1
|
Pagano N, Aguilar Perez G, Garcia-Milian R, Manuelidis L. Proliferative arrest induces neuron differentiation and innate immune responses in control and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease agent infected rat septal neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.26.605349. [PMID: 39131355 PMCID: PMC11312452 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.26.605349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Rat post-mitotic septal (SEP) neurons, engineered to conditionally proliferate at 33°C, differentiate when arrested at 37.5°C and can be maintained for weeks without cytotoxic effects. Nine independent cDNA libraries were made to follow arrest-induced neural differentiation and innate immune responses in normal (Nl) uninfected and CJ agent infected SEP cells. Proliferating Nl versus latently infected (CJ-) cells showed few RNA-seq differences. However arrest induced major changes. Normal cells displayed a plethora of anti-proliferative transcripts. Additionally, known neuron differentiation transcripts, e.g., Agtr2, Neuregulin-1, GDF6, SFRP4 and Prnp were upregulated. These Nl neurons also displayed many activated IFN innate immune genes, e.g., OAS1, RTP4, ISG20, GTB4, CD80 and cytokines, complement, and clusterin (CLU) that binds to misfolded proteins. In contrast, arrested highly infectious CJ+ cells (10 logs/gm) downregulated many replication controls. Furthermore, arrested CJ+ cells suppressed neuronal differentiation transcripts, including Prnp which is essential for CJ agent infection. CJ+ cells also enhanced IFN stimulated pathways, and analysis of the 342 CJ+ unique transcripts revealed additional innate immune and anti-viral-linked transcripts, e.g., Il17, ISG15, and RSAD2 (viperin). These data show: 1) innate immune transcripts are produced by normal neurons during differentiation; 2) CJ infection can enhance and expand anti-viral responses; 3) latent CJ infection epigenetically imprints many proliferative pathways to thwart complete arrest. CJ+ brain microglia, white blood cells and intestinal myeloid cells with shared transcripts may be stimulated to educe latent CJD infections that can be clinically silent for >30 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Pagano
- Yale University Medical School, 333 Cedar Street, Room FMB11, New Haven CT 06510
| | | | | | - Laura Manuelidis
- Yale University Medical School, 333 Cedar Street, Room FMB11, New Haven CT 06510
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Komori T, Okamura K, Ikehara M, Yamamuro K, Endo N, Okumura K, Yamauchi T, Ikawa D, Ouji-Sageshima N, Toritsuka M, Takada R, Kayashima Y, Ishida R, Mori Y, Kamikawa K, Noriyama Y, Nishi Y, Ito T, Saito Y, Nishi M, Kishimoto T, Tanaka KF, Hiroi N, Makinodan M. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor from microglia regulates neuronal development in the medial prefrontal cortex and its associated social behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1338-1349. [PMID: 38243072 PMCID: PMC11189755 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Microglia and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are essential for the neuroplasticity that characterizes critical developmental periods. The experience-dependent development of social behaviors-associated with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)-has a critical period during the juvenile period in mice. However, whether microglia and BDNF affect social development remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the effects of microglia-derived BDNF on social behaviors and mPFC development. Mice that underwent social isolation during p21-p35 had increased Bdnf in the microglia accompanied by reduced adulthood sociability. Additionally, transgenic mice overexpressing microglial Bdnf-regulated using doxycycline at different time points-underwent behavioral, electrophysiological, and gene expression analyses. In these mice, long-term overexpression of microglial BDNF impaired sociability and excessive mPFC inhibitory neuronal circuit activity. However, administering doxycycline to normalize BDNF from p21 normalized sociability and electrophysiological function in the mPFC, whereas normalizing BDNF from later ages (p45-p50) did not normalize electrophysiological abnormalities in the mPFC, despite the improved sociability. To evaluate the possible role of BDNF in human sociability, we analyzed the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and BDNF expression in human macrophages, a possible proxy for microglia. Results show that adverse childhood experiences positively correlated with BDNF expression in M2 but not M1 macrophages. In summary, our study demonstrated the influence of microglial BDNF on the development of experience-dependent social behaviors in mice, emphasizing its specific impact on the maturation of mPFC function, particularly during the juvenile period. Furthermore, our results propose a translational implication by suggesting a potential link between BDNF secretion from macrophages and childhood experiences in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Komori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuya Okamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Minobu Ikehara
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamuro
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Nozomi Endo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okumura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takahira Yamauchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | | | - Michihiro Toritsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Ryohei Takada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kayashima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Rio Ishida
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yuki Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kohei Kamikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yuki Noriyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Saito
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Division of Brain Sciences, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Noboru Hiroi
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nimmo J, Byrne R, Daskoulidou N, Watkins L, Carpanini S, Zelek W, Morgan B. The complement system in neurodegenerative diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:387-412. [PMID: 38505993 PMCID: PMC10958133 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Complement is an important component of innate immune defence against pathogens and crucial for efficient immune complex disposal. These core protective activities are dependent in large part on properly regulated complement-mediated inflammation. Dysregulated complement activation, often driven by persistence of activating triggers, is a cause of pathological inflammation in numerous diseases, including neurological diseases. Increasingly, this has become apparent not only in well-recognized neuroinflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis but also in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases where inflammation was previously either ignored or dismissed as a secondary event. There is now a large and rapidly growing body of evidence implicating complement in neurological diseases that cannot be comprehensively addressed in a brief review. Here, we will focus on neurodegenerative diseases, including not only the 'classical' neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, but also two other neurological diseases where neurodegeneration is a neglected feature and complement is implicated, namely, schizophrenia, a neurodevelopmental disorder with many mechanistic features of neurodegeneration, and multiple sclerosis, a demyelinating disorder where neurodegeneration is a major cause of progressive decline. We will discuss the evidence implicating complement as a driver of pathology in these diverse diseases and address briefly the potential and pitfalls of anti-complement drug therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui Nimmo
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Robert A.J. Byrne
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Nikoleta Daskoulidou
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Lewis M. Watkins
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Sarah M. Carpanini
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Wioleta M. Zelek
