analyzed. We found that during the lockdown in warm season (first lockdown: 27 March-10 May 2020 and third lockdown 17 March-3 May 2021) BC concentration were lower than in cold season (second lockdown: 29 October-15 December 2020), which could be mainly related to the BC emission from biomass burning for heating. This study provides a long-term BC measurement database input for air quality and climate models. The analysis of especially weekend and lockdown effect showed implications on future policymaking toward improving local and regional air quality as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Mehdi El Baramoussi
- Earth Sciences Department, Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10106, Morocco; Institut de Combustion Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (ICARE-CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), CS 50060, 45071 Orléans cedex02, France
| | - Yangang Ren
- Institut de Combustion Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (ICARE-CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), CS 50060, 45071 Orléans cedex02, France; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), CNRS - Université Orléans - CNES (UMR 7328), 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Ibrahim Ouchen
- Earth Sciences Department, Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10106, Morocco
| | - Véronique Daële
- Institut de Combustion Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (ICARE-CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), CS 50060, 45071 Orléans cedex02, France
| | - Patrick Mercier
- Lig'Air-Association de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre-Val de Loire, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Christophe Chalumeau
- Lig'Air-Association de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre-Val de Loire, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Frédéric L E Fur
- Lig'Air-Association de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre-Val de Loire, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Patrice Colin
- Lig'Air-Association de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre-Val de Loire, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Abderrazak Yahyaoui
- Lig'Air-Association de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre-Val de Loire, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Oliver Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Technologique ALATA, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (ICARE-CNRS), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), CS 50060, 45071 Orléans cedex02, France; Environment Research Institute, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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21
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Yang Y, Guo W, Sun J, Chen Q, Meng X, Wang L, Tao H, Yang L. Characteristics of volatile organic compounds and secondary organic aerosol pollution in different functional areas of petrochemical industrial cities in Northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159903. [PMID: 36334656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to better understand the characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) pollution in different functional areas of petrochemical industrial cities. In Lanzhou, a typical petrochemical industrial city in Northwest China, with the use of an Integrated Atmospheric Mobile Monitoring Vehicle (IAMMV), various real-time online monitoring instruments, including a VOC monitoring instrument (TH-300B) and single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS), were used in combination. These instruments were employed to determine PM2.5, VOCs and other factors at monitoring sites in Xigu (XG) and Chengguan (CG) districts in September 2020 and 2021, respectively. The results revealed that during the monitoring period, the average VOC concentrations at the XG and CG monitoring sites were 102.3 and 35.8 ppb, respectively. Benzene (45.58 %) and toluene (24.47 %) significantly contributed to the SOA formation potential at the XG site. M/P-xylene (27.88 %) and toluene (23.64 %) more notably contributed to the SOA formation potential at the CG site. The PM2.5 mass concentration at the XG site (24.1 μg·m-3) was similar to that at the CG site (21.2 μg·m-3), but the proportion of particulate matter components greatly differed. The proportion of organic carbon (OC) at the XG site (19.00 %) was higher than that at the CG site (9.97 %). The number of particles containing C2H3O+ (m/z = 43) accounted for 36.96 % and 15.41 % of the total particles at the XG and CG sites, respectively. The mixing ratios of OC and hybrid carbon (OCEC) with C2H3O+ (m/z = 43) were 0.81 and 0.53, respectively, at the XG site and reached only 0.48 and 0.25, respectively, at the CG site. The secondary ageing degree of particles in XG district was high. These results could provide a reference for ambient air quality improvement and the formulation of governance measures in different functional areas of petrochemical industrial cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Northwest Institute of Eco-environmental Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Gansu Environmental Monitoring Centre, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenkai Guo
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Gansu Environmental Monitoring Centre, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xianhong Meng
- Northwest Institute of Eco-environmental Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Gansu Environmental Monitoring Centre, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huijie Tao
- Gansu Environmental Monitoring Centre, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Environmental Monitoring Centre, Lanzhou 730000, China
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22
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Ye C, Lu K, Song H, Mu Y, Chen J, Zhang Y. A critical review of sulfate aerosol formation mechanisms during winter polluted periods. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:387-399. [PMID: 36522000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate aerosol contributes to particulate matter pollution and plays a key role in aerosol radiative forcing, impacting human health and climate change. Atmospheric models tend to substantially underestimate sulfate concentrations during haze episodes, indicating that there are still missing mechanisms not considered by the models. Despite recent good progress in understanding the missing sulfate sources, knowledge on different sulfate formation pathways during polluted periods still involves large uncertainties and the dominant mechanism is under heated debate, calling for more field, laboratory, and modeling work. Here, we review the traditional sulfate formation mechanisms in cloud water and also discuss the potential factors affecting multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation. Then recent progress in multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation mechanisms is summarized. Sulfate formation rates by different prevailing oxidation pathways under typical winter-haze conditions are also calculated and compared. Based on the literature reviewed, we put forward control of the atmospheric oxidation capacity as a means to abate sulfate aerosol pollution. Finally, we conclude with a concise set of research priorities for improving our understanding of sulfate formation mechanisms during polluted periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huan Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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23
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Study on the promotion of particle heterogeneous condensation by different charging approaches. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Gong C, Yuan X, Xing D, Zhang D, Martins-Costa MTC, Anglada JM, Ruiz-López MF, Francisco JS, Zhang X. Fast Sulfate Formation Initiated by the Spin-Forbidden Excitation of SO 2 at the Air–Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22302-22308. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chu Gong
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dong Xing
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Marilia T. C. Martins-Costa
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Josep M. Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica (IQAC), CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel F. Ruiz-López
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, United States
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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25
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Tan Y, Wang H, Zhu B, Zhao T, Shi S, Liu A, Liu D, Pan C, Cao L. The interaction between black carbon and planetary boundary layer in the Yangtze River Delta from 2015 to 2020: Why O 3 didn't decline so significantly as PM 2.5. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114095. [PMID: 36037924 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (air clean plan) issued in 2013, air quality has been in continuous improvement. The second stage of air clean plan since 2018 was focused on O3 controlling, but it still didn't decline so significantly as PM2.5. This study conducted a long-term observation on black carbon (BC) and utilized the observational data of other air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO and O3), the meteorological elements and the vertical sounding data of PBL in Nanjing. In the daytime (08:00-20:00), PM2.5 kept decreasing from 2015 to 2020 at the rate of 4.8 μg⋅m-3⋅a-1, however, BC increased at the rate of 0.6 μg⋅m-3⋅a-1, which has led to the continuous growth of BC/PM2.5 (0.9%⋅a-1). However, during this period, O3 was relatively stable and, in 2020, it returned below its value in 2015 after slight increases in 2017 and 2018. Meanwhile, the average surface temperature had increased by around 1.0 °C during 2015-2019 at the rate of 0.3 °C⋅a-1. Also, the average height of the inversion layer had increased significantly by 494.0 and 176.7 m at 20:00 and 08:00, whose growth ratio was up to 57% and 25%, respectively. The above observation results have formed a set of chain reactions as follows. The growth of the surface BC caused the surface temperature to rise due to the increasing heating effect of BC. The continuous growth of the surface temperature made it easier for the PBL height to develop, which led to the lift of the inversion layer in the PBL and the larger atmospheric environment capacity. Ultimately, it is conducive to the diffusion of the near surface pollutants, thus helping reduce their concentrations, which offsets the increasing tendency of O3 and add to the decreasing trend of PM2.5. This phenomenon is the most remarkable in summer, with the fastest increasing rate of temperature (0.8 °C⋅a-1) and O3 (3.9 μg⋅m-3⋅a-1) during 2015-2019 (excluding 2020 to erase the great effect of COVID-19 lockdown on emissions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tan
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3G3, Canada.
| | - Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shuangshuang Shi
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Ankang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Duanyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Jiangsu Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Chen Pan
- Jiangsu Meteorological Observatory, Jiangsu Meteorological Bureau, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Jiangsu Meteorological Observatory, Jiangsu Meteorological Bureau, Nanjing, 210008, China
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26
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Luo L, Bai X, Liu S, Wu B, Liu W, Lv Y, Guo Z, Lin S, Zhao S, Hao Y, Hao J, Zhang K, Zheng A, Tian H. Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5/PM 1.0) in Beijing, China: Variations and chemical compositions as well as sources. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 121:187-198. [PMID: 35654509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (i.e., PM1.0 and PM2.5), considered as the key atmospheric pollutants, exerts negative effects on visibility, global climate, and human health by associated chemical compositions. However, our understanding of PM and its chemical compositions in Beijing under the current atmospheric environment is still not complete after witnessing marked alleviation during 2013-2017. Continuous measurements can be crucial for further air quality improvement by better characterizing PM pollution and chemical compositions in Beijing. Here, we conducted simultaneous measurements on PM in Beijing during 2018-2019. Results indicate that annual mean PM1.0 and PM2.5 concentrations were 35.49 ± 18.61 µg/m3 and 66.58 ± 60.17 µg/m3, showing a positive response to emission controls. The contribution of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) played an enhanced role with elevated PM loading and acted as the main contributors to pollution episodes. Discrepancies observed among chemical species between PM1.0 and PM2.5 in spring suggest that sand particles trend to accumulate in the range of 1-2.5 µm. Pollution episodes occurred accompanied with southerly clusters and high formation of SNA by heterogeneous reactions in summer and winter, respectively. Results from positive matrix factorization (PMF) combined with potential source contribution function (PSCF) models showed that potential areas were seasonal dependent, secondary and vehicular sources became much more important compared with previous studies in Beijing. Our study presented a continuous investigation on PM and sources origins in Beijing, which provides a better understanding for further emission control as well as a reference for other cities in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bobo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yunqian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhihui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shumin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences School of Public Health University at Albany, State University of New York One University Place Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Aihua Zheng
- Analysis and Testing Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hezhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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27
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Hassan MA, Mehmood T, Lodhi E, Bilal M, Dar AA, Liu J. Lockdown Amid COVID-19 Ascendancy over Ambient Particulate Matter Pollution Anomaly. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13540. [PMID: 36294120 PMCID: PMC9603700 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Air is a diverse mixture of gaseous and suspended solid particles. Several new substances are being added to the air daily, polluting it and causing human health effects. Particulate matter (PM) is the primary health concern among these air toxins. The World Health Organization (WHO) addressed the fact that particulate pollution affects human health more severely than other air pollutants. The spread of air pollution and viruses, two of our millennium's most serious concerns, have been linked closely. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can spread through the air, and PM could act as a host to spread the virus beyond those in close contact. Studies on COVID-19 cover diverse environmental segments and become complicated with time. As PM pollution is related to everyday life, an essential awareness regarding PM-impacted COVID-19 among the masses is required, which can help researchers understand the various features of ambient particulate pollution, particularly in the era of COVID-19. Given this, the present work provides an overview of the recent developments in COVID-19 research linked to ambient particulate studies. This review summarizes the effect of the lockdown on the characteristics of ambient particulate matter pollution, the transmission mechanism of COVID-19, and the combined health repercussions of PM pollution. In addition to a comprehensive evaluation of the implementation of the lockdown, its rationales-based on topographic and socioeconomic dynamics-are also discussed in detail. The current review is expected to encourage and motivate academics to concentrate on improving air quality management and COVID-19 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azher Hassan
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tariq Mehmood
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ehtisham Lodhi
- The SKL for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Afzal Ahmed Dar
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710000, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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28
