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Naufel MF, Pedroso AP, de Souza AP, Boldarine VT, Oyama LM, Lo Turco EG, Hachul H, Ribeiro EB, Telles MM. Targeted Analysis of Plasma Polar Metabolites in Postmenopausal Depression. Metabolites 2024; 14:286. [PMID: 38786763 PMCID: PMC11123176 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14050286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression will be the disease with the highest incidence worldwide by 2030. Data indicate that postmenopausal women have a higher incidence of mood disorders, and this high vulnerability seems to be related to hormonal changes and weight gain. Although research evaluating the profile of metabolites in mood disorders is advancing, further research, maintaining consistent methodology, is necessary to reach a consensus. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to carry out an exploratory analysis of the plasma polar metabolites of pre- and postmenopausal women to explore whether the profile is affected by depression. The plasma analysis of 50 polar metabolites was carried out in a total of 67 postmenopausal women, aged between 50 and 65 years, either without depression (n = 25) or with depression symptoms (n = 42), which had spontaneous onset of menopause and were not in use of hormone replacement therapy, insulin, or antidepressants; and in 42 healthy premenopausal women (21 without depression and 21 with depression symptoms), aged between 40 and 50 years and who were not in use of contraceptives, insulin, or antidepressants. Ten metabolites were significantly affected by depression symptoms postmenopause, including adenosine (FDR = 3.778 × 10-14), guanosine (FDR = 3.001 × 10-14), proline (FDR = 1.430 × 10-6), citrulline (FDR = 0.0001), lysine (FDR = 0.0004), and carnitine (FDR = 0.0331), which were down-regulated, and dimethylglycine (FDR = 0.0022), glutathione (FDR = 0.0048), creatine (FDR = 0.0286), and methionine (FDR = 0.0484) that were up-regulated. In premenopausal women with depression, oxidized glutathione (FDR = 0.0137) was down-regulated, and dimethylglycine (FDR = 0.0406) and 4-hydroxyproline (FDR = 0.0433) were up-regulated. The present study provided new data concerning the consequences of depression on plasma polar metabolites before and after the establishment of menopause. The results demonstrated that the postmenopausal condition presented more alterations than the premenopausal period and may indicate future measures to treat the disturbances involved in both menopause and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Naufel
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.P.d.S.); (V.T.B.); (L.M.O.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Amanda Paula Pedroso
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.P.d.S.); (V.T.B.); (L.M.O.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Adriana Pereira de Souza
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.P.d.S.); (V.T.B.); (L.M.O.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Valter Tadeu Boldarine
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.P.d.S.); (V.T.B.); (L.M.O.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.P.d.S.); (V.T.B.); (L.M.O.); (M.M.T.)
| | | | - Helena Hachul
- Department of Psychobiology, UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil;
- Department Gynaecology, UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliane Beraldi Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.P.d.S.); (V.T.B.); (L.M.O.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Mônica Marques Telles
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.P.d.S.); (V.T.B.); (L.M.O.); (M.M.T.)
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El-Mallah C, Ragi MEE, Eid A, Obeid OA. Low-quality protein modulates inflammatory markers and the response to lipopolysaccharide insult: the case of lysine. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:944-957. [PMID: 36597807 PMCID: PMC10442798 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522004068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between non-communicable diseases and eating behaviour has long been attributed to a surplus of food and energy. However, the increase in the prevalence of non-communicable disease and their underlying low-grade inflammatory milieu among people of low socio-economic status has highlighted the existence of a confounding factor. In this work, we aim to study the effect of lysine deficiency on some inflammatory markers in the absence or presence of an inflammatory insult (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)). For this purpose, thirty-two 5-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly distributed into four groups: (1) control diet, (2) control diet+LPS, (3) lysine-deficient diet and (4) lysine-deficient diet + LPS. Groups were only allowed their experimental diets for 4 weeks, during which LPS (50 µg/kg) or saline injections were administered intraperitoneally three times per week. The study showed that lysine deficiency blunted growth and body compartments development, decreased albumin production and elevated liver C-reactive protein (CRP) expression, independently of IL-6 and IL-1β, the main precursors of CRP. Also, the insufficient levels of lysine in the diet increased hyperactivity and triggered an anxiety-like behaviour, exacerbated with LPS. This work presents evidence that various physiological changes are associated with the absence of a sufficient amount of lysine in the diet and can potentially increase the risk factor for diseases. Thus, the increment in non-communicable disease among the low socio-economic status populations, who heavily rely on cereals as a main source of protein, can be, at least partially, blamed on low lysine availability in diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla El-Mallah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marie-Elizabeth E. Ragi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Assaad Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Omar A. Obeid
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Alemany S, Soler-Artigas M, Cabana-Domínguez J, Fakhreddine D, Llonga N, Vilar-Ribó L, Rodríguez-Urrutia A, Palacio J, González-Castro AM, Lobo B, Alonso-Cotoner C, Simrén M, Santos J, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribasés M. Genome-wide multi-trait analysis of irritable bowel syndrome and related mental conditions identifies 38 new independent variants. J Transl Med 2023; 21:272. [PMID: 37085903 PMCID: PMC10120121 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder of gut-brain interaction frequently accompanied by mental conditions, including depression and anxiety. Despite showing substantial heritability and being partly determined by a genetic component, the genetic underpinnings explaining the high rates of comorbidity remain largely unclear and there are no conclusive data on the temporal relationship between them. Exploring the overlapping genetic architecture between IBS and mental conditions may help to identify novel genetic loci and biological mechanisms underlying IBS and causal relationships between them. METHODS We quantified the genetic overlap between IBS, neuroticism, depression and anxiety, conducted a multi-trait genome-wide association study (GWAS) considering these traits and investigated causal relationships between them by using the largest GWAS to date. RESULTS IBS showed to be a highly polygenic disorder with extensive genetic sharing with mental conditions. Multi-trait analysis of IBS and neuroticism, depression and anxiety identified 42 genome-wide significant variants for IBS, of which 38 are novel. Fine-mapping risk loci highlighted 289 genes enriched in genes upregulated during early embryonic brain development and gene-sets related with psychiatric, digestive and autoimmune disorders. IBS-associated genes were enriched for target genes of anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic drugs, anesthetics and opioid dependence pharmacological treatment. Mendelian-randomization analysis accounting for correlated pleiotropy identified bidirectional causal effects between IBS and neuroticism and depression and causal effects of the genetic liability of IBS on anxiety. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence of the polygenic architecture of IBS, identify novel genome-wide significant variants for IBS and extend previous knowledge on the genetic overlap and relationship between gastrointestinal and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Alemany
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Network Research Centre On Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Soler-Artigas
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre On Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Cabana-Domínguez
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre On Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dana Fakhreddine
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Llonga
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Vilar-Ribó
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre On Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Rodríguez-Urrutia
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre On Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Palacio
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana María González-Castro
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lobo
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Alonso-Cotoner
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Magnus Simrén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Functional GI and Motility Disorders, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Javier Santos
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre On Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Network Research Centre On Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Neumann J, Hofmann B, Dhein S, Gergs U. Cardiac Roles of Serotonin (5-HT) and 5-HT-Receptors in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054765. [PMID: 36902195 PMCID: PMC10003731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin acts solely via 5-HT4-receptors to control human cardiac contractile function. The effects of serotonin via 5-HT4-receptors lead to positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, as well as arrhythmias, in the human heart. In addition, 5-HT4-receptors may play a role in sepsis, ischaemia, and reperfusion. These presumptive effects of 5-HT4-receptors are the focus of the present review. We also discuss the formation and inactivation of serotonin in the body, namely, in the heart. We identify cardiovascular diseases where serotonin might play a causative or additional role. We address the mechanisms which 5-HT4-receptors can use for cardiac signal transduction and their possible roles in cardiac diseases. We define areas where further research in this regard should be directed in the future, and identify animal models that might be generated to this end. Finally, we discuss in what regard 5-HT4-receptor agonists or antagonists might be useful drugs that could enter clinical practice. Serotonin has been the target of many studies for decades; thus, we found it timely to summarise our current knowledge here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Neumann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06097 Halle, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Britt Hofmann
- Cardiac Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Dhein
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gergs
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06097 Halle, Germany
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Liu X, Fang Y, Xu J, Yang T, Xu J, He J, Liu W, Yu X, Wen Y, Zhang N, Li C. Oxidative stress, dysfunctional energy metabolism, and destabilizing neurotransmitters altered the cerebral metabolic profile in a rat model of simulated heliox saturation diving to 4.0 MPa. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282700. [PMID: 36917582 PMCID: PMC10013885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to determine metabolic profile changes in the brains of rats after simulated heliox saturated diving (HSD) to 400 meters of sea water compared to the blank controls. Alterations in the polar metabolome in the rat brain due to HSD were investigated in cortex, hippocampus, and striatum tissue samples by applying an NMR-based metabolomic approach coupled with biochemical detection in the cortex. The reduction in glutathione and taurine levels may hypothetically boost antioxidant defenses during saturation diving, which was also proven by the increased malondialdehyde level, the decreased superoxide dismutase, and the decreased glutathione peroxidase in the cortex. The concomitant decrease in aerobic metabolic pathways and anaerobic metabolic pathways comprised downregulated energy metabolism, which was also proven by the biochemical quantification of the metabolic enzymes Na-K ATPase and LDH in cerebral cortex tissue. The significant metabolic abnormalities of amino acid neurotransmitters, such as GABA, glycine, and aspartate, decreased aromatic amino acids, including tyrosine and phenylalanine, both of which are involved in the metabolism of dopamine and noradrenaline, which are downregulated in the cortex. Particularly, a decline in the level of N-acetyl aspartate is associated with neuronal damage. In summary, hyperbaric decompression of a 400 msw HSD affected the brain metabolome in a rat model, potentially including a broad range of disturbing amino acid homeostasis, metabolites related to oxidative stress and energy metabolism, and destabilizing neurotransmitter components. These disturbances may contribute to the neurochemical and neurological phenotypes of HSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqun Fang
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YF); (CL)
| | - Jiajun Xu
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Xu
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwu Liu
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xuhua Yu
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yukun Wen
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Naixia Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ci Li
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Navy Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YF); (CL)