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wen L, Bi D, Shen Y. Complement-mediated synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms and involvement of risk factors. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:135-149. [PMID: 38129195 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is increasingly recognized as a key player in the synapse loss and cognitive impairments observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, the process of complement-dependent synaptic pruning through phagocytosis is over-activated in AD brains, driving detrimental excessive synapse elimination and contributing to synapse loss, which is the strongest neurobiological correlate of cognitive impairments in AD. Herein we review recent advances in characterizing complement-mediated synapse loss in AD, summarize the underlying mechanisms, and discuss the possible involvement of AD risk factors such as aging and various risk genes. We conclude with an overview of key questions that remain to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Danlei Bi
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mittli D. Inflammatory processes in the prefrontal cortex induced by systemic immune challenge: Focusing on neurons. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 34:100703. [PMID: 38033612 PMCID: PMC10682838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral immune challenge induces neurobiological alterations in the brain and related neuropsychiatric symptoms both in humans and other mammals. One of the best known physiological effects of systemic inflammation is sickness behavior. However, in addition to this depression-like state, there are other cognitive outcomes of peripherally induced neuroinflammation that can be linked to the dysfunction of higher-order cortical areas, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC). As the physiological activity of the PFC is largely based on the balanced interplay of excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons, it may be hypothesized that neuroinflammatory processes result in a shift of excitatory/inhibitory balance, which is a common hallmark of several neuropsychiatric conditions. Indeed, many data suggest that peripherally induced neuroinflammation is strongly associated with molecular and functional changes in PFC neurons leading to disturbances in their synaptic networks. Different experimental approaches may cause some incongruence in the reviewed data. However, it is commonly agreed that acute systemic inflammation leads to changes in the excitatory/inhibitory balance in the PFC by proinflammatory signaling at the brain borders and in the brain parenchyma. These cellular changes result in altered local and brain-wide network activity inducing disturbances in the top-down control of goal-directed behavior and cognition regulated by the PFC. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rodents are the most widely used experimental models of peripherally induced neuroinflammation, so the majority of the reviewed data come from studies utilizing the LPS model. This may limit their general interpretation regarding the neuronal effects of peripheral immune activation. In addition, several biological variables (e.g., sex, age) can influence the PFC effects of systemic immune challenge, not only the nature and severity of immune activation. Therefore, it would be desirable to investigate inflammation-related neuronal changes in the PFC using other models of systemic inflammation as well, and to focus on the targeted fine-tuning of the affected cell types via common molecular mechanisms of the immune and nervous systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Mittli
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- InnoScience Ltd., Mátranovák, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xing Y, Zhang D, Fang L, Wang J, Liu C, Wu D, Liu X, Wang X, Min W. Complement in Human Brain Health: Potential of Dietary Food in Relation to Neurodegenerative Diseases. Foods 2023; 12:3580. [PMID: 37835232 PMCID: PMC10572247 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement pathway is a major component of the innate immune system, which is critical for recognizing and clearing pathogens that rapidly react to defend the body against external pathogens. Many components of this pathway are expressed throughout the brain and play a beneficial role in synaptic pruning in the developing central nervous system (CNS). However, excessive complement-mediated synaptic pruning in the aging or injured brain may play a contributing role in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. Complement Component 1q (C1q), an initiating recognition molecule of the classical complement pathway, can interact with a variety of ligands and perform a range of functions in physiological and pathophysiological conditions of the CNS. This review considers the function and immunomodulatory mechanisms of C1q; the emerging role of C1q on synaptic pruning in developing, aging, or pathological CNS; the relevance of C1q; the complement pathway to neurodegenerative diseases; and, finally, it summarizes the foods with beneficial effects in neurodegenerative diseases via C1q and complement pathway and highlights the need for further research to clarify these roles. This paper aims to provide references for the subsequent study of food functions related to C1q, complement, neurodegenerative diseases, and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Xing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Dingwen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Li Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Ji Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Chunlei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Dan Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiyan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (Y.X.); (D.Z.); (L.F.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (D.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Weihong Min
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sabet MF, Barman S, Beller M, Meuth SG, Melzer N, Aktas O, Goebels N, Prozorovski T. Myelinating Co-Culture as a Model to Study Anti-NMDAR Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010248. [PMID: 36613687 PMCID: PMC9820503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is frequently associated with demyelinating disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease (MOGAD)) with regard to clinical presentation, neuropathological and cerebrospinal fluid findings. Indeed, autoantibodies (AABs) against the GluN1 (NR1) subunit of the NMDAR diminish glutamatergic transmission in both neurons and oligodendrocytes, leading to a state of NMDAR hypofunction. Considering the vital role of oligodendroglial NMDAR signaling in neuron-glia communication and, in particular, in tightly regulated trophic support to neurons, the influence of GluN1 targeting on the physiology of myelinated axon may be of importance. We applied a myelinating spinal cord cell culture model that contains all major CNS cell types, to evaluate the effects of a patient-derived GluN1-specific monoclonal antibody (SSM5) on neuronal and myelin integrity. A non-brain reactive (12D7) antibody was used as the corresponding isotype control. We show that in cultures at the late stage of myelination, prolonged treatment with SSM5, but not 12D7, leads to neuronal damage. This is characterized by neurite blebbing and fragmentation, and a reduction in the number of myelinated axons. However, this significant toxic effect of SSM5 was not observed in earlier cultures at the beginning of myelination. Anti-GluN1 AABs induce neurodegenerative changes and associated myelin loss in myelinated spinal cord cultures. These findings may point to the higher vulnerability of myelinated neurons towards interference in glutamatergic communication, and may refer to the disturbance of the NMDAR-mediated oligodendrocyte metabolic supply. Our work contributes to the understanding of the emerging association of NMDAR encephalitis with demyelinating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedeh Farhat Sabet
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sumanta Barman
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Beller
- Institut für Mathematische Modellierung Biologischer Systeme, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Norbert Goebels
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (N.G.); (T.P.); Tel.: +49-211-81-04594 (N.G.); +49-211-81-05146 (T.P.)