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Chang Y, Du T, Song X, Wang W, Tian P, Guan X, Zhang N, Wang M, Guo Y, Shi J, Zhang L. Changes in physical and chemical properties of urban atmospheric aerosols and ozone during the COVID-19 lockdown in a semi-arid region. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2022; 287:119270. [PMID: 35818429 PMCID: PMC9259058 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic response of urban atmospheric aerosols and ozone (O3) to reduction of anthropogenic emissions is complicated and still needs further study. Thus, the changes in physical and chemical properties of urban atmospheric aerosols and O3 during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown were investigated at three urban sites and one rural site in Lanzhou with semi-arid climate. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) decreased at four sites by ∼ 20% while O3 increased by >100% at two urban sites during the COVID-19 lockdown. Both primary emissions and secondary formation of PM2.5 decreased during the lockdown. Significant increase in both sulfur and nitrogen oxidation ratios was found in the afternoon, which accounted for 48.7% of the total sulfate and 40.4% of the total nitrate, respectively. The positive matrix factorization source apportionment revealed increased contribution of secondary formation and decreased contribution of vehicle emissions. Aerosol scattering and absorption decreased by 33.6% and 45.3%, resulting in an increase in visibility by 30% and single scattering albedo (SSA) at 520 nm slightly increased by 0.02. The enhanced O3 production was explained by increased volatile organic compounds to nitrogen oxides ratio, decreased aerosol, as well as increased SSA. The primary emissions of secondary aerosol precursors significantly decreased while Ox (i.e., NO2 and O3) exhibited little change. Consequently, Ox to CO ratio, PM2.5 to elemental carbon (EC) ratio, secondary inorganic aerosols to EC ratio, and secondary organic carbon to EC ratio increased, confirming enhanced secondary aerosol production efficiency during the lockdown. Positive feedback among O3 concentration, secondary aerosol formation, and SSA was revealed to further promote O3 production and secondary aerosol formation. These results provide scientific guidance for collaborative management of O3 and particulate matter pollution for cities with semi-arid climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chang
- Gansu Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Tao Du
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenfang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Pengfei Tian
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xu Guan
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Naiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yumin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jinsen Shi
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Ren H, Hu W, Yue S, Wu L, Ren L, Pan X, Wang Z, Sun Y, Kawamura K, Fu P. Tracer-based characterization of fine carbonaceous aerosol in Beijing during a strict emission control period. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156638. [PMID: 35709995 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strict emission controls were implemented in Beijing and the surrounding regions in the North China Plain to guarantee good air quality during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit. Thus, the APEC period provides a good opportunity to study the sources and formation processes of atmospheric organic aerosol. Here, fine particles (PM2.5, particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less) collected in urban Beijing before and during the APEC period were analyzed for molecular tracers of primary and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The primary organic carbon (POC) and secondary organic carbon (SOC) were also reconstructed using a tracer-based method. The concentrations of biogenic SOA tracers ranged from 1.09 to 34.5 ng m-3 (mean 10.3 ± 8.51 ng m-3). Monoterpene oxidation products were the largest contributor to biogenic SOA, followed by isoprene- and sesquiterpene-derived SOA. The concentrations of biogenic SOA tracers decreased by 50 % during the APEC, which was largely attributed to the implementation of emission controls by the Chinese government. The increasing mass fractions of biogenic SOA tracers from isoprene and sesquiterpene during the pollution episodes implied that their photooxidation processes contributed to the poor air quality in urban Beijing. The reconstructed biogenic and anthropogenic SOC and POC concentrations were 89.6 ± 96.8 ng m-3, 570 ± 611 ng m-3, and 2.49 ± 2.08 μg m-3, respectively, accounting for 21.9 ± 11.4 % of OC in total. Biomass-burning derived OC was the largest contributor to carbonaceous aerosol over the North China Plain. By comparing the results before and during the APEC, the emission controls effectively mitigated about 34 % of the estimated OC and were more effective at reducing SOC than POC. This suggests that the reduction of the primary organic aerosol loading is harder than SOA over the North China Plain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Siyao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Libin Wu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lujie Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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30
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Zhang P, Chen T, Ma Q, Chu B, Wang Y, Mu Y, Yu Y, He H. Diesel soot photooxidation enhances the heterogeneous formation of H 2SO 4. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5364. [PMID: 36097270 PMCID: PMC9467980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Both field observation and experimental simulation have implied that black carbon or soot plays a remarkable role in the catalytic oxidation of SO2 for the formation of atmospheric sulfate. However, the catalytic mechanism remains ambiguous, especially that under light irradiation. Here we systematically investigate the heterogeneous conversion of SO2 on diesel soot or black carbon (DBC) under light irradiation. The experimental results show that the presence of DBC under light irradiation can significantly promote the heterogeneous conversion of SO2 to H2SO4, mainly through the heterogeneous reaction between SO2 and photo-induced OH radicals. The detected photo-chemical behaviors on DBC suggest that OH radical formation is closely related to the abstraction and transfer of electrons in DBC and the formation of reactive superoxide radical (•O2−) as an intermediate. Our results extend the known sources of atmospheric H2SO4 and provide insight into the internal photochemical oxidation mechanism of SO2 on DBC. Potential source of H2SO4 remains unclear in the atmosphere. This work first demonstrates that the formation of photoinduced •OH radical can directly promote the heterogeneous conversion of SO2 to H2SO4 on real diesel soot under light irradiation, extending the known sources of atmospheric H2SO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China. .,Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China.
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Yunbo Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China. .,Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China.