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Lv S, Dai W, Zheng Y, Dong P, Yu Y, Zhao Y, Sun S, Bi D, Liu C, Han F, Wu J, Zhao T, Ma Y, Zheng F, Sun P. Anxiolytic effect of YangshenDingzhi granules: Integrated network pharmacology and hippocampal metabolomics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:966218. [PMID: 36386232 PMCID: PMC9659911 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.966218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorder is one of the most common mental diseases. It is mainly characterized by a sudden, recurring but indescribable panic, fear, tension and/or anxiety. Yangshendingzhi granules (YSDZ) are widely used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, but its active ingredients and underlying mechanisms are not yet clear. This study integrates network pharmacology and metabolomics to investigate the potential mechanism of action of YSDZ in a rat model of anxiety. First, potential active ingredients and targets were screened by network pharmacology. Then, predictions were verified by molecular docking, molecular dynamics and western blotting. Metabolomics was used to identify differential metabolites and metabolic pathways. All results were integrated for a comprehensive analysis. Network pharmacology analysis found that Carotene, β-sitosterol, quercetin, Stigmasterol, and kaempferol in YSDZ exert anxiolytic effects mainly by acting on IL1β, GABRA1, PTGS1, ESR1, and TNF targets. Molecular docking results showed that all the affinities were lower than -5 kcal/mol, and the average affinities were -7.7764 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics simulation results showed that RMSD was lower than 2.5 A, and the overall conformational changes of proteins were small, indicating that the small molecules formed stable complexes with proteins. The results of animal experiments showed that YSDZ exerts anxiolytic effects by regulating GABRA1 and TNF-α, ameliorating pathological damage in hippocampal CA1, and regulating metabolic pathways such as thiamine, cysteine and methionine metabolism, lysine biosynthesis and degradation. Altogether, we reveal multiple mechanisms through which YSDZ exerts its anti-anxiety effects, which may provide a reference for its clinical application and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Weibo Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhong Shan, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Dong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yihong Yu
- School of Management, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shiguang Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Dezhong Bi
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanguo Liu
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fabin Han
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jibiao Wu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Foreign Language, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuexiang Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Hui Y, Vestergaard G, Deng L, Kot WP, Thymann T, Brunse A, Nielsen DS. Donor-dependent fecal microbiota transplantation efficacy against necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:48. [PMID: 35680942 PMCID: PMC9184500 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a life-threatening inflammatory bowel disease affecting preterm infants, is connected with gut microbiota dysbiosis. Using preterm piglets as a model for preterm infants we recently showed that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from healthy suckling piglet donors to newborn preterm piglets decreased the NEC risk. However, in a follow-up study using donor stool from piglets recruited from another farm, this finding could not be replicated. This allowed us to study donor-recipient microbiota dynamics in a controlled model system with a clear difference in NEC phenotype. Preterm piglets (n = 38) were randomly allocated to receive control saline (CON), or rectal FMT using either the ineffective (FMT1) or the effective donor stool (FMT2). All animals were followed for four days before necropsy and gut pathological evaluation. Donor and recipient colonic gut microbiota (GM) were analyzed by 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomics. As expected, only FMT2 recipients were protected against NEC. Both FMT groups had shifted GM composition relative to CON, but FMT2 recipients had a higher lactobacilli relative abundance compared to FMT1. Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus crispatus strains of FMT recipients showed high phylogenetic similarity with their respective donors, indicating engraftment. Moreover, the FMT2 group had a higher lactobacilli replication rate and harbored specific glycosaminoglycan-degrading Bacteroides. In conclusion, subtle species-level donor differences translate to major changes in engraftment dynamics and the ability to prevent NEC. This could have implications for proper donor selection in future FMT trials for NEC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hui
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Gisle Vestergaard
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark.,Chr. Hansen A/S, 2970, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - Ling Deng
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Witold Piotr Kot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anders Brunse
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Dennis Sandris Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Tsikas D, Redfors B. Pilot Study on Acute Effects of Pharmacological Intraperitoneal L-Homoarginine on Homeostasis of Lysine and Other Amino Acids in a Rat Model of Isoprenaline-Induced Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094734. [PMID: 35563125 PMCID: PMC9103764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) catalyzes the formation of L-homoarginine (hArg) and L-ornithine (Orn) from L-arginine (Arg) and L-lysine (Lys): Arg + Lys ↔ hArg + Orn; equilibrium constant KhArg. AGAT also catalyzes the formation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and Orn from Arg and glycine (Gly): Arg + Gly ↔ GAA + Orn; equilibrium constant KGAA. In humans, pharmacological hArg is metabolized to Lys. Low circulating and low excretory concentrations of hArg are associated with worse outcomes and mortality in the renal and cardiovascular systems. The metabolism and pharmacology of hArg have been little investigated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of pharmacological hArg (i.p., 0, 20, 220, 440 mg/kg at time point 0 min) on amino acids homeostasis in a rat model of isoprenaline-induced takotsubo cardiomyopathy (i.p., 50 mg/kg at time point 15 min). We measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry free and proteinic amino acids, as well as the polyamines putrescine and spermidine in the heart, lung, kidney, and liver of ten rats sacrificed at various time points (range, 0 to 126 min). hArg administration resulted in multiple changes in the tissue contents of several free and proteinic amino acids, as well as in the putrescine-spermidine molar ratio, an indicator of polyamines catabolism. Our results suggest that Lys and Arg are major metabolites of pharmacological hArg. Kidneys and heart seem to play a major metabolic role for hArg. Circulating Lys does not change over time, yet there is a considerable interchange of free Lys between organs, notably kidney and heart, during the presence of isoprenaline in the rats (time range, 15 to 90 min). Antidromic changes were observed for KhArg and KGAA, notably in the heart in this time window. Our study shows for the first time that free hArg and sarcosine (N-methylglycine) are positively associated with each other. The acute effects of high-dosed hArg administration and isoprenaline on various amino acids and on AGAT-catalyzed reaction in the heart, lung, kidney, and liver are detailed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Björn Redfors
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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9
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Xiao F, Guo F. Impacts of essential amino acids on energy balance. Mol Metab 2021; 57:101393. [PMID: 34785395 PMCID: PMC8829800 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity develops due to an imbalance in energy homeostasis, wherein energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Accumulating evidence shows that manipulations of dietary protein and their component amino acids affect the energy balance, resulting in changes in fat mass and body weight. Amino acids are not only the building blocks of proteins but also serve as signals regulating multiple biological pathways. Scope of review We present the currently available evidence regarding the effects of dietary alterations of a single essential amino acid (EAA) on energy balance and relevant signaling mechanisms at both central and peripheral levels. We summarize the association between EAAs and obesity in humans and the clinical use of modifying the dietary EAA composition for therapeutic intervention in obesity. Finally, similar mechanisms underlying diets varying in protein levels and diets altered of a single EAA are described. The current review would expand our understanding of the contribution of protein and amino acids to energy balance control, thus helping discover novel therapeutic approaches for obesity and related diseases. Major Conclusions Changes in circulating EAA levels, particularly increased branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), have been reported in obese human and animal models. Alterations in dietary EAA intake result in improvements in fat and weight loss in rodents, and each has its distinct mechanism. For example, leucine deprivation increases energy expenditure, reduces food intake and fat mass, primarily through regulation of the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Methionine restriction by 80% decreases fat mass and body weight while developing hyperphagia, primarily through fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) signaling. Some effects of diets with different protein levels on energy homeostasis are mediated by similar mechanisms. However, reports on the effects and underlying mechanisms of dietary EAA imbalances on human body weight are few, and more investigations are needed in future. Dietary Essential Amino Acids (EAA) alterations affect energy homeostasis via distinct mechanisms. Alterations in dietary EAA intake can reduce fat mass and body weight. Increased circulating BCAAs have been observed in obese human and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China.
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10
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Han L, Zhao L, Zhou Y, Yang C, Xiong T, Lu L, Deng Y, Luo W, Chen Y, Qiu Q, Shang X, Huang L, Mo Z, Huang S, Huang S, Liu Z, Yang W, Zhai L, Ning Z, Lin C, Huang T, Cheng C, Zhong LLD, Li S, Bian Z, Fang X. Altered metabolome and microbiome features provide clues in understanding irritable bowel syndrome and depression comorbidity. ISME JOURNAL 2021; 16:983-996. [PMID: 34750528 PMCID: PMC8940891 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the functional gastrointestinal disorders characterized by chronic and/or recurrent symptoms of abdominal pain and irregular defecation. Changed gut microbiota has been proposed to mediate IBS; however, contradictory results exist, and IBS-specific microbiota, metabolites, and their interactions remain poorly understood. To address this issue, we performed metabolomic and metagenomic profiling of stool and serum samples based on discovery (n = 330) and validation (n = 101) cohorts. Fecal metagenomic data showed moderate dysbiosis compared with other diseases, in contrast, serum metabolites showed significant differences with greater power to distinguish IBS patients from healthy controls. Specifically, 726 differentially abundant serum metabolites were identified, including a cluster of fatty acyl-CoAs enriched in IBS. We further identified 522 robust associations between differentially abundant gut bacteria and fecal metabolites, of which three species including Odoribacter splanchnicus, Escherichia coli, and Ruminococcus gnavus were strongly associated with the low abundance of dihydropteroic acid. Moreover, dysregulated tryptophan/serotonin metabolism was found to be correlated with the severity of IBS depression in both fecal and serum metabolomes, characterized by a shift in tryptophan metabolism towards kynurenine production. Collectively, our study revealed serum/fecal metabolome alterations and their relationship with gut microbiome, highlighted the massive alterations of serum metabolites, which empower to recognize IBS patients, suggested potential roles of metabolic dysregulation in IBS pathogenesis, and offered new clues to understand IBS depression comorbidity. Our study provided a valuable resource for future studies, and would facilitate potential clinical applications of IBS featured microbiota and/or metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,KMHD, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chao Yang
- KMHD, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Teng Xiong
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinwei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongchao Mo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaogang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suiping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lixiang Zhai
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ziwan Ning
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chengyuan Lin
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chungwah Cheng
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Linda L D Zhong
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuaicheng Li
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- Institute of Brain and Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Xiaodong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China. .,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. .,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
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11
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Lopez AG, Duparc C, Wils J, Naccache A, Castanet M, Lefebvre H, Louiset E. Steroidogenic cell microenvironment and adrenal function in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 535:111377. [PMID: 34216641 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human adrenal cortex is a complex organ which is composed of various cell types including not only steroidogenic cells but also mesenchymal cells, immunocompetent cells and neurons. Intermingling of these diverse cell populations favors cell-to-cell communication processes involving local release of numerous bioactive signals such as biogenic amines, cytokines and neuropeptides. The resulting paracrine interactions play an important role in the regulation of adrenocortical cell functions both in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Especially, recent evidence indicates that adrenocortical cell microenvironment is involved in the pathogenesis of adrenal disorders associated with corticosteroid excess. The paracrine factors involved in these intraadrenal regulatory mechanisms may thus represent valuable targets for future pharmacological treatments of adrenal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine-Guy Lopez
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France; Rouen University Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Rouen, France
| | - Céline Duparc
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
| | - Julien Wils
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France; Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, Rouen, France
| | - Alexandre Naccache
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France; Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Rouen, France
| | - Mireille Castanet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France; Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Rouen, France
| | - Hervé Lefebvre
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France; Rouen University Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Rouen, France.
