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Wang J, Song Y, Wang G, Shi L, Shen Y, Liu W, Xu Y, Lou X, Jia W, Zhang M, Shang W, He S, Wang Z. PoARRO-1 regulates adventitious rooting through interaction with PoIAA27b in Paeonia ostii. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 347:112204. [PMID: 39059631 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Adventitious root (AR) formation is a limiting factor in the vegetative propagation of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.). PoARRO-1, which encodes an auxin oxidase involved in AR formation, plays a role in the root development of P. ostii, but its associated molecular regulatory mechanisms are not yet understood. In this study, we examined the role of PoARRO-1 in AR formation in P. ostii. The overexpression of PoARRO-1 in P. ostii test-tube plantlets led to a notable enhancement in both the rooting rate and the average number of ARs in vitro, as well as increased activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and indoleacetic acid oxidase (IAAO). PoARRO-1 was involved in the conversion of IAA-Asp and IAA-Glu to OxIAA and promoted IAA oxidation. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that PoARRO-1 overexpression led to upregulation of enzyme activity, auxin metabolism related genes. Further analyses showed that PoARRO-1 interacted with the 1-175 aa position of PoIAA27b to regulate the formation of ARs. We therefore propose that PoARRO-1 interacts with PoIAA27b to promote AR formation, and it may be useful targets for enhancing the in vitro propagation of P. ostii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiange Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yinglong Song
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guiqing Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liyun Shi
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yuxiao Shen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Weichao Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yufeng Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xueyuan Lou
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wenqing Jia
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Minhuan Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Wenqian Shang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Songlin He
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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2
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Holland CK, Jez JM. Fidelity in plant hormone modifications catalyzed by Arabidopsis GH3 acyl acid amido synthetases. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107421. [PMID: 38815865 PMCID: PMC11253546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) acyl acid amido synthetases conjugate amino acids to acyl acid hormones to either activate or inactivate the hormone molecule. The largest subgroup of GH3 proteins modify the growth-promoting hormone auxin (indole-3-acetic acid; IAA) with the second largest class activating the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA). The two-step reaction mechanism of GH3 proteins provides a potential proofreading mechanism to ensure fidelity of hormone modification. Examining pyrophosphate release in the first-half reaction of Arabidopsis GH3 proteins that modify IAA (AtGH3.2/YDK2, AtGH3.5/WES1, AtGH3.17/VAS2), JA (AtGH3.11/JAR1), and other acyl acids (AtGH3.7, AtGH3.12/PBS3) indicates that acyl acid-AMP intermediates are hydrolyzed into acyl acid and AMP in the absence of the amino acid, a typical feature of pre-transfer editing mechanisms. Single-turnover kinetic analysis of AtGH3.2/YDK2 and AtGH3.5/WES1 shows that non-cognate acyl acid-adenylate intermediates are more rapidly hydrolyzed than the cognate IAA-adenylate. In contrast, AtGH3.11/JAR1 only adenylates JA, not IAA. While some of the auxin-conjugating GH3 proteins in Arabidopsis (i.e., AtGH3.5/WES1) accept multiple acyl acid substrates, others, like AtGH3.2/YDK2, are specific for IAA; however, both these proteins share similar active site residues. Biochemical analysis of chimeric variants of AtGH3.2/YDK2 and AtGH3.5/WES1 indicates that the C-terminal domain contributes to selection of cognate acyl acid substrates. These findings suggest that the hydrolysis of non-cognate acyl acid-adenylate intermediates, or proofreading, proceeds via a slowed structural switch that provides a checkpoint for fidelity before the full reaction proceeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia K Holland
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts; Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri.
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3
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Nguyen DT, Zavadil Kokáš F, Gonin M, Lavarenne J, Colin M, Gantet P, Bergougnoux V. Transcriptional changes during crown-root development and emergence in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:438. [PMID: 38778283 PMCID: PMC11110440 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roots play an important role during plant growth and development, ensuring water and nutrient uptake. Understanding the mechanisms regulating their initiation and development opens doors towards root system architecture engineering. RESULTS Here, we investigated by RNA-seq analysis the changes in gene expression in the barley stem base of 1 day-after-germination (DAG) and 10DAG seedlings when crown roots are formed. We identified 2,333 genes whose expression was lower in the stem base of 10DAG seedlings compared to 1DAG seedlings. Those genes were mostly related to basal cellular activity such as cell cycle organization, protein biosynthesis, chromatin organization, cytoskeleton organization or nucleotide metabolism. In opposite, 2,932 genes showed up-regulation in the stem base of 10DAG seedlings compared to 1DAG seedlings, and their function was related to phytohormone action, solute transport, redox homeostasis, protein modification, secondary metabolism. Our results highlighted genes that are likely involved in the different steps of crown root formation from initiation to primordia differentiation and emergence, and revealed the activation of different hormonal pathways during this process. CONCLUSIONS This whole transcriptomic study is the first study aiming at understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling crown root development in barley. The results shed light on crown root emergence that is likely associated with a strong cell wall modification, death of the cells covering the crown root primordium, and the production of defense molecules that might prevent pathogen infection at the site of root emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieu Thu Nguyen
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Filip Zavadil Kokáš
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- Present address: Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Mathieu Gonin
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémy Lavarenne
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Colin
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Gantet
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Bergougnoux
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia.
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4
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Cohen JD, Strader LC. An auxin research odyssey: 1989-2023. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1410-1428. [PMID: 38382088 PMCID: PMC11062468 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin is at times called the master regulator of plant processes and has been shown to be a central player in embryo development, the establishment of the polar axis, early aspects of seedling growth, as well as growth and organ formation during later stages of plant development. The Plant Cell has been key, since the inception of the journal, to developing an understanding of auxin biology. Auxin-regulated plant growth control is accomplished by both changes in the levels of active hormones and the sensitivity of plant tissues to these concentration changes. In this historical review, we chart auxin research as it has progressed in key areas and highlight the role The Plant Cell played in these scientific developments. We focus on understanding auxin-responsive genes, transcription factors, reporter constructs, perception, and signal transduction processes. Auxin metabolism is discussed from the development of tryptophan auxotrophic mutants, the molecular biology of conjugate formation and hydrolysis, indole-3-butyric acid metabolism and transport, and key steps in indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport. This progress leads to an expectation of a more comprehensive understanding of the systems biology of auxin and the spatial and temporal regulation of cellular growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry D Cohen
- Department of Horticultural Science and the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Lucia C Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27008, USA
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5
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Sánchez-Arroyo A, Plaza-Vinuesa L, de Las Rivas B, Mancheño JM, Muñoz R. Structural and functional analysis of the key enzyme responsible for the degradation of ochratoxin A in the Alcaligenes genus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131342. [PMID: 38574921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The potential to degrade ochratoxin A (OTA), a highly poisonous mycotoxin, was investigated in cultures from Alcaligenes-type strains. Genome sequence analyses from different Alcaligenes species have permitted us to demonstrate a direct, causal link between the gene coding a known N-acyl-L-amino acid amidohydrolase from A. faecalis (AfOTH) and the OTA-degrading activity of this bacterium. In agreement with this finding, we found the gene coding AfOTH in two additional species included in the Alcaligenes genus, namely, A. pakistanensis, and A. aquatilis, which also degraded OTA. Notably, A. faecalis subsp. faecalis DSM 30030T was able to transform OTα, the product of OTA hydrolysis. AfOTH from A. faecalis subsp. phenolicus DSM 16503T was recombinantly over-produced and enzymatically characterized. AfOTH is a Zn2+-containing metalloenzyme that possesses structural features and conserved residues identified in the M20D family of enzymes. AfOTH is a tetramer in solution that shows both aminoacylase and carboxypeptidase activities. Using diverse potential substrates, namely, N-acetyl-L-amino acids and carbobenzyloxy-L-amino acids, a marked preference towards C-terminal Phe and Tyr residues could be deduced. The structural basis for this specificity has been determined by in silico molecular docking analyses. The amidase activity of AfOTH on C-terminal Phe residues structurally supports its OTA and OTB degradation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sánchez-Arroyo
- Bacterial Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, José Antonio Novais 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Plaza-Vinuesa
- Bacterial Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, José Antonio Novais 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca de Las Rivas
- Bacterial Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, José Antonio Novais 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Mancheño
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera (IQF), CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosario Muñoz
- Bacterial Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), CSIC, José Antonio Novais 6, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Gate T, Hill L, Miller AJ, Sanders D. AtIAR1 is a Zn transporter that regulates auxin metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1437-1450. [PMID: 37988591 PMCID: PMC10901206 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Root growth in Arabidopsis is inhibited by exogenous auxin-amino acid conjugates, and mutants resistant to one such conjugate [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-Ala] map to a gene (AtIAR1) that is a member of a metal transporter family. Here, we test the hypothesis that AtIAR1 controls the hydrolysis of stored conjugated auxin to free auxin through zinc transport. AtIAR1 complements a yeast mutant sensitive to zinc, but not manganese- or iron-sensitive mutants, and the transporter is predicted to be localized to the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi in plants. A previously identified Atiar1 mutant and a non-expressed T-DNA mutant both exhibit altered auxin metabolism, including decreased IAA-glucose conjugate levels in zinc-deficient conditions and insensitivity to the growth effect of exogenous IAA-Ala conjugates. At a high concentration of zinc, wild-type plants show a novel enhanced response to root growth inhibition by exogenous IAA-Ala which is disrupted in both Atiar1 mutants. Furthermore, both Atiar1 mutants show changes in auxin-related phenotypes, including lateral root density and hypocotyl length. The findings therefore suggest a role for AtIAR1 in controlling zinc release from the secretory system, where zinc homeostasis plays a key role in regulation of auxin metabolism and plant growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gate
- Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Lionel Hill
- Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anthony J Miller
- Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Dale Sanders
- Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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7
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Wang X, Jia C, An L, Zeng J, Ren A, Han X, Wang Y, Wu S. Genome-wide identification and expression characterization of the GH3 gene family of tea plant (Camellia sinensis). BMC Genomics 2024; 25:120. [PMID: 38280985 PMCID: PMC10822178 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
To comprehensively understand the characteristics of the GH3 gene family in tea plants (Camellia sinensis), we identified 17 CsGH3 genes and analyzed their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, promoters, and expression patterns in different tissues. The study showed that the 17 CsGH3 genes are distributed on 9 chromosomes, and based on evolutionary analysis, the CsGH3 members were divided into three subgroups. Gene duplication analysis revealed that segmental duplications have a significant impact on the amplification of CsGH3 genes. In addition, we identified and classified cis-elements in the CsGH3 gene promoters and detected elements related to plant hormone responses and non-biotic stress responses. Through expression pattern analysis, we observed tissue-specific expression of CsGH3.3 and CsGH3.10 in flower buds and roots. Moreover, based on predictive analysis of upstream regulatory transcription factors of CsGH3, we identified the potential transcriptional regulatory role of gibberellin response factor CsDELLA in CsGH3.14 and CsGH3.15. In this study, we found that CsGH3 genes are involved in a wide range of activities, such as growth and development, stress response, and transcription. This is the first report on CsGH3 genes and their potential roles in tea plants. In conclusion, these results provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the role of GH3 genes in the development of perennial woody plants and offer new insights into the synergistic effects of multiple hormones on plant growth and development in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinge Wang
- School of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Chunyu Jia
- School of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Lishuang An
- School of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Jiangyan Zeng
- School of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Aixia Ren
- School of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Xin Han
- School of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou, 558000, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China.