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31
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Wang L, Liang D, Liu J, Du L, Vejerano E, Zhang X. Unexpected catalytic influence of atmospheric pollutants on the formation of environmentally persistent free radicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134854. [PMID: 35533943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have been recognized as harmful and persistent environmental pollutants. In polluted regions, many acidic and basic atmospheric pollutants, which are present at high concentrations, may influence the extent of the formation of EPFRs. In the present paper, density functional theory (DFT) and ab-initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations were performed to investigate the formation mechanisms of EPFRs with the influence of the acidic pollutants sulfuric acid (SA), nitric acid (NA), organic acid (OA), and the basic pollutants, ammonia (A), dimethylamine (DMA) on α-Al2O3 (0001) surface. Results indicate that both acidic and basic pollutants can enhance the formation of EPFRs by acting as "bridge" or "semi-bridge" roles by proceeding via a barrierless process. Acidic pollutants enhance the formation of EPFRs by first transferring its hydrogen atom to the α-Al2O3 surface and subsequently reacting with phenol to form an EPFR. In contrast, basic pollutants enhance the formation of EPFRs by first abstracting a hydrogen atom from phenol to form a phenoxy EPFR and eventually interacting with the α-Al2O3 surface. These new mechanistic insights will inform in understanding the abundant EPFRs in polluted regions with high mass concentrations of acidic and basic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Danli Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of National Land Space Planning and Disaster Emergency Management of Inner Mongolia, School of Resources, Environment and Architectural Engineering, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Eric Vejerano
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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32
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Zhang F, Peng J, Chen L, Collins D, Li Y, Jiang S, Liu J, Zhang R. The effect of black carbon aging from NO 2 oxidation of SO 2 on its morphology, optical and hygroscopic properties. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113238. [PMID: 35395235 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aging of black carbon (BC) leads to changes in its physiochemical properties, exerting complex effects on environment and climate. In this study, we have conducted laboratory chamber experiments to investigate the effects of BC aging on its morphology, hygroscopicity and optical properties by exposing monodisperse fresh BC particles to ambient ubiquitous species of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ammonia (NH3) in absence of UV light. We show a rapid aging from highly fractal to compacted aggregates for the monodisperse BC particles with an initial diameter of 150 nm, with decline in the dynamic shape factor (χ) from about 1.8 to nearly 1. The effective density of the monodisperse BC particles increases from ∼0.54 to 1.50 g cm-3 accordingly. The aging process leads to that the light scattering, absorption, and single scattering albedo of the monodisperse BC particles are strongly enhanced by factors of 7.0, 1.8 and 3.0 respectively. By comparing with the BC aging from other mechanisms, we reveal a critical role of the composition of the coating materials on BC in determining its light absorption enhancement. Moreover, due to strong water uptake capacity of the aged BC particles, the light absorption enhancement (Eabs) could be 40-60% higher at humid atmosphere compared with dry conditions. This BC aging process from NO2 oxidation of SO2 may occur commonly in polluted regions and thus considerably alter its effects on regional air quality and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- Departments of Atmospheric Sciences and Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Don Collins
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yixin Li
- Departments of Atmospheric Sciences and Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sihui Jiang
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jieyao Liu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Departments of Atmospheric Sciences and Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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33
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Gao J, Shi G, Zhang Z, Wei Y, Tian X, Feng Y, Russell AG, Nenes A. Targeting Atmospheric Oxidants Can Better Reduce Sulfate Aerosol in China: H 2O 2 Aqueous Oxidation Pathway Dominates Sulfate Formation in Haze. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10608-10618. [PMID: 35786903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Particulate sulfate is one of the most important components in the atmosphere. The observation of rapid sulfate aerosol production during haze events provoked scientific interest in the multiphase oxidation of SO2 in aqueous aerosol particles. Diverse oxidation pathways can be enhanced or suppressed under different aerosol acidity levels and high ionic strength conditions of atmospheric aerosol. The importance of ionic strength to sulfate multiphase chemistry has been verified under laboratory conditions, though studies in the actual atmosphere are still limited. By utilizing online observations and developing an improved solute strength-dependent chemical thermodynamics and kinetics model (EF-T&K model, EF is the enhancement factor that represents the effect of ionic strength on an aerosol aqueous-phase reaction), we provided quantitative evidence that the H2O2 pathway was enhanced nearly 100 times and dominated sulfate formation for entire years (66%) in Tianjin (a northern city in China). TMI (oxygen catalyzed by transition-metal ions) (14%) and NO2 (14%) pathways got the second-highest contributions. Machine learning supported the result that aerosol sulfate production was more affected by the H2O2 pathway. The collaborative effects of atmospheric oxidants and SO2 on sulfate aerosol production were further investigated using the improved EF-T&K model. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of adopting target oxidant control as a new direction for sustainable mitigation of sulfate, given the already low SO2 concentrations in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhongcheng Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuting Wei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiao Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras GR-26504, Greece
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Li X, Zhang F, Ren J, Han W, Zheng B, Liu J, Chen L, Jiang S. Rapid narrowing of the urban-suburban gap in air pollutant concentrations in Beijing from 2014 to 2019. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119146. [PMID: 35331800 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the spatial patterns of atmospheric pollutants in urban and suburban areas is important for evaluating their effects on regional air quality, climate, and human health. The analyses of pollutant monitoring data of the China National Environmental Monitoring Center revealed that the differences in the concentrations of ambient O3, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, and CO between urban and suburban areas rapidly decreased from 2014 to 2019 in Beijing. Considering the negligible urbanization and interannual meteorological changes during the study period, the results reveal a quick response of the urban-to-suburban difference (ΔUrban-Suburban) in the ambient pollutants concentrations to emission reduction measures implemented in China in 2013. However, owing to the efficient O3 formation in summer in urban areas in recent years, we observed a more rapid decrease in the ΔUrban-Suburban in O3 concentration in summer (64.8%) than in winter (16.1%). In addition, the ΔUrban-Suburban in daytime summer O3 changed from negative in 2014-2018 to positive in 2019, indicating that the daytime O3 concentration in urban areas exceeded that in suburban areas. Furthermore, instantaneous changes in ΔUrban-Suburban in air pollutants were more sensitive to meteorological variations in 2014 than in 2019. The results indicate a less significant role of regional air mass transport in the spatial variability of pollutants under a future scenario of strong emission reduction in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jingye Ren