| | - Estelle Louiset
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
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12
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Lingpeng P, Jingzhu S, Wei L, Enqi W, Yaqin L. Effect of water extracts from Cynanchum thesioides (Freyn) K. Schum. on visceral hypersensitivity and gut microbiota profile in maternally separated rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 264:113352. [PMID: 32891821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic, stress-related, functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal discomfort and altered bowel habits; the manipulation of the microbiota is emerging as a promising therapeutic option for IBS. Cynanchum thesioides (CT) is an herb of traditional Mongolian medicine that has been employed in treating abdominal pain and diarrhea for hundreds of years. Phytochemical studies of this plant showed the presence of various flavonoids with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. We hypothesized that Cynanchum thesioides manipulates the gut mycobiome and reverses visceral hypersensitivity in IBS rat model. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The aims of this study were to prove the in vivo efficacy of Cynanchum thesioides on improving visceral hypersensitivity in IBS rat model and to examine its effect on gut bacterial communities, focusing on the potential interrelationships among microbiota and visceral hypersensitivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We induced visceral hypersensitivity rat models by maternal separation (MS) of Sprague-Dawley rats, and administered CT water extracts to MS rats for 10 consecutive days. The abdominal withdrawal reflex score and threshold of colorectal distention were employed to assess visceral sensitivity. We then used the Illumina HiSeq platform to analyze bacterial 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS Treatment with CT improved visceral hypersensitivity in MS rats, and this was accompanied by alterations in the structure and composition of the gut microbiota. The extent of the stability of the gut microbiota was improved after treatment with CT. The genera Pseudomonas, Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis, and Clostridium XlVa (which were more prevalent in MS rats) were significantly decreased, whereas the abundance of some genera were less prevalent in MS rats-for example, Clostridium IV, Elusimicrobium, Clostridium_sensu_stricto, and Acetatifactor were significantly enriched after treatment with CT. CONCLUSION Water-extracted CT was beneficial against visceral hypersensitivity in IBS and favorably affected the structure, composition, and functionality of gut microbiota. CT is therefore a promising agent in therapy of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lingpeng
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Song Jingzhu
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Liu Wei
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, China.
| | - Wu Enqi
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Ling Yaqin
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100081, China.
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13
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Hartstra AV, Schüppel V, Imangaliyev S, Schrantee A, Prodan A, Collard D, Levin E, Dallinga-Thie G, Ackermans MT, Winkelmeijer M, Havik SR, Metwaly A, Lagkouvardos I, Nier A, Bergheim I, Heikenwalder M, Dunkel A, Nederveen AJ, Liebisch G, Mancano G, Claus SP, Benítez-Páez A, la Fleur SE, Bergman JJ, Gerdes V, Sanz Y, Booij J, Kemper E, Groen AK, Serlie MJ, Haller D, Nieuwdorp M. Infusion of donor feces affects the gut-brain axis in humans with metabolic syndrome. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101076. [PMID: 32916306 PMCID: PMC7536740 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence indicates that intestinal microbiota play a role in diverse metabolic processes via intestinal butyrate production. Human bariatric surgery data suggest that the gut-brain axis is also involved in this process, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. METHODS We compared the effect of fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) from post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) donors vs oral butyrate supplementation on (123I-FP-CIT-determined) brain dopamine transporter (DAT) and serotonin transporter (SERT) binding as well as stable isotope-determined insulin sensitivity at baseline and after 4 weeks in 24 male and female treatment-naïve metabolic syndrome subjects. Plasma metabolites and fecal microbiota were also determined at these time points. RESULTS We observed an increase in brain DAT after donor FMT compared to oral butyrate that reduced this binding. However, no effect on body weight and insulin sensitivity was demonstrated after post-RYGB donor feces transfer in humans with metabolic syndrome. Increases in fecal levels of Bacteroides uniformis were significantly associated with an increase in DAT, whereas increases in Prevotella spp. showed an inverse association. Changes in the plasma metabolites glycine, betaine, methionine, and lysine (associated with the S-adenosylmethionine cycle) were also associated with altered striatal DAT expression. CONCLUSIONS Although more and larger studies are needed, our data suggest a potential gut microbiota-driven modulation of brain dopamine and serotonin transporters in human subjects with obese metabolic syndrome. These data also suggest the presence of a gut-brain axis in humans that can be modulated. NTR REGISTRATION 4488.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick V Hartstra
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Valentina Schüppel
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sultan Imangaliyev
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrei Prodan
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Didier Collard
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evgeni Levin
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geesje Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariette T Ackermans
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike Winkelmeijer
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan R Havik
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amira Metwaly
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anika Nier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dunkel
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Aart J Nederveen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Giulia Mancano
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine P Claus
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Alfonso Benítez-Páez
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques J Bergman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Gerdes
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elles Kemper
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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14
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Lukasheva EV, Makletsova MG, Lukashev AN, Babayeva G, Arinbasarova AY, Medentsev AG. Fungal Enzyme l-Lysine α-Oxidase Affects the Amino Acid Metabolism in the Brain and Decreases the Polyamine Level. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E398. [PMID: 33212812 PMCID: PMC7698073 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal glycoprotein l-lysine α-oxidase (LO) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of l-lysine (l-lys). LO may be internalized in the intestine and shows antitumor, antibacterial, and antiviral effects in vivo. The main mechanisms of its effects have been shown to be depletion of the essential amino acid l-lys and action of reactive oxidative species produced by the reaction. Here, we report that LO penetrates into the brain and is retained there for up to 48 h after intravenous injection, which might be explained by specific pharmacokinetics. LO actively intervenes in amino acid metabolism in the brain. The most significant impact of LO was towards amino acids, which are directly exposed to its action (l-lys, l-orn, l-arg). In addition, the enzyme significantly affected the redistribution of amino acids directly associated with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (l-asp and l-glu). We discovered that the depletion of l-orn, the precursor of polyamines (PA), led to a significant and long-term decrease in the concentration of polyamines, which are responsible for regulation of many processes including cell proliferation. Thus, LO may be used to reduce levels of l-lys and PA in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Lukasheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russia;
| | - Marina G. Makletsova
- Department of Biology and General Pathology, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Square 1, Rostov-on-Don 344011, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 20 M. Pirogovskaya str., Moscow 119435, Russia;
| | - Gulalek Babayeva
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russia;
| | - Anna Yu. Arinbasarova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, PSCBR RAS, 5 Pr. Nauki, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.Y.A.); (A.G.M.)
| | - Alexander G. Medentsev
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, PSCBR RAS, 5 Pr. Nauki, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.Y.A.); (A.G.M.)
