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Park EJ, Kim LL, Lee JO, Lee HY, Kim YA, Go HR. 6'-Sialyllactose Enhances Exercise Performance via Increased Muscle Mass and Strength. Nutrients 2024; 16:2600. [PMID: 39203737 PMCID: PMC11357526 DOI: 10.3390/nu16162600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sialyllactose (SL) is a functional human milk oligosaccharide essential for immune support, brain development, intestinal maturation, and antiviral defense. However, despite its established health benefits, the effect of SL on exercise performance and muscle mass in mice remains unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate, for the first time, the effects of 6'-SL on muscle functions. Seven-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were administered 100 mg/kg 6'-SL for 12 weeks, after which exhaustive treadmill performance was conducted. Moreover, muscle strength was examined by grip strength, and muscle phenotype characteristics such as muscle mass, muscle fiber size, and muscle protein expression were also examined. The administration of 6'-SL significantly improved exhaustive treadmill performance metrics, including distance and exhaustion time. Grip strength was also increased by 6'-SL administration. Additionally, 6'-SL increased muscle mass in both the gastrocnemius (GAS) and soleus. 6'-SL administration led to an increase in the minimum Feret's diameter and the protein expression of total myosin heavy chain in the GAS muscle. In conclusion, 6'-SL administration in vivo led to increased running distance and time by increasing muscle mass and strength. These findings collectively indicate that 6'-SL is a potential agent for improving muscle health and exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- GeneChem Inc., Daejeon 34025, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.P.); (L.-L.K.)
| | - Li-La Kim
- GeneChem Inc., Daejeon 34025, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.P.); (L.-L.K.)
| | - Jie-Oh Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hay-Young Lee
- POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yong-An Kim
- POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hi-Roe Go
- GeneChem Inc., Daejeon 34025, Republic of Korea; (E.-J.P.); (L.-L.K.)
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García-Durán J, González-Jurado JA, Sánchez-Oliver AJ. Sports Supplement Consumption in 316 Federated Female Road Cyclists. Nutrients 2024; 16:2563. [PMID: 39125442 PMCID: PMC11314008 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the extensive use of sports supplements (SSs) is prevalent among cyclists, this area has been poorly explored; in fact, no studies have been conducted on this topic regarding women cyclists to date. This descriptive, cross-sectional study, which included 316 federated female road cyclists, aimed to analyze SS consumption patterns in relation to scientific evidence and various categories. SSs were categorized according to the groups and subgroups established by the Australian Sport Institute (AIS, 2023) based on the level of evidence supporting their use. The analysis found that 85.1% of the female road cyclists surveyed used SSs, with an average consumption of 7 ± 6 supplements per individual. Pharmacies (60.8%), dietitian-nutritionists (58.9%), and health status (60.1%) were the primary purchase location, source of information, and reason for use, respectively. The most frequently consumed supplements were sports bars (77.5%), sports gels (61.4%), and caffeine (49.1%). Significantly, 80% of the ten most commonly used supplements were from the group with the highest evidence level, as classified by the AIS, with an average intake of 5 ± 3 supplements per cyclist. In summary, the use of SSs is prevalent among female road cyclists, with reliable sources for both purchasing and obtaining advice on supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García-Durán
- Faculty of Sports Science, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - José Antonio González-Jurado
- Faculty of Sports Science, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Research Center on Physical and Sports Performance, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain
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Sánchez-Oliver AJ, Moreno-Pérez V, Terrón-Manrique P, Fernández-Ruiz V, Quintana-Milla I, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Rodríguez G, Ramos-Álvarez JJ, Domínguez R, López-Samanes Á. Analysis of Sports Supplement Consumption of Elite Referees of the Spanish Professional Fotball League. Nutrients 2024; 16:2486. [PMID: 39125366 PMCID: PMC11314229 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports supplements (SSs) are widely used among team sport athletes; however, evidence supporting the use of SSs among football referees at the elite level is scarce. The aim of the present study was to analyze the consumption of SSs among referees with respect to their level of competition and referee type (main referees (MRs) vs. assistant referees (ARs)). METHODS A total of 106 football referees participated in this study, with 46.2% from the First Spanish Division and 53.8% from the Second Spanish Division, representing 84.13% of the total number of referees. Each participant completed a validated questionnaire about SS consumption, with the SSs classified according to the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) ABCD system: Group A has strong evidence for enhancing athlete health and performance, Group B shows potential benefits but needs more evidence, Group C has inconclusive evidence against use, and Group D includes prohibited substances. RESULTS A total of 84.0% of the MRs and ARs reported the consumption of at least one SS. Differences were found only in the consumption of medical supplements between division (p = 0.016) and type of referee (p = 0.041), though no significant differences were found among the remaining AIS SS categories (p > 0.05). Sport performance (49.6%), Internet (41.0%), and dietitian-nutritionists (31.7%) were the primary reason for SS consumption, purchase location, and source of information, respectively. The most frequently consumed SS were whey protein (45.3%), followed by creatine (33.0%), sport bars and sports drinks (28.3%), and caffeine (19.8%). CONCLUSIONS MRs and ARs reported a high prevalence of dietary supplement (SS) consumption, with significant differences between division and referee type observed only in medical supplement consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | - Iñaki Quintana-Milla
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), Avenida de la Universidad, 1, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Comité Técnico de Árbitros (CTA) de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol (RFEF), 28232 Las Rozas, Spain
| | - Guillermo Rodríguez
- Comité Técnico de Árbitros (CTA) de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol (RFEF), 28232 Las Rozas, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos-Álvarez
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Sport Medicine, Madrid Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Álvaro López-Samanes
- GICAF Research Group, Education, Research Methods and Evaluation Department, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Zapata-Linares J, Gervasini G. Contaminants in Dietary Supplements: Toxicity, Doping Risk, and Current Regulation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:232-241. [PMID: 38653450 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Athletes, both amateur and professional, often resort to the consumption of nutritional supplements without professional supervision and without being aware of the risks they may entail. We conducted an exhaustive literature search to determine the most common substances found as contaminants in dietary supplements. For each substance, we analyzed its mechanism of action, clinical indication, health risk, and putative use as doping agent. In addition, we evaluated the current regulation of these supplements. Contamination of nutritional supplements (accidental or intentional), especially with steroids and stimulants, is a hazardous situation. The prolonged consumption of these products without being aware of their composition can cause serious health risks and, in the case of professional athletes, a possible sanction for doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Zapata-Linares
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Guillermo Gervasini
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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Vardardottir B, Gudmundsdottir SL, Tryggvadottir EA, Olafsdottir AS. Patterns of energy availability and carbohydrate intake differentiate between adaptable and problematic low energy availability in female athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1390558. [PMID: 38783864 PMCID: PMC11111999 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1390558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Problematic low energy availability (EA) is the underlying culprit of relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs), and its consequences have been suggested to be exacerbated when accompanied by low carbohydrate (CHO) intakes. Objectives This study compared dietary intake, nutrition status and occurrence of REDs symptoms in groups of female athletes, displaying different patterns of EA and CHO intake. Methods Female athletes (n = 41, median age 20.4 years) from various sports weighed and recorded their food intake and training for 7 consecutive days via a photo-assisted mobile application. Participants were divided into four groups based on patterns of EA and CHO intakes: sufficient to optimal EA and sufficient to optimal CHO intake (SEA + SCHO), SEA and low CHO intake (SEA + LCHO), low energy availability and SCHO (LEA + SCHO), and LEA and LCHO (LEA + LCHO). SEA patterns were characterised by EA ≥30 and LEA by EA <30 kcal/kg fat free mass, and SCHO patterns characterised by CHO intake ≥3.0 and LCHO <3.0 g/kg body weight for most of the registered days. Body composition was measured with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, resting metabolic rate with indirect calorimetry and serum blood samples were collected for evaluation of nutrition status. Behavioural risk factors and self-reported symptoms of REDs were assessed with the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire Short (EDE-QS), Exercise Addiction Inventory, and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory. Results In total, 36.6% were categorised as SEA + SCHO, of which 5/16 were ball sport, 7/10 endurance, 1/7 aesthetic, 2/5 weight-class, and 0/3 weight-class athletes. Of LEA + LCHO athletes (19.5% of all), 50% came from ball sports. Aesthetic and endurance athletes reported the greatest training demands, with weekly training hours higher for aesthetic compared to ball sports (13.1 ± 5.7 vs. 6.7 ± 3.4 h, p = 0.012). Two LEA + LCHO and one SEA + LCHO athlete exceeded the EDE-QS cutoff. LEA + LCHO evaluated their sleep and energy levels as worse, and both LEA groups rated their recovery as worse compared to SEA + SCHO. Conclusion Repeated exposures to LEA and LCHO are associated with a cluster of negative implications in female athletes. In terms of nutrition strategies, sufficient EA and CHO intakes appear to be pivotal in preventing REDs.