| | - Shuang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China.
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8
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Bellini C. A synthetic auxin for cloning mature trees. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-024-02132-3. [PMID: 38267758 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bellini
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France.
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9
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Roth O, Yechezkel S, Serero O, Eliyahu A, Vints I, Tzeela P, Carignano A, Janacek DP, Peters V, Kessel A, Dwivedi V, Carmeli-Weissberg M, Shaya F, Faigenboim-Doron A, Ung KL, Pedersen BP, Riov J, Klavins E, Dawid C, Hammes UZ, Ben-Tal N, Napier R, Sadot E, Weinstain R. Slow release of a synthetic auxin induces formation of adventitious roots in recalcitrant woody plants. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-023-02065-3. [PMID: 38267759 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-02065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Clonal propagation of plants by induction of adventitious roots (ARs) from stem cuttings is a requisite step in breeding programs. A major barrier exists for propagating valuable plants that naturally have low capacity to form ARs. Due to the central role of auxin in organogenesis, indole-3-butyric acid is often used as part of commercial rooting mixtures, yet many recalcitrant plants do not form ARs in response to this treatment. Here we describe the synthesis and screening of a focused library of synthetic auxin conjugates in Eucalyptus grandis cuttings and identify 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid-L-tryptophan-OMe as a competent enhancer of adventitious rooting in a number of recalcitrant woody plants, including apple and argan. Comprehensive metabolic and functional analyses reveal that this activity is engendered by prolonged auxin signaling due to initial fast uptake and slow release and clearance of the free auxin 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. This work highlights the utility of a slow-release strategy for bioactive compounds for more effective plant growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Roth
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sela Yechezkel
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ori Serero
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avi Eliyahu
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inna Vints
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Pan Tzeela
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alberto Carignano
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dorina P Janacek
- Chair of Plant Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Verena Peters
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Amit Kessel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Neurobiology, Biochemistry & Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vikas Dwivedi
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Mira Carmeli-Weissberg
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Felix Shaya
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim-Doron
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Kien Lam Ung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Joseph Riov
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eric Klavins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Chair of Plant Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Nir Ben-Tal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Neurobiology, Biochemistry & Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Richard Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Einat Sadot
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Roy Weinstain
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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10
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Chen J, Huang SB, Wang X, Huang L, Gao C, Huang XY, Zhao FJ. IAR4 mutation enhances cadmium toxicity by disturbing auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:438-453. [PMID: 37721748 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to plants, but the targets and modes of toxicity remain unclear. We isolated a Cd-hypersensitive mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, Cd-induced short root 2 (cdsr2), in the background of the phytochelatin synthase-defective mutant cad1-3. Both cdsr2 and cdsr2 cad1-3 displayed shorter roots and were more sensitive to Cd than their respective wild type. Using genomic resequencing and complementation, IAR4 was identified as the causal gene, which encodes a putative mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α subunit. cdsr2 showed decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and NADH content, but markedly increased concentrations of pyruvate and alanine in roots. Both Cd stress and IAR4 mutation decreased auxin level in the root tips, and the effect was additive. A higher growth temperature rescued the phenotypes in cdsr2. Exogenous alanine inhibited root growth and decreased auxin level in the wild type. Cadmium stress suppressed the expression of genes involved in auxin biosynthesis, hydrolysis of auxin-conjugates and auxin polar transport. Our results suggest that auxin homeostasis is a key target of Cd toxicity, which is aggravated by IAR4 mutation due to decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Decreased auxin level in cdsr2 is likely caused by increased auxin-alanine conjugation and decreased energy status in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shao Bai Huang
- School of Molecular Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - LiZhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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11
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Tian Z, Wu B, Liu J, Zhang L, Wu T, Wang Y, Han Z, Zhang X. Genetic variations in MdSAUR36 participate in the negative regulation of mesocarp cell division and fruit size in Malus species. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2024; 44:1. [PMID: 38222974 PMCID: PMC10784262 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-024-01441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Final fruit size of apple (Malus domestica) cultivars is related to both mesocarp cell division and cell expansion during fruit growth, but it is unclear whether the cell division and/or cell enlargement determine most of the differences in fruit size between Malus species. In this study, by using an interspecific hybrid population between Malus asiatica "Zisai Pearl" and Malus domestica cultivar "Red Fuji," we found that the mesocarp cell number was the main causal factor of diversity in fruit size between Malus species. Rapid increase in mesocarp cell number occurred prior to 28 days after anthesis (DAA), while cell size increased gradually after 28 DAA until fruit ripening. Six candidate genes related to auxin signaling or cell cycle were predicted by combining the RNA-seq data and previous QTL data for fruit weight. Two InDels and 10 SNPs in the promoter of a small auxin upregulated RNA gene MdSAUR36 in Zisai Pearl led to a lower promoter activity than that of Red Fuji. One non-synonymous SNP G/T at 379 bp downstream of the ATG codon of MdSAUR36, which was heterozygous in Zisai Pearl, exerted significant genotype effects on fruit weight, length, and width. Transgenic apple calli by over-expressing or RNAi MdSAUR36 confirmed that MdSAUR36 participated in the negative regulation of mesocarp cell division and thus apple fruit size. These results could provide new insights in the molecular mechanism of small fruit size in Malus accession and be potentially used in molecular assisted breeding via interspecific hybridization. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-024-01441-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Tian
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Horticultural Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- Zhongbaolvdu Agricultural Research Centre, Beidaihe, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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12
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Smolko A, Repar J, Matković M, Pavlović I, Pěnčík A, Novák O, Ludwig-Müller J, Salopek-Sondi B. Application of Long-Chained Auxin Conjugates Influenced Auxin Metabolism and Transcriptome Response in Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:447. [PMID: 38203617 PMCID: PMC10778880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Auxin amino acid conjugates are considered to be storage forms of auxins. Previous research has shown that indole-3-acetyl-L-alanine (IAA-Ala), indole-3-propionyl-L-alanine (IPA-Ala) and indole-3-butyryl-L-alanine (IBA-Ala) affect the root growth of Brassica rapa seedlings. To elucidate the potential mechanism of action of the conjugates, we treated B. rapa seedlings with 0.01 mM IAA-, IPA- and IBA-Ala and investigated their effects on the auxin metabolome and transcriptome. IBA-Ala and IPA-Ala caused a significant inhibition of root growth and a decrease in free IAA compared to the control and IAA-Ala treatments. The identification of free auxins IBA and IPA after feeding experiments with IBA-Ala and IPA-Ala, respectively, confirms their hydrolysis in vivo and indicates active auxins responsible for a stronger inhibition of root growth. IBA-Ala caused the induction of most DEGs (807) compared to IPA-Ala (417) and IAA-Ala (371). All treatments caused similar trends in transcription profile changes when compared to control treatments. The majority of auxin-related DEGs were found after IBA-Ala treatment, followed by IPA-Ala and IAA-Ala, which is consistent with the apparent root morphology. In addition to most YUC genes, which showed a tendency to be downregulated, transcripts of auxin-related DEGs that were identified (UGT74E2, GH3.2, SAUR, IAA2, etc.) were more highly expressed after all treatments. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the hydrolysis of conjugates and the release of free auxins are responsible for the effects of conjugate treatments. In conclusion, free auxins released by the hydrolysis of all auxin conjugates applied affect gene regulation, auxin homeostasis and ultimately root growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Smolko
- Department for Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Jelena Repar
- Department for Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Marija Matković
- Department for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Iva Pavlović
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (I.P.); (A.P.); (O.N.)
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (I.P.); (A.P.); (O.N.)
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (I.P.); (A.P.); (O.N.)
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Branka Salopek-Sondi
- Department for Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.S.); (J.R.)