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15
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Ugartemendia L, Bravo R, Castaño MY, Cubero J, Zamoscik V, Kirsch P, Rodríguez AB, Reuter M. "Influence of diet on mood and social cognition: a pilot study". Food Funct 2020; 11:8320-8330. [PMID: 32910112 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00620c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a relationship has been observed between nutrition and social cognition. In this aspect, several dietary patterns, or even some probiotics, have been reported as social cognition modulators. However, to date, no studies have reported the effects of specific nutrients. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between dietary macronutrients and the processing of social and affective information. Participants were undergraduates from the University of Extremadura (Badajoz, Spain) aged 21.3 ± 2.9 years., with a BMI of 22.8 ± 3.9 (kg m-2). The students' social cognition and diet were analysed through questionnaires and a dietary record. The diets were analysed with DIAL v.1.18® software (Alce Ingeniería®). The participants filled out the WHO-5 well-being index, Beck's anxiety inventory, Beck's depression inventory, ruminative response scale (RSS), Leiden index of depression sensitivity (LEIDS-r), empathy quotient (EQ), and interpersonal reactivity index (IRI). To analyse the data, nutrients were grouped through principal component analysis (PCA) into lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. Additionally, we assayed if these principal components were associated with psychological questionnaire scores using multiple linear regression analyses. The dietary pattern differed from the traditional Mediterranean diet due to high intake of proteins and saturated fatty acids. Regarding social cognition and macronutrients, we found a positive association between lipids, specifically cholesterol, and the Perspective-Taking Scale (an IRI component). Carbohydrates influenced the RSS, indicating that complex carbohydrates may be a risk factor for depression. Moreover, the brooding factor, a component of the RRS, was negatively affected by dietary carbohydrates and proteins, specifically by fiber and aspartate. Diet may influence several variables related to social cognition and mood. Particularly, a low-cholesterol diet rich in fiber, complex carbohydrates, and aspartate apparently provides benefits, improving the processing of social and affective information and psychic well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ugartemendia
- Chrononutrition Laboratory, Neuroimmunephysiology & Chrononutrition Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - R Bravo
- Chrononutrition Laboratory, Neuroimmunephysiology & Chrononutrition Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - M Y Castaño
- Chrononutrition Laboratory, Neuroimmunephysiology & Chrononutrition Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - J Cubero
- Health Education Lab, Experimental Science Education Area, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - V Zamoscik
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - P Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A B Rodríguez
- Chrononutrition Laboratory, Neuroimmunephysiology & Chrononutrition Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - M Reuter
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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16
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Dalangin R, Kim A, Campbell RE. The Role of Amino Acids in Neurotransmission and Fluorescent Tools for Their Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6197. [PMID: 32867295 PMCID: PMC7503967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmission between neurons, which can occur over the span of a few milliseconds, relies on the controlled release of small molecule neurotransmitters, many of which are amino acids. Fluorescence imaging provides the necessary speed to follow these events and has emerged as a powerful technique for investigating neurotransmission. In this review, we highlight some of the roles of the 20 canonical amino acids, GABA and β-alanine in neurotransmission. We also discuss available fluorescence-based probes for amino acids that have been shown to be compatible for live cell imaging, namely those based on synthetic dyes, nanostructures (quantum dots and nanotubes), and genetically encoded components. We aim to provide tool developers with information that may guide future engineering efforts and tool users with information regarding existing indicators to facilitate studies of amino acid dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelin Dalangin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Robert E. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada; (R.D.); (A.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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17
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Agrawal L, Korkutata M, Vimal SK, Yadav MK, Bhattacharyya S, Shiga T. Therapeutic potential of serotonin 4 receptor for chronic depression and its associated comorbidity in the gut. Neuropharmacology 2020; 166:107969. [PMID: 31982703 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The latest estimates from world health organization suggest that more than 450 million people are suffering from depression and other psychiatric conditions. Of these, 50-60% have been reported to have progression of gut diseases. In the last two decades, researchers introduced incipient physiological roles for serotonin (5-HT) receptors (5-HTRs), suggesting their importance as a potential pharmacological target in various psychiatric and gut diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that 5-HT systems affect the brain-gut axis in depressive patients, which leads to gut comorbidity. Recently, preclinical trials of 5-HT4R agonists and antagonists were promising as antipsychotic and prokinetic agents. In the current review, we address the possible pharmacological role and contribution of 5-HT4R in the pathophysiology of chronic depression and associated gut abnormalities. Physiologically, during depression episodes, centers of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system couple together with neuroendocrine systems to alter the function of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and enteric nervous system (ENS), which in turn leads to onset of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorders. Consecutively, the ENS governs a broad spectrum of physiological activities of gut, such as visceral pain and motility. During the stages of emotional stress, hyperactivity of the HPA axis alters the ENS response to physiological and noxious stimuli. Consecutively, stress-induced flare, swelling, hyperalgesia and altered reflexes in gut eventually lead to GIT disorders. In summary, the current review provides prospective information about the role and mechanism of 5-HT4R-based therapeutics for the treatment of depressive disorder and possible consequences for the gut via brain-gut axis interactions. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Serotonin Research: Crossing Scales and Boundaries'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Agrawal
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, 305-8577, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Mustafa Korkutata
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar Vimal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, 305-8577, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Sanjib Bhattacharyya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Takashi Shiga
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, 305-8577, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba,1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan.
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18
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Graf A, Trofimova L, Ksenofontov A, Baratova L, Bunik V. Hypoxic Adaptation of Mitochondrial Metabolism in Rat Cerebellum Decreases in Pregnancy. Cells 2020; 9:E139. [PMID: 31936131 PMCID: PMC7016955 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Function of brain amino acids as neurotransmitters or their precursors implies changes in the amino acid levels and/or metabolism in response to physiological and environmental challenges. Modelling such challenges by pregnancy and/or hypoxia, we characterize the amino acid pool in the rat cerebellum, quantifying the levels and correlations of 15 amino acids and activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC). The parameters are systemic indicators of metabolism because OGDHC limits the flux through mitochondrial TCA cycle, where amino acids are degraded and their precursors synthesized. Compared to non-pregnant state, pregnancy increases the cerebellar content of glutamate and tryptophan, decreasing interdependence between the quantified components of amino acid metabolism. In response to hypoxia, the dependence of cerebellar amino acid pool on OGDHC and the average levels of arginine, glutamate, lysine, methionine, serine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan increase in non-pregnant rats only. This is accompanied by a higher hypoxic resistance of the non-pregnant vs. pregnant rats, pointing to adaptive significance of the hypoxia-induced changes in the cerebellar amino acid metabolism. These adaptive mechanisms are not effective in the pregnancy-changed metabolic network. Thus, the cerebellar amino acid levels and OGDHC activity provide sensitive markers of the physiology-dependent organization of metabolic network and its stress adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Graf
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (L.T.)
- Faculty of Nano-, Bio-, Informational and Cognitive and Socio-humanistic Sciences and Technologies at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidia Trofimova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.); (L.T.)
| | - Alexander Ksenofontov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Lyudmila Baratova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Victoria Bunik
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (L.B.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Вiochemistry Department, Sechenov University, 119048 Moscow, Russia
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19
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Severyanova LA, Lazarenko VA, Plotnikov DV, Dolgintsev ME, Kriukov AA. L-Lysine as the Molecule Influencing Selective Brain Activity in Pain-Induced Behavior of Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1899. [PMID: 30999611 PMCID: PMC6514796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-rich proteins are some of the most important proteins of neurons and it has become necessary to investigate the possible role of L-lysine as a brain functioning regulator. The purpose of our study is to identify the characteristics and the mechanisms of L-lysine effects on the different types of pain-induced behavior in the stimulation of tail and foot-shock models in 210 adult male Wistar rats. L-lysine was administered in intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular injections in doses of 0.15-50.0 µg/kg. When a tail is irritated, L-lysine was found to enhance pain sensitivity and affective defense after both intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular administration. In the case of unavoidable painful irritation of a pair of rats with both types of L-lysine administration, there was no direct correlation of the severity of pain with defensive reactions and outbursts of aggression. This indicates a more complex integration of the activity of brain structures in this situation of animal interaction, which was confirmed by the results of the direct amino acid action on the periventricular brain structures. Our findings show that L-lysine influences the selective brain activity in dependence on the biological significance of pain-induced behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor A Lazarenko
- Department of Surgical Diseases FPE, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk 305041, Russia.
| | - Dmitry V Plotnikov
- Psychiatry Department, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk 305041, Russia.
| | - Maxim E Dolgintsev
- Pathophysiology Department, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk 305041, Russia.
| | - Alexey A Kriukov
- Pathophysiology Department, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk 305041, Russia.
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20
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Psycho-emotional status but not cognition is changed under the combined effect of ionizing radiations at doses related to deep space missions. Behav Brain Res 2019; 362:311-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hadrévi J, Jonsdottir IH, Jansson PA, Eriksson JW, Sjörs A. Plasma metabolomic patterns in patients with exhaustion disorder. Stress 2019; 22:17-26. [PMID: 30084722 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1494150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaustion disorder (ED) is a stress-related disorder that often implies a great burden on the individual patient as well as on society. Previous studies have shown that ED is associated with metabolic deviations, such as lowered fasting glucose. Several mechanisms have been discussed as a plausible explanation of the lack of energy described by these patients. Metabolic processes and reduced ability to mobilize energy have been suggested as important factors. This study investigated metabolomics in 20 patients diagnosed with ED and compared them with 21 healthy controls. Plasma metabolic profiles were examined in both fasting and nonfasting (postprandial) conditions. Blood plasma samples were analyzed for metabolite content using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. A total of 62 different metabolites were simultaneously detected in each of the samples. Multivariate models indicated systematic differences between patients with ED and healthy controls in both their fasting and nonfasting plasma metabolite levels. Lysine and octadecenoic acid were more abundant and glutamine, glycine, serine and gluconic acid were less abundant in the patients across both conditions. In the present study, we comprehensively and simultaneously screen for changes in a large number of metabolites. Our results show a difference in systemic metabolites between patients with exhaustion disorder and healthy controls both in the fasting and in the postprandial states. Here, we present new potential biomarkers mirroring exhaustion disorder metabolism. Lay summary Exhaustion disorder (ED) patients suffer from stress-related symptoms including a reduced energy level. This study investigates the body's metabolism in patients with ED, both fasting and after a meal. New potential markers that may help future investigations on ED were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Hadrévi
- a Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicines , Umeå University , Sweden
| | - Ingibjörg H Jonsdottir
- b The Institute of Stress Medicine , Gothenburg , Sweden Region Västra Götaland
- c Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Per-Anders Jansson
- d Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- e Department of Medical Sciences , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Anna Sjörs
- b The Institute of Stress Medicine , Gothenburg , Sweden Region Västra Götaland
- f Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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22
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Lefebvre H, Duparc C, Naccache A, Lopez AG, Castanet M, Louiset E. Paracrine Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion in Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 109:303-339. [PMID: 30678861 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone secretion by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex is controlled by circulating factors including the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and potassium. Mineralocorticoid production is also regulated through an autocrine/paracrine mechanism by a wide variety of bioactive signals released in the vicinity of adrenocortical cells by chromaffin cells, nerve endings, cells of the immune system, endothelial cells and adipocytes. These regulatory factors include conventional neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Their physiological role in the control of aldosterone secretion is not fully understood, but it is likely that they participate in the RAS-independent regulation of zona glomerulosa cells. Interestingly, recent observations indicate that autocrine/paracrine processes are involved in the pathophysiology of primary aldosteronism. The intraadrenal regulatory systems observed in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA), although globally similar to those occurring in the normal adrenal gland, harbor alterations at different levels, which tend to strengthen the potency of paracrine signals to activate aldosterone secretion. Enhancement of paracrine stimulatory tone may participate to APA expansion and aldosterone hypersecretion together with somatic mutations of driver genes which activate the calcium signaling pathway and subsequently aldosterone synthase expression. Intraadrenal regulatory mechanisms represent thus promising pharmacological targets for the treatment of primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Lefebvre
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
| | - Céline Duparc
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
| | - Alexandre Naccache
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine-Guy Lopez
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Mireille Castanet
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France; Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Estelle Louiset
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
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23
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Żmudzka E, Sałaciak K, Sapa J, Pytka K. Serotonin receptors in depression and anxiety: Insights from animal studies. Life Sci 2018; 210:106-124. [PMID: 30144453 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin regulates many physiological processes including sleep, appetite, and mood. Thus, serotonergic system is an important target in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as major depression and anxiety. This natural neurotransmitter interacts with 7 families of its receptors (5-HT1-7), which cause a variety of pharmacological effects. Using genetically modified animals and selective or preferential agonists and antagonist, numerous studies demonstrated the involvement of almost all serotonin receptor subtypes in antidepressant- or anxiolytic-like effects. In this review, based on animal studies, we discuss the possible involvement of serotonin receptor subtypes in depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Żmudzka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Sałaciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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24
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Metabolite identification in fecal microbiota transplantation mouse livers and combined proteomics with chronic unpredictive mild stress mouse livers. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:34. [PMID: 29382834 PMCID: PMC5802540 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mood disorder. Gut microbiota may be involved in the pathogenesis of depression via the microbe-gut-brain axis. Liver is vulnerable to exposure of bacterial products translocated from the gut via the portal vein and may be involved in the axis. In this study, germ-free mice underwent fecal microbiota transplantation from MDD patients and healthy controls. Behavioral tests verified the depression model. Metabolomics using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry determined the influence of microbes on liver metabolism. With multivariate statistical analysis, 191 metabolites were distinguishable in MDD mice from control (CON) mice. Compared with CON mice, MDD mice showed lower levels for 106 metabolites and higher levels for 85 metabolites. These metabolites are associated with lipid and energy metabolism and oxidative stress. Combined analyses of significantly changed proteins in livers from another depression model induced by chronic unpredictive mild stress returned a high score for the Lipid Metabolism, Free Radical Scavenging, and Molecule Transports network, and canonical pathways were involved in energy metabolism and tryptophan degradation. The two mouse models of depression suggest that changes in liver metabolism might be involved in the pathogenesis of MDD. Conjoint analyses of fecal, serum, liver, and hippocampal metabolites from fecal microbiota transplantation mice suggested that aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis significantly changed and fecal metabolites showed a close relationship with the liver. These findings may help determine the biological mechanisms of depression and provide evidence about "depression microbes" impacting on liver metabolism.