| | - Tim Prozorovski
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (N.G.); (T.P.); Tel.: +49-211-81-04594 (N.G.); +49-211-81-05146 (T.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saez-Calveras N, Stuve O. The role of the complement system in Multiple Sclerosis: A review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:970486. [PMID: 36032156 PMCID: PMC9399629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.970486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system has been involved in the pathogenesis of multiple neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions. In this review, we evaluated the possible role of complement activation in multiple sclerosis (MS) with a focus in progressive MS, where the disease pathogenesis remains to be fully elucidated and treatment options are limited. The evidence for the involvement of the complement system in the white matter plaques and gray matter lesions of MS stems from immunohistochemical analysis of post-mortem MS brains, in vivo serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarker studies, and animal models of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). Complement knock-out studies in these animal models have revealed that this system may have a “double-edge sword” effect in MS. On the one hand, complement proteins may aid in promoting the clearance of myelin degradation products and other debris through myeloid cell-mediated phagocytosis. On the other, its aberrant activation may lead to demyelination at the rim of progressive MS white matter lesions as well as synapse loss in the gray matter. The complement system may also interact with known risk factors of MS, including as Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infection, and perpetuate the activation of CNS self-reactive B cell populations. With the mounting evidence for the involvement of complement in MS, the development of complement modulating therapies for this condition is appealing. Herein, we also reviewed the pharmacological complement inhibitors that have been tested in MS animal models as well as in clinical trials for other neurologic diseases. The potential use of these agents, such as the C5-binding antibody eculizumab in MS will require a detailed understanding of the role of the different complement effectors in this disease and the development of better CNS delivery strategies for these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nil Saez-Calveras
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Neurology Section, Veterans Affairs (VA) North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Olaf Stuve,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Parker SE, Bellingham MC, Woodruff TM. Complement drives circuit modulation in the adult brain. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 214:102282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
10
|
Lopez-Sanchez C, Poejo J, Garcia-Lopez V, Salazar J, Garcia-Martinez V, Gutierrez-Merino C. Kaempferol prevents the activation of complement C3 protein and the generation of reactive A1 astrocytes that mediate rat brain degeneration induced by 3-nitropropionic acid. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113017. [PMID: 35452770 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Kaempferol is a natural antioxidant present in vegetables and fruits used in human nutrition. In previous work, we showed that intraperitoneal (i.p.) kaempferol administration strongly protects against striatum neurodegeneration induced by i.p. injections of 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA), an animal model of Huntington's disease. Recently, we have shown that reactive A1 astrocytes generation is an early event in the neurodegeneration induced by NPA i.p. injections. In the present work, we have experimentally evaluated the hypothesis that kaempferol protects both against the activation of complement C3 protein and the generation of reactive A1 astrocytes in rat brain striatum and hippocampus. To this end, we have administered NPA and kaempferol i.p. injections to adult Wistar rats following the protocol described in previous work. Kaempferol administration prevents proteolytic activation of complement C3 protein and generation of reactive A1 astrocytes NPA-induced in the striatum and hippocampus. Also, it blocked the NPA-induced increase of NF-κB expression and enhanced secretion of cytokines IL-1α, TNFα, and C1q, which have been linked to the generation of reactive A1 astrocytes. In addition, kaempferol administration prevented the enhanced production of amyloid β peptides in the striatum and hippocampus, a novel finding in NPA-induced brain degeneration found in this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lopez-Sanchez
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Joana Poejo
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Virginio Garcia-Lopez
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jairo Salazar
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León, León, 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Virginio Garcia-Martinez
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The Complement System in the Central Nervous System: From Neurodevelopment to Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020337. [PMID: 35204837 PMCID: PMC8869249 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of the complement system to both innate and adaptive immunity through opsonization, cell lysis, and inflammatory activities are well known. In contrast, the role of complement in the central nervous system (CNS) which extends beyond immunity, is only beginning to be recognized as important to neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. In addition to protecting the brain against invasive pathogens, appropriate activation of the complement system is pivotal to the maintenance of normal brain function. Moreover, overactivation or dysregulation may cause synaptic dysfunction and promote excessive pro-inflammatory responses. Recent studies have provided insights into the various responses of complement components in different neurological diseases and the regulatory mechanisms involved in their pathophysiology, as well as a glimpse into targeting complement factors as a potential therapeutic modality. However, there remain significant knowledge gaps in the relationship between the complement system and different brain disorders. This review summarizes recent key findings regarding the role of different components of the complement system in health and pathology of the CNS and discusses the therapeutic potential of anti-complement strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yarmoska SK, Alawieh AM, Tomlinson S, Hoang KB. Modulation of the Complement System by Neoplastic Disease of the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689435. [PMID: 34671342 PMCID: PMC8521155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a highly conserved component of innate immunity that is involved in recognizing and responding to pathogens. The system serves as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, and modulation of the complement system can affect the entire host immune response to a foreign insult. Neoplastic diseases have been shown to engage the complement system in order to evade the immune system, gain a selective growth advantage, and co-opt the surrounding environment for tumor proliferation. Historically, the central nervous system has been considered to be an immune-privileged environment, but it is now clear that there are active roles for both innate and adaptive immunity within the central nervous system. Much of the research on the role of immunological modulation of neoplastic disease within the central nervous system has focused on adaptive immunity, even though innate immunity still plays a critical role in the natural history of central nervous system neoplasms. Here, we review the modulation of the complement system by a variety of neoplastic diseases of the central nervous system. We also discuss gaps in the current body of knowledge and comment on future directions for investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven K. Yarmoska
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ali M. Alawieh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Kimberly B. Hoang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Uddin MS, Yu WS, Lim LW. Exploring ER stress response in cellular aging and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101417. [PMID: 34339860 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One evident hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the irregular accumulation of proteins due to changes in proteostasis involving endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. To alleviate ER stress and reinstate proteostasis, cells undergo an integrated signaling cascade called the unfolded protein response (UPR) that reduces the number of misfolded proteins and inhibits abnormal protein accumulation. Aging is associated with changes in the expression of ER chaperones and folding enzymes, leading to the impairment of proteostasis, and accumulation of misfolded proteins. The disrupted initiation of UPR prevents the elimination of unfolded proteins, leading to ER stress. In AD, the accumulation of misfolded proteins caused by sustained cellular stress leads to neurodegeneration and neuronal death. Current research has revealed that ER stress can trigger an inflammatory response through diverse transducers of UPR. Although the involvement of a neuroinflammatory component in AD has been documented for decades, whether it is a contributing factor or part of the neurodegenerative events is so far unknown. Besides, a feedback loop occurs between neuroinflammation and ER stress, which is strongly associated with neurodegenerative processes in AD. In this review, we focus on the current research on ER stress and UPR in cellular aging and neuroinflammatory processes, leading to memory impairment and synapse dysfunction in AD.