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Valder S, Staltner R, Bizjak DA, Esatbeyoglu T, Herdegen V, Köpsel M, Kostov T, Bergheim I, Diel P. Effect of Sugar- and Polyphenol-Rich, Diluted Cloudy Apple Juice on the Intestinal Barrier after Moderate Endurance Exercise and in Ultra-Marathon Runners. Nutrients 2024; 16:1353. [PMID: 38732600 PMCID: PMC11085185 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise and the consumption of sugars result in a dysfunction of the intestinal barrier (IB). Here, we determined the effect of sugar in a natural matrix on the intestinal barrier after moderate (A) and intensive endurance exercise (B). METHOD The IB function was determined before (pre) and after running (post), and 120 and 180 min after consuming the drink by measuring serum endotoxin concentrations (lipopolysaccharides-LPS), IL-6, CD14, and i-FABP. In study A, nonspecifically trained participants (n = 24, males and females, age 26 ± 4) ran for one hour at 80% of their individual anaerobic threshold (IAT). After finishing, the runners consumed, in a crossover setup, either 500 mL of water, diluted cloudy apple juice (test drink), or an identical drink (placebo) without the fruit juice matrix (FJM). In study B, the participants (n = 30, males and females, age 50 ± 9) completed an ultra-marathon run, were divided into groups, and consumed one of the above-mentioned drinks. RESULTS Study A: Exercise resulted in a significant increase in serum LPS, i-FABP, and IL-6, which decreased fast after finishing. No impact of the different drinks on LPS i-FABP, or IL-6 could be observed, but there was an impact on CD14. Study B: The ultra-marathon resulted in a strong increase in serum LPS, which decreased fast after finishing in the water and test drink groups, but not in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS The consumed drinks did not affect the kinetics of IB regeneration after moderate exercise, but impacted CD14 serum concentrations, indicating possible beneficial effects of the FJM on the immune system. After an ultra-marathon, IB function regenerates very fast. The intake of sugar (placebo) seems to have had a negative impact on IB regeneration, which was diminished by the presence of the FJM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Valder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (S.V.); (T.K.)
| | - Raphaela Staltner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Daniel Alexander Bizjak
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Department of Molecular Food Chemistry and Food Development, Institute of Food and One Health, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (T.E.); (M.K.)
| | | | - Magdalena Köpsel
- Department of Molecular Food Chemistry and Food Development, Institute of Food and One Health, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (T.E.); (M.K.)
| | - Tihomir Kostov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (S.V.); (T.K.)
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (S.V.); (T.K.)
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Gallagher C, Austin V, Dunlop KA, Dally J, Taylor K, Pullinger SA, Edwards BJ. Effects of Supplementing Zinc Magnesium Aspartate on Sleep Quality and Submaximal Weightlifting Performance, following Two Consecutive Nights of Partial Sleep Deprivation. Nutrients 2024; 16:251. [PMID: 38257144 PMCID: PMC10820214 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We examined whether supplementation of zinc magnesium aspartate (ZMA), while partially sleep deprived, was beneficial to sleep quality and subsequent morning (07:00 h) submaximal weightlifting. Methods: Using a double-blinded, randomized counterbalanced design, sixteen trained males were recruited and completed six sessions: (i) one repetition max (1 RM) for bench press and back squat; (ii) two familiarisation sessions; (iii) three conditions with 4 h sleep and either: ZMA, placebo (PLA), or NoPill control (NoPill). Submaximal exercise session consisted of three repetitions at 40, 60 and 80% of 1 RM for bench press and back squat. Average power (AP), average velocity (AV), peak velocity (PV), displacement (D) and time-to-peak velocity (tPV) were recorded using MuscleLab linear encoders. Data were analysed using a general linear model with repeated measures and linear correlation. Results: No significant main effect for condition was found for performance values or subjective ratings of fatigue. Main effect for "load" on the bar was found, where AP and tPV values increased with load (p < 0.05). No significant relationship between dose of zinc or magnesium ingested and change in performance for 80% 1 RM power-outputs was found. Conclusion: Supplementation of ZMA for two nights of partial sleep deprivation had no effect on sleep or subsequent morning performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Gallagher
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (V.A.); (K.A.D.); (J.D.); (K.T.); (B.J.E.)
| | - Victoria Austin
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (V.A.); (K.A.D.); (J.D.); (K.T.); (B.J.E.)
| | - Kyle A. Dunlop
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (V.A.); (K.A.D.); (J.D.); (K.T.); (B.J.E.)
| | - Jasmine Dally
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (V.A.); (K.A.D.); (J.D.); (K.T.); (B.J.E.)
| | - Kyle Taylor
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (V.A.); (K.A.D.); (J.D.); (K.T.); (B.J.E.)
| | - Samuel A. Pullinger
- Sport Science Department, Inspire Institute of Sport, Vidyanagar, Bellary 583275, India;
| | - Ben J. Edwards
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (V.A.); (K.A.D.); (J.D.); (K.T.); (B.J.E.)
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McAllister MJ, Martaindale MH, Dillard CC, McCullough R. Impact of L-theanine and L-tyrosine on markers of stress and cognitive performance in response to a virtual reality based active shooter training drill. Stress 2024; 27:2375588. [PMID: 38975711 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2024.2375588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of L-theanine and L-tyrosine has been shown to reduce salivary stress biomarkers and improve aspects of cognitive performance in response to stress. However, there have been no studies to concurrently examine the impact of both L-theanine and L-tyrosine ingestion during a mental stress challenge (MSC) involving a brief cognitive challenge and a virtual reality based active shooter training drill. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the impact of ingestion of L-theanine and L-tyrosine on markers of stress and cognitive performance in response to a virtual reality active shooter drill and cognitive challenge. The cognitive challenge involved a Stroop challenge and mental arithmetic. Eighty subjects (age = 21 ± 2.6 yrs; male = 46; female = 34) were randomly assigned L-tyrosine (n = 28; 2000 mg), L-theanine (n = 25; 200 mg), or placebo (n = 27) prior to MSC exposure. Saliva samples, state-anxiety inventory (SAI) scales, and heart rate (HR) were collected before and after exposure to the MSC. Saliva was analyzed for stress markers α-amylase (sAA) and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). The MSC resulted in significant increases in sAA, SIgA, HR, and SAI. Ingestion of L-theanine and L-tyrosine did not impact markers of stress. However, the L-tyrosine treatment demonstrated significantly lower missed responses compared to the placebo treatment group during the Stroop challenge. These data demonstrate that ingestion of L-theanine or L-tyrosine does not impact markers of stress in response to a MSC but may impact cognitive performance. This study was pre-registered as a clinical trial ("Impact of supplements on stress markers": NCT05592561).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J McAllister
- Metabolic & Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health & Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | | | - Courtney C Dillard
- Metabolic & Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health & Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Rory McCullough
- Metabolic & Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health & Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
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García-Durán J, González-Jurado JA, Sánchez-Oliver AJ. Analysis of Sports Supplement Consumption in 1688 Federated Road Cyclists. Nutrients 2023; 16:123. [PMID: 38201954 PMCID: PMC10780486 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of sports supplements (SS) to enhance athletic performance extends to cyclists, although little research has been conducted on this subject within this sport. This descriptive and cross-sectional study involved 1688 federated road cyclists, aiming to analyse the pattern of SS consumption concerning the degree of scientific evidence and different categories. This study categorised SS based on the groups and subgroups established by the Australian Sport Institute (AIS, 2023) based on the level of evidence. Our results showed that 62.5% of the sample cyclists used SS, with an average of 12.2 ± 8.6 supplements consumed per participant. Health status (78.2%), pharmacies (62.5%), and medical doctors (45.7%) were the main reasons, purchase sites, and sources of information for SS consumption, respectively. The most prevalent SS consumed were Sports Gels (94%), Sports Bars (89.3%), and Sports Drinks (73.8%). Notably, 80% of the top ten most consumed SS belonged to the group with the highest level of evidence according to the AIS, with an average of 6.9 ± 3.2 supplements per participant. However, 23.3% of the total SS consumers used prohibited substances. In conclusion, while the prevalence of SS consumption among road cyclists is considerable and the primary sources for purchasing SS and obtaining advice are reliable, there is a notable prevalence of prohibited substance use within the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García-Durán
- Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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Backhouse SH. A Behaviourally Informed Approach to Reducing the Risk of Inadvertent Anti-doping Rule Violations from Supplement Use. Sports Med 2023; 53:67-84. [PMID: 37801267 PMCID: PMC10721667 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
For many reasons, athletes' use of supplements is highly prevalent across sports and competitive levels, despite the risk of these products containing a substance on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List. Contravening anti-doping rules through supplement use could have serious consequences for competitive athletes (e.g., ineligibility from major competitions, loss of medals and funding) due to the principle of strict liability. Indiscriminate supplement use also poses a risk to athlete health. To reduce the possibility of ingesting a supplement containing prohibited substances, independent quality assurance and certification programs have been established (e.g., Informed Sport). However, these programs do not completely eliminate risk, leading to some anti-doping organisations promoting a 'just say no' to supplements stance. Yet, this approach can be problematic as a small number of supplements may be necessary for athletes to consume, in certain situations. Recognising that athletes will continue to use these heavily marketed products, this narrative review describes a theoretically underpinned and systematic approach to preventing inadvertent doping by considering the barriers to and enablers of athlete adherence to risk minimisation supplement use guidelines (RMSUG). By outlining a conceptual shift towards a behaviourally informed approach, this review serves to stimulate the development of multifaceted interventions to prevent inadvertent doping through supplement use. Recognising that risk-minimised supplement use involves a myriad of behaviours, the problem of inadvertent doping through supplement use is framed, and research appraised, through the lens of the Behaviour Change Wheel.