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25
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Dong Y, Yang C, Wang Z, Qin Z, Cao J, Chen Y. The injury of serotonin on intestinal epithelium cell renewal of weaned diarrhoea mice. Eur J Histochem 2016; 60:2689. [PMID: 28076934 PMCID: PMC5381531 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2016.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoea is a common cause of death in children and weaned animals. Recent research has found that serotonin (5-HT) in the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in regulating growth and the maintenance of mucosa, which protect against diarrhoea. To determine the influence of 5-HT on intestinal epithelium cell renewal under weaned stress diarrhoea, a weaned-stress diarrhoea mouse model was established with senna infusion (15 mL/Kg) via intragastric administration and stress restraint (SR). Mice with an increase in 5-HT were induced by intraperitoneal injection with citalopram hydrobromide (CH, 10 mg/Kg). The results demonstrated that compared with the control animals, diarrhoea appeared in weaned stress mice and the 5-HT content in the small intestine was significantly increased (P<0.05). Further, the caspase-3 cells and cells undergoing apoptosis in the small intestine were significantly increased, but the VH (villus height), V/C (villus height /crypt depth), and PCNA-positive rate significantly decreased. Compared with the control animals, CH increased the intestinal 5-HT content, caspase-3 cells and cells undergoing apoptosis but decreased the VH and V/C. Compared with both control and weaned stress animals, weaned stress animals that were pre-treated with CH showed higher 5-HT concentrations, positive caspase-3 cells and cells undergoing apoptosis but lower VH, V/C and PCNA-positive rate. In vitro, a low concentration of 5-HT inhibit, IEC-6 cell line apoptosis but a higher concentration of 5-HT promoted it. Therefore, weaned stress diarrhoea mice were accompanied by a 5-HT increase in the small intestine and vice versa, and the increase in 5-HT induced by CH caused diarrhoea. In brief, 5-HT and diarrhoea slowed the intestinal epithelium cell renewal and injured the abortion function and mucosal barrier by decreasing VH, V/C and proliferation and increasing epithelium cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dong
- China Agricultural University.
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26
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Li J, Zhang SX, Wang W, Cheng K, Guo H, Rao CL, Yang DY, He Y, Zou DZ, Han Y, Zhao LB, Li PF, Xie P. Potential antidepressant and resilience mechanism revealed by metabolomic study on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of stress resilient rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 320:12-20. [PMID: 27880890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Resilience is an active coping response to stress, which plays a very important role in major depressive disorder study. The molecular mechanisms underlying such resilience are poorly understood. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were promising objects in unveiling the underlying pathogenesis of resilience. Hereby we carried out successive study on PBMCs metabolomics in resilient rats of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomic approach coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to detect differential metabolites in PBMCs of resilient rats. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) was applied for pathway analysis. A set of differential metabolites including Malic acid, Ornithine, l-Lysine, Stigmasterol, Oleic acid, γ-Tocopherol, Adenosine and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine were significantly altered in resilient rats, meanwhile promoting antidepressant research. As revealed by IPA that aberrant energy metabolism, HIFα signaling, neurotransmitter, O-GlcNAcylation and cAMP signaling cascade in peripheral might be evolved in the pathogenesis of coping mechanism. The GC-MS based metabolomics may contribute to better understanding of resilience, as well as shedding light on antidepressant discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Shu-Xiao Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China; Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China; Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Cheng-Long Rao
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - De-Yu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Yong He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China
| | - De-Zhi Zou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Li-Bo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China; School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, 400016 Chongqing, China.
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Gulsun M, Oznur T, Aydemir E, Ozcelik F, Erdem M, Zincir S, Akgul O, Kurt Y. Possible relationship between amino acids, aggression and psychopathy. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2016; 20:91-100. [PMID: 26982638 DOI: 10.3109/13651501.2016.1144771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aggressive behaviour is associated with reduced serotonin metabolism in the brain, but there is not enough knowledge on potential changes of the serotonin precursor levels among violent offenders. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationships among the tendency of psychopathy, anger and the basic amino acids. METHODS Fifty-two young adult male patients with antisocial personality disorder (APD) and 30 healthy men included the study. Serum amino acid levels were measured by HPLC method. Aggression questionnaire and Hare Psychopathology Scale were used for all participants. RESULTS Blood levels of phosphoserine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, aminoadipic acid and 1-methylhistidine in group of patients with APD were significantly higher than the control group. Blood levels of TRP, asparagine, citrulline, cystine, isoleucine, tyrosine, histidine, hydroxylysine, lysine, ethanolamine and arginine in the group of patients were found lower than the control group. A significant positive correlation between anger scores and histidine, methionine and GABA was found. GABA and methionine showed a significant correlation with the indirect aggression score. CONCLUSION Our study showed a relationship between serum amino acid levels and the scores of aggression and psychopathy. We think that this is a productive research area for understanding the relationship among biochemical factors, aggression and psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Gulsun
- a Department of Psychiatry , Gulhane Military Medical Academy , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Taner Oznur
- a Department of Psychiatry , Gulhane Military Medical Academy , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Emre Aydemir
- a Department of Psychiatry , Gulhane Military Medical Academy , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Fatih Ozcelik
- b Department of Medical Biochemistry , Erzincan Military Hospital , Erzincan , Turkey
| | - Murat Erdem
- a Department of Psychiatry , Gulhane Military Medical Academy , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Serkan Zincir
- c Department of Psychiatry , Golcuk Military Hospital , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Ozgur Akgul
- d Department of Medical Biochemistry , Gulhane Military Medical Academy , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Yasemin Kurt
- a Department of Psychiatry , Gulhane Military Medical Academy , Ankara , Turkey
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Bai S, Zhou C, Cheng P, Fu Y, Fang L, Huang W, Yu J, Shao W, Wang X, Liu M, Zhou J, Xie P. 1H NMR-based metabolic profiling reveals the effects of fluoxetine on lipid and amino acid metabolism in astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8490-504. [PMID: 25884334 PMCID: PMC4425092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), is a prescribed and effective antidepressant and generally used for the treatment of depression. Previous studies have revealed that the antidepressant mechanism of fluoxetine was related to astrocytes. However, the therapeutic mechanism underlying its mode of action in astrocytes remains largely unclear. In this study, primary astrocytes were exposed to 10 µM fluoxetine; 24 h post-treatment, a high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomic approach coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was used to characterize the metabolic variations of intracellular metabolites. The orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) score plots of the spectra demonstrated that the fluoxetine-treated astrocytes were significantly distinguished from the untreated controls. In total, 17 differential metabolites were identified to discriminate the two groups. These key metabolites were mainly involved in lipids, lipid metabolism-related molecules and amino acids. This is the first study to indicate that fluoxetine may exert antidepressant action by regulating the astrocyte’s lipid and amino acid metabolism. These findings should aid our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying fluoxetine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunjie Bai