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wenchao Han
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jieyao Liu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Sihui Jiang
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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35
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Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Wu N, Ding A. Weakened Haze Mitigation Induced by Enhanced Aging of Black Carbon in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7629-7636. [PMID: 35674816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A great challenge for haze pollution mitigation with the existing emission control measures in China is ozone (O3) increase. The chemical processes leading to weakened haze mitigation are still poorly understood. Our work identifies the enhanced aging chemistries of black carbon (BC) with increasing O3 as an essential driver to weaken haze mitigation based on field observations during autumn/winter haze periods in 2014 and 2018 in North China Plain. The enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity induced by increasing O3 promotes the initial aging of accumulated fresh BC from continuous emission under haze pollution conditions and consequently improves the hygroscopicity of BC-containing particles to provide more particulate surfaces and volumes for aqueous and heterogeneous chemistries. The enhanced BC aging amplifies PM2.5 concentrations by ∼20%, which can be broken by concurrent reductions in multipollutant emissions (i.e., BC, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds), especially from residential and industrial sources. Moreover, enhanced BC aging implies an adverse effect of O3 increase on climate change. Observationally enhanced BC aging will help to constrain estimations of the interactions among O3 increase, haze pollution, and climate warming in recent years in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nana Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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36
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Li X, Bei N, Wu J, Wang R, Liu S, Liu L, Jiang Q, Tie X, Molina LT, Li G. Heterogeneous HONO formation deteriorates the wintertime particulate pollution in the Guanzhong Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 303:119157. [PMID: 35304175 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite implementation of strict emission mitigation measures since 2013, heavy haze with high levels of secondary aerosols still frequently engulfs the Guanzhong Basin (GZB), China, during wintertime, remarkably impairing visibility and potentially causing severe health issues. Although the observed low ozone (O3) concentrations do not facilitate the photochemical formation of secondary aerosols, the measured high nitrous acid (HONO) level provides an alternate pathway in the GZB. The impact of heterogeneous HONO sources on the wintertime particulate pollution and atmospheric oxidizing capability (AOC) is evaluated in the GZB. Simulations by the Weather Research and Forecast model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) reveal that the observed high levels of nitrate and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are reproduced when both homogeneous and heterogeneous HONO sources are considered. The heterogeneous sources (HET-sources) contribute about 98% of the near-surface HONO concentration in the GZB, increasing the hydroxyl radical (OH) and O3 concentration by 39.4% and 22.0%, respectively. The average contribution of the HET-sources to SOA, nitrate, ammonium, and sulfate in the GZB is 35.6%, 20.6%, 12.1%, and 6.0% during the particulate pollution episode, respectively, enhancing the mass concentration of fine particulate matters (PM2.5) by around 12.2%. Our results suggest that decreasing HONO level or the AOC becomes an effective pathway to alleviate the wintertime particulate pollution in the GZB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Naifang Bei
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Lang Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xuexi Tie
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Luisa T Molina
- Molina Center for Energy and the Environment, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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37
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Zhang S, Xu X, Lei Y, Li D, Wang Y, Liu S, Wu C, Ge S, Wang G. Smog chamber simulation on heterogeneous reaction of O 3 and NO 2 on black carbon under various relative humidity conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153649. [PMID: 35158289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, heterogeneous formation of nitrate from O3 reaction with NO2 on black carbon (BC) and KCl-treated BC surface in the presence of NH3 was simulated under 30-90% RH conditions by using a laboratory smog chamber. We found that O3 and NO2 in the chamber quickly reacted into N2O5 in the gas phase, which subsequently hydrolyzed into HNO3 and further neutralized with NH3 into NH4NO3 on the BC surface, along with a small amount of N2O5 decomposed into NO and NO2 through a reaction with the BC surface active site. Meanwhile, the fractal BC aggregates restructured and condensed to spherical particles during the NH4NO3 coating process. Compared to that during the exposure to NO2 or O3 alone, the presence of strong signals of CH2O+, CH2O2+ and CH4NO+ during the simultaneous exposure to both NO2 and O3 suggested a synergetic oxidizing effect of NO2 and O3, which significantly activated the BC surface by forming carbonyl, carboxylic and nitro groups, promoted the adsorption of water vapor onto the BC surface and enhanced the NH4NO3 formation. Under <75 ± 2% RH conditions the coating process of NH4NO3 on the BC surface consisted of a diffusion of N2O5 onto the surface and a subsequent hydrolysis, due to the limited number of water molecules adsorbed. However, under 90 ± 2% RH conditions N2O5 directly hydrolyzed on the aqueous phase of the BC surface due to the multilayer water molecules adsorbed, which caused an instant NH4NO3 formation on the surface without any delay. The coating rate of NH4NO3 on KCl-treated BC particles was 3-4 times faster than that on the pure BC particles at the initial stage, indicating an increasing formation of NH4NO3, mainly due to an enhanced hygroscopicity of BC by KCl salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xinbei Xu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yali Lei
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shuangshuang Ge
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Chenjia Zhen, Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China.