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Chen W, Cheng X, Ma Y, Chen N. Foodborne doping and supervision in sports. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Alhazmi A, Kuriakose BB, Mushfiq S, Muzammil K, Hawash MM. Prevalence, attitudes, and practices of dietary supplements among middle-aged and older adults in Asir region, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292900. [PMID: 37824550 PMCID: PMC10569615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to 1) identify the prevalence of dietary supplements (DS) among middle-aged and older adults; 2) determine attitudes toward DS and patterns of DS usage among middle-aged and older adults; and 3) assess the association of sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors with DS attitudes and DS usage. A cross-sectional online survey was undertaken among middle-aged and older adults. Data were collected by an online self-administered pretested questionnaire used as a study tool and distributed to respondents via social media applications. The DS usage prevalence among 501 respondents was 50.7%, and 53.5% of participants reported a positive attitude toward DS. The positive attitudes and higher usage of dietary supplements were statistically significant in higher proportions among older adults compared to middle-aged individuals. Significantly lower proportion of middle aged (54.9%) reported taking DS daily compared to 59.9% of older adults. A significant difference in the type of DS among the two groups was found for Omega-3 (p<0.001), minerals (p = 0.004), proteins (p = 0.002), fibers (p = 0.002), phytonutrients (p = 0.007), and probiotics (p = 0.015), with a higher proportion of middle-aged respondents reporting their use compared to older adults. Dietary supplement usage is a prevalent phenomenon among older adults and the middle-aged population. However, some undesirable practices regarding their use still exist in the community. Thus, there is a need of focussed health education to enhance attitudes and improve practices regarding the use of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Alhazmi
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Beena Briget Kuriakose
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sakeena Mushfiq
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Mohammed Hawash
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Gerontological Nursing, College of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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13
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Nagashima Y, Ehara K, Ehara Y, Mitsume A, Kubo K, Mineo S. Effects of Continuous Carbohydrate Intake with Gummies during the Golf Round on Interstitial Glucose, Golf Performance, and Cognitive Performance of Competitive Golfers: A Randomized Repeated-Measures Crossover Design. Nutrients 2023; 15:3245. [PMID: 37513663 PMCID: PMC10384188 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of continuous carbohydrate intake during a golf round on interstitial glucose, golf performance, and the cognitive performance of competitive golfers. Eleven competitive golfers participated and played 18 holes of golf in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to the group indicated to consume the test food (CHO intake) or the group required to not consume it (NOT intake). Here, gummies were used as the test food, and the amount of carbohydrates was 30 g per h. Blood glucose levels were evaluated using interstitial glucose. Golf performance was measured in five tests, including scores, 2.5 m putting test, club head speed, driving distance, and accuracy. Cognitive performance was measured in three tests, including self-perceived levels of fatigue (PLF), self-perceived levels of concentration (PLC), and self-perceived levels of relaxation (PLR). Interstitial glucose (p < 0.001) and PLF (p < 0.001) were significantly reduced in the CHO intake compared with that in the NOT intake from the sixth hole. PLC was significantly higher in the CHO intake than in the NOT intake on all 18 holes (p = 0.032). These findings suggest that continuous carbohydrate intake may be effective in reducing fatigue and maintaining the performance of competitive golfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Nagashima
- Department of Health Science, Musashigaoka Junior College, 111-1 Minamiyoshimi, Saitama 355-0154, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Ehara
- Department of Education, Tamagawa University, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Ehara
- Research Institute of Wellness, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Ayana Mitsume
- Department of Health Science, Musashigaoka Junior College, 111-1 Minamiyoshimi, Saitama 355-0154, Japan
| | - Kie Kubo
- Freelance Dietitian, Saitama 369-0311, Japan
| | - Shigeru Mineo
- Nutraceuticals Science Laboratory, Advanced Research Institutes, Bourbon Corporation, Niigata 945-8611, Japan
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14
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Sharland PB, Haroun J, Safi A. Exploring the Impact of a Global Pandemic (COVID-19) on Factors Impacting the Resilience of Top-Tier London Hockey Players. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION) 2023; 2023:5346846. [PMID: 37457364 PMCID: PMC10348855 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5346846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The cessation of all professional and amateur sport due to the COVID-19 pandemic had a dramatic effect on the mental and physical capacity of the United Kingdom populace, but its impact was arguably felt more deeply by the athletic population. Thus, this research explored which limiting factors were experienced by team hockey players during the national lockdowns (1.0-3.0) with the objective of enabling coaches and team management to better support and protect players' physiological and psychological resilience in return to play. Methods Data were collected over 12 weeks during the 3rd UK lockdown (March 2021) from two top-tier London clubs. Hockey players (n = 63) completed an online questionnaire that included validated tests for self-compassion, sport motivation, and a custom open-ended style qualitative questionnaire on nutrition and lifestyle behaviour. Mean self-compassion, motivation scores, and common indicative limiting factors were evaluated and ranked according to significance. Results High "rebound resilience" was found with low amotivation scores (m = 8.33) and strong affinity for their sport identifying with the statement "because participation in my sport is an integral part of my life" with correspondingly high integrated regulation scores (m = 21.43). Participants' self-compassion showed the highest scores in mindfulness (m = 3.66) and lowest in self-kindness (m = 2.84) indicating a common trait in athletes for self-criticism. The highest limiting factor was cited as "no social outlets, social interactions, or seeing friends and family". Conclusion This study revealed the critical role that social connectedness plays in promoting resilience and enhancing motivation in return to play during extremely challenging circumstances. When the social outlet is absent, enhancing resilience factors with mindfulness, self-compassion, and the creation of a more facilitative environment where player welfare takes priority are potential strategies to support players when they are unable to participate in their sport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Haroun
- Centre for Resilience, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Ayazullah Safi
- Department of Public Health, Centre for Life and Sport Science (C-LaSS) Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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15
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Aljebeli S, Albuhairan R, Ababtain N, Almazroa T, Alqahtani S, Philip W. The Prevalence and Awareness of Dietary Supplement Use Among Saudi Women Visiting Fitness Centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e41031. [PMID: 37519554 PMCID: PMC10373514 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary supplements are used for a variety of reasons, some of which are for medical conditions, to compensate for dietary insufficiency, to improve physical performance, and to boost immunity. Generally, individuals who visit sports facilities seek different benefits; it could be for health and well-being, to achieve the desired body shape, for enjoyment purposes, or as a way to socialize. To help achieve some of these goals, dietary supplements can be taken. Aims This study is designed to assess the prevalence and awareness of dietary supplement use among Saudi women who frequent fitness centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2021 among Saudi women who visited gyms in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The sample consisted of 355 participants, all of whom were women from Saudi Arabia. The statistical analysis was done using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 21.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Necessary statistical tests such as the chi-square, the t-test, and other appropriate tests were used. A p-value of less than 0.05 has been adopted for statistical significance. Results The majority of the 355 female participants consumed dietary supplements (68.7%). The most commonly used supplements were vitamins (82.8%), amino acids and proteins (30.3%), minerals (22.1%), and fatty acids (3.3%). In the study group, 53.3% of those who were using or used supplements had previous knowledge; 13.1% were up-to-date; and 33.6% weren't. No relationship was found between supplement use and educational level, weight, body mass index (BMI), or marital status. Conclusion Dietary supplement use is common among women who visited gyms in Saudi Arabia. Vitamins were the most commonly used supplements, which suggests that users were more concerned about general health and diet deficiencies than anything else. The participants use dietary supplements cautiously; the majority consume dietary supplements under a doctor's prescription and after reading the leaflets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahad Aljebeli
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, SAU
| | - Reem Albuhairan
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, SAU
| | - Nouf Ababtain
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, SAU
| | - Taima Almazroa
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, SAU
| | - Saeed Alqahtani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Winnie Philip
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, SAU
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16
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Jiménez-Alfageme R, Martínez-Sanz JM, Romero-García D, Giménez-Monzo D, Hernández Aparicio S, Sanchez-Oliver AJ, Sospedra I. Do Spanish Triathletes Consume Sports Supplements According to Scientific Evidence? An Analysis of the Consumption Pattern According to Sex and Level of Competition. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061330. [PMID: 36986060 PMCID: PMC10058453 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of sports supplements (SS) to improve sports performance is very common in athletes. In the case of triathletes, the physiological characteristics of the sport may require the use of certain SS. Although the consumption of SS is widespread in this sport, very few studies have investigated it thus far. The aim is to analyze the pattern of SS consumption by triathletes according to sex and the competitive level. Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study on the consumption and habitual use of SS of 232 Spanish-federated triathletes. Data were collected through a validated questionnaire. Results: Overall, 92.2% of the athletes consumed SS, but no significant differences were found in terms of competition level or sex. Yet, significant differences were found regarding the level of competition for total SS (p = 0.021), the total number of Group A supplements from the AIS classification (p = 0.012), and for the ergogenic aids (p = 0.003). The most-consumed SS were bars, sports drinks, sports gels, and caffeine (83.6%, 74.1%, 61.2%, and 46.6%, respectively). Conclusions: The consumption of SS by triathletes is high, and the number of SS consumed rises from the regional to the national and international levels. The four SS most consumed were included in category A of the AIS (greatest scientific evidence).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Jiménez-Alfageme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Gasteiz—EUNEIZ, 01013 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - José Miguel Martínez-Sanz