Collapse
|
14
|
DeKorver NW, Chaudoin TR, Zhao G, Wang D, Arikkath J, Bonasera SJ. Complement Component C3 Loss leads to Locomotor Deficits and Altered Cerebellar Internal Granule Cell In Vitro Synaptic Protein Expression in C57BL/6 Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5857-5875. [PMID: 34415487 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Complement component 3 (C3) expression is increased in the cerebellum of aging mice that demonstrate locomotor impairments and increased excitatory synapse density. However, C3 regulation of locomotion, as well as C3 roles in excitatory synapse function, remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that constitutive loss of C3 function in mice evokes a locomotor phenotype characterized by decreased speed, increased active state locomotor probability, and gait ataxia. C3 loss does not alter metabolism or body mass composition. No evidence of significant muscle weakness or degenerative arthritis was found in C3 knockout mice to explain decreased gait speeds. In an enriched primary cerebellar granule cell culture model, loss of C3 protein results in increased excitatory synaptic density and increased response to KCl depolarization. Our analysis of excitatory synaptic density in the cerebellar internal granule cell and molecular layers did not demonstrate increased synaptic density in vivo, suggesting the presence of compensatory mechanisms regulating synaptic development. Functional deficits in C3 knockout mice are therefore more likely to result from altered synaptic function and/or connectivity than gross synaptic deficits. Our data demonstrate a novel role for complement proteins in cerebellar regulation of locomotor output and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W DeKorver
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 3028 Durham Research Center II, Omaha, NE, 68198-5039, USA
| | - Tammy R Chaudoin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 3028 Durham Research Center II, Omaha, NE, 68198-5039, USA
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, NE, 68198-6125, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, PDD 3020, Omaha, NE, 68198-6125, USA
| | - Jyothi Arikkath
- Monroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 3031 Durham Research Center II, Omaha, NE, 68198-5960, USA
| | - Stephen J Bonasera
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 3028 Durham Research Center II, Omaha, NE, 68198-5039, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Targeting Complement C3a Receptor to Improve Outcome After Ischemic Brain Injury. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2626-2637. [PMID: 34379293 PMCID: PMC8437837 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of disability. No efficient therapy is currently available, except for the removal of the occluding blood clot during the first hours after symptom onset. Loss of function after stroke is due to cell death in the infarcted tissue, cell dysfunction in the peri-infarct region, as well as dysfunction and neurodegeneration in remote brain areas. Plasticity responses in spared brain regions are a major contributor to functional recovery, while secondary neurodegeneration in remote regions is associated with depression and impedes the long-term outcome after stroke. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia is the leading cause of neurological disability resulting from birth complications. Despite major progress in neonatal care, approximately 50% of survivors develop complications such as mental retardation, cerebral palsy or epilepsy. The C3a receptor (C3aR) is expressed by many cell types including neurons and glia. While there is a body of evidence for its deleterious effects in the acute phase after ischemic injury to the adult brain, C3aR signaling contributes to better outcome in the post-acute and chronic phase after ischemic stroke in adults and in the ischemic immature brain. Here we discuss recent insights into the novel roles of C3aR signaling in the ischemic brain with focus on the therapeutic opportunities of modulating C3aR activity to improve the outcome after ischemic stroke and birth asphyxia.