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13
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Luo P, Li TT, Shi WM, Ma Q, Di DW. The Roles of GRETCHEN HAGEN3 (GH3)-Dependent Auxin Conjugation in the Regulation of Plant Development and Stress Adaptation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4111. [PMID: 38140438 PMCID: PMC10747189 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The precise control of free auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) gradient, which is orchestrated by biosynthesis, conjugation, degradation, hydrolyzation, and transport, is critical for all aspects of plant growth and development. Of these, the GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) acyl acid amido synthetase family, pivotal in conjugating IAA with amino acids, has garnered significant interest. Recent advances in understanding GH3-dependent IAA conjugation have positioned GH3 functional elucidation as a hot topic of research. This review aims to consolidate and discuss recent findings on (i) the enzymatic mechanisms driving GH3 activity, (ii) the influence of chemical inhibitor on GH3 function, and (iii) the transcriptional regulation of GH3 and its impact on plant development and stress response. Additionally, we explore the distinct biological functions attributed to IAA-amino acid conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (T.-T.L.); (W.-M.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Ming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (T.-T.L.); (W.-M.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Dong-Wei Di
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (T.-T.L.); (W.-M.S.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Solanki M, Shukla LI. Recent advances in auxin biosynthesis and homeostasis. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:290. [PMID: 37547917 PMCID: PMC10400529 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant proliferation is linked with auxins which in turn play a pivotal role in the rate of growth. Also, auxin concentrations could provide insights into the age, stress, and events leading to flowering and fruiting in the sessile plant kingdom. The role in rejuvenation and plasticity is now evidenced. Interest in plant auxins spans many decades, information from different plant families for auxin concentrations, transcriptional, and epigenetic evidences for gene regulation is evaluated here, for getting an insight into pattern of auxin biosynthesis. This biosynthesis takes place via an tryptophan-independent and tryptophan-dependent pathway. The independent pathway initiated before the tryptophan (trp) production involves indole as the primary substrate. On the other hand, the trp-dependent IAA pathway passes through the indole pyruvic acid (IPyA), indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx), and indole acetamide (IAM) pathways. Investigations on trp-dependent pathways involved mutants, namely yucca (1-11), taa1, nit1, cyp79b and cyp79b2, vt2 and crd, and independent mutants of tryptophan, ins are compiled here. The auxin conjugates of the IAA amide and ester-linked mutant gh3, iar, ilr, ill, iamt1, ugt, and dao are remarkable and could facilitate the assimilation of auxins. Efforts are made herein to provide an up-to-date detailed information about biosynthesis leading to plant sustenance. The vast information about auxin biosynthesis and homeostasis is consolidated in this review with a simplified model of auxin biosynthesis with keys and clues for important missing links since auxins can enable the plants to proliferate and override the environmental influence and needs to be probed for applications in sustainable agriculture. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03709-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Solanki
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, 605014 India
- Puducherry, India
| | - Lata Israni Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, 605014 India
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15
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López D, Larama G, Sáez PL, Bravo LA. Transcriptome Analysis of Diurnal and Nocturnal-Warmed Plants, the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Cold Deacclimation Response in Deschampsia antarctica. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11211. [PMID: 37446390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Warming in the Antarctic Peninsula is one of the fastest on earth, and is predicted to become more asymmetric in the near future. Warming has already favored the growth and reproduction of Antarctic plant species, leading to a decrease in their freezing tolerance (deacclimation). Evidence regarding the effects of diurnal and nocturnal warming on freezing tolerance-related gene expression in D. antarctica is negligible. We hypothesized that freezing tolerance-related gene (such as CBF-regulon) expression is reduced mainly by nocturnal warming rather than diurnal temperature changes in D. antarctica. The present work aimed to determine the effects of diurnal and nocturnal warming on cold deacclimation and its associated gene expression in D. antarctica, under laboratory conditions. Fully cold-acclimated plants (8 °C/0 °C), with 16h/8h thermoperiod and photoperiod duration, were assigned to four treatments for 14 days: one control (8 °C/0 °C) and three with different warming conditions (diurnal (14 °C/0 °C), nocturnal (8 °C/6 °C), and diurnal-nocturnal (14 °C/6 °C). RNA-seq was performed and differential gene expression was analyzed. Nocturnal warming significantly down-regulated the CBF transcription factors expression and associated cold stress response genes and up-regulated photosynthetic and growth promotion genes. Consequently, nocturnal warming has a greater effect than diurnal warming on the cold deacclimation process in D. antarctica. The eco-physiological implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariel López
- Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente and Center of Plant, Soil Interactions and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Giovanni Larama
- Biocontrol Research Laboratory and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Patricia L Sáez
- Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente and Center of Plant, Soil Interactions and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - León A Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente and Center of Plant, Soil Interactions and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
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16
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Pintado A, Domínguez-Cerván H, Pastor V, Vincent M, Lee SG, Flors V, Ramos C. Allelic variation in the indoleacetic acid-lysine synthase gene of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas savastanoi and its role in auxin production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1176705. [PMID: 37346122 PMCID: PMC10280071 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1176705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production is a pathogenicity/virulence factor in the Pseudomonas syringae complex, including Pseudomonas savastanoi. P. savastanoi pathovars (pvs.) genomes contain the iaaL gene, encoding an enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of the less biologically active compound 3-indole-acetyl-ϵ-L-lysine (IAA-Lys). Previous studies have reported the identification of IAA-Lys in culture filtrates of P. savastanoi strains isolated from oleander (pv. nerii), but the conversion of IAA into a conjugate was not detectable in olive strains (pv. savastanoi). In this paper, we show the distribution of iaaL alleles in all available P. savastanoi genomes of strains isolated from woody hosts. Most strains encode two different paralogs, except for those isolated from broom (pv. retacarpa), which contain a single allele. In addition to the three previously reported iaaL alleles (iaaL Psv, iaaL Psn and iaaL Pto), we identified iaaL Psf, an exclusive allele of strains isolated from ash (pv. fraxini). We also found that the production of IAA-Lys in P. savastanoi pv. savastanoi and pv. nerii depends on a functional iaaL Psn allele, whereas in pv. fraxini depends on iaaL Psf. The production of IAA-Lys was detected in cultures of an olive strain heterologously expressing IaaLPsn-1, IaaLPsf-1 and IaaLPsf-3, but not when expressing IaaLPsv-1. In addition, Arabidopsis seedlings treated with the strains overproducing the conjugate, and thus reducing the free IAA content, alleviated the root elongation inhibitory effect of IAA. IAA-Lys synthase activity assays with purified allozymes confirmed the functionality and specificity of lysine as a substrate of IaaLPsn-1 and IaaLPsf-3, with IaaLPsf-3 showing the highest catalytic efficiency for both substrates. The IAA-Lys synthase activity of IaaLPsn-1 was abolished by the insertion of two additional tyrosine residues encoded in the inactive allozyme IaaLPsv-1. These results highlight the relevance of allelic variation in a phytohormone-related gene for the modulation of auxin production in a bacterial phytopathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Pintado
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - Hilario Domínguez-Cerván
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Marissa Vincent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Soon Goo Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Víctor Flors
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Cayo Ramos
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
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17
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Brunoni F, Pěnčík A, Žukauskaitė A, Ament A, Kopečná M, Collani S, Kopečný D, Novák O. Amino acid conjugation of oxIAA is a secondary metabolic regulation involved in auxin homeostasis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2264-2270. [PMID: 36941219 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Brunoni
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Asta Žukauskaitė
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Anita Ament
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kopečná
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Silvio Collani
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-90736, Sweden
| | - David Kopečný
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
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18
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Carrillo‐Carrasco VP, Hernandez‐Garcia J, Mutte SK, Weijers D. The birth of a giant: evolutionary insights into the origin of auxin responses in plants. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113018. [PMID: 36786017 PMCID: PMC10015382 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant signaling molecule auxin is present in multiple kingdoms of life. Since its discovery, a century of research has been focused on its action as a phytohormone. In land plants, auxin regulates growth and development through transcriptional and non-transcriptional programs. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses are well understood, mainly in Arabidopsis. Recently, the availability of genomic and transcriptomic data of green lineages, together with phylogenetic inference, has provided the basis to reconstruct the evolutionary history of some components involved in auxin biology. In this review, we follow the evolutionary trajectory that allowed auxin to become the "giant" of plant biology by focusing on bryophytes and streptophyte algae. We consider auxin biosynthesis, transport, physiological, and molecular responses, as well as evidence supporting the role of auxin as a chemical messenger for communication within ecosystems. Finally, we emphasize that functional validation of predicted orthologs will shed light on the conserved properties of auxin biology among streptophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumanth K Mutte
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
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19
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Pi M, Zhong R, Hu S, Cai Z, Plunkert M, Zhang W, Liu Z, Kang C. A GT-1 and PKc domain-containing transcription regulator SIMPLE LEAF1 controls compound leaf development in woodland strawberry. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1391-1404. [PMID: 36319612 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are strikingly diverse in terms of shapes and complexity. The wild and cultivated strawberry plants mostly develop trifoliate compound leaves, yet the underlying genetic basis remains unclear in this important fruit crop in Rosaceae. Here, we identified two EMS mutants designated simple leaf1 (sl1-1 and sl1-2) and one natural simple-leafed mutant monophylla in Fragaria vesca. Their causative mutations all reside in SL1 (FvH4_7g28640) causing premature stop codon at different positions in sl1-1 and sl1-2 and an eight-nucleotide insertion (GTTCATCA) in monophylla. SL1 encodes a transcription regulator with the conserved DNA-binding domain GT-1 and the catalytic domain of protein kinases PKc. Expression of SL1pro::SL1 in sl1-1 completely restored compound leaf formation. The 35S::SL1 lines developed palmate-like leaves with four or five leaflets at a low penetrance. However, overexpressing the truncated SL1ΔPK caused no phenotypes, probably due to the disruption of homodimerization. SL1 is preferentially expressed at the tips of leaflets and serrations. Moreover, SL1 is closely associated with the auxin pathway and works synergistically with FveLFYa in leaf morphogenesis. Overall, our work uncovered a new type of transcription regulator that promotes compound leaf formation in the woodland strawberry and shed new lights on the diversity of leaf complexity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Pi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruhan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaoqiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhuoying Cai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Madison Plunkert