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - David Romero-García
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Daniel Giménez-Monzo
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science Health, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Jesús Sanchez-Oliver
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isabel Sospedra
- Food and Nutrition Research Group (ALINUT), University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
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17
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Pilegaard K, Uldall ASM, Ravn-Haren G. Intake of Food Supplements, Caffeine, Green Tea and Protein Products among Young Danish Men Training in Commercial Gyms for Increasing Muscle Mass. Foods 2022; 11:4003. [PMID: 36553745 PMCID: PMC9777690 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty-three men (15-35 years of age) regularly training in Danish gyms and supplement users were interviewed about the use of supplemental protein and food supplements, intake of caffeine- and (-)-epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG)-containing supplements and beverages and any experienced adverse effects. Protein powder (60%), fish oil (54%) and multivitamin/mineral supplements (41%) were the most popular products. The daily supplementary protein intake (mean 0.42 g/kg body weight, users only) in adult men contributed substantially to their protein intake and exceeded the recommended allowance (0.83 g/kg body weight) for six adult participants (14%). Thirty-eight percent of the adult men exceeded the daily caffeine intake presumed to be safe (400 mg) with coffee as the main contributor. Thirty percent drank green tea and among this percentage, two participants had an extreme daily intake (1.5 and 2 -L). EGCG intake could not be estimated from the food supplements due to the lack of label information. Eighteen participants (29%) reported having experienced adverse effects but seventeen did not consult a physician or report the adverse effect to the Danish food authority. The most common adverse effects were insomnia, shaking, headache and palpitations, itching of the skin and stinging. Pre-workout products accounted for 53% of the adverse effects. Three adverse effects came after intake of two brands of supplements known to have contained substances such as 1,3-dimethylamine or derivatives of phenylethylamines previously having caused serious adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Pilegaard
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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18
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Gurton WH, Matta GG, Gough LA, Hurst P. Efficacy of sodium bicarbonate ingestion strategies for protecting blinding. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2555-2563. [PMID: 36053364 PMCID: PMC9613539 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is a widely researched ergogenic aid, but the optimal blinding strategy during randomised placebo-controlled trials is unknown. In this multi-study project, we aimed to determine the most efficacious ingestion strategy for blinding NaHCO3 research. During study one, 16 physically active adults tasted 0.3 g kg-1 body mass NaHCO3 or 0.03 g kg-1 body mass sodium chloride placebo treatments given in different flavour (orange, blackcurrant) and temperature (chilled, room temperature) solutions. They were required to guess which treatment they had received. During study two, 12 recreational athletes performed time-to-exhaustion (TTE) cycling trials (familiarisation, four experimental). Using a randomised, double-blind design, participants consumed 0.3 g kg-1 body mass NaHCO3 or a placebo in 5 mL kg-1 body mass chilled orange squash/water solutions or capsules and indicated what they believed they had received immediately after consumption, pre-TTE and post-TTE. In study one, NaHCO3 prepared in chilled orange squash resulted in the most unsure ratings (44%). In study two, giving NaHCO3 in capsules resulted in more unsure ratings than in solution after consumption (92 vs 33%), pre-TTE (67 vs. 17%) and post-TTE (50 vs. 17%). Administering NaHCO3 in capsules was the most efficacious blinding strategy which provides important implications for researchers conducting randomised placebo-controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Gurton
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK.,Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Guilherme G Matta
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
| | - Lewis A Gough
- Human Performance and Health Research Group, Centre for Life and Sport Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Philip Hurst
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
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19
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Santos-Mariano AC, Cristina-Souza G, Santos PS, Domingos PR, De-Oliveira P, Bertuzzi R, Rodacki C, Lima-Silva AE. Caffeine intake increases countermovement jump performance in well-trained high jumpers. PHARMANUTRITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2022.100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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The Effects of Consuming Amino Acids L-Arginine, L-Citrulline (and Their Combination) as a Beverage or Powder, on Athletic and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review. BEVERAGES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages8030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of amino acids L-arginine (L-Arg) and L-citrulline (L-Cit) are purported to increase nitric oxide (NO) production and improve physical performance. Clinical trials have shown relatively more favorable outcomes than not after supplementing with L-Cit and combined L-Arg and L-Cit. However, in most studies, other active ingredients such as malate were included in the supplement. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of consuming standalone L-Arg, L-Cit, and their combination (in the form of powder or beverage) on blood NO level and physical performance markers. A systematic review was undertaken following PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42021287530). Four electronic databases (PubMed, Ebscohost, Science Direct, and Google scholar) were used. An acute dose of 0.075 g/kg of L-Arg or 6 g L-Arg had no significant increase in NO biomarkers and physical performance markers (p > 0.05). Consumption of 2.4 to 6 g/day of L-Cit over 7 to 16 days significantly increased NO level and physical performance markers (p < 0.05). Combined L-Arg and L-Cit supplementation significantly increased circulating NO, improved performance, and reduced feelings of exertion (p < 0.05). Standalone L-Cit and combined L-Arg with L-Cit consumed over several days effectively increases circulating NO and improves physical performance and feelings of exertion in recreationally active and well-trained athletes.
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21
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Health status of recreational runners over 10-km up to ultra-marathon distance based on data of the NURMI Study Step 2. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10295. [PMID: 35717392 PMCID: PMC9206639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance running is well-documented to affect health beneficially. However, data are still conflicting in terms of which race distance is associated with the maximum health effects to be obtained. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the health status of endurance runners over different race distances. A total of 245 recreational runners (141 females, 104 males) completed an online survey. Health status was assessed by measuring eight dimensions in two clusters of health-related indicators (e.g., body weight, mental health, chronic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions, medication intake) and health-related behaviors (e.g., smoking habits, supplement intake, food choice, healthcare utilization). Each dimension consisted of analytical parameters derived to a general domain score between 0 and 1. Data analysis was performed by using non-parametric ANOVA and MANOVA. There were 89 half-marathon (HM), 65 marathon/ultra-marathon (M/UM), and 91 10-km runners. 10-km runners were leaner than both the HM and M/UM runners (p ≤ 0.05). HM runners had higher health scores for six dimensions (body weight, mental health, chronic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions, medication intake, smoking habits, and health care utilization), which contributed to an average score of 77.1% (score range 62–88%) for their overall state of health. Whereas 10-km and M/UM runners had lesser but similar average scores in the overall state of health (71.7% and 72%, respectively). Race distance had a significant association with the dimension “chronic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions” (p ≤ 0.05). Despite the null significant associations between race distance and seven (out of eight) multi-item health dimensions, a tendency towards better health status (assessed by domain scores of health) among HM runners was found compared to other distance runners. However, the optimal state of health across all race distances supported the notion that endurance running contributed to overall health and well-being. Trial registration number: ISRCTN73074080. Retrospectively registered 12th June 2015.
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22
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Dietary Supplements Use among Athletes in Lebanon: Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Correlates. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101521. [PMID: 35627091 PMCID: PMC9140456 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes are under the utmost pressure to reach excellence in their performance and achieve the desired outcomes in competitions, prompting them to use dietary supplements. Given the threats to both health and eligibility, it is crucial to observe the prevalence, sources of information, knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) among Lebanese athletes practicing their sports for at least two years. In the present paper, a cross-sectional study is performed using the snowball sampling method, in which a self-administered KAP questionnaire is used to collect data from 455 athletes (mean age: 27.4 ± 7.9 years; men: 73.1%) participating in four sports categories (ball games, combat sports, endurance sports, and weightlifting). Among the Lebanese athletes, the prevalence of dietary supplement (DS) use was 74%, where half of them had predominately used sports supplements. Athletes in Lebanon heavily rely on coaches (74%) and online sources, including webpages and social media (64%), as key information sources for DSs. The findings suggest that significant proportions of athletes show knowledge deficits and unsatisfactory attitudes towards multiple aspects related to supplementation. Moreover, education and sports type modulate the use of DSs among athletes. Furthermore, 34% reported using supplements without a recommendation from specialists, and 69% admitted to not reading the supplement's nutrition facts. This study urges the need for the regulation of concerned authorities and education programs to help overcome the existing challenges.