Collapse
|
16
|
Aslani M, Mortazavi-Jahromi SS, Mirshafiey A. Efficient roles of miR-146a in cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammatory disorders: An effectual review in neuroimmunology. Immunol Lett 2021; 238:1-20. [PMID: 34293378 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Known as one of the most sophisticated systems of the human body, the nervous system consists of neural cells and controls all parts of the body. It is closely related to the immune system. The effects of inflammation and immune reactions have been observed in the pathogenesis of some neurological disorders. Defined as the gene expression regulators, miRNAs participate in cellular processes. miR-146a is a mediator in the neuroimmune system, leaving substantial effects on the homeostasis of immune and brain cells, neuronal identities acquisition, and immune responses regulation in the nervous system. Its positive efficiency has been proven in modulating inflammatory reactions, hemorrhagic complications, and pain. Moreover, the miR-146a targets play a key role in the pathogenesis of these illnesses. Based on the performance of its targets, miR-146a can have various effects on the disease progress. The abnormal expression/function of miR-146a has been reported in neuroinflammatory disorders. There is research evidence that this molecule qualifies as a desirable biomarker for some disorders and can even be a therapeutic target. This study aims to provide a meticulous review regarding the roles of miR-146a in the pathogenesis and progression of several neuroinflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, temporal lobe epilepsy, ischemic stroke, etc. The study also considers its eligibility for use as an ideal biomarker and therapeutic target in these diseases. The awareness of these mechanisms can facilitate the disease management/treatment, lead to patients' amelioration, improve the quality of life, and mitigate the risk of death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rebelo AL, Gubinelli F, Roost P, Jan C, Brouillet E, Van Camp N, Drake RR, Saldova R, Pandit A. Complete spatial characterisation of N-glycosylation upon striatal neuroinflammation in the rodent brain. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:116. [PMID: 33993882 PMCID: PMC8127229 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is an underlying pathology of all neurological conditions, the understanding of which is still being comprehended. A specific molecular pathway that has been overlooked in neuroinflammation is glycosylation (i.e., post-translational addition of glycans to the protein structure). N-glycosylation is a specific type of glycosylation with a cardinal role in the central nervous system (CNS), which is highlighted by congenital glycosylation diseases that result in neuropathological symptoms such as epilepsy and mental retardation. Changes in N-glycosylation can ultimately affect glycoproteins' functions, which will have an impact on cell machinery. Therefore, characterisation of N-glycosylation alterations in a neuroinflammatory scenario can provide a potential target for future therapies. METHODS With that aim, the unilateral intrastriatal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the adult rat brain was used as a model of neuroinflammation. In vivo and post-mortem, quantitative and spatial characterisation of both neuroinflammation and N-glycome was performed at 1-week post-injection of LPS. These aspects were investigated through a multifaceted approach based on positron emission tomography (PET), quantitative histology, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), liquid chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). RESULTS In the brain region showing LPS-induced neuroinflammation, a significant decrease in the abundance of sialylated and core fucosylated structures was seen (approximately 7.5% and 8.5%, respectively), whereas oligomannose N-glycans were significantly increased (13.5%). This was confirmed by MALDI-MSI, which provided a high-resolution spatial distribution of N-glycans, allowing precise comparison between normal and diseased brain hemispheres. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data show for the first time the complete profiling of N-glycomic changes in a well-characterised animal model of neuroinflammation. These data represent a pioneering step to identify critical targets that may modulate neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Rebelo
- CÚRAM SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Francesco Gubinelli
- CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pauline Roost
- CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Caroline Jan
- CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Emmanuel Brouillet
- CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nadja Van Camp
- CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Radka Saldova
- CÚRAM SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fatoba O, Itokazu T, Yamashita T. Complement cascade functions during brain development and neurodegeneration. FEBS J 2021; 289:2085-2109. [PMID: 33599083 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The complement system, an essential tightly regulated innate immune system, is a key regulator of normal central nervous system (CNS) development and function. However, aberrant complement component expression and activation in the brain may culminate into marked neuroinflammatory response, neurodegenerative processes and cognitive impairment. Over the years, complement-mediated neuroinflammatory responses and complement-driven neurodegeneration have been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of CNS disorders. This review describes how complement system contributes to normal brain development and function. We also discuss how pathologic insults such as misfolded proteins, lipid droplet/lipid droplet-associated protein or glycosaminoglycan accumulation could trigger complement-mediated neuroinflammatory responses and neurodegenerative process in neurodegenerative proteinopathies, age-related macular degeneration and neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Fatoba
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahide Itokazu
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Morgan BP, Gommerman JL, Ramaglia V. An "Outside-In" and "Inside-Out" Consideration of Complement in the Multiple Sclerosis Brain: Lessons From Development and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:600656. [PMID: 33488361 PMCID: PMC7817777 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.600656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The last 15 years have seen an explosion of new findings on the role of complement, a major arm of the immune system, in the central nervous system (CNS) compartment including contributions to cell migration, elimination of synapse during development, aberrant synapse pruning in neurologic disorders, damage to nerve cells in autoimmune diseases, and traumatic injury. Activation of the complement system in multiple sclerosis (MS) is typically thought to occur as part of a primary (auto)immune response from the periphery (the outside) against CNS antigens (the inside). However, evidence of local complement production from CNS-resident cells, intracellular complement functions, and the more recently discovered role of early complement components in shaping synaptic circuits in the absence of inflammation opens up the possibility that complement-related sequelae may start and finish within the brain itself. In this review, the complement system will be introduced, followed by evidence that implicates complement in shaping the developing, adult, and normal aging CNS as well as its contribution to pathology in neurodegenerative conditions. Discussion of data supporting "outside-in" vs. "inside-out" roles of complement in MS will be presented, concluded by thoughts on potential approaches to therapies targeting specific elements of the complement system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valeria Ramaglia
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Microglia mediated neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 130:167-176. [PMID: 32823050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the precise pathophysiologies underlying autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has not yet been fully clarified, growing evidence supports the involvement of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of this disorder, with microglia being particular relevance in the pathophysiologic processes. OBJECTIVE The present review aimed to systematically characterize existing literature regarding the role of microglia mediated neuroinflammation in the etiology of ASD. METHODS A systematic search was conducted for records indexed within Pubmed, EMBASE, or Web of Science to identify potentially eligible publications. Study selection and data extraction were performed by two authors, and the discrepancies in each step were settled through discussions. RESULTS A total of 14 studies comprising 1007 subjects met the eligibility criteria for this review, including 8 immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies, 5 genetic analysis studies, and 1 positron emission tomography (PET) studies. Although small in quantity, the included studies collectively pointed to a role of microglia mediated neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of ASD. CONCLUSION Findings generated from this review consistently supported the involvement of neuroinflammation in the development of ASD, confirmed by the activation of microglia in different brain regions, involving increased cell number or cell density, morphological alterations, and phenotypic shifts.