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Chunying Kang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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20
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Morimoto K, Krahn D, Kaschani F, Hopkinson‐Woolley D, Gee A, Buscaill P, Mohammed S, Sieber SA, Cravatt BF, Schofield CJ, van der Hoorn RAL. Broad-range metalloprotease profiling in plants uncovers immunity provided by defence-related metalloenzyme. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1287-1301. [PMID: 35510806 PMCID: PMC9322406 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants encode > 100 metalloproteases representing > 19 different protein families. Tools to study this large and diverse class of proteases have not yet been introduced into plant research. We describe the use of hydroxamate-based photoaffinity probes to explore plant proteomes for metalloproteases. We detected labelling of 23 metalloproteases in leaf extracts of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana that belong to nine different metalloprotease families and localize to different subcellular compartments. The probes identified several chloroplastic FtsH proteases, vacuolar aspartyl aminopeptidase DAP1, peroxisomal metalloprotease PMX16, extracellular matrix metalloproteases and many cytosolic metalloproteases. We also identified nonproteolytic metallohydrolases involved in the release of auxin and in the urea cycle. Studies on tobacco plants (Nicotiana benthamiana) infected with the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae uncovered the induced labelling of PRp27, a secreted protein with implicated metalloprotease activity. PRp27 overexpression increases resistance, and PRp27 mutants lacking metal binding site are no longer labelled, but still show increased immunity. Collectively, these studies reveal the power of broad-range metalloprotease profiling in plants using hydroxamate-based probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Morimoto
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Daniel Krahn
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimcrobial ResearchUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne50829Germany
| | - Digby Hopkinson‐Woolley
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Anna Gee
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Pierre Buscaill
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Department of ChemistryThe Skaggs Institute for Chemical BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of ChemistryThe Skaggs Institute for Chemical BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimcrobial ResearchUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Renier A. L. van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne50829Germany
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21
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Casanova‐Sáez R, Mateo‐Bonmatí E, Šimura J, Pěnčík A, Novák O, Staswick P, Ljung K. Inactivation of the entire Arabidopsis group II GH3s confers tolerance to salinity and water deficit. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:263-275. [PMID: 35322877 PMCID: PMC9322293 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) controls a plethora of developmental processes. Thus, regulation of its concentration is of great relevance for plant performance. Cellular IAA concentration depends on its transport, biosynthesis and the various pathways for IAA inactivation, including oxidation and conjugation. Group II members of the GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) gene family code for acyl acid amido synthetases catalysing the conjugation of IAA to amino acids. However, the high degree of functional redundancy among them has hampered thorough analysis of their roles in plant development. In this work, we generated an Arabidopsis gh3.1,2,3,4,5,6,9,17 (gh3oct) mutant to knock out the group II GH3 pathway. The gh3oct plants had an elaborated root architecture, showed an increased tolerance to different osmotic stresses, including an IAA-dependent tolerance to salinity, and were more tolerant to water deficit. Indole-3-acetic acid metabolite quantification in gh3oct plants suggested the existence of additional GH3-like enzymes in IAA metabolism. Moreover, our data suggested that 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid production depends, at least in part, on the GH3 pathway. Targeted stress-hormone analysis further suggested involvement of abscisic acid in the differential response to salinity of gh3oct plants. Taken together, our data provide new insights into the roles of group II GH3s in IAA metabolism and hormone-regulated plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Casanova‐Sáez
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC)Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences901 83UmeåSweden
| | - Eduardo Mateo‐Bonmatí
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC)Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences901 83UmeåSweden
| | - Jan Šimura
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC)Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences901 83UmeåSweden
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth RegulatorsFaculty of SciencePalacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesŠlechtitelů 27OlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC)Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences901 83UmeåSweden
- Laboratory of Growth RegulatorsFaculty of SciencePalacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesŠlechtitelů 27OlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Paul Staswick
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNEUSA
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC)Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences901 83UmeåSweden
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22
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Jiang L, Shen W, Liu C, Tahir MM, Li X, Zhou S, Ma F, Guan Q. Engineering drought-tolerant apple by knocking down six GH3 genes and potential application of transgenic apple as a rootstock. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac122. [PMID: 35937857 PMCID: PMC9347023 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Drought poses a major threat to apple fruit production and quality. Because of the apple's long juvenile phase, developing varieties with improved drought tolerance using biotechnology approaches is needed. Here, we used the RNAi approach to knock down six GH3 genes in the apple. Under prolonged drought stress, the MdGH3 RNAi plants performed better than wild-type plants and had stronger root systems, higher root-to-shoot ratio, greater hydraulic conductivity, increased photosynthetic capacity, and increased water use efficiency. Moreover, MdGH3 RNAi plants promoted the drought tolerance of the scion when they were used as rootstock, compared with wild-type and M9-T337 rootstocks. Scions grafted onto MdGH3 RNAi plants showed increased plant height, stem diameter, photosynthetic capacity, specific leaf weight, and water use efficiency. The use of MdGH3 RNAi plants as rootstocks can also increase the C/N ratio of the scion and achieve the same effect as the M9-T337 rootstock in promoting the flowering and fruiting of the scion. Notably, using MdGH3 RNAi plants as rootstocks did not reduce fruit weight and scion quality compared with using M9-T337 rootstock. Our research provides candidate genes and demonstrates a general approach that could be used to improve the drought tolerance of fruit trees without sacrificing the yield and quality of scion fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Muhammad Mobeen Tahir
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuangxi Zhou
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Hawke’s Bay 4130, New Zealand
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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23
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Hao Y, Hong Y, Guo H, Qin P, Huang A, Yang X, Ren G. Transcriptomic and metabolomic landscape of quinoa during seed germination. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:237. [PMID: 35538406 PMCID: PMC9088103 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03621-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), a dicotyledonous species native to Andean region, is an emerging crop worldwide nowadays due to its high nutritional value and resistance to extreme abiotic stresses. Although it is well known that seed germination is an important and multiple physiological process, the network regulation of quinoa seed germination is largely unknown. RESULTS Here, we performed transcriptomic study in five stages during transition from quinoa dry seed to seedling. Together with the GC-MS based metabolome analysis, we found that seed metabolism is reprogrammed with significant alteration of multiple phytohormones (especially abscisic acid) and other nutrients during the elongation of radicels. Cell-wall remodeling is another main active process happening in the early period of quinoa seed germination. Photosynthesis was fully activated at the final stage, promoting the biosynthesis of amino acids and protein to allow seedling growth. The multi-omics analysis revealed global changes in metabolic pathways and phenotype during quinoa seed germination. CONCLUSION The transcriptomic and metabolomic landscape depicted here pave ways for further gene function elucidation and quinoa development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Hao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 80 South Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yechun Hong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Peiyou Qin
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 80 South Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ancheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biology, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiushi Yang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China.
| | - Guixing Ren
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 80 South Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 1 Shilling Road, Chenglo Avenue, Longquan District, Chengdu, 610106, China.
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24
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Frank M, Cortleven A, Pěnčík A, Novak O, Schmülling T. The Photoperiod Stress Response in Arabidopsis thaliana Depends on Auxin Acting as an Antagonist to the Protectant Cytokinin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2936. [PMID: 35328357 PMCID: PMC8955046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluctuating environmental conditions trigger adaptive responses in plants, which are regulated by phytohormones. During photoperiod stress caused by a prolongation of the light period, cytokinin (CK) has a protective function. Auxin often acts as an antagonist of CK in developmental processes and stress responses. Here, we investigated the regulation of the photoperiod stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana by auxin and its interaction with CK. Transcriptome analysis revealed an altered transcript abundance of numerous auxin metabolism and signaling genes after photoperiod stress treatment. The changes appeared earlier and were stronger in the photoperiod-stress-sensitive CK receptor mutant arabidopsis histidine kinase 2 (ahk2),3 compared to wild-type plants. The concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), IAA-Glc and IAA-Asp increased in both genotypes, but the increases were more pronounced in ahk2,3. Genetic analysis revealed that the gain-of-function YUCCA 1 (YUC1) mutant, yuc1D, displayed an increased photoperiod stress sensitivity. In contrast, a loss of the auxin receptors TRANSPORT-INHIBITOR-RESISTANT 1 (TIR1), AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX 2 (AFB2) and AFB3 in wild-type and ahk2,3 background caused a reduced photoperiod stress response. Overall, this study revealed that auxin promotes response to photoperiod stress antagonizing the protective CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Frank
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (O.N.)
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (O.N.)
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.F.); (A.C.)