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38
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He G, Ma J, Chu B, Hu R, Li H, Gao M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Ma Q, Xie P, Zhang G, Zeng XC, Francisco JS, He H. Generation and Release of OH Radicals from the Reaction of H
2
O with O
2
over Soot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201638. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhi He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen 361021 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen 361021 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Renzhi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China
| | - Meng Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen 361021 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Pinhua Xie
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen 361021 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
| | - Guoxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588 USA
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen 361021 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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39
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Li X, Bei N, Wu J, Liu S, Wang Q, Tian J, Liu L, Wang R, Li G. The Heavy Particulate Matter Pollution During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period in the Guanzhong Basin, China. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2021JD036191. [PMID: 35600237 PMCID: PMC9111303 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd036191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nationwide restrictions on human activities (lockdown) in China since 23 January 2020, to control the 2019 novel coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19), has provided an opportunity to evaluate the effect of emission mitigation on particulate matter (PM) pollution. The WRF-Chem simulations of persistent heavy PM pollution episodes from 20 January to 14 February 2020, in the Guanzhong Basin (GZB), northwest China, reveal that large-scale emission reduction of primary pollutants has not substantially improved the air quality during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Simultaneous reduction of primary precursors during the lockdown period only decreases the near-surface PM2.5 mass concentration by 11.6% (12.6 μg m-3), but increases ozone (O3) concentration by 9.2% (5.5 μg m-3) in the GZB. The primary organic aerosol and nitrate are the major contributor to the decreased PM2.5 in the GZB, with the reduction of 28.0% and 21.8%, respectively, followed by EC (10.1%) and ammonium (7.2%). The increased atmospheric oxidizing capacity by the O3 enhancement facilitates the secondary aerosol (SA) formation in the GZB, increasing secondary organic aerosol and sulphate by 6.5% and 3.3%, respectively. Furthermore, sensitivity experiments suggest that combined emission reduction of NOX and VOCs following the ratio of 1:1 is conducive to lowering the wintertime SA and O3 concentration and further alleviating the PM pollution in the GZB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQGInstitute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of SciencesXi'anChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Naifang Bei
- School of Human Settlements and Civil EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQGInstitute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of SciencesXi'anChina
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQGInstitute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of SciencesXi'anChina
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQGInstitute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of SciencesXi'anChina
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQGInstitute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of SciencesXi'anChina
| | - Lang Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQGInstitute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of SciencesXi'anChina
| | - Ruonan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQGInstitute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of SciencesXi'anChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQGInstitute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of SciencesXi'anChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global ChangeXi'anChina
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40
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He G, Ma J, Chu B, Hu R, Li H, Gao M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Ma Q, Xie P, Zhang G, Zeng XC, Francisco JS, He H. Generation and release of OH radicals from the reaction of H2O with O2 over soot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhi He
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences CHINA
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences CHINA
| | - Biwu Chu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences CHINA
| | - Renzhi Hu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics CHINA
| | - Hao Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences CHINA
| | - Meng Gao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences CHINA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences CHINA
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences CHINA
| | - Qingxin Ma
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences CHINA
| | - Pinhua Xie
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics CHINA
| | - Guoxian Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology CHINA
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- UNL: University of Nebraska-Lincoln Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- University of Pennsylvania Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry 251 Hayden Hall240 South 33rd Street 19104-6316 Philadelphia UNITED STATES
| | - Hong He
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences CHINA
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41
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Ishmatov A. "SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by particulate air pollution": Misinterpretations of statistical data, skewed citation practices, and misuse of specific terminology spreading the misconception. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112116. [PMID: 34562486 PMCID: PMC8489301 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In epidemiology, there are still outdated myths associated with the spread of respiratory infections. Recently, we have witnessed the origination of a new misconception, to the effect that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted in the open air by way of particulate air pollution (atmospheric particulate matter (PM)). There is no evidence to support the idea behind this misconception. Nevertheless, more and more people are involved in animated debate and the number of studies concerning atmospheric PM as a carrier of SARS-CoV-2 is growing rapidly. In this work, the origin of the misconception was investigated, and the published papers which have contributed to the spread of this myth were analyzed. The results show that the following factors lie behind the origin and spread of the misconception: a) The specific terminology is not always clearly defined or consistently used by scientists. In particular, the terms 'particulate matter', 'atmospheric aerosol particles', 'air pollutants', and 'atmospheric aerosols' need to be clarified, and besides they are often equated to 'infectious aerosols', 'virus-bearing aerosols', 'bio-aerosols', 'virus-laden particles', 'respiratory aerosol/droplets', and 'droplet nuclei'. b) Authors misinterpret statistical data and information from other sources. Interpretation of the correlation between PM levels and the increasing incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection, is often changed from "PM may reflect the indirect action of certain atmospheric conditions that maintain infectious nuclei suspended for prolonged periods, parameters that also act on atmospheric pollutants" to "PM could cause an increase in infectious droplets/aerosols containing SARS-CoV-2." This is a dramatic change to the meaning. Moreover, it is often not taken into account that PM may reflect activities in areas with high population density and this population density at the same time contributes to the spread COVID-19. c) Skewed citation practices. Many authors cite a hypothetical conclusion from an original study, then other authors cite the papers of these authors as primary sources. This practice leads to the effect that there are many witnesses to a 'phenomenon' that did not ever occur. Thus, the terminology used in interdisciplinary communications should be more nuanced and defined precisely. Authors should be more careful when citing unconfirmed data (and hypotheses) as well as in interpreting statistical data so as to avoid confusion and spreading false information. This is especially important now in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ishmatov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Timakova St., Bild. 2., Novosibirsk, 630117, Russian Federation; Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya St. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation; Togliatti State University, Belorusskaya St. 14, Togliatti, 445020, Russian Federation.
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42
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Assessment of COVID-19 Lockdown Impact on the Air Quality in Eastern Spain: PM and BTX in Urban, Suburban and Rural Sites Exposed to Different Emissions. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic spread globally, and severe measures to control it were implemented. This study investigates the impact of the lockdown on the air quality of three provinces in the Valencia region, eastern Spain, in the years 2015–2020, focusing on particulate matter (PM). A thorough statistical analysis using different approaches is conducted. Hourly patterns are also assessed. In addition, the role of meteorological parameters on PM is explored. The results indicate an overall PM10 reduction of 16.5% when comparing the lockdown in 2020 and the 2015–2019 period, while PM2.5 increased by 3.1%. As expected, urban zones experienced higher reductions than suburban zones, which experienced a PM concentration increase. The impact of the drastic drops of benzene, toluene and xylene (77.4%, 58.0% and 61.8%, respectively) on the PM values observed in urban sites is discussed. Our study provides insights on the effect of activity changes over a wide region covering a variety of air quality stations, urban, suburban and rural, and different emission types. The results of this work are a valuable reference and suggest the need for considering different factors when establishing scientific air pollution control strategies.