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23
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Broome SC, Pham T, Braakhuis AJ, Narang R, Wang HW, Hickey AJR, Mitchell CJ, Merry TL. MitoQ supplementation augments acute exercise-induced increases in muscle PGC1α mRNA and improves training-induced increases in peak power independent of mitochondrial content and function in untrained middle-aged men. Redox Biol 2022; 53:102341. [PMID: 35623315 PMCID: PMC9142706 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of mitochondrial ROS in signalling muscle adaptations to exercise training has not been explored in detail. We investigated the effect of supplementation with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ on a) the skeletal muscle mitochondrial and antioxidant gene transcriptional response to acute high-intensity exercise and b) skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and function following exercise training. In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design study, 23 untrained men (age: 44 ± 7 years, VO2peak: 39.6 ± 7.9 ml/kg/min) were randomised to receive either MitoQ (20 mg/d) or a placebo for 10 days before completing a bout of high-intensity interval exercise (cycle ergometer, 10 × 60 s at VO2peak workload with 75 s rest). Blood samples and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected before exercise and immediately and 3 h after exercise. Participants then completed high-intensity interval training (HIIT; 3 sessions per week for 3 weeks) and another blood sample and muscle biopsy were collected. There was no effect of acute exercise or MitoQ on systemic (plasma protein carbonyls and reduced glutathione) or skeletal muscle (mtDNA damage and 4-HNE) oxidative stress biomarkers. Acute exercise-induced increases in skeletal muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α) mRNA expression were augmented in the MitoQ group. Despite this, training-induced increases in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content were similar between groups. HIIT-induced increases in VO2peak and 20 km time trial performance were also similar between groups while training-induced increases in peak power achieved during the VO2peak test were augmented in the MitoQ group. These data suggest that training-induced increases in peak power are enhanced following MitoQ supplementation, which may be related to the augmentation of skeletal muscle PGC1α expression following acute exercise. However, these effects do not appear to be related to an effect of MitoQ supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress or training-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Broome
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - T Pham
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Auckland Bioengineering Institute, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A J Braakhuis
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - R Narang
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - H W Wang
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A J R Hickey
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C J Mitchell
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - T L Merry
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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24
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Graybeal AJ, Kreutzer A, Willis JL, Moss K, Braun-Trocchio R, Shah M. Age Drives the Differences in Dietary Supplement Use in Endurance Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Cyclists, Runners, and Triathletes. J Diet Suppl 2022:1-19. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2056670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin J. Graybeal
- School of Kinesiology & Nutrition, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Andreas Kreutzer
- Department of Kinesiology, Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jada L. Willis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Science & Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kamiah Moss
- Department of Kinesiology, Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Robyn Braun-Trocchio
- Department of Kinesiology, Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Meena Shah
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Science & Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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25
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Sportsmen's Attitude towards Dietary Supplements and Nutrition Knowledge: An Investigation in Selected Roman Area Gyms. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050945. [PMID: 35267920 PMCID: PMC8912719 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-professional sport environment is a grey zone not as widely assessed as that of elite athletes. The purpose of this research was to investigate the dietary supplementation habits and the nutrition knowledge on sport (NKS) in a sample of gym users. The level of adequacy of NKS was set at ≥60% of correct answers. Almost half (46.4%) of respondents stated they used food supplements, in particular multivitamins (31.0%), amino acid pills (29.5%), minerals (29.1%), and protein powders (28.7%). Supplements were used to increase muscle mass (36.9%) and to repair muscle (35.1%). Gym trainers were the preferred source of information on the use of supplements, especially in males (84%). The NKS correct response rate was 57.1% and the proportion of respondents with a sufficient level of NKS was 47.3%. The prevalence of correct answers was highest in males (61.5%) and for respondents with the highest educational attainment levels (44.5% and 53%). This study demonstrated that non-professional sportsmen do not have sufficient knowledge of nutrition and that the gym environment does not facilitate the circulation of the correct information on the role of supplementation. Considering the importance of nutrition for sportsmen, it is necessary to put in place actions aimed at increasing the knowledge of nutrition of gym users and their trainers.
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Adherence to Mediterranean diet in athletes: a narrative review. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAthletes’ diet should be adequate both in quality and quantity, to avoid deficiencies and limit fatigue. In recent years, several nutritional recommendations have been published and a multitude of diets based on empirical approaches have been employed in the sport setting. In the last decades, the Mediterranean diet (MD) has been extensively studied for its beneficial effects on health but its adoption in athletes has never been critically analyzed. This review was aimed to assess the current literature about the athletes’ adherence to the MD pattern, also in comparison with the general population. The majority of the studies show that athletes reach a mean level of MD adherence, higher than that of the general population. However, the current evidence is still limited and based on studies using different methods. Further research is needed to better characterize this habit among athletes.
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Kim N, Jeon J, Chen R, Su X. Electrochemical separation of organic acids and proteins for food and biomanufacturing. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Garrido-Pastor G, San Cristóbal Díaz FM, Fernández-López N, Ferro-Sánchez A, Sillero-Quintana M. Sustainable Food Support during an Ultra-Endurance and Mindfulness Event: A Case Study in Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12991. [PMID: 34948600 PMCID: PMC8701145 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present industrial food-production system is not suitably ecological for the environment. Mindful nutrition in sport is a relevant emergent sub-discipline that could help reduce environmental degradation. This case study describes a sustainable support diet during an ultra-endurance running (UR) event called the "Indoor Everest Challenge". This UR challenge involved attaining the altitude of Mount Everest (8849 m) in a simulated way, in less than 24 h, without using ultra-processed food and without wasting plastics. During this challenge, a male athlete (34 years, weight: 78 kg, and height: 173 cm) wore a SenseWear Armband® (BodyMedia Inc., Pittsburg, PA, USA) accelerometer on his right arm to estimate energy expenditure. To supply his nutritional requirements, the athlete consumed only specially prepared homemade and organic food. All consumption was weighed and recorded in real-time; we determined nutrients using two databases: a food composition software, Dial Alce Ingenieria® (Madrid, Spain), to measure energy and macro- and micro-nutrients, and Phenol Explorer Database® (INRA Institut National de Recherche pour l'Alimentation, Paris, France) precisely to determine polyphenolic content. Most energy intake (up to 96%) came from plant foods. We found that subject consumed 15.8 g/kg-1/d-1 or 1242 g of carbohydrates (CHO), (2.4 g/kg-1/d-1) or 190 g of proteins (P), and 10,692 mL of fluid. The total energy intake (7580 kcal) showed a distribution of 65% CHO, 10% P, and 25% lipids (L). Furthermore, this sustainable diet lead to a high antioxidant intake, specifically vitamin C (1079 mg), vitamin E (57 mg), and total polyphenols (1910 mg). This sustainable approach was suitable for meeting energy, CHO, and P recommendations for UR. Physical and mental training (mindfulness) were integrated from the specific preliminary phase to the day of the challenge. The athlete completed this challenge in 18 h with a low environmental impact. This sports event had an educational component, as it awakened curiosity towards food sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Garrido-Pastor
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Francisco Manuel San Cristóbal Díaz
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Nieves Fernández-López
- Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.F.-L.); (A.F.-S.); (M.S.-Q.)
| | - Amelia Ferro-Sánchez
- Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.F.-L.); (A.F.-S.); (M.S.-Q.)
| | - Manuel Sillero-Quintana
- Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.F.-L.); (A.F.-S.); (M.S.-Q.)