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25
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Tivendale ND, Millar AH. How is auxin linked with cellular energy pathways to promote growth? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2397-2404. [PMID: 34984715 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is the 'growth hormone' and modulation of its concentration correlates with changes in photosynthesis and respiration, influencing the cellular energy budget for biosynthesis and proliferation. However, the relative importance of mechanisms by which auxin directly influences photosynthesis and respiration, or vice versa, are unclear. Here we bring together recent evidence linking auxin with photosynthesis, plastid biogenesis, mitochondrial metabolism and retrograde signalling and through it we propose three hypotheses to test to unify current findings. These require delving into the control of auxin conjugation to primary metabolic intermediates, translational control under auxin regulation and post-translational influences of auxin on primary metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Tivendale
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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26
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Jiang L, Zhang D, Liu C, Shen W, He J, Yue Q, Niu C, Yang F, Li X, Shen X, Hou N, Chen P, Ma F, Guan Q. MdGH3.6 is targeted by MdMYB94 and plays a negative role in apple water-deficit stress tolerance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1271-1289. [PMID: 34918398 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought significantly limits apple fruit production and quality. Decoding the key genes involved in drought stress tolerance is important for breeding varieties with improved drought resistance. Here, we identified GRETCHEN HAGEN3.6 (GH3.6), an indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) conjugating enzyme, to be a negative regulator of water-deficit stress tolerance in apple. Overexpressing MdGH3.6 reduced IAA content, adventitious root number, root length and water-deficit stress tolerance, whereas knocking down MdGH3.6 and its close paralogs increased IAA content, adventitious root number, root length and water-deficit stress tolerance. Moreover, MdGH3.6 negatively regulated the expression of wax biosynthetic genes under water-deficit stress and thus negatively regulated cuticular wax content. Additionally, MdGH3.6 negatively regulated reactive oxygen species scavengers, including antioxidant enzymes and metabolites involved in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathway in response to water-deficit stress. Further study revealed that the homolog of transcription factor AtMYB94, rather than AtMYB96, could bind to the MdGH3.6 promoter and negatively regulated its expression under water-deficit stress conditions in apple. Overall, our results identify a candidate gene for the improvement of drought resistance in fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dehui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenyun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jieqiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qianyu Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chundong Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoxia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Nan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Pengxiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qingmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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27
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Yang R, Yang Z, Peng Z, He F, Shi L, Dong Y, Ren M, Zhang Q, Geng G, Zhang S. Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of Tritipyrum provides insights into the molecular basis of salt tolerance. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12683. [PMID: 35036157 PMCID: PMC8710252 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soil salinity is a major environmental stress that restricts crop growth and yield. Methods Here, crucial proteins and biological pathways were investigated under salt-stress and recovery conditions in Tritipyrum ‘Y1805’ using the data-independent acquisition proteomics techniques to explore its salt-tolerance mechanism. Results In total, 44 and 102 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in ‘Y1805’ under salt-stress and recovery conditions, respectively. A proteome-transcriptome-associated analysis revealed that the expression patterns of 13 and 25 DEPs were the same under salt-stress and recovery conditions, respectively. ‘Response to stimulus’, ‘antioxidant activity’, ‘carbohydrate metabolism’, ‘amino acid metabolism’, ‘signal transduction’, ‘transport and catabolism’ and ‘biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites’ were present under both conditions in ‘Y1805’. In addition, ‘energy metabolism’ and ‘lipid metabolism’ were recovery-specific pathways, while ‘antioxidant activity’, and ‘molecular function regulator’ under salt-stress conditions, and ‘virion’ and ‘virion part’ during recovery, were ‘Y1805’-specific compared with the salt-sensitive wheat ‘Chinese Spring’. ‘Y1805’ contained eight specific DEPs related to salt-stress responses. The strong salt tolerance of ‘Y1805’ could be attributed to the strengthened cell walls, reactive oxygen species scavenging, osmoregulation, phytohormone regulation, transient growth arrest, enhanced respiration, transcriptional regulation and error information processing. These data will facilitate an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance and aid in the breeding of salt-tolerant wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Ze Peng
- Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fang He
- Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Luxi Shi
- Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Mingjian Ren
- Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Subcenter of National Wheat Improvement Center, Guiyang, China
| | | | | | - Suqin Zhang
- Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Subcenter of National Wheat Improvement Center, Guiyang, China
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28
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González-Gordo S, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Peroxisomal Proteome Mining of Sweet Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) Fruit Ripening Through Whole Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:893376. [PMID: 35615143 PMCID: PMC9125320 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.893376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles from eukaryotic cells characterized by an active nitro-oxidative metabolism. They have a relevant metabolic plasticity depending on the organism, tissue, developmental stage, or physiological/stress/environmental conditions. Our knowledge of peroxisomal metabolism from fruits is very limited but its proteome is even less known. Using sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits at two ripening stages (immature green and ripe red), it was analyzed the proteomic peroxisomal composition by quantitative isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based protein profiling. For this aim, it was accomplished a comparative analysis of the pepper fruit whole proteome obtained by iTRAQ versus the identified peroxisomal protein profile from Arabidopsis thaliana. This allowed identifying 57 peroxisomal proteins. Among these proteins, 49 were located in the peroxisomal matrix, 36 proteins had a peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1), 8 had a PTS type 2, 5 lacked this type of peptide signal, and 8 proteins were associated with the membrane of this organelle. Furthermore, 34 proteins showed significant differences during the ripening of the fruits, 19 being overexpressed and 15 repressed. Based on previous biochemical studies using purified peroxisomes from pepper fruits, it could be said that some of the identified peroxisomal proteins were corroborated as part of the pepper fruit antioxidant metabolism (catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductaseglutathione reductase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase), the β-oxidation pathway (acyl-coenzyme A oxidase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase), while other identified proteins could be considered "new" or "unexpected" in fruit peroxisomes like urate oxidase (UO), sulfite oxidase (SO), 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine methyltransferase (METE1), 12-oxophytodienoate reductase 3 (OPR3) or 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), which participate in different metabolic pathways such as purine, sulfur, L-methionine, jasmonic acid (JA) or phenylpropanoid metabolisms. In summary, the present data provide new insights into the complex metabolic machinery of peroxisomes in fruit and open new windows of research into the peroxisomal functions during fruit ripening.
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29
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Chen Y, Xu Z, Shen Q, Sun C. Floral organ-specific proteome profiling of the floral ornamental orchid (Cymbidium goeringii) reveals candidate proteins related to floral organ development. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2021; 62:23. [PMID: 34921643 PMCID: PMC8684572 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-021-00330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cymbidium goeringii, belonging to the Orchidaceae family, is an important ornamental plant with striking petals and lips. Extremely diversified floral patterns and morphologies make C. goeringii good research material to examine floral development of orchids. However, no floral organ-specific protein has been identified yet. To screen floral development associated proteins, four proteomes from petal (PE), lip (LI), gynostemium (GY), and sepal (SE) were analyzed using Tandem Mass Tag-based proteomic analysis. RESULTS A total of 6626 unique peptides encoding 2331 proteins were identified in our study. Proteins in several primary metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and lipid metabolism, were identified as differentially expressed proteins. Interestingly, most of the energy metabolism-related proteins highly expressed in SE, indicating that SE is an important photosynthetic organ of C. goeringii flower. Furthermore, a number of phytohormone-related proteins and transcription factors (TFs) were identified in C. goeringii flowers. Expression analysis showed that 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase highly expressed in GY, IAA-amino acid hydrolase ILR1-like 4 and gibberellin receptor 1 C greatly expressed in LI, and auxin-binding protein ABP20 significantly expressed in SE, suggesting a significant role of hormones in the regulation of flower morphogenesis and development. For TFs, GY-highly expressed bHLH13, PE-highly expressed WRKY33, and GY-highly expressed VIP1, were identified. CONCLUSIONS Mining of floral organ differential expressed enzymes and TFs helps us to excavate candidate proteins related to floral organ development and to accelerate the breeding of Cymbidium plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- College of Landscape and Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chongbo Sun
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Science, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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30
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He J, Rössner N, Hoang MTT, Alejandro S, Peiter E. Transport, functions, and interaction of calcium and manganese in plant organellar compartments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1940-1972. [PMID: 35235665 PMCID: PMC8890496 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) and manganese (Mn2+) are essential elements for plants and have similar ionic radii and binding coordination. They are assigned specific functions within organelles, but share many transport mechanisms to cross organellar membranes. Despite their points of interaction, those elements are usually investigated and reviewed separately. This review takes them out of this isolation. It highlights our current mechanistic understanding and points to open questions of their functions, their transport, and their interplay in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vesicular compartments (Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network, pre-vacuolar compartment), vacuoles, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. Complex processes demanding these cations, such as Mn2+-dependent glycosylation or systemic Ca2+ signaling, are covered in some detail if they have not been reviewed recently or if recent findings add to current models. The function of Ca2+ as signaling agent released from organelles into the cytosol and within the organelles themselves is a recurrent theme of this review, again keeping the interference by Mn2+ in mind. The involvement of organellar channels [e.g. glutamate receptor-likes (GLR), cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGC), mitochondrial conductivity units (MCU), and two-pore channel1 (TPC1)], transporters (e.g. natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMP), Ca2+ exchangers (CAX), metal tolerance proteins (MTP), and bivalent cation transporters (BICAT)], and pumps [autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPases (ACA) and ER Ca2+-ATPases (ECA)] in the import and export of organellar Ca2+ and Mn2+ is scrutinized, whereby current controversial issues are pointed out. Mechanisms in animals and yeast are taken into account where they may provide a blueprint for processes in plants, in particular, with respect to tunable molecular mechanisms of Ca2+ versus Mn2+ selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nico Rössner