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43
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Liu T, Abbatt JPD. Oxidation of sulfur dioxide by nitrogen dioxide accelerated at the interface of deliquesced aerosol particles. Nat Chem 2021; 13:1173-1177. [PMID: 34594012 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the multiphase chemistry of SO2 in aerosol particles is of great importance to air quality under polluted haze conditions, a fundamental understanding of the pertinent mechanisms and kinetics is lacking. In particular, there is considerable debate on the importance of NO2 in the oxidation of SO2 in aerosol particles. Here experiments with atmospherically relevant deliquesced particles at buffered pH values of 4-5 show that the effective rate constant for the reaction of NO2 with SO32- ((1.4 ± 0.5) × 1010 M-1 s-1) is more than three orders of magnitude larger than the value in dilute solutions. An interfacial reaction at the surface of aerosol particles probably drives the very fast kinetics. Our results indicate that oxidation of SO2 by NO2 at aerosol surfaces may be an important source of sulfate aerosols under polluted haze conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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44
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Changes in the Distribution Pattern of PM2.5 Pollution over Central China. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13234855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The extent of PM2.5 pollution has reduced in traditional polluted regions such as the North China Plain (NCP), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Sichuan Basin (SB), and Pearl River Delta (PRD) over China in recent years. Despite this, the Twain-Hu Basin (THB), which covers the lower flatlands in Hubei and Hunan provinces in central China, was found to be a high PM2.5 pollution region, with annual mean PM2.5 concentrations of 41–63 μg·m−3, which is larger than the values in YRD, SB, and PRD during 2014–2019, and high aerosol optical depth values (>0.8) averaged over 2000–2019 from the MODIS products. Heavy pollution events (HPEs) are frequently observed in the THB, with HPE-averaged concentrations of PM2.5 reaching up to 183–191 μg·m−3, which exceeds their counterparts in YRD, SB, and PRD for 2014–2019, highlighting the THB as a center of heavy PM2.5 pollution in central China. During 2014–2019, approximately 65.2% of the total regional HPEs over the THB were triggered by the regional transport of PM2.5 over Central and Eastern China (CEC). This occurred in view of the co-existing HPEs in the NCP and the THB, with a lag of almost two days in the THB-PM2.5 peak, which is governed by the strong northerlies of the East Asian monsoon (EAM) over CEC. Such PM2.5 transport from upstream source regions in CEC contributes 60.3% of the surface PM2.5 pollution over the THB receptor region. Hence, a key PM2.5 receptor of the THB in regional pollutant transport alters the distribution patterns of PM2.5 pollution over China, which is attributable to the climate change of EAMs. This study indicates a complex relationship between sources and receptors of atmospheric aerosols for air quality applications.
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45
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Yin H, Liu C, Hu Q, Liu T, Wang S, Gao M, Xu S, Zhang C, Su W. Opposite impact of emission reduction during the COVID-19 lockdown period on the surface concentrations of PM 2.5 and O 3 in Wuhan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117899. [PMID: 34358865 PMCID: PMC8326756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To prevent the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, the Chinese megacity Wuhan has taken emergent lockdown measures starting on January 23, 2020. This provided a natural experiment to investigate the response of air quality to such emission reductions. Here, we decoupled the influence of meteorological and non-meteorological factors on main air pollutants using generalized additive models (GAMs), driven by data from the China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC) network. During the lockdown period (Jan. 23 - Apr. 8, 2020), PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and CO concentrations decreased significantly by 45 %, 49 %, 56 %, 39 %, and 18 % compared with the corresponding period in 2015-2019, with contributions by S(meteos) of 15 %, 17 %, 13 %, 10 %, and 6 %. This indicates an emission reduction of NOx at least 43 %. However, O3 increased by 43 % with a contribution by S(meteos) of 6 %. In spite of the reduced volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions by 30 % during the strict lockdown period (Jan. 23 - Feb. 14, 2020), which likely reduced the production of O3, O3 concentrations increased due to a weakening of the titration effect of NO. Our results suggest that conventional emission reduction (NOx reduction only) measures may not be sufficient to reduce (or even lead to an increase of) surface O3 concentrations, even if reaching the limit, and VOC-specific measures should also be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Qihou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shuntian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shiqi Xu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chengxin Zhang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wenjing Su
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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Feng T, Zhao S, Bei N, Liu S, Li G. Increasing atmospheric oxidizing capacity weakens emission mitigation effort in Beijing during autumn haze events. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130855. [PMID: 34289598 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although strict mitigation measures have been implemented since 2013 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), China, air pollution still frequently occurs. Observations reveal that during pollution episodes in autumn, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations have not decreased, and particularly, ozone (O3) concentrations have increased remarkably from 2013 to 2015 in Beijing. Additionally, a concurrence of O3 and particulate pollution with high secondary aerosol contributions has been observed frequently, indicating high atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) during particulate pollution. The WRF-Chem model simulations show elevated O3 concentrations and high fractions of oxygenated secondary aerosols (OSA) in PM2.5 (0.53-0.73) during the severe pollution period. During daytime there exhibits an AOC-sufficient regime with the persistently high OSA fraction and an AOC-deficient regime with varied OSA fractions, separated by the O3 level of 80 μg m-3. Our results suggest that increasing AOC can considerably weaken the emission mitigation effort by enhancing the secondary aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Feng
- Department of Geography & Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; Institute of East China Sea, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Shuyu Zhao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Naifang Bei
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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Liu J, Ning A, Liu L, Wang H, Kurtén T, Zhang X. A pH dependent sulfate formation mechanism caused by hypochlorous acid in the marine atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147551. [PMID: 34000527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Secondary sulfate plays a crucial role in forming marine aerosol, which in turn is an important source of natural aerosol at a global level. Recent experimental studies suggest that oxidation of S(IV) compounds, in practice dissolved sulfur dioxide, to sulfate (S(VI)) by hypochloric acid could be one of the most significant pathways for sulfate formation in marine areas. However, the exact mechanism responsible for this process remains unknown. Using high-level quantum chemical calculations, we studied the reaction between dissolved sulfur dioxide and hypochloric acid. We account for the dominant protonation states of reactants in the pH range 3.0-9.0. We also consider possible catalytic effects of species such as H2O. Our results show that sulfate formation in HOCl+HOSO2- and HOCl+SO32- reactions relevant to acidic and nearly neutral conditions can occur either through previously proposed Cl+ transfer or through a novel HO+ transfer mechanism. In alkaline conditions, where the dominant reactants are OCl- and SO32-, an O atom transfer mechanism proposed in previous experimental studies may be more important than Cl+ transfer. Catalysis by common cloud-water species is found to lower barriers of Cl+ transfer mechanisms substantially. Nevertheless, we find that the dominant S(IV) + HOCl reaction mechanism for the full studied pH range is HO+ transfer from HOCl to SO32-, which leads directly to sulfate formation without ClSO3- intermediates. The rate-limiting barrier of this reaction is low, leading to an essentially diffusion-controlled reaction rate. S(IV) lifetimes due to this reaction decrease with increasing pH due to the increasing fractional population of SO32-. Especially in neutral and alkaline conditions, depletion of HOCl by the reaction is so rapid that S(IV) oxidation will be controlled mainly by mass transfer of gas-phase HOCl to the liquid phase. The mechanism proposed here may help to explain marine sulfate sources missing from current atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - An Ning