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Malecek J, Tufano JJ. Effects of Ammonia Inhalants in Humans: A Review of the Current Literature Regarding the Benefits, Risks, and Efficacy. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Krombholz S, Thomas A, Piper T, Lagojda A, Kühne D, Thevis M. Urinary phenylethylamine metabolites as potential markers for sports drug testing purposes. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 36:e5274. [PMID: 34729800 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The misuse of 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) in sporting competitions is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency. As it is endogenously produced, a method is required to differentiate between naturally elevated levels of PEA and the illicit administration of the drug. In 2015, a sulfo-conjugated metabolite [2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide sulfate (M1)] was identified, and pilot study data suggested that the ratio M1/PEA could be used as a marker indicating the oral application of PEA. Within this project, the required reference material of M1 was synthesized, single and multiple dose elimination studies were conducted and 369 native urine samples of athletes were analyzed as a reference population. While the oral administration of only 100 mg PEA did not affect urinary PEA concentrations, an increase in urinary concentrations of M1 was observed for all volunteers. However, urinary concentrations of both PEA and M1 showed relatively large inter-individual differences and establishing a cut-off-level for M1/PEA proved difficult. Consequently, a second metabolite, phenylacetylglutamine, was considered. Binary logistic regression demonstrated a significant (P < 0.05) correlation of the urinary M1 and phenylacetylglutamine concentrations with an oral administration of PEA, suggesting that assessing both analytes can assist doping control laboratories in identifying PEA misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Krombholz
- Center for Preventive Doping Research-Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research-Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research-Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Kühne
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Monheim, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research-Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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Katharina W, Mohamad M, Derrick T, Martina G, Gerold W, Claus L, Lee H, Thomas R, Beat K. Supplement intake in half-marathon, (ultra-)marathon and 10-km runners - results from the NURMI study (Step 2). J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:64. [PMID: 34579746 PMCID: PMC8477506 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary nutritional challenge facing endurance runners is meeting the nutrient requirements necessary to optimize the performance and recovery of prolonged training sessions. Supplement intake is a commonly used strategy by elite and recreational distance runners to meet nutritional recommendations. This study was conducted to investigate the patterns of supplement intake among different groups of distance runners and the potential association between supplement intake and sex, age, running and racing experiences.In a cross-sectional design, from a total of 317 runners participating in this survey, 119 distance runners were involved in the final sample after data clearance, assigned into three groups of 10-km runners (n = 24), half-marathoners (n = 44), and (ultra-)marathoners (n = 51). Personal characteristics, training and racing experiences, as well as patterns of supplement intake, including type, frequency, and dosage, were evaluated by questionnaire. Food Frequency Questionnaire was implemented to assess macronutrient intake. ANOVA and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.While 50 % of total distance runners reported consuming supplements regularly, no differences between distance groups in consumption of carbohydrate/protein, mineral, or vitamin supplements were observed (p > 0.05). In addition, age, sex, running and racing experience showed no significant association with supplement intake (p > 0.05). Vitamin supplements had the highest intake rate in runners by 43 % compared to minerals (34 %) and carbohydrate/protein supplements (19 %).The present findings provide a window into the targeted approaches of long-distance runners as well as their coaches and sport nutrition specialists when applying and suggesting sustainable nutritional strategies for training and competition.Trial registration: ISRCTN73074080. Retrospectively registered 12th June 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wirnitzer Katharina
- Department of Subject Didactics and Educational Research and Development, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Life and Health Science Cluster Tirol, Subcluster Health/Medicine/Psychology, Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Center Medical Humanities, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Motevalli Mohamad
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tanous Derrick
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregori Martina
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Leitzmann Claus
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Hill Lee
- Divison of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Rosemann Thomas
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Knechtle Beat
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Widespread Supplement Intake and Use of Poor Quality Information in Elite Adolescent Swiss Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 32:41-48. [PMID: 34552032 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Compared with adult athletes, rather little is known about supplementation behavior in adolescent athletes. This study's aim was to determine elite adolescent athletes' supplement use and sources of information relating thereto. A total of 430 (87%) of 496 questioned athletes returned the anonymized questionnaire. Thereof, 84% consumed at least one weekly supplement and 97% indicated some supplement intake during the previous 4 weeks. On average, 13.3 supplement servings were consumed per week. The 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile was 4.5, 10.5, and 20.0 servings per week, with a maximum of 67. The most prevalent supplements in use were multimineral products (41% of all athletes), multivitamins (34%), Vitamin C (34%), and Vitamin D (33%). Male athletes consumed significantly more Vitamin C and D, sports drinks, protein powder, and recovery products compared with female athletes; whereas, women consumed more iron supplements. The three most important motives for supplement use were recovery support (40%), health maintenance (39%), and performance enhancement (30%). The most frequent answers to the question "who recommended that you use supplements" were family/friends (36%), a physician (27%), and a trainer/coach (25%). The main three information sources about the supplements in use were the persons who recommended the supplementation (56%), the internet (25%), and information provided by supplement suppliers (11%). A positive doping attitude was associated with the consumption of performance enhancing supplements (p = .017). In conclusion, this study among elite adolescent Swiss athletes indicates a widespread and large-scale use of dietary supplements, which was associated with a low level of information quality.
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Wirnitzer K, Motevalli M, Tanous DR, Gregori M, Wirnitzer G, Leitzmann C, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Sex Differences in Supplement Intake in Recreational Endurance Runners-Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2). Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082776. [PMID: 34444935 PMCID: PMC8402241 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well-documented that female and male athletes differ in many physiological and psychological characteristics related to endurance performance. This sex-based difference appears to be associated with their nutritional demands including the patterns of supplement intake. However, there is a paucity of research addressing the sex differences in supplement intake amongst distance runners. The present study aimed to investigate and compare supplement intake between female and male distance runners (10 km, half-marathon, (ultra-)marathon) and the potential associations with diet type and race distance. A total of 317 runners participated in an online survey, and 220 distance runners (127 females and 93 males) made up the final sample after a multi-stage data clearance. Participants were also assigned to dietary (omnivorous, vegetarian, vegan) and race distance (10-km, half-marathon, marathon/ultra-marathon) subgroups. Sociodemographic characteristics and the patterns of supplement intake including type, frequency, dosage, and brands were collected using a questionnaire. One-way ANOVA and logistic regression were used for data analysis. A total of 54.3% of female runners and 47.3% male runners reported consuming supplements regularly. The frequency of supplement intake was similar between females and males (generally or across dietary and distance subgroups). There was no significant relationship for sex alone or sex interactions with diet type and race distance on supplement intake (p < 0.05). However, a non-significant higher intake of vitamin and mineral (but not CHO/protein) supplements was reported by vegan and vegetarian (but not by omnivorous) females compared to their male counterparts. In summary, despite the reported findings, sex could not be considered as a strong modulator of supplement intake among different groups of endurance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wirnitzer
- Department of Subject Didactics and Educational Research and Development, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, 6010 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.M.); (D.R.T.)
- Life and Health Science Cluster Tirol, Subcluster Health/Medicine/Psychology, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Center Medical Humanities, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mohamad Motevalli
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.M.); (D.R.T.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948979, Iran
| | - Derrick R. Tanous
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.M.); (D.R.T.)
| | - Martina Gregori
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | | | - Claus Leitzmann
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany;
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(071)-226-9300
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Supplement Intake in Recreational Vegan, Vegetarian, and Omnivorous Endurance Runners-Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2). Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082741. [PMID: 34444901 PMCID: PMC8399632 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient deficiency is a common cause of underperformance in endurance athletes, and supplement intake is frequently considered compensatory for vegan and vegetarian athletes specifically. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of supplement intake among vegan, vegetarian, and omnivorous distance (>10 km) runners and its association with age, sex, and race distance. From a total of 317 runners who participated in an online survey, 220 distance runners (mean age: 38.5 years; mean BMI: 21.75 kg/m2) were selected for the final sample after data clearance and assigned to 100 omnivores, 40 vegetarians, or 80 vegans. Sociodemographic information, racing experience, and patterns of supplement intake, including type, frequency, dosage, etc., were collected using a questionnaire. Macronutrient intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. ANOVA and logistic regression were used for data analysis. The prevalence of supplement intake was 51% for total runners and 72% among vegan runners. Age, sex, and race distance had no significant effect on the type of supplement intake (p > 0.05). Compared to omnivores and vegetarians, vegan runners reported consuming more vitamin (but not carbohydrate/protein or mineral) supplements (p < 0.05). Vitamin B12, magnesium, and multivitamin had the most prevalent use amongst micronutrient supplements. This study points to a central role for supplementary nutritional strategies in different groups of distance runners. The present findings may help future investigations by design to identify specific requirements of endurance runners when adhering to specific kinds of diet particularly plant-based diets.
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Abstract
The aim of this text is to present the results of the research we carried out on a group of inhabitants of the Czech Republic who actively (or at least occasionally) engage in sports activities. The aim of the research was to analyse the consumer behavior of athletes in the Czech Republic with an emphasis on their use of health food stores and their habits in monitoring the nutritional values of food, in the content of sugar and carbohydrates in the food they consume. Excess sugar consumption; obesity; and, conversely, the issue of a healthy lifestyle and the growing interest in healthy “alternative” lifestyles, have often been a subject of debate. The research has shown, among other things, that 58% of respondents consume sugar; 70% of men and 88% of women shop at health food stores at least occasionally; and the most monitored values are calories, carbohydrates, and sugar.
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Gao R, Shaw K, Kaviani M, Gordon J, Zello G, Chilibeck P. Glycemic Index of lentil- and cherry-based sport nutrition products for endurance athletes. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mazzilli M, Macaluso F, Zambelli S, Picerno P, Iuliano E. The Use of Dietary Supplements in Fitness Practitioners: A Cross-Sectional Observation Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18095005. [PMID: 34065071 PMCID: PMC8125933 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18095005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating the prevalence of use of dietary supplements (DSs) among gym users and gym instructors involved in body shaping-oriented fitness training. Furthermore, this study aimed to verify whether differences existed in the prevalence and in the types of DSs used in both gym users and gym instructors involved in body shaping-oriented fitness competitions vs. those not involved in fitness competitions. A survey was distributed to 316 participants, composed of 89 gym instructors and 227 gym users of both genders aged 27.3 ± 7.7. Among these participants, 52 were involved in competitions and 248 were not, while 16 participants did not specify either way. The results showed a high prevalence in the use of DSs in the population considered, with 85.4% of the participants declaring they used DSs, with high heterogeneity in the numbers and in the combinations used. No differences were found between gym instructors and gym users, or between participants involved and those not involved in competitions. The results indicate that DSs are widely used by persons involved in body shaping-oriented fitness training. The results also suggest that the majority of the participants decided individually which DSs to use.