Collapse
|
21
|
Sinha A, Singh V, Tandon R, Mohan Srivastava L. Dichotomy of complement system: Tumorigenesis or destruction. Immunol Lett 2020; 223:89-96. [PMID: 32333965 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Complement system proteins, their regulators and endpoint effector complex significantly promote tumor growth by upregulation of oncogenic growth factors, activation of mitogenic signalling pathways and breakage of normal cell cycle. Contrastingly, complement cascades, initiated by anti-tumor therapeutic antibodies, also play a pivotal role in therapy response. This contradictory role of complement system possibly be a very crucial factor for the outcomes of antibody mediated immunotherapies. Herein, we reviewed the twin role of the complement system in cancer and also the genetic variations in complement system genes. Future studies should be focused on the biomarker discovery for the personalised cancer immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Sinha
- Department of BiochemIstry, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi-110060, India; SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd., New Delhi-110044, India
| | - Virendra Singh
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory of AIDS research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Lalit Mohan Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Lab Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Kolmet Hospital, New Delhi-110005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The complement system consists of more than 30 plasma as well as cell surface proteins that together constitute a major arm of the immune system. The long-held belief is that most of the complement components are synthesized by hepatocytes in the liver and then secreted into the blood. However, there is also substantial evidence that several if not all of the complement proteins are synthesized extrahepatically by a wide range of cell types, including polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and neuronal cells. However, despite the proven evidence that complement proteins indeed could be synthesized non-hepatic cells and even found in unexpected places, the recent finding that certain complement proteins could be activated in intracellular spaces nonetheless has opened up a new debate. In fact, some in the field unfortunately seem to be in favor of rejecting this notion rather vehemently on the untenable and myopic grounds that complement proteins could not be found in intracellular compartments despite evidence to the contrary. Therefore, this opinion article is meant to remind colleagues in the field that new discoveries with the potential to shift established functional paradigms should be encouraged and celebrated even if, at first glance, they seem to defy the odds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-0001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cho K. Emerging Roles of Complement Protein C1q in Neurodegeneration. Aging Dis 2019; 10:652-663. [PMID: 31165008 PMCID: PMC6538225 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is an ancient and primary component system that rapidly reacts to defend the body against external pathogens. C1 is the initial responder of classical pathway of the innate immune system. C1 is comprised of C1q, C1r, and C1s. Among them, C1q is known to interact with diverse ligands, which can perform various functions in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Because C1q participates in the clearance of pathogens, its interaction with novel receptors is expected to facilitate apoptosis induction, which could prevent the onset or progression of neurodegenerative diseases and could delay the aging process. Because senescence-associated secreting phenotype determinants are generally inflammatory cytokines or immune factors to activate immune cells. In the central nervous system, C1q has diverse neuroprotective roles against pathogens and inflammation. Most of neurodegenerative diseases show region specific pathology feature in the brain. It has been suggested the evidences that the active site and amount of C1q may be disease specific. This review considers currently the emerging and under-recognized roles of C1q in neurodegeneration and highlights the need for further research to clarify these roles. Future studies on the roles of C1q in regulating disease progression should consider these aspects, including the age-dependent onset time of each neurodegenerative disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungjoo Cho
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
The Role of Complement C3a Receptor in Stroke. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 21:467-473. [PMID: 31102134 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is a key regulator of the innate immune response against diseased tissue that functions across multiple organ systems. Dysregulation of complement contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of neurological diseases including stroke. The C3a anaphylatoxin, via its cognate C3a receptor (C3aR), mediates inflammation by promoting breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and the massive infiltration of leukocytes into ischemic brain in experimental stroke models. Studies utilizing complement deficient mice as well as pharmacologic C3aR antagonists have shown a reduction in tissue injury and mortality in murine stroke models. The development of tissue-specific C3aR knockout mice and more specific C3aR antagonists is warranted to facilitate our understanding of the role of the C3aR in brain ischemia with the ultimate goal of clinical translation of therapies targeting C3aR in stroke patients.
Collapse
|
25
|
Akhter MS, Singh S, Yadegari H, Ivaskevicius V, Oldenburg J, Biswas A. Exploring the structural similarity yet functional distinction between coagulation factor XIII-B and complement factor H sushi domains. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2019; 48:95-102. [PMID: 30915671 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-019-01841-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) covalently crosslinks pre-formed fibrin clots preventing their premature fibrinolysis. In plasma, FXIII circulates as a zymogenic heterotetramer composed of catalytic FXIII-A subunits, and carrier/regulatory FXIII-B subunits. FXIII-A is a well characterized component of this complex, and has been associated with several pleiotropic roles outside coagulation as well. In comparison only protective/regulatory roles towards the FXIII-A subunit have been identified for FXIII-B. Strong homology between FXIII-B and complement regulator Complement factor H suggests a putative role of FXIII-B in complement activation. In the current study we have analyzed the similarities and yet functional divergence of these two proteins using in silico sequence alignment and structural analysis. We have evaluated complement activation post reconstitution of FXIII components into FXIII deficient and CFH deficient plasma. We have also transiently expressed FXIII-B in SH-SY5Y cell lines and evaluated its effect on the endogenous complement activation. Our investigations show no effect of FXIII-B subunit on the rate of complement activation. Therefore we conclude that at a physiological level, FXIII-B subunit plays no role in the complement system, although a vestigial function in altered pathological states might still exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Suhail Akhter
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sneha Singh
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hamideh Yadegari
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vytautas Ivaskevicius
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Arijit Biswas