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huixian Wang
- Beijing Guodian Longyuan Environment Engineering Co. Ltd, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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48
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Gui K, Che H, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhao H, Li L, Zhong J, Yao W, Zhang X. Seasonal variability and trends in global type-segregated aerosol optical depth as revealed by MISR satellite observations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147543. [PMID: 34000526 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study utilized a long-term (2001-2018) aerosol optical component dataset retrieved from the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), Version 23, to perform comprehensive analyses of the global climatology of seasonal AODs, partitioned by aerosol types (including small-size, medium-size, large-size, spherical, and non-spherical). By dividing eight different AOD bins and performing trend analysis, the seasonal variability and trends in these type-segregated AODs, as well as in the frequency occurrences (FOs) for different AOD bins, globally and over 12 regions of interest, were also investigated. In terms of particle size, small-size aerosol particles (diameter < 0.7 μm) contribute the largest to global extinction in all three seasons except winter. A similar globally dominant role is exhibited by spherical aerosols, which contribute 68.5%, 73.3%, 71.6% and 70.2% to the global total AOD (TAOD) in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively, on a global average scale. FOs with different aerosol loading levels suggested that the seasonal FOs tend to decrease progressively with increasing aerosol loading, except for Level 1 (TAOD< 0.05). Examination of the seasonal distribution of FOs revealed that the FO at Level 1 (Level 2, 0.05 < TAOD< 0.15) is much larger in summer/winter (winter/autumn) than in spring/autumn (spring/summer) over most areas of the world. However, the FOs for Level 3 (0.15 < TAOD< 0.25) to Level 8 (TAOD> 1.0) generally exhibit greater intensity in spring/summer than in autumn/winter. Temporal trend analyses showed that the seasonal TAOD experiences a significant decline during 2001-2018 in most regions globally, except in South Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Opposite seasonal trends in the above regions are closely related to the increase in FOs in the range of 0.4 < TAOD< 1.0. The global average TAOD shows the most pronounced decline in spring, falling by -10.4% (P < 0.05). Examination of the trends in type-segregated AODs further revealed that the decreases in size-segregated (shape-segregated) AODs all contribute to the decrease in seasonal TAOD, with small-size AOD (spherical AOD) contributing most significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huizheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yaqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hujia Zhao
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang 110166, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junting Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenrui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Li S, Lu S, Xu X, Zhao N, Li A, Xu L. How human mega-events influence urban airborne PM 2.5 pollution: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 281:117009. [PMID: 33813194 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution caused by PM2.5 particles is a critical issue for public health that adversely affects people living in urban cities. Short-term Mega-events such as international meetings, sports tournaments, and traditional festivals can profoundly influence the local air quality. However, the extent of these influences and their role in improving or deteriorating the local air quality is still unclear. By collecting relative research from 75 publications based on more than 37 cities worldwide, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We calculated the log response ratio (RR) of the treatment (during) and control periods (before and after) of the Mega-events. The short-term policy control measures enacted during the Mega-Events consisting of meetings caused a significant decline (by -44.06%) in the ambient PM2.5 concentration. The mean daily PM2.5 concentration reduced from more than 100.00 μg/m3 before the events to 60.39 μg/m3, which is below the WHO (World Health Organization) interim target - 1 (75 μg/m3). On the contrary, setting off fireworks during the festival increased the ambient PM2.5 concentrations by 89.57% on average, with a mean daily value of 254.22 μg/m3. The variations in the effects of all event types on the air quality were primarily influenced by the background PM2.5 concentrations, with a negative correlation throughout. Moreover, the impact of events with policy control measures was also influenced by the year of the event, level of control, and location (suburban/urban) of the monitoring sites. Our findings provide evidence of the potential of human intervention on PM2.5 pollution reduction. We further highlight the crucial role of background pollution level in implementing policies during the Mega-events, which can benefit the environmental governance of developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoning Li
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Shaowei Lu
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaotian Xu
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Na Zhao
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; Beijing Yanshan Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Ai Li
- Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Lan Xu
- Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
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50
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Li Y, Zhao J, Wang Y, Seinfeld JH, Zhang R. Multigeneration Production of Secondary Organic Aerosol from Toluene Photooxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8592-8603. [PMID: 34137267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photooxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produces secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and light-absorbing brown carbon (BrC) via multiple reaction steps/pathways, reflecting significant chemical complexity relevant to gaseous oxidation and subsequent gas-to-particle conversion. Toluene is an important VOC under urban conditions, but the fundamental chemical mechanism leading to SOA formation remains uncertain. Here, we elucidate multigeneration SOA production from toluene by simultaneously tracking the evolutions of gas-phase oxidation and aerosol formation in a reaction chamber. Large size increase and browning of monodisperse sub-micrometer seed particles occur shortly after initiating oxidation by hydroxyl radical (OH) at 10-90% relative humidity (RH). The evolution in gaseous products and aerosol properties (size/density/optical properties) and chemical speciation of aerosol-phase products indicate that the aerosol growth and browning result from earlier generation products consisting dominantly of dicarbonyl and carboxylic functional groups. While volatile dicarbonyls engage in aqueous reactions to yield nonvolatile oligomers and light-absorbing nitrogen heterocycles/heterochains (in the presence of NH3) at high RH, organic acids contribute to aerosol carboxylates via ionic dissociation or acid-base reaction in a wide RH range. We conclude that toluene contributes importantly to SOA/BrC formation from dicarbonyls and organic acids because of their prompt and high yields from photooxidation and unique functionalities for participation in aerosol-phase reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jiayun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yuan Wang
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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