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Minh T T Hoang
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Santiago Alejandro
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Edgar Peiter
- Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Author for communication:
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Jafari M, Shiran B, Rabiei G, Ravash R, Sayed Tabatabaei BE, Martínez-Gómez P. Identification and verification of seed development related miRNAs in kernel almond by small RNA sequencing and qPCR. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260492. [PMID: 34851991 PMCID: PMC8635354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have investigated the role of miRNAs on the yield of various plants, but so far, no report is available on the identification and role of miRNAs in fruit and seed development of almonds. In this study, preliminary analysis by high-throughput sequencing of short RNAs of kernels from the crosses between almond cultivars 'Sefid' × 'Mamaee' (with small and large kernels, respectively) and 'Sefid' × 'P. orientalis' (with small kernels) showed that the expressions of several miRNAs such as Pdu-miR395a-3p, Pdu-miR8123-5p, Pdu-miR482f, Pdu-miR6285, and Pdu-miR396a were significantly different. These miRNAs targeted genes encoding different proteins such as NYFB-3, SPX1, PGSIP3 (GUX2), GH3.9, and BEN1. The result of RT-qPCR revealed that the expression of these genes showed significant differences between the crosses and developmental stages of the seeds, suggesting that these genes might be involved in controlling kernel size because the presence of these miRNAs had a negative effect on their target genes. Pollen source can influence kernel size by affecting hormonal signaling and metabolic pathways through related miRNAs, a phenomenon known as xenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Jafari
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Behrouz Shiran
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Rabiei
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Roudabeh Ravash
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Frosi G, Ferreira-Neto JRC, Bezerra-Neto JP, Pandolfi V, da Silva MD, de Lima Morais DA, Benko-Iseppon AM, Santos MG. Transcriptome of Cenostigma pyramidale roots, a woody legume, under different salt stress times. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1463-1480. [PMID: 33973275 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Salinity stress has a significant impact on the gain of plant biomass. Our study provides the first root transcriptome of Cenostigma pyramidale, a tolerant woody legume from a tropical dry forest, under three different salt stress times (30 min, 2 h, and 11 days). The transcriptome was assembled using the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) de novo pipeline from GenPipes. We observed 932, 804, and 3157 upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 164, 273, and 1332 downregulated DEGs for salt over 30 min, 2 h, and 11 days, respectively. For DEGs annotated with the Viridiplantae clade in the early stress periods, the response to salt stress was mainly achieved by stabilizing homeostasis of such ions like Na+ and K+ , signaling by Ca2+ , transcription factor modulation, water transport, and oxidative stress. For salt stress at 11 days, we observed a higher modulation of transcription factors including the WRKY, MYB, bHLH, NAC, HSF, and AP2-EREBP families, as well as DEGs involved in hormonal responses, water transport, sugar metabolism, proline, and reactive oxygen scavenging mechanisms. Five selected DEGs (K+ transporter, aquaporin, glutathione S-transferase, cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, and superoxide dismutase) were validated by qPCR. Our results indicated that C. pyramidale had an early perception of salt stress modulating ionic channels and transporters, and as the stress progressed, the focus turned to the antioxidant system, aquaporins, and complex hormone responses. The results of this first root transcriptome provide clues on how this native species modulate gene expression to achieve salt stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Frosi
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Faculté des Sciences, Départament de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Valesca Pandolfi
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mauro Guida Santos
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Differences in the Abundance of Auxin Homeostasis Proteins Suggest Their Central Roles for In Vitro Tissue Differentiation in Coffea arabica. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122607. [PMID: 34961078 PMCID: PMC8708889 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Coffea arabica is one of the most important crops worldwide. In vitro culture is an alternative for achieving Coffea regeneration, propagation, conservation, genetic improvement, and genome editing. The aim of this work was to identify proteins involved in auxin homeostasis by isobaric tandem mass tag (TMT) and the synchronous precursor selection (SPS)-based MS3 technology on the Orbitrap Fusion™ Tribrid mass spectrometer™ in three types of biological materials corresponding to C. arabica: plantlet leaves, calli, and suspension cultures. Proteins included in the β-oxidation of indole butyric acid and in the signaling, transport, and conjugation of indole-3-acetic acid were identified, such as the indole butyric response (IBR), the auxin binding protein (ABP), the ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC), the Gretchen-Hagen 3 proteins (GH3), and the indole-3-acetic-leucine-resistant proteins (ILR). A more significant accumulation of proteins involved in auxin homeostasis was found in the suspension cultures vs. the plantlet, followed by callus vs. plantlet and suspension culture vs. callus, suggesting important roles of these proteins in the cell differentiation process.
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Hayashi KI, Arai K, Aoi Y, Tanaka Y, Hira H, Guo R, Hu Y, Ge C, Zhao Y, Kasahara H, Fukui K. The main oxidative inactivation pathway of the plant hormone auxin. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6752. [PMID: 34811366 PMCID: PMC8608799 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the phytohormone auxin plays important roles in plant development, and several enzymes have been implicated in auxin inactivation. In this study, we show that the predominant natural auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is mainly inactivated via the GH3-ILR1-DAO pathway. IAA is first converted to IAA-amino acid conjugates by GH3 IAA-amidosynthetases. The IAA-amino acid conjugates IAA-aspartate (IAA-Asp) and IAA-glutamate (IAA-Glu) are storage forms of IAA and can be converted back to IAA by ILR1/ILL amidohydrolases. We further show that DAO1 dioxygenase irreversibly oxidizes IAA-Asp and IAA-Glu into 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid-aspartate (oxIAA-Asp) and oxIAA-Glu, which are subsequently hydrolyzed by ILR1 to release inactive oxIAA. This work established a complete pathway for the oxidative inactivation of auxin and defines the roles played by auxin homeostasis in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.
| | - Kazushi Arai
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Yuki Aoi
- Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuka Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Hayao Hira
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ruipan Guo
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, Gilman Dr. La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Yun Hu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, Gilman Dr. La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Chennan Ge
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, Gilman Dr. La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, Gilman Dr. La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kosuke Fukui
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
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Biosynthesis and Roles of Salicylic Acid in Balancing Stress Response and Growth in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111672. [PMID: 34769103 PMCID: PMC8584137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant hormone with a critical role in plant defense against pathogen infection. Despite extensive research over the past 30 year or so, SA biosynthesis and its complex roles in plant defense are still not fully understood. Even though earlier biochemical studies suggested that plants synthesize SA from cinnamate produced by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), genetic analysis has indicated that in Arabidopsis, the bulk of SA is synthesized from isochorismate (IC) produced by IC synthase (ICS). Recent studies have further established the enzymes responsible for the conversion of IC to SA in Arabidopsis. However, it remains unclear whether other plants also rely on the ICS pathway for SA biosynthesis. SA induces defense genes against biotrophic pathogens, but represses genes involved in growth for balancing defense and growth to a great extent through crosstalk with the growth-promoting plant hormone auxin. Important progress has been made recently in understanding how SA attenuates plant growth by regulating the biosynthesis, transport, and signaling of auxin. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the biosynthesis and the broad roles of SA in regulating plant growth during defense responses. Further understanding of SA production and its regulation of both defense and growth will be critical for developing better knowledge to improve the disease resistance and fitness of crops.
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Méndez-Hernández HA, Quintana-Escobar AO, Uc-Chuc MA, Loyola-Vargas VM. Genome-Wide Analysis, Modeling, and Identification of Amino Acid Binding Motifs Suggest the Involvement of GH3 Genes during Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffea canephora. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102034. [PMID: 34685847 PMCID: PMC8539013 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Auxin plays a central role in growth and plant development. To maintain auxin homeostasis, biological processes such as biosynthesis, transport, degradation, and reversible conjugation are essential. The Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) family genes codify for the enzymes that esterify indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to various amino acids, which is a key process in the induction of somatic embryogenesis (SE). The GH3 family is one of the principal families of early response to auxin genes, exhibiting IAA-amido synthetase activity to maintain optimal levels of free auxin in the cell. In this study, we carried out a systematic identification of the GH3 gene family in the genome of Coffea canephora, determining a total of 18 CcGH3 genes. Analysis of the genetic structures and phylogenetic relationships of CcGH3 genes with GH3 genes from other plant species revealed that they could be clustered in two major categories with groups 1 and 2 of the GH3 family of Arabidopsis. We analyzed the transcriptome expression profiles of the 18 CcGH3 genes using RNA-Seq analysis-based data and qRT-PCR during the different points of somatic embryogenesis induction. Furthermore, the endogenous quantification of free and conjugated indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) suggests that the various members of the CcGH3 genes play a crucial role during the embryogenic process of C. canephora. Three-dimensional modeling of the selected CcGH3 proteins showed that they consist of two domains: an extensive N-terminal domain and a smaller C-terminal domain. All proteins analyzed in the present study shared a unique conserved structural topology. Additionally, we identified conserved regions that could function to bind nucleotides and specific amino acids for the conjugation of IAA during SE in C. canephora. These results provide a better understanding of the C. canephora GH3 gene family for further exploration and possible genetic manipulation.