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Carpanini SM, Torvell M, Morgan BP. Therapeutic Inhibition of the Complement System in Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:362. [PMID: 30886620 PMCID: PMC6409326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system plays critical roles in development, homeostasis, and regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) throughout life; however, complement dysregulation in the CNS can lead to damage and disease. Complement proteins, regulators, and receptors are widely expressed throughout the CNS and, in many cases, are upregulated in disease. Genetic and epidemiological studies, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma biomarker measurements and pathological analysis of post-mortem tissues have all implicated complement in multiple CNS diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), neurotrauma, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Given this body of evidence implicating complement in diverse brain diseases, manipulating complement in the brain is an attractive prospect; however, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), critical to protect the brain from potentially harmful agents in the circulation, is also impermeable to current complement-targeting therapeutics, making drug design much more challenging. For example, antibody therapeutics administered systemically are essentially excluded from the brain. Recent protocols have utilized "Trojan horse" techniques to transport therapeutics across the BBB or used osmotic shock or ultrasound to temporarily disrupt the BBB. Most research to date exploring the impact of complement inhibition on CNS diseases has been in animal models, and some of these studies have generated convincing data; for example, in models of MS, NMO, and stroke. There have been a few recent clinical trials of available anti-complement drugs in CNS diseases associated with BBB impairment, for example the use of the anti-C5 monoclonal antibody (mAb) eculizumab in NMO, but for most CNS diseases there have been no human trials of anti-complement therapies. Here we will review the evidence implicating complement in diverse CNS disorders, from acute, such as traumatic brain or spine injury, to chronic, including demyelinating, neuroinflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. We will discuss the particular problems of drug access into the CNS and explore ways in which anti-complement therapies might be tailored for CNS disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Carpanini
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Torvell
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Druart M, Le Magueresse C. Emerging Roles of Complement in Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:573. [PMID: 31496960 PMCID: PMC6712161 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system consists of more than 30 proteins that have long been known to participate to the immune defence against pathogens and to the removal of damaged cells. Their role, however, extends beyond immunity and clearance of altered "self" components in the periphery. In particular, complement proteins can be induced by all cell types in the brain. Recent discoveries highlight the role of complement in normal and pathological brain development. Specifically, the complement system mediates synaptic pruning, a developmental process whereby supernumerary synapses are eliminated in the immature brain. The complement system has been implicated in pathological synapse elimination in schizophrenia, West Nile virus infection, and lupus, all of which are associated with psychiatric manifestations. Complement also contributes to synapse loss in neurodegenerative conditions. This review provides a brief overview of the well-studied role of complement molecules in immunity. The contribution of complement to embryonic and adult neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and developmental synaptic elimination in the normal brain is reviewed. We discuss the role of complement in synapse loss in psychiatric and neurological diseases and evaluate the therapeutic potential of complement-targeting drugs for brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Druart
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Science and Engineering Faculty, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Corentin Le Magueresse
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Science and Engineering Faculty, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Omoyinmi E, Mohamoud I, Gilmour K, Brogan PA, Eleftheriou D. Cutaneous Vasculitis and Digital Ischaemia Caused by Heterozygous Gain-of-Function Mutation in C3. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2524. [PMID: 30443255 PMCID: PMC6221951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now increasingly recognized that some monogenic autoinflammatory diseases and immunodeficiencies cause vasculitis, although genetic causes of vasculitis are extremely rare. We describe a child of non-consanguineous parents who presented with cutaneous vasculitis, digital ischaemia and hypocomplementaemia. A heterozygous p.R1042G gain-of-function mutation (GOF) in the complement component C3 gene was identified as the cause, resulting in secondary C3 consumption and complete absence of alternative complement pathway activity, decreased classical complement activity, and low levels of serum C3 with normal C4 levels. The same heterozygous mutation and immunological defects were also identified in another symptomatic sibling and his father. C3 deficiency due GOF C3 mutations is thus now added to the growing list of monogenic causes of vasculitis and should always be considered in vasculitis patients found to have persistently low levels of C3 with normal C4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebun Omoyinmi
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iman Mohamoud
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly Gilmour
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Brogan
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Despina Eleftheriou
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology, Arthritis Research UK, University College London (UCL), University College London Hospital (UCLH) and Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mahajan SD, Aalinkeel R, Parikh NU, Jacob A, Cwiklinski K, Sandhu P, Le K, Loftus AW, Schwartz SA, Quigg RJ, Alexander JJ. Immunomodulatory Role of Complement Proteins in the Neuropathology Associated with Opiate Abuse and HIV-1 Co-Morbidity. Immunol Invest 2018; 46:816-832. [PMID: 29058550 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1371891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The complement system which is a critical mediator of innate immunity plays diverse roles in the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection such as clearing HIV-1 and promoting productive HIV-1 replication. In the development of HIV-1 associated neurological disorders (HAND), there may be an imbalance between complement activation and regulation, which may contribute to the neuronal damage as a consequence of HIV-1 infection. It is well recognized that opiate abuse exacerbates HIV-1 neuropathology, however, little is known about the role of complement proteins in opiate induced neuromodulation, specifically in the presence of co-morbidity such as HIV-1 infection. Complement levels are significantly increased in the HIV-1-infected brain, thus HIV-induced complement synthesis may represent an important mechanism for the pathogenesis of AIDS in the brain, but remains underexplored. Anti-HIV-1 antibodies are able to initiate complement activation in HIV-1 infected CNS cells such as microglia and astrocytes during the course of disease progression; however, this complement activation fails to clear and eradicate HIV-1 from infected cells. In addition, the antiretroviral agents used for HIV therapy cause dysregulation of lipid metabolism, endothelial, and adipocyte cell function, and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We speculate that both HIV-1 and opiates trigger a cytokine-mediated pro-inflammatory stimulus that modulates the complement cascade to exacerbate the virus-induced neurological damage. We examined the expression levels of C1q, SC5b-9, C5L2, C5aR, C3aR, and C9 key members of the complement cascade both in vivo in post mortem brain frontal cortex tissue from patients with HAND who used/did not use heroin, and in vitro using human microglial cultures treated with HIV tat and/or heroin. We observed significant expression of C1q and SC5b-9 by immunofluorescence staining in both the brain cortical and hippocampal region in HAND patients who abused heroin. Additionally, we observed increased gene expression of C5aR, C3aR, and C9 in the brain tissue of both HIV-1 infected patients with HAND who abused and did not abuse heroin, as compared to HIV negative controls. Our results show a significant increase in the expression of complement proteins C9, C5L2, C5aR, and C3aR in HIV transfected microglia and an additional increase in the levels of these complement proteins in heroin-treated HIV transfected microglia. This study highlights the a) potential roles of complement proteins in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-related neurodegenerative disorders; b) the combined effect of an opiate, like heroin, and HIV viral protein like HIV tat on complement proteins in normal human microglial cells and HIV transfected microglial cells. In the context of HAND, targeting selective steps in the complement cascade could help ameliorating the HIV burden in the CNS, thus investigations of complement-related therapeutic approaches for the treatment of HAND are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya D Mahajan
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Ravikumar Aalinkeel
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Neil U Parikh
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Alexander Jacob