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Pengfei Cheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yuying Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Liang Fang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Weihua Shao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Xinfa Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Meiling Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Maity J, Honcharenko D, Strömberg R. Synthesis of triamino acid building blocks with different lipophilicities. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124046. [PMID: 25876040 PMCID: PMC4397077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain different amino acids with varying lipophilicity and that can carry up to three positive charges we have developed a number of new triamino acid building blocks. One set of building blocks was achieved by aminoethyl extension, via reductive amination, of the side chain of ortnithine, diaminopropanoic and diaminobutanoic acid. A second set of triamino acids with the aminoethyl extension having hydrocarbon side chains was synthesized from diaminobutanoic acid. The aldehydes needed for the extension by reductive amination were synthesized from the corresponding Fmoc-L-2-amino fatty acids in two steps. Reductive amination of these compounds with Boc-L-Dab-OH gave the C4-C8 alkyl-branched triamino acids. All triamino acids were subsequently Boc-protected at the formed secondary amine to make the monomers appropriate for the N-terminus position when performing Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Maity
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dmytro Honcharenko
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Strömberg
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Franco L, Galán C, Bravo R, Bejarano I, Peñas-Lledo E, Rodríguez AB, Barriga C, Cubero J. Effect of non-alcohol beer on anxiety: Relationship of 5-HIAA. NEUROCHEM J+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971241502004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Naviaux RK. Metabolic features of the cell danger response. Mitochondrion 2013; 16:7-17. [PMID: 23981537 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cell danger response (CDR) is the evolutionarily conserved metabolic response that protects cells and hosts from harm. It is triggered by encounters with chemical, physical, or biological threats that exceed the cellular capacity for homeostasis. The resulting metabolic mismatch between available resources and functional capacity produces a cascade of changes in cellular electron flow, oxygen consumption, redox, membrane fluidity, lipid dynamics, bioenergetics, carbon and sulfur resource allocation, protein folding and aggregation, vitamin availability, metal homeostasis, indole, pterin, 1-carbon and polyamine metabolism, and polymer formation. The first wave of danger signals consists of the release of metabolic intermediates like ATP and ADP, Krebs cycle intermediates, oxygen, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and is sustained by purinergic signaling. After the danger has been eliminated or neutralized, a choreographed sequence of anti-inflammatory and regenerative pathways is activated to reverse the CDR and to heal. When the CDR persists abnormally, whole body metabolism and the gut microbiome are disturbed, the collective performance of multiple organ systems is impaired, behavior is changed, and chronic disease results. Metabolic memory of past stress encounters is stored in the form of altered mitochondrial and cellular macromolecule content, resulting in an increase in functional reserve capacity through a process known as mitocellular hormesis. The systemic form of the CDR, and its magnified form, the purinergic life-threat response (PLTR), are under direct control by ancient pathways in the brain that are ultimately coordinated by centers in the brainstem. Chemosensory integration of whole body metabolism occurs in the brainstem and is a prerequisite for normal brain, motor, vestibular, sensory, social, and speech development. An understanding of the CDR permits us to reframe old concepts of pathogenesis for a broad array of chronic, developmental, autoimmune, and degenerative disorders. These disorders include autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), asthma, atopy, gluten and many other food and chemical sensitivity syndromes, emphysema, Tourette's syndrome, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), traumatic brain injury (TBI), epilepsy, suicidal ideation, organ transplant biology, diabetes, kidney, liver, and heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer and Parkinson disease, and autoimmune disorders like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, San Diego, CA 92103-8467, USA; Veterans Affairs Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Serotonin: from top to bottom. Biogerontology 2012; 14:21-45. [PMID: 23100172 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-012-9406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter, which is phylogenetically conserved in a wide range of species from nematodes to humans. In mammals, age-related changes in serotonin systems are known risk factors of age-related diseases, such as diabetes, faecal incontinence and cardiovascular diseases. A decline in serotonin function with aging would be consistent with observations of age-related changes in behaviours, such as sleep, sexual behaviour and mood all of which are linked to serotonergic function. Despite this little is known about serotonin in relation to aging. This review aims to give a comprehensive analysis of the distribution, function and interactions of serotonin in the brain; gastrointestinal tract; skeletal; vascular and immune systems. It also aims to demonstrate how the function of serotonin is linked to aging and disease pathology in these systems. The regulation of serotonin via microRNAs is also discussed, as are possible applications of serotonergic drugs in aging research and age-related diseases. Furthermore, this review demonstrates that serotonin is potentially involved in whole organism aging through its links with multiple organs, the immune system and microRNA regulation. Methods to investigate these links are discussed.
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Importance of amino acid composition to improve skin collagen protein synthesis rates in UV-irradiated mice. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2481-9. [PMID: 21861170 PMCID: PMC3351609 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin collagen metabolism abnormalities induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation are the major causes of skin photoaging. It has been shown that the one-time exposure of UV irradiation decreases procollagen mRNA expression in dermis and that chronic UV irradiation decreases collagen amounts and induces wrinkle formation. Amino acids are generally known to regulate protein metabolism. Therefore, we investigated the effects of UV irradiation and various orally administered amino acids on skin collagen synthesis rates. Groups of 4–5 male, 8-week-old HR-1 hairless mice were irradiated with UVB (66 mJ/cm2) twice every other day, then fasted for 16 h. The fractional synthesis rate (FSR; %/h) of skin tropocollagen was evaluated by incorporating l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine. We confirmed that the FSR of dermal tropocollagen decreased after UVB irradiation. The FSR of dermal tropocollagen was measured 30 min after a single oral administration of amino acids (1 g/kg) to groups of 5–16 UVB-irradiated mice. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA, 1.34 ± 0.32), arginine (Arg, 1.66 ± 0.39), glutamine (Gln, 1.75 ± 0.60), and proline (Pro, 1.48 ± 0.26) did not increase the FSR of skin tropocollagen compared with distilled water, which was used as a control (1.56 ± 0.30). However, essential amino acids mixtures (BCAA + Arg + Gln, BCAA + Gln, and BCAA + Pro) significantly increased the FSR (2.07 ± 0.58, 2.04 ± 0.54, 2.01 ± 0.50 and 2.07 ± 0.59, respectively). This result suggests that combinations of BCAA and glutamine or proline are important for restoring dermal collagen protein synthesis impaired by UV irradiation.
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Carr GV, Lucki I. The role of serotonin receptor subtypes in treating depression: a review of animal studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 213:265-87. [PMID: 21107537 PMCID: PMC3374933 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective in treating depression. Given the existence of different families and subtypes of 5-HT receptors, multiple 5-HT receptors may be involved in the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of SSRIs. OBJECTIVE Behavioral pharmacology studies investigating the role of 5-HT receptor subtypes in producing or blocking the effects of SSRIs were reviewed. RESULTS Few animal behavior tests were available to support the original development of SSRIs. Since their development, a number of behavioral tests and models of depression have been developed that are sensitive to the effects of SSRIs, as well as to other types of antidepressant treatments. The rationale for the development and use of these tests is reviewed. Behavioral effects similar to those of SSRIs (antidepressant-like) have been produced by agonists at 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1B), 5-HT(2C), 5-HT(4), and 5-HT(6) receptors. Also, antagonists at 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2C), 5-HT(3), 5-HT(6), and 5-HT(7) receptors have been reported to produce antidepressant-like responses. Although it seems paradoxical that both agonists and antagonists at particular 5-HT receptors can produce antidepressant-like effects, they probably involve diverse neurochemical mechanisms. The behavioral effects of SSRIs and other antidepressants may also be augmented when 5-HT receptor agonists or antagonists are given in combination. CONCLUSIONS The involvement of 5-HT receptors in the antidepressant-like effects of SSRIs is complex and involves the orchestration of stimulation and blockade at different 5-HT receptor subtypes. Individual 5-HT receptors provide opportunities for the development of a newer generation of antidepressants that may be more beneficial and effective than SSRIs.