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Lee Y, Okita TW, Szymanski DB. A co-fractionation mass spectrometry-based prediction of protein complex assemblies in the developing rice aleurone-subaleurone. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2965-2980. [PMID: 34270775 PMCID: PMC8462808 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiprotein complexes execute and coordinate diverse cellular processes such as organelle biogenesis, vesicle trafficking, cell signaling, and metabolism. Knowledge about their composition and localization provides useful clues about the mechanisms of cellular homeostasis and system-level control. This is of great biological importance and practical significance in heterotrophic rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm and aleurone-subaleurone tissues, which are a primary source of seed vitamins and stored energy. Dozens of protein complexes have been implicated in the synthesis, transport, and storage of seed proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. Mutations in protein complexes that control RNA transport result in aberrant endosperm with shrunken and floury phenotypes, significantly reducing seed yield and quality. The purpose of this study was to broadly predict protein complex composition in the aleurone-subaleurone layers of developing rice seeds using co-fractionation mass spectrometry. Following orthogonal chromatographic separations of biological replicates, thousands of protein elution profiles were subjected to distance-based clustering to enable large-scale multimerization state measurements and protein complex predictions. The predicted complexes had predicted functions across diverse functional categories, including novel heteromeric RNA binding protein complexes that may influence seed quality. This effective and open-ended proteomics pipeline provides useful clues about system-level posttranslational control during the early stages of rice seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Lee
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Thomas W. Okita
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Daniel B. Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Müller K, Dobrev PI, Pěnčík A, Hošek P, Vondráková Z, Filepová R, Malínská K, Brunoni F, Helusová L, Moravec T, Retzer K, Harant K, Novák O, Hoyerová K, Petrášek J. DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION 1 catalyzes the oxidation of IAA amino acid conjugates. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:103-115. [PMID: 34618129 PMCID: PMC8418401 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Together with auxin transport, auxin metabolism is a key determinant of auxin signaling output by plant cells. Enzymatic machinery involved in auxin metabolism is subject to regulation based on numerous inputs, including the concentration of auxin itself. Therefore, experiments characterizing altered auxin availability and subsequent changes in auxin metabolism could elucidate the function and regulatory role of individual elements in the auxin metabolic machinery. Here, we studied auxin metabolism in auxin-dependent tobacco BY-2 cells. We revealed that the concentration of N-(2-oxindole-3-acetyl)-l-aspartic acid (oxIAA-Asp), the most abundant auxin metabolite produced in the control culture, dramatically decreased in auxin-starved BY-2 cells. Analysis of the transcriptome and proteome in auxin-starved cells uncovered significant downregulation of all tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) homologs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION 1 (DAO1), at both transcript and protein levels. Auxin metabolism profiling in BY-2 mutants carrying either siRNA-silenced or CRISPR-Cas9-mutated NtDAO1, as well as in dao1-1 Arabidopsis plants, showed not only the expected lower levels of oxIAA, but also significantly lower abundance of oxIAA-Asp. Finally, ability of DAO1 to oxidize IAA-Asp was confirmed by an enzyme assay in AtDAO1-producing bacterial culture. Our results thus represent direct evidence of DAO1 activity on IAA amino acid conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Müller
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre Ivanov Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hošek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Vondráková
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Roberta Filepová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Federica Brunoni
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Helusová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Moravec
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Harant
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 252 42, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Hoyerová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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Beyond the Usual Suspects: Physiological Roles of the Arabidopsis Amidase Signature (AS) Superfamily Members in Plant Growth Processes and Stress Responses. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081207. [PMID: 34439873 PMCID: PMC8393822 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversification of land plants largely relies on their ability to cope with constant environmental fluctuations, which negatively impact their reproductive fitness and trigger adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this limiting landscape, cumulative research attention has centred on deepening the roles of major phytohormones, mostly auxins, together with brassinosteroids, jasmonates, and abscisic acid, despite the signaling networks orchestrating the crosstalk among them are so far only poorly understood. Accordingly, this review focuses on the Arabidopsis Amidase Signature (AS) superfamily members, with the aim of highlighting the hitherto relatively underappreciated functions of AMIDASE1 (AMI1) and FATTY ACID AMIDE HYDROLASE (FAAH), as comparable coordinators of the growth-defense trade-off, by balancing auxin and ABA homeostasis through the conversion of their likely bioactive substrates, indole-3-acetamide and N-acylethanolamine.
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Bowman JL, Flores Sandoval E, Kato H. On the Evolutionary Origins of Land Plant Auxin Biology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a040048. [PMID: 33558368 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid, that is, auxin, is a molecule found in a broad phylogenetic distribution of organisms, from bacteria to eukaryotes. In the ancestral land plant auxin was co-opted to be the paramount phytohormone mediating tropic responses and acting as a facilitator of developmental decisions throughout the life cycle. The evolutionary origins of land plant auxin biology genes can now be traced with reasonable clarity. Genes encoding the two enzymes of the land plant auxin biosynthetic pathway arose in the ancestral land plant by a combination of horizontal gene transfer from bacteria and possible neofunctionalization following gene duplication. Components of the auxin transcriptional signaling network have their origins in ancestral alga genes, with gene duplication and neofunctionalization of key domains allowing integration of a portion of the preexisting transcriptional network with auxin. Knowledge of the roles of orthologous genes in extant charophycean algae is lacking, but could illuminate the ancestral functions of both auxin and the co-opted transcriptional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Bowman
- School of Biological Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | - Hirotaka Kato
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Elevated Temperature Induced Adaptive Responses of Two Lupine Species at Early Seedling Phase. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061091. [PMID: 34072415 PMCID: PMC8228099 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of climate warming on hormonal traits of invasive and non-invasive plants at the early developmental stage. Two different lupine species—invasive Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and non-invasive Lupinus luteus L.—were used in this study. Plants were grown in climate chambers under optimal (25 °C) and simulated climate warming conditions (30 °C). The content of phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), ethylene production and the adaptive growth of both species were studied in four-day-old seedlings. A higher content of total IAA, especially of IAA-amides and transportable IAA, as well as higher ethylene emission, was determined to be characteristic for invasive lupine both under optimal and simulated warming conditions. It should be noted that IAA-L-alanine was detected entirely in the invasive plants under both growth temperatures. Further, the ethylene emission values increased significantly in invasive lupine hypocotyls under 30 °C. Invasive plants showed plasticity in their response by reducing growth in a timely manner and adapting to the rise in temperature. Based on the data of the current study, it can be suggested that the invasiveness of both species may be altered under climate warming conditions.
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Oosterbeek M, Lozano-Torres JL, Bakker J, Goverse A. Sedentary Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Alter Auxin Homeostasis via Multiple Strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668548. [PMID: 34122488 PMCID: PMC8193132 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasites such as cyst and root-knot nematodes infect many important food crops and are major agro-economical pests worldwide. These plant-parasitic nematodes exploit endogenous molecular and physiological pathways in the roots of their host to establish unique feeding structures. These structures function as highly active transfer cells and metabolic sinks and are essential for the parasites' growth and reproduction. Plant hormones like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are a fundamental component in the formation of these feeding complexes. However, their underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms are still elusive despite recent advances in the field. This review presents a comprehensive overview of known functions of various auxins in plant-parasitic nematode infection sites, based on a systematic analysis of current literature. We evaluate multiple aspects involved in auxin homeostasis in plants, including anabolism, catabolism, transport, and signalling. From these analyses, a picture emerges that plant-parasitic nematodes have evolved multiple strategies to manipulate auxin homeostasis to establish a successful parasitic relationship with their host. Additionally, there appears to be a potential role for auxins other than IAA in plant-parasitic nematode infections that might be of interest to be further elucidated.
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Transcriptome analysis of early stages of sorghum grain mold disease reveals defense regulators and metabolic pathways associated with resistance. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:295. [PMID: 33888060 PMCID: PMC8063297 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sorghum grain mold is the most important disease of the crop. The disease results from simultaneous infection of the grain by multiple fungal species. Host responses to these fungi and the underlying molecular and cellular processes are poorly understood. To understand the genetic, molecular and biochemical components of grain mold resistance, transcriptome profiles of the developing grain of resistant and susceptible sorghum genotypes were studied. Results The developing kernels of grain mold resistant RTx2911 and susceptible RTx430 sorghum genotypes were inoculated with a mixture of fungal pathogens mimicking the species complexity of the disease under natural infestation. Global transcriptome changes corresponding to multiple molecular and cellular processes, and biological functions including defense, secondary metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis were observed with differential regulation in the two genotypes. Genes encoding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), regulators of growth and defense homeostasis, antimicrobial peptides, pathogenesis-related proteins, zein seed storage proteins, and phytoalexins showed increased expression correlating with resistance. Notably, SbLYK5 gene encoding an orthologue of chitin PRR, defensin genes SbDFN7.1 and SbDFN7.2 exhibited higher expression in the resistant genotype. The SbDFN7.1 and SbDFN7.2 genes are tightly linked and transcribed in opposite orientation with a likely common bidirectional promoter. Interestingly, increased expression of JAZ and other transcriptional repressors were observed that suggested the tight regulation of plant defense and growth. The data suggest a pathogen inducible defense system in the developing grain of sorghum that involves the chitin PRR, MAPKs, key transcription factors, downstream components regulating immune gene expression and accumulation of defense molecules. We propose a model through which the biosynthesis of 3-deoxyanthocynidin phytoalexins, defensins, PR proteins, other antimicrobial peptides, and defense suppressing proteins are regulated by a pathogen inducible defense system in the developing grain. Conclusions The transcriptome data from a rarely studied tissue shed light into genetic, molecular, and biochemical components of disease resistance and suggested that the developing grain shares conserved immune response mechanisms but also components uniquely enriched in the grain. Resistance was associated with increased expression of genes encoding regulatory factors, novel grain specific antimicrobial peptides including defensins and storage proteins that are potential targets for crop improvement. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07609-y.
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Cytokinin-Controlled Gradient Distribution of Auxin in Arabidopsis Root Tip. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083874. [PMID: 33918090 PMCID: PMC8069370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant root is a dynamic system, which is able to respond promptly to external environmental stimuli by constantly adjusting its growth and development. A key component regulating this growth and development is the finely tuned cross-talk between the auxin and cytokinin phytohormones. The gradient distribution of auxin is not only important for the growth and development of roots, but also for root growth in various response. Recent studies have shed light on the molecular mechanisms of cytokinin-mediated regulation of local auxin biosynthesis/metabolism and redistribution in establishing active auxin gradients, resulting in cell division and differentiation in primary root tips. In this review, we focus our attention on the molecular mechanisms underlying the cytokinin-controlled auxin gradient in root tips.