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Wangdi JT, Sabou V, O’Leary MF, Kelly VG, Bowtell JL. Use, Practices and Attitudes of Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes towards Tart Cherry Supplementation. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9040049. [PMID: 33807198 PMCID: PMC8066185 DOI: 10.3390/sports9040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tart cherry (TC) supplementation can improve exercise recovery and performance; and may also improve sleep duration and quality. This study investigated the use and knowledge of TC supplementation by athletes of all competitive levels. Eighty participants (52.5% elite (international, national, professional), 47.5% sub-elite (semi-professional, state/regional, county level, club level, recreational)) completed an online questionnaire investigating their attitudes towards and use of TC supplementation. Overall, 22.6% of participants were using or had previously used TC supplements, and 12.5% of participants planned to used TC supplements. Improved recovery (71.4%), sleep (32.1%) and immunity and general health (32.1%) were the most frequently indicated goals by respondents using TC supplements. In total, 32.1% of respondents were supplemented with TC chronically, 39.3% acutely and 28.6% used a combination of chronic and acute supplementation. The majority of those employing TC supplementation chronically used TC either over 2-3 days (37.0%) or continuously (37.0%). The most popular TC pre- and post-loading period was one day (34.3% and 41.5%, respectively). There were no significant differences between elite and sub-elite athletes in any parameters assessed (p > 0.05). TC supplementation is not widely used by the athletes surveyed, and athletes using TC supplements showed poor awareness of an evidence-led dosing strategy, regardless of competitive level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy T. Wangdi
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.T.W.); (V.G.K.)
- Sport and Health Sciences, St Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (V.S.); (M.F.O.)
| | - Vlad Sabou
- Sport and Health Sciences, St Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (V.S.); (M.F.O.)
| | - Mary F. O’Leary
- Sport and Health Sciences, St Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (V.S.); (M.F.O.)
| | - Vincent G. Kelly
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.T.W.); (V.G.K.)
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Joanna L. Bowtell
- Sport and Health Sciences, St Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (V.S.); (M.F.O.)
- Correspondence:
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Kasper AM, Langan-Evans C, Hudson JF, Brownlee TE, Harper LD, Naughton RJ, Morton JP, Close GL. Come Back Skinfolds, All Is Forgiven: A Narrative Review of the Efficacy of Common Body Composition Methods in Applied Sports Practice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041075. [PMID: 33806245 PMCID: PMC8065383 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the assessment of body composition is routine practice in sport, there remains considerable debate on the best tools available, with the chosen technique often based upon convenience rather than understanding the method and its limitations. The aim of this manuscript was threefold: (1) provide an overview of the common methodologies used within sport to measure body composition, specifically hydro-densitometry, air displacement plethysmography, bioelectrical impedance analysis and spectroscopy, ultra-sound, three-dimensional scanning, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and skinfold thickness; (2) compare the efficacy of what are widely believed to be the most accurate (DXA) and practical (skinfold thickness) assessment tools and (3) provide a framework to help select the most appropriate assessment in applied sports practice including insights from the authors' experiences working in elite sport. Traditionally, skinfold thickness has been the most popular method of body composition but the use of DXA has increased in recent years, with a wide held belief that it is the criterion standard. When bone mineral content needs to be assessed, and/or when it is necessary to take limb-specific estimations of fat and fat-free mass, then DXA appears to be the preferred method, although it is crucial to be aware of the logistical constraints required to produce reliable data, including controlling food intake, prior exercise and hydration status. However, given the need for simplicity and after considering the evidence across all assessment methods, skinfolds appear to be the least affected by day-to-day variability, leading to the conclusion 'come back skinfolds, all is forgiven'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M. Kasper
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Carl Langan-Evans
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - James F. Hudson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Thomas E. Brownlee
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Liam D. Harper
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (L.D.H.); (R.J.N.)
| | - Robert J. Naughton
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK; (L.D.H.); (R.J.N.)
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Graeme L. Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (A.M.K.); (C.L.-E.); (J.F.H.); (T.E.B.); (J.P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-151-904-6266
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Flavonoid Containing Polyphenol Consumption and Recovery from Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1293-1316. [PMID: 33687663 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoid polyphenols are bioactive phytochemicals found in fruits and teas among other sources. It has been postulated that foods and supplements containing flavonoid polyphenols may enhance recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) through upregulation of cell signalling stress response pathways, particularly the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the ability of polyphenol treatments containing flavonoids to enhance recovery of skeletal muscle strength, soreness and creatine kinase post EIMD. METHODS Medline (Pubmed), Embase and SPORTdiscus were searched from inception to August 2020 for randomised placebo-controlled trials which assessed the impact of 6 or more days of flavonoid containing polyphenol ingestion on skeletal muscle recovery in the 96-h period following a single bout of EIMD. A total of 2983 studies were screened in duplicate resulting in 26 studies included for analysis. All meta-analyses were undertaken using a random-effects model. RESULTS The pooled results of these meta-analyses show flavonoid polyphenol treatments can enhance recovery of muscle strength by 7.14% (95% CI [5.50-8.78], P < 0.00001) and reduce muscle soreness by 4.12% (95% CI [- 5.82 to - 2.41] P = 0.00001), no change in the recovery of creatine kinase concentrations was observed. CONCLUSION These results indicate that ingestion of polyphenol treatments which contain flavonoids has significant potential to improve recovery of muscular strength and reduce muscle soreness in the 4-day period post EIMD. However, the characterisation of polyphenol dosage and composition of study treatments should be prioritised in future research to facilitate the development of specific guidelines for the inclusion of flavonoid-rich foods in the diet of athletes and active individuals.
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Russo I, Della Gatta PA, Garnham A, Porter J, Burke LM, Costa RJS. Does the Nutritional Composition of Dairy Milk Based Recovery Beverages Influence Post-exercise Gastrointestinal and Immune Status, and Subsequent Markers of Recovery Optimisation in Response to High Intensity Interval Exercise? Front Nutr 2021; 7:622270. [PMID: 33521041 PMCID: PMC7840831 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.622270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of flavored dairy milk based recovery beverages of different nutrition compositions on markers of gastrointestinal and immune status, and subsequent recovery optimisation markers. After completing 2 h high intensity interval running, participants (n = 9) consumed a whole food dairy milk recovery beverage (CM, 1.2 g/kg body mass (BM) carbohydrate and 0.4 g/kg BM protein) or a dairy milk based supplement beverage (MBSB, 2.2 g/kg BM carbohydrate and 0.8 g/kg BM protein) in a randomized crossover design. Venous blood samples, body mass, body water, and breath samples were collected, and gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) were measured, pre- and post-exercise, and during recovery. Muscle biopsies were performed at 0 and 2 h of recovery. The following morning, participants returned to the laboratory to assess performance outcomes. In the recovery period, carbohydrate malabsorption (breath H2 peak: 49 vs. 24 ppm) occurred on MBSB compared to CM, with a trend toward greater gut discomfort. No difference in gastrointestinal integrity (i.e., I-FABP and sCD14) or immune response (i.e., circulating leukocyte trafficking, bacterially-stimulated neutrophil degranulation, and systemic inflammatory profile) markers were observed between CM and MBSB. Neither trial achieved a positive rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis [-25.8 (35.5) mmol/kg dw/h]. Both trials increased phosphorylation of intramuscular signaling proteins. Greater fluid retention (total body water: 86.9 vs. 81.9%) occurred on MBSB compared to CM. Performance outcomes did not differ between trials. The greater nutrient composition of MBSB induced greater gastrointestinal functional disturbance, did not prevent the post-exercise reduction in neutrophil function, and did not support greater overall acute recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Russo
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A. Della Gatta
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Judi Porter
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise M. Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ricardo J. S. Costa
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
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Costa BRBD, Cruz MNDSDL, Roiffé RR, Padilha MC. Suplementos alimentares: uma fonte de doping não intencional? BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.25619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resumo O excessivo consumo de suplementos alimentares, aliado a uma legislação inespecífica e a um controle de qualidade ineficiente, faz com que a saúde dos consumidores seja colocada em risco devido à possível existência de contaminantes, em especial pró-hormônios, esteroides anabolizantes e estimulantes. Estes compostos podem proporcionar um aumento do desempenho esportivo e acarretar uma série de efeitos adversos, sendo assim proibidos pela Agência Mundial Antidopagem. A contaminação de suplementos pode ocorrer de maneira deliberada ou através de más práticas de produção, em que são encontrados traços dessas substâncias. Todavia, ambos os casos exigem atenção, já que uma contaminação de apenas 0,00005% em massa pode levar ao doping. Neste sentido, estima-se que de 6,4% a 8,8% dos casos estejam relacionados ao consumo de suplementos contaminados. Perante estes fatos, os objetivos principais do trabalho foram: fazer uma revisão da literatura tanto em trabalhos nacionais quanto internacionais, no que concerne à contaminação de suplementos alimentares e sua relação com a dopagem não intencional, bem como orientar os consumidores a escolherem produtos mais seguros. Neste sentido, foi possível observar que os suplementos nacionais são, geralmente, mais seguros quanto à presença de substâncias proibidas, principalmente em relação à contaminação por agentes anabolizantes. Contudo, ainda é preciso um melhor controle de qualidade perante a contaminação/adulteração por estimulantes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafaela Rocha Roiffé
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Brasil
| | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Hsu YJ, Jhang WL, Lee MC, Bat-Otgon B, Narantungalag E, Huang CC. Lactose-riched Mongolian mare's milk improves physical fatigue and exercise performance in mice. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:564-574. [PMID: 33390826 PMCID: PMC7757156 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.53098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue may cause the efficiency of the organ in human body to decrease, which may affect the daily life and exercise performance of the general people and athletes. Mare's milk powder (MMP) is a lactose rich supplement. The research of the study is to evaluate the whether MMP has anti-fatigue effect. Forty male ICR mice were randomly divided into four group to receive vehicle or MMP by oral gavage at 0 (Vehicle), 0.27 (MMP-1X), 0.54 (MMP-2X), 1.35 (MMP-5X) g/kg/day for 14 days. The forelimb grip of the MMP-2X, and MMP-5X group were significantly higher than the vehicle group. The swim-to-exhaustion times of the MMP-1X, MMP-2X, and MMP-5X group were significantly greater than the vehicle group. Glycogen levels in liver and muscle were significantly larger in the MMP-1X, MMP-2X, and MMP-5X groups than the vehicle group. Receive MMP supplement for 14 days can promoting exercise performance and amelioration of exercise-induced fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Jhang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan
| | - Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan
| | - Batsuren Bat-Otgon
- School of Physical Education, Mongolian National University of Education, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan
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Williams L, Naidoo D, Spies R. Practicing psychologists’ understanding of the athletic-body ideal internalisation: Implications for classification and treatment. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2020.1842594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindi Williams
- Community Psychosocial Research (COMPRES), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Del Naidoo
- Centre for Psychological Services and Career Development (PysCad), University of Johannesburg, Soweto, South Africa
| | - Ruan Spies
- Community Psychosocial Research (COMPRES), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Isenmann E, Trittel L, Diel P. The effects of alpha lipoic acid on muscle strength recovery after a single and a short-term chronic supplementation - a study in healthy well-trained individuals after intensive resistance and endurance training. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:61. [PMID: 33261642 PMCID: PMC7708149 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00389-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory activity and was tested as a drug for the treatment of various diseases. ALA is also frequently used as a nutrition supplement, in healthy individuals or in competitive athletes. However, information from intervention studies investigating physiological effects of an ALA in athletes after exercise is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of single and short-term chronic ALA supplementation on the muscle strength recovery and performance of athletes after intensive exercise. Methods In a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial in cross-over design, 17 male resistance and endurance-experienced athletes successfully participated. The subjects were divided into two groups (ALA and Placebo) and underwent a standardized single training session and a high intense training week. At certain time points (T0, T1a (+ 3 h), T1b (+ 24 h) and T2 (+7d)) blood samples were taken and markers for muscle damage, inflammation and oxidative stress were investigated. In addition, the maximum performance in the back squat was measured at all time points. Results In the chronic training experiment, a moderate inhibition of muscle damage and inflammation could be observed in the ALA-group. Performance in the back squat was significantly reduced in the placebo-group, but not in the ALA-group. No anti-oxidative effects could be observed. Conclusions Our data indicate possible effects of ALA supplementation, during intensive training periods result in a reduction of muscle damage, inflammation and an increase of recovery. Whether ALA supplementation in general may enhance performance and the exact training / supplementation scenarios needs to be investigated in future studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12970-020-00389-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Isenmann
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Fitness and Health, IST-University of Applied Sciences, 40233, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Lucas Trittel
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Diel
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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Roberts C, Gill N, Sims S. The Influence of COVID-19 Lockdown Restrictions on Perceived Nutrition Habits in Rugby Union Players. Front Nutr 2020; 7:589737. [PMID: 33195376 PMCID: PMC7649138 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.589737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global outbreak of COVID-19 has led to governments and local authorities implementing nationwide lockdowns in an attempt to encourage social distancing and minimize the spread of the virus. Only essential businesses have been able to remain open, with non-essential businesses and activities either closing or restricting services. With no group training sessions allowed, canceled matches, an inability to work and the closure of eating establishments, Rugby Union players have experienced disruption to their daily lives. Two surveys were distributed among Rugby Union athletes to explore (1) the influence of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions on Rugby Union players' nutrition and training habits and (2) how nutrition habits in New Zealand Rugby Union players change after lockdown restrictions were lifted. In total, 258 respondents completed Survey 1 (84.1% male, 26.4% professional/semi-professional). Of the respondents, 58% indicated they lived with family during lockdown. Total food intake was reported to be higher in 36% of respondents. Fruit and vegetable intake was lower (17%) and packaged/convenience food intake higher (26%) in a minority of respondents. In total, 106 respondents completed Survey 2 (84.9% male, 34.0% professional/semi-professional). Of the respondents, 72% prepared and 67% purchased their own food. Less than half of respondents consumed high-protein food more than twice daily either during or following lockdown. Compared to during lockdown, motivation to train and exercise was greater in 58% of respondents following lockdown. Dieticians and nutritionists within clubs provided most of the nutrition knowledge to athletes however other unreliable sources were identified, such as social media and family members. The ongoing pandemic has presented significant challenges for athletes concerning training and nutrition habits and the current study provides some insight into these. Coaches and performance staff should ensure athletes receive appropriate nutritional and training support whilst being aware of the unique demands the individuals' may face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Roberts
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Gill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.,New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stacy Sims
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Mettler S, Bosshard JV, Häring D, Morgan G. High Prevalence of Supplement Intake with a Concomitant Low Information Quality among Swiss Fitness Center Users. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092595. [PMID: 32859048 PMCID: PMC7550988 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to screen the prevalence of supplement use in Swiss fitness center users and what information sources they consulted. METHODS Customers of 10 fitness centers were screened with a quantitative questionnaire. RESULTS Eighty two percent of the 417 fitness center users consumed at least one supplement per week. Supplement intake correlated with training frequency (rs = 0.253, p < 0.001). The most prevalent products were protein supplements (used by 49% of the study population), magnesium (34%), and multi-micronutrient supplements (31%). The average number of supplement servings per week among consumers was 17.1 (SD: 16.1, median: 11.0) and the average number of different products used was 6.9 (SD: 4.4, median: 6.0). The most frequently used information sources were the coach/trainer (28%), the website of the supplement seller (26%), and training peers (24%). Thirty seven percent were informed or informed themselves about potential risks associated with the supplement used. The leading reasons for selecting the information source were the desire for scientific-based information followed by the education level of the informing person. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of supplement intake among Swiss fitness center users was associated with a low level of information quality and a low prevalence of risk information. A discrepancy between a desire for high quality evidence-based information and a contrasting behavior was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mettler
- Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (J.V.B.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Joëlle Vera Bosshard
- Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (J.V.B.); (D.H.)
| | - Dino Häring
- Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; (J.V.B.); (D.H.)
| | - Gareth Morgan
- Department of Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Office of Sport, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland;
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Dietary Supplement and Food Contaminations and Their Implications for Doping Controls. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081012. [PMID: 32727139 PMCID: PMC7466328 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A narrative review with an overall aim of indicating the current state of knowledge and the relevance concerning food and supplement contamination and/or adulteration with doping agents and the respective implications for sports drug testing is presented. The identification of a doping agent (or its metabolite) in sports drug testing samples constitutes a violation of the anti-doping rules defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Reasons for such Adverse Analytical Findings (AAFs) include the intentional misuse of performance-enhancing/banned drugs; however, also the scenario of inadvertent administrations of doping agents was proven in the past, caused by, amongst others, the ingestion of contaminated dietary supplements, drugs, or food. Even though controversial positions concerning the effectiveness of dietary supplements in healthy subjects exist, they are frequently used by athletes, anticipating positive effects on health, recovery, and performance. However, most supplement users are unaware of the fact that the administration of such products can be associated with unforeseeable health risks and AAFs in sports. In particular anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and stimulants have been frequently found as undeclared ingredients of dietary supplements, either as a result of cross-contaminations due to substandard manufacturing practices and missing quality controls or an intentional admixture to increase the effectiveness of the preparations. Cross-contaminations were also found to affect therapeutic drug preparations. While the sensitivity of assays employed to test pharmaceuticals for impurities is in accordance with good manufacturing practice guidelines allowing to exclude any physiological effects, minute trace amounts of contaminating compounds can still result in positive doping tests. In addition, food was found to be a potential source of unintentional doping, the most prominent example being meat tainted with the anabolic agent clenbuterol. The athletes’ compliance with anti-doping rules is frequently tested by routine doping controls. Different measures including offers of topical information and education of the athletes as well as the maintenance of databases summarizing low- or high-risk supplements are important cornerstones in preventing unintentional anti-doping rule violations. Further, the collection of additional analytical data has been shown to allow for supporting result management processes.
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