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Lakhan SE, Vieira KF. Nutritional and herbal supplements for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders: systematic review. Nutr J 2010; 9:42. [PMID: 20929532 PMCID: PMC2959081 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past several decades, complementary and alternative medications have increasingly become a part of everyday treatment. With the rising cost of prescription medications and their production of unwanted side effects, patients are exploring herbal and other natural remedies for the management and treatment of psychological conditions. Psychological disorders are one of the most frequent conditions seen by clinicians, and often require a long-term regimen of prescription medications. Approximately 6.8 million Americans suffer from generalized anxiety disorder. Many also suffer from the spectrum of behavioural and physical side effects that often accompany its treatment. It is not surprising that there is universal interest in finding effective natural anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) treatments with a lower risk of adverse effects or withdrawal. METHODS An electronic and manual search was performed through MEDLINE/PubMed and EBSCO. Articles were not discriminated by date of publication. Available clinical studies published in English that used human participants and examined the anxiolytic potential of dietary and herbal supplements were included. Data were extracted and compiled into tables that included the study design, sample population, intervention, control, length of treatment, outcomes, direction of evidence, and reported adverse events. RESULTS A total of 24 studies that investigated five different CAM monotherapies and eight different combination treatments and involved 2619 participants met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. There were 21 randomized controlled trials and three open-label, uncontrolled observational studies. Most studies involved patients who had been diagnosed with either an anxiety disorder or depression (n = 1786). However, eight studies used healthy volunteers (n = 877) who had normal levels of anxiety, were undergoing surgery, tested at the upper limit of the normal range of a trait anxiety scale, had adverse premenstrual symptoms or were peri-menopausal, reported anxiety and insomnia, or had one month or more of elevated generalized anxiety. Heterogeneity and the small number of studies for each supplement or combination therapy prevented a formal meta-analysis. Of the randomized controlled trials reviewed, 71% (15 out of 21) showed a positive direction of evidence. Any reported side effects were mild to moderate. CONCLUSIONS Based on the available evidence, it appears that nutritional and herbal supplementation is an effective method for treating anxiety and anxiety-related conditions without the risk of serious side effects. There is the possibility that any positive effects seen could be due to a placebo effect, which may have a significant psychological impact on participants with mental disorders. However, based on this systematic review, strong evidence exists for the use of herbal supplements containing extracts of passionflower or kava and combinations of L-lysine and L-arginine as treatments for anxiety symptoms and disorders. Magnesium-containing supplements and other herbal combinations may hold promise, but more research is needed before these products can be recommended to patients. St. John's wort monotherapy has insufficient evidence for use as an effective anxiolytic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen E Lakhan
- Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Ghosh S, Smriga M, Vuvor F, Suri D, Mohammed H, Armah SM, Scrimshaw NS. Effect of lysine supplementation on health and morbidity in subjects belonging to poor peri-urban households in Accra, Ghana. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92:928-39. [PMID: 20720257 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysine affects diarrhea and anxiety via effects on serotonin receptors, enhanced intestinal repair, and sodium chloride-dependent opioid peptide transport. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the effects of lysine supplementation on morbidity, growth, and anxiety in children and adults of peri-urban areas of Accra, Ghana. DESIGN In a double-blind randomized trial, the effect of lysine supplementation (1 g lysine/d) compared with that of placebo was examined in 2 groups of men, women, and children (n = 271). Primary outcomes included diarrheal and respiratory morbidity, growth, and anxiety and complement C3, C-reactive protein, serum cortisol, transferrin, and ferritin values. Independent-sample t tests, odds ratios, generalized estimating equations, 4-parameter sinusoid regression, and generalized linear models were used. RESULTS Thirty percent of men, 50% of women, and 15% of children were at risk of lysine inadequacy. Supplementation in children reduced diarrheal episodes [19 lysine, 35 placebo; odds ratio (OR): 0.52; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.92; P = 0.046] and the total number of days ill (21 lysine, 47 placebo; OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.74; P = 0.034). Mean days ill per child per week (0.058 ± 0.039 lysine, 0.132 ± 0.063 placebo; P = 0.017) were negatively associated with weight gain with control for baseline weight and study group (P = 0.04). Men had fewer coryza episodes (23 lysine, 39 placebo; OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.01; P = 0.05), total number of days ill (lysine: 130; placebo: 266; OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.93; P = 0.03), and mean days ill per person per week (lysine: 0.21 ± 0.23; placebo: 0.41 ± 0.35; P = 0.04). Serum ferritin (P = 0.045) and C-reactive protein (P = 0.018) decreased in lysine-supplemented women but increased in placebo-supplemented women. CONCLUSION Lysine supplementation reduced diarrheal morbidity in children and respiratory morbidity in men in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Ghosh
- Nevin Scrimshaw International Nutrition Foundation, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Kondoh T, Kameishi M, Mallick HN, Ono T, Torii K. Lysine and arginine reduce the effects of cerebral ischemic insults and inhibit glutamate-induced neuronal activity in rats. Front Integr Neurosci 2010; 4:18. [PMID: 20589237 PMCID: PMC2892957 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2010.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous administration of arginine was shown to be protective against cerebral ischemic insults via nitric oxide production and possibly via additional mechanisms. The present study aimed at evaluating the neuroprotective effects of oral administration of lysine (a basic amino acid), arginine, and their combination on ischemic insults (cerebral edema and infarction) and hemispheric brain swelling induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion in rats. Magnetic resonance imaging and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining were performed 2 days after ischemia induction. In control animals, the major edematous areas were observed in the cerebral cortex and striatum. The volumes associated with cortical edema were significantly reduced by lysine (2.0 g/kg), arginine (0.6 g/kg), or their combined administration (0.6 g/kg each). Protective effects of these amino acids on infarction were comparable to the inhibitory effects on edema formation. Interestingly, these amino acids, even at low dose (0.6 g/kg), were effective to reduce hemispheric brain swelling. Additionally, the effects of in vivo microiontophoretic (juxtaneuronal) applications of these amino acids on glutamate-evoked neuronal activity in the ventromedial hypothalamus were investigated in awake rats. Glutamate-induced neuronal activity was robustly inhibited by microiontophoretic applications of lysine or arginine onto neuronal membranes. Taken together, our results demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of oral ingestion of lysine and arginine against ischemic insults (cerebral edema and infarction), especially in the cerebral cortex, and suggest that suppression of glutamate-induced neuronal activity might be the primary mechanism associated with these neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kondoh
- Institute of Life Sciences, Ajinomoto Co., Inc. Kawasaki, Japan
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Boldt A, Gergs U, Frenker J, Simm A, Silber RE, Klöckner U, Neumann J. Inotropic effects of L-lysine in the mammalian heart. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2009; 380:293-301. [PMID: 19662383 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-009-0439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of L-lysine in cardiac preparations of mice and men. Of note, L-lysine increased force of contraction in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in isolated electrically paced left atrium of mouse and in human right atrium. It further increased heart rate and left ventricular pressure in the isolated perfused mouse heart. In isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes, the contractility as assessed by edge detection was increased as well as the Ca(2+) transients after electrically pacing by field stimulation. However, using the patch clamp technique, no effect of L-lysine on action potential duration from a constant holding potential or on current through L-type calcium channels could be observed. However, L-lysine led to a depolarization of unclamped cells. Furthermore, effects of L-lysine were stereospecific, as they were not elicited by D-lysine. The inotropic effects of L-lysine were not abrogated by additionally applied L-ornithine or L-arginine (known inhibitors of lysine transport). However, L-lysine (5 mM) shifted the concentration-response curve for a positive inotropic effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) in atrium of transgenic mice (with cardiac specific overexpression of 5-HT(4) receptors) to higher concentrations. In summary, we describe a novel positive inotropic effect of an essential amino acid, L-lysine, in the mammalian heart. One might speculate that L-lysine treatment under certain conditions could sustain cardiac performance. Moreover, L-lysine is able to block, at least in part, cardiac 5-HT(4) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Boldt
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle, Germany
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Severyanova LA, Dolgintsev ME, Bobyntsev II, Kryukov AA. Neurotropic effects of L-lysine in formation of pain-induced behavior. Bull Exp Biol Med 2009; 145:592-4. [PMID: 19145289 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-008-0139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In experiments on Wistar rats L-lysine (0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5.0, 15.0, and 50.0 microg/kg intraperitoneally) exhibited a dose-dependent algic effect during electrocutaneous stimulation of the tail and dose-dependent effects in aggressive defense behavior caused by electrical painful stimulation of paws. It was found that the effect of L-lysine depended on situation determining the predominance of defense or aggression, rather than on the intensity of painful stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Severyanova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Kursk State Medical University, Russia.
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Ghosh S, Pellett PL, Aw-Hassan A, Mouneime Y, Smriga M, Scrimshaw NS. Impact of Lysine-Fortified Wheat Flour on Morbidity and Immunologic Variables among Members of Rural Families in Northwest Syria. Food Nutr Bull 2008; 29:163-71. [DOI: 10.1177/156482650802900302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown an effect of lysine fortification on nutrition and immunity of poor men, women, and children consuming a predominantly wheat-based diet. Objective To examine the lysine value of diets and the effect of lysine fortification on functional protein status, anthropometry, and morbidity of men, women, and children in rural Syria. Methods At baseline of a two-phase study using 7-day household food intake inventories ( n = 98), nutrient availabilities per adult male equivalent were estimated. In the intervention phase, a 16-week double-blind trial, households ( n = 106) were randomly assigned to control and lysine groups. Hematologic and anthropometric data were collected from men ( n = 69; 31 control, 38 lysine), women ( n = 99; 51 control, 48 lysine), and children ( n = 69; 37 control, 32 lysine) at baseline, 12 weeks, and 16 weeks. Total CD3 T lymphocytes as well as T lymphocytes bearing the receptors CD4, CD8, and CD56, IgM, IgG, IgA, complement C3, C-reactive protein, serum albumin, prealbumin, transferrin, retinol-binding protein, hemoglobin, and hepatitis B surface antigen were determined. Health status and flour usage were monitored. Paired- and independent-sample t-tests and chi-square tests were performed. Results Mean nutrient availability per adult equivalent was 2,650 ± 806 kcal, 70.1 ± 26.4 g protein, 65 ± 14% cereal protein, and 41.9 ± 0.8 mg lysine per gram of protein. Complement C3 was significantly higher in men receiving lysine than in controls ( p < .05). Among women, there were significant differences between the control and lysine groups in diarrhea period prevalence (total number of diarrheal episodes during the period of intervention divided by the total number of observations), (20 in the control group, 6 in the lysine group; p = .014), the mean number of days ill (0.4 ± 0.7, control, 0.14 ± 0.4, lysine, p = 0.03), and the number of diarrheal episodes per person per year (1.39 in the control group, 0.47 in the lysine group). No other significant differences between the lysine and the control groups were observed. Conclusions Lysine fortification of wheat flour demonstrated a positive effect on diarrheal morbidity in women. The effect could be attributed to an improvement in protein utilization but possibly also to a direct effect of lysine in gastrointestinal tract. Studies in populations with higher diarrheal prevalence and significant dietary lysine deficiency are needed to determine whether the reported effects on diarrheal prevalence are replicable and whether they are pharmacological or nutritional. It would be particularly desirable to study the effect of lysine on diarrhea in preschool children, who have much higher morbidity and mortality rates from this disease than school-age children or adults.
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Grissom N, Kerr W, Bhatnagar S. Struggling behavior during restraint is regulated by stress experience. Behav Brain Res 2008; 191:219-26. [PMID: 18466984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Restraint elicits a number of physiological stress responses that can be increased or decreased in magnitude based on prior stress history. For instance, repeated exposure to restraint leads to habituation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activation to restraint. In contrast, acute restraint after a different repeated stressor leads to facilitation of HPA activity to the novel stress. Acute restraint also elicits a variety of behaviors, including struggling, but the effect of prior stress in regulating behavioral responses to restraint is not clear. The goal of the present studies was to assess struggling during restraint with or without a prior history of repeated stress. Using automated behavioral analysis software (EthoVision), we quantified struggling during restraint. We found that acutely restrained rats exhibited vigorous struggling behavior that declined during a single restraint period. Repeated restraint lead to habituated struggling behavior, whereas acute restraint after repeated swim elicited facilitated struggling behavior. These effects on struggling were found alongside expected differences in HPA activity. Removing stress-induced increases in corticosterone via adrenalectomy did not significantly affect struggling responses to restraint. Overall, restraint-induced struggling appears to be regulated in a manner similar to HPA responses to restraint, but is not dictated by adrenal hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Grissom
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Holmes A. Genetic variation in cortico-amygdala serotonin function and risk for stress-related disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:1293-314. [PMID: 18439676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin system is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology and therapeutic alleviation of stress-related disorders such as anxiety and depression. Serotonergic modulation of the acute response to stress and the adaptation to chronic stress is mediated by a myriad of molecules controlling serotonin neuron development (Pet-1), synthesis (tryptophan hydroxylase 1 and 2 isozymes), packaging (vesicular monoamine transporter 2), actions at presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3A, 5-HT4, 5-HT5A, 5-HT6, 5-HT7), reuptake (serotonin transporter), and degradation (monoamine oxidase A). A growing body of evidence from preclinical rodents models, and especially genetically modified mice and inbred mouse strains, has provided significant insight into how genetic variation in these molecules can affect the development and function of a key neural circuit between the dorsal raphe nucleus, medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. By extension, such variation is hypothesized to have a major influence on individual differences in the stress response and risk for stress-related disease in humans. The current article provides an update on this rapidly evolving field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Holmes
- Section on Behavioral Science and Genetics, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane Room 2N09, Rockville, MD 20852-9411, USA.