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Casanova-Sáez R, Mateo-Bonmatí E, Ljung K. Auxin Metabolism in Plants. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a039867. [PMID: 33431579 PMCID: PMC7919392 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The major natural auxin in plants, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), orchestrates a plethora of developmental responses that largely depend on the formation of auxin concentration gradients within plant tissues. Together with inter- and intracellular transport, IAA metabolism-which comprises biosynthesis, conjugation, and degradation-modulates auxin gradients and is therefore critical for plant growth. It is now very well established that IAA is mainly produced from Trp and that the IPyA pathway is a major and universally conserved biosynthetic route in plants, while other redundant pathways operate in parallel. Recent findings have shown that metabolic inactivation of IAA is also redundantly performed by oxidation and conjugation processes. An exquisite spatiotemporal expression of the genes for auxin synthesis and inactivation have been shown to drive several plant developmental processes. Moreover, a group of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators controlling the expression of auxin metabolic genes have been identified in past years, which are illuminating the road to understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the coordinated responses of local auxin metabolism to specific cues. Besides transcriptional regulation, subcellular compartmentalization of the IAA metabolism and posttranslational modifications of the metabolic enzymes are emerging as important contributors to IAA homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on (1) the pathways for IAA biosynthesis and inactivation in plants, (2) the influence of spatiotemporally regulated IAA metabolism on auxin-mediated responses, and (3) the regulatory mechanisms that modulate IAA levels in response to external and internal cues during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Heydarian Z, Gruber M, Coutu C, Glick BR, Hegedus DD. Gene expression patterns in shoots of Camelina sativa with enhanced salinity tolerance provided by plant growth promoting bacteria producing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase or expression of the corresponding acdS gene. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4260. [PMID: 33608579 PMCID: PMC7895925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of plants in soil inoculated with plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) producing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase or expression of the corresponding acdS gene in transgenic lines reduces the decline in shoot length, shoot weight and photosynthetic capacity triggered by salt stress in Camelina sativa. Reducing the levels of ethylene attenuated the salt stress response as inferred from decreases in the expression of genes involved in development, senescence, chlorosis and leaf abscission that are highly induced by salt to levels that may otherwise have a negative effect on plant growth and productivity. Growing plants in soil treated with Pseudomonas migulae 8R6 negatively affected ethylene signaling, auxin and JA biosynthesis and signalling, but had a positive effect on the regulation of genes involved in GA signaling. In plants expressing acdS, the expression of the genes involved in auxin signalling was positively affected, while the expression of genes involved in cytokinin degradation and ethylene biosynthesis were negatively affected. Moreover, fine-tuning of ABA signaling appears to result from the application of ACC deaminase in response to salt treatment. Moderate expression of acdS under the control of the root specific rolD promoter or growing plants in soil treated with P. migulae 8R6 were more effective in reducing the expression of the genes involved in ethylene production and/or signaling than expression of acdS under the more active Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Heydarian
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, University of Shiraz, Bajgah, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Margaret Gruber
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada. .,Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Pérez-Alonso MM, Ortiz-García P, Moya-Cuevas J, Lehmann T, Sánchez-Parra B, Björk RG, Karim S, Amirjani MR, Aronsson H, Wilkinson MD, Pollmann S. Endogenous indole-3-acetamide levels contribute to the crosstalk between auxin and abscisic acid, and trigger plant stress responses in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:459-475. [PMID: 33068437 PMCID: PMC7853601 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary success of plants relies to a large extent on their extraordinary ability to adapt to changes in their environment. These adaptations require that plants balance their growth with their stress responses. Plant hormones are crucial mediators orchestrating the underlying adaptive processes. However, whether and how the growth-related hormone auxin and the stress-related hormones jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid (ABA) are coordinated remains largely elusive. Here, we analyse the physiological role of AMIDASE 1 (AMI1) in Arabidopsis plant growth and its possible connection to plant adaptations to abiotic stresses. AMI1 contributes to cellular auxin homeostasis by catalysing the conversion of indole-acetamide into the major plant auxin indole-3-acetic acid. Functional impairment of AMI1 increases the plant's stress status rendering mutant plants more susceptible to abiotic stresses. Transcriptomic analysis of ami1 mutants disclosed the reprogramming of a considerable number of stress-related genes, including jasmonic acid and ABA biosynthesis genes. The ami1 mutants exhibit only moderately repressed growth but an enhanced ABA accumulation, which suggests a role for AMI1 in the crosstalk between auxin and ABA. Altogether, our results suggest that AMI1 is involved in coordinating the trade-off between plant growth and stress responses, balancing auxin and ABA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta-Marina Pérez-Alonso
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Paloma Ortiz-García
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - José Moya-Cuevas
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Thomas Lehmann
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenphysiologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Beatriz Sánchez-Parra
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Current address: Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert G Björk
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sazzad Karim
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mohammad R Amirjani
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Current address: Department of Biology, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Henrik Aronsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mark D Wilkinson
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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RNA-Seq Provides New Insights into the Molecular Events Involved in "Ball-Skin versus Bladder Effect" on Fruit Cracking in Litchi. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010454. [PMID: 33466443 PMCID: PMC7796454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit cracking is a disorder of fruit development in response to internal or external cues, which causes a loss in the economic value of fruit. Therefore, exploring the mechanism underlying fruit cracking is of great significance to increase the economic yield of fruit trees. However, the molecular mechanism underlying fruit cracking is still poorly understood. Litchi, as an important tropical and subtropical fruit crop, contributes significantly to the gross agricultural product in Southeast Asia. One important agricultural concern in the litchi industry is that some famous varieties with high economic value such as ‘Nuomici’ are susceptible to fruit cracking. Here, the cracking-susceptible cultivar ‘Nuomici’ and cracking-resistant cultivar ‘Huaizhi’ were selected, and the samples including pericarp and aril during fruit development and cracking were collected for RNA-Seq analysis. Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and the “ball-skin versus bladder effect” theory (fruit cracking occurs upon the aril expanding pressure exceeds the pericarp strength), it was found that seven co-expression modules genes (1733 candidate genes) were closely associated with fruit cracking in ‘Nuomici’. Importantly, we propose that the low expression level of genes related to plant hormones (Auxin, Gibberellins, Ethylene), transcription factors, calcium transport and signaling, and lipid synthesis might decrease the mechanical strength of pericarp in ‘Nuomici’, while high expression level of genes associated with plant hormones (Auxin and abscisic acid), transcription factors, starch/sucrose metabolism, and sugar/water transport might increase the aril expanding pressure, thereby resulting in fruit cracking in ‘Nuomici’. In conclusion, our results provide comprehensive molecular events involved in the “ball-skin versus bladder effect” on fruit cracking in litchi.
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Wang X, Meng J, Deng L, Wang Y, Liu H, Yao JL, Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Wang Z, Zeng W. Diverse Functions of IAA-Leucine Resistant PpILR1 Provide a Genic Basis for Auxin-Ethylene Crosstalk During Peach Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:655758. [PMID: 34054901 PMCID: PMC8149794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.655758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Auxin and ethylene play critical roles in the ripening of peach (Prunus persica) fruit; however, the interaction between these two phytohormones is complex and not fully understood. Here, we isolated a peach ILR gene, PpILR1, which encodes an indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amino hydrolase. Functional analyses revealed that PpILR1 acts as a transcriptional activator of 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (PpACS1), and hydrolyzes auxin substrates to release free auxin. When Cys137 was changed to Ser137, PpILR1 failed to show hydrolase activity but continued to function as a transcriptional activator of PpACS1 in tobacco and peach transient expression assays. Furthermore, transgenic tomato plants overexpressing PpILR1 exhibited ethylene- and strigolactone-related phenotypes, including premature pedicel abscission, leaf and petiole epinasty, and advanced fruit ripening, which are consistent with increased expression of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and fruit ripening, as well as suppression of branching and growth of internodes (related to strigolactone biosynthesis). Collectively, these results provide novel insights into the role of IAA-amino acid hydrolases in plants, and position the PpILR1 protein at the junction of auxin and ethylene pathways during peach fruit ripening. These results could have substantial implications on peach fruit cultivation and storage in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobei Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junren Meng
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Deng
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhiqiang Wang
| | - Wenfang Zeng
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenfang Zeng
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50
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Xu G, Zhang Y, Li M, Jiao X, Zhou L, Ming Z. Crystal structure of the acyl acid amido synthetase GH3-8 from Oryza sativa. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:266-271. [PMID: 33272567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) family of acyl acid amido synthetases regulate the levels and activities of plant hormones containing carboxyl groups, thereby modulating diverse physiological responses. While structure-function relationships have been elucidated for dicotyledonous GH3s, the catalytic mechanism of monocotyledonous GH3 remains elusive. Rice (Oryza sativa) is a representative monocot, and its yield is controlled by the natural growth hormone IAA (indole-3-acetic acid). OsGH3-8 is a model GH3 enzyme that conjugates excess IAA to amino acids in an ATP-dependent manner, ensuring auxin homeostasis and regulating disease resistance, growth and development. Here, we report the crystal structure of OsGH3-8 protein in complex with AMP to uncover the molecular and structural basis for the activity of monocotyledonous GH3-8. Structural and sequence comparisons with other GH3 proteins reveal that the AMP/ATP binding sites are highly conserved. Molecular docking studies with IAA, the GH3-inhibitor Adenosine-5'-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]phosphate (AIEP), and Aspartate provide important information for substrate binding and selectivity of OsGH3-8. Moreover, the observation that AIEP nearly occupies the entire binding site for AMP, IAA and amino acid, offers a ready explanation for the inhibitory effect of AIEP. Taken together, the present study provides vital insights into the molecular mechanisms of monocot GH3 function, and will help to shape the future designs of effective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Mingyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Xi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Le Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China.
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