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed on the safety and efficacy of L-lysine sulphate (Vitalys®Liquid and Dry) for all animal species. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Miyauchi S, Gopal E, Thakkar SV, Ichikawa S, Prasad PD, Ganapathy V. Differential modulation of sodium- and chloride-dependent opioid peptide transport system by small nonopioid peptides and free amino acids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321:257-64. [PMID: 17259448 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.116806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified a novel opioid peptide transport system in the retinal pigment epithelium that transports opioid peptides by a Na+/Cl--dependent process. Here we describe a similar transport system expressed in SK-N-SH cells (a human neuronal cell line) and show for the first time that the activity of the transport system is modulated differentially by lysine and small nonopioid peptides. The transport process in SK-N-SH cells, monitored with deltorphin II as the substrate, is Na+/Cl--dependent and interacts with several opioid peptides, consisting of 5 to 13 amino acids. The activity of this transport system is markedly stimulated by specific dipeptides and tripeptides, with significant stimulation observable at low micromolar concentrations. The ion dependence, Na+/Cl--activation kinetics, and opioid peptide selectivity of the transport system, however, remain unchanged. The stimulation by the modulatory peptides is associated with an increase in maximal velocity with no change in substrate affinity of the system. Amino acids have no or little effect on the transport system, with the exception of lysine. This cationic amino acid inhibits the transport system, with significant inhibition occurring at physiologic concentrations of the amino acid. The inhibitory effect is primarily associated with a decrease in the maximal velocity of the transport system with little change in substrate affinity. Methyl and ethyl esters of lysine retain the inhibitory potency, but most other structural analogs have no effect. The differential modulation of the transport system by lysine and specific small peptides has important implications in the biology and pharmacology of opioid peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Miyauchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Smriga M, Ando T, Akutsu M, Furukawa Y, Miwa K, Morinaga Y. Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans. Biomed Res 2007; 28:85-90. [PMID: 17510493 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.28.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with an essential amino acid L-lysine has been shown to reduce chronic anxiety in humans with low dietary intake of L-lysine. A combination of L-lysine and L-arginine has been documented to normalize hormonal stress responses in humans with high trait anxiety. The present study was carried out in one hundred eight healthy Japanese adults. The aim of study was to find out whether a week-long oral treatment with L-lysine (2.64 g per day) and L-arginine (2.64 g per day) reduces trait and stress-induced state anxiety and basal levels of stress hormones. We confirmed that, without regard to gender, the amino acid treatment significantly reduced both trait anxiety and state anxiety induced by cognitive stress battery. In addition, we found that the treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine decreased the basal levels of salivary cortisol and chromogranin-A (a salivary marker of the sympatho-adrenal system) in male subjects. These results of this double-blind, placebo controlled and randomized study confirm the previous findings in humans and animals and point to a combination of L-lysine and L-arginine as a potentially useful dietary intervention in otherwise healthy humans with high subjective levels of mental stress and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miro Smriga
- Institute of Life Sciences, Ajimoto Co. Inc, 1-1 Suzuki-cho, 210-8681 Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Japan.
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Martin FPJ, Verdu EF, Wang Y, Dumas ME, Yap IKS, Cloarec O, Bergonzelli GE, Corthesy-Theulaz I, Kochhar S, Holmes E, Lindon JC, Collins SM, Nicholson JK. Transgenomic metabolic interactions in a mouse disease model: interactions of Trichinella spiralis infection with dietary Lactobacillus paracasei supplementation. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:2185-93. [PMID: 16944930 DOI: 10.1021/pr060157b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common multifactorial intestinal disorder for which the aetiology remains largely undefined. Here, we have used a Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis)-induced model of post-infective IBS, and the effects of probiotic bacteria on gut dysfunction have been investigated using a metabonomic strategy. A total of 44 mice were divided into four groups: an uninfected control group and three T. spiralis-infected groups, one as infected control and the two other groups subsequently treated with either Lactobacillus paracasei (L. paracasei) NCC2461 in spent culture medium (SCM) or with L. paracasei-free SCM. Plasma, jejunal wall and longitudinal myenteric muscle samples were collected at day 21 post-infection. An NMR-based metabonomic approach characterized that the plasma metabolic profile of T. spiralis-infected mice showed an increased energy metabolism (lactate, citrate, alanine), fat mobilization (acetoacetate, 3-D-hydroxybutyrate, lipoproteins) and a disruption of amino acid metabolism due to increased protein breakdown, which were related to the intestinal hypercontractility. Increased levels of taurine, creatine and glycerophosphorylcholine in the jejunal muscles were associated with the muscular hypertrophy and disrupted jejunal functions. L. paracasei treatment normalized the muscular activity and the disturbed energy metabolism as evidenced by decreased glycogenesis and elevated lipid breakdown in comparison with untreated T. spiralis-infected mice. Changes in the levels of plasma metabolites (glutamine, lysine, methionine) that might relate to a modulation of immunological responses were also observed in the presence of the probiotic treatment. The work presented here suggests that probiotics may be beneficial in patients with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Pierre J Martin
- Biological Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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de Jong TR, Snaphaan LJAE, Pattij T, Veening JG, Waldinger MD, Cools AR, Olivier B. Effects of chronic treatment with fluvoxamine and paroxetine during adolescence on serotonin-related behavior in adult male rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006; 16:39-48. [PMID: 16107310 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Revised: 06/05/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are designed to treat adults, but are increasingly prescribed for adolescents. SSRIs might cause permanent changes in serotonin-related behavior in adolescents, since their serotonergic system is still developing. Male Wistar rats were treated with paroxetine (15 mg/kg p.o.) or fluvoxamine (30 mg/kg p.o.) throughout adolescence. After a washout period their behavior in the elevated plus-maze, prepulse inhibition test, Forced swimming test and elevated T-maze were studied. In addition, the effects of the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT on sexual behavior and lower lip retraction were measured. Paroxetine mildly inhibited weight gain during treatment. Both SSRIs caused a reduction in ejaculation frequency and in time spent on the open arm of the elevated plus-maze in adult rats. Fluvoxamine slightly increased avoidance latency in the elevated T-maze compared to paroxetine. No differences between the groups were found in the other tests. Apparently, chronic treatment with SSRIs during adolescence may cause mild changes in adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trynke R de Jong
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, (Intern Mail Nr. 230) Postbus 9101 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Jezova D, Makatsori A, Smriga M, Morinaga Y, Duncko R. Subchronic treatment with amino acid mixture of L-lysine and L-arginine modifies neuroendocrine activation during psychosocial stress in subjects with high trait anxiety. Nutr Neurosci 2005; 8:155-60. [PMID: 16117182 DOI: 10.1080/10284150500162937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate possible modulatory effect of the treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine on neuroendocrine activation during psychosocial stress in healthy subjects with relatively high trait anxiety in a randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial. In 29 healthy subjects at the upper limit of the normal range of a trait anxiety scale, a mixture of L-lysine and L-arginine (3 g each/day) was administered for 10 days followed by exposure to a psychosocial stress procedure based on public speech. Hormone levels, cardiovascular activation and skin conductance were measured. Amino acid treatment resulted in enhanced adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline levels and galvanic skin responses during stress compared to those in placebo-treated group. Increases in the heart rate and blood pressure in response to public speaking task were not influenced by amino acid treatment. Results of the present study support the hypothesis that L-lysine in combination with L-arginine, which may induce anxiolytic effects, modify hormonal responses during psychosocial stress in humans. Such action may represent a normalization of hormone levels to the pattern observed previously in subjects with low trait anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Jezova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Tsubuku S, Mochizuki M, Mawatari K, Smriga M, Kimura T. Thirteen-week oral toxicity study of L-lysine hydrochloride in rats. Int J Toxicol 2005; 23:113-8. [PMID: 15204731 DOI: 10.1080/10915810490444415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
L-Lysine hydrochloride (Lys) is an essential amino acid in humans and animals, and it is used in animal feeds, in prevention of herpes simplex recurrence, and cereal fortification in some developing countries. This study evaluated toxicological and behavioral effects of Lys during a dosing study with male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. The amino acid was incorporated into a standard diet at doses equal to 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5.0% (w/w). A control group of rats received a standard diet. All diets were administered ad libitum for 13 consecutive weeks. To examine stability of any potential effects, the administration period was followed by a 5-week recovery period, during which only the standard diet was provided to all animals. In male and female rats in each concentration group, treatment-related changes were not observed in the clinical signs, body weights, diet consumption, water intake, ophthalmology, gross pathology, organ weights, or histology. A Lys-related drop in serum concentration and an increase in urine excretion of chlorides was a compensatory reaction to the ingested hydrochloride. No functional, biochemical, or histological changes in renal function were found. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for Lys was estimated at 5.0% for both genders (male, 3.36 +/- 0.12 g/kg/day; female, 3.99 +/- 0.28 g/kg/day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Tsubuku
- Health Services Development Department, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., 1-15-1 Chuo-ku, 104-8315 Tokyo, Japan
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