- b Division of Nephrology , UB Clinical and Translational Research Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Katherine Cwiklinski
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Prateet Sandhu
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Kevin Le
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Alexander W Loftus
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Stanley A Schwartz
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Richard J Quigg
- b Division of Nephrology , UB Clinical and Translational Research Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Jessy J Alexander
- b Division of Nephrology , UB Clinical and Translational Research Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Loveless S, Neal JW, Howell OW, Harding KE, Sarkies P, Evans R, Bevan RJ, Hakobyan S, Harris CL, Robertson NP, Morgan BP. Tissue microarray methodology identifies complement pathway activation and dysregulation in progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2017; 28:507-520. [PMID: 28707765 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement pathway has potential contributions to both white (WM) and grey matter (GM) pathology in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). A quantitative assessment of complement involvement is lacking. Here we describe the use of Tissue MicroArray (TMA) methodology in conjunction with immunohistochemistry to investigate the localization of complement pathway proteins in progressive MS cortical GM and subcortical WM. Antibodies targeting complement proteins C1q, C3b, regulatory proteins C1 inhibitor (C1INH, complement receptor 1 (CR1), clusterin, factor H (FH) and the C5a anaphylatoxin receptor (C5aR) were utilised alongside standard markers of tissue pathology. All stained slides were digitised for quantitative analysis. We found that numbers of cells immunolabelled for HLA-DR, GFAP, C5aR, C1q and C3b were increased in WM lesions (WML) and GM lesions (GML) compared to normal appearing WM (NAWM) and GM (NAGM), respectively. The complement regulators C1INH, CR1, FH and clusterin were more abundant in WM lesions, while the number of C1q+ neurons were increased and the number of C1INH+, clusterin+, FH+ and CR1+ neurons decreased in GM lesions. The number of complement component positive cells (C1q, C3b) correlated with complement regulator expression in WM, but there was no statistical association between complement activation and regulator expression in the GM. We conclude that TMA methodology and quantitative analysis provides evidence of complement dysregulation in MS GML, including an association of the numerical density of C1q+ cells with tissue lesions. Our work confirms that complement activation and dysregulation occur in all cases of progressive MS and suggest that complement may provide potential biomarkers of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Loveless
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - James W Neal
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Owain W Howell
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine E Harding
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Sarkies
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian Evans
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan J Bevan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana Hakobyan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Harris
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Neil P Robertson
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Paul Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Loveless S, Neal JW, Howell OW, Harding KE, Sarkies P, Evans R, Bevan RJ, Hakobyan S, Harris CL, Robertson NP, Morgan BP. Tissue microarray methodology identifies complement pathway activation and dysregulation in progressive multiple sclerosis. BRAIN PATHOLOGY (ZURICH, SWITZERLAND) 2017. [PMID: 28707765 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12546.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complement pathway has potential contributions to both white (WM) and grey matter (GM) pathology in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). A quantitative assessment of complement involvement is lacking. Here we describe the use of Tissue MicroArray (TMA) methodology in conjunction with immunohistochemistry to investigate the localization of complement pathway proteins in progressive MS cortical GM and subcortical WM. Antibodies targeting complement proteins C1q, C3b, regulatory proteins C1 inhibitor (C1INH, complement receptor 1 (CR1), clusterin, factor H (FH) and the C5a anaphylatoxin receptor (C5aR) were utilised alongside standard markers of tissue pathology. All stained slides were digitised for quantitative analysis. We found that numbers of cells immunolabelled for HLA-DR, GFAP, C5aR, C1q and C3b were increased in WM lesions (WML) and GM lesions (GML) compared to normal appearing WM (NAWM) and GM (NAGM), respectively. The complement regulators C1INH, CR1, FH and clusterin were more abundant in WM lesions, while the number of C1q+ neurons were increased and the number of C1INH+, clusterin+, FH+ and CR1+ neurons decreased in GM lesions. The number of complement component positive cells (C1q, C3b) correlated with complement regulator expression in WM, but there was no statistical association between complement activation and regulator expression in the GM. We conclude that TMA methodology and quantitative analysis provides evidence of complement dysregulation in MS GML, including an association of the numerical density of C1q+ cells with tissue lesions. Our work confirms that complement activation and dysregulation occur in all cases of progressive MS and suggest that complement may provide potential biomarkers of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Loveless
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - James W Neal
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Owain W Howell
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine E Harding
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Sarkies
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Rhian Evans
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan J Bevan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana Hakobyan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Harris
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Neil P Robertson
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Paul Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hernandez-Encinas E, Aguilar-Morante D, Morales-Garcia JA, Gine E, Sanz-SanCristobal M, Santos A, Perez-Castillo A. Complement component 3 (C3) expression in the hippocampus after excitotoxic injury: role of C/EBPβ. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:276. [PMID: 27769255 PMCID: PMC5073972 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) is a transcription factor implicated in the control of proliferation, differentiation, and inflammatory processes mainly in adipose tissue and liver; although more recent results have revealed an important role for this transcription factor in the brain. Previous studies from our laboratory indicated that CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β is implicated in inflammatory process and brain injury, since mice lacking this gene were less susceptible to kainic acid-induced injury. More recently, we have shown that the complement component 3 gene (C3) is a downstream target of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β and it could be a mediator of the proinflammatory effects of this transcription factor in neural cells. Methods Adult male Wistar rats (8–12 weeks old) were used throughout the study. C/EBPβ+/+ and C/EBPβ–/– mice were generated from heterozygous breeding pairs. Animals were injected or not with kainic acid, brains removed, and brain slices containing the hippocampus analyzed for the expression of both CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β and C3. Results In the present work, we have further extended these studies and show that CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β and C3 co-express in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus after an excitotoxic injury. Studies using CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β knockout mice demonstrate a marked reduction in C3 expression after kainic acid injection in these animals, suggesting that indeed this protein is regulated by C/EBPβ in the hippocampus in vivo. Conclusions Altogether these results suggest that CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β could regulate brain disorders, in which excitotoxic and inflammatory processes are involved, at least in part through the direct regulation of C3. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0742-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hernandez-Encinas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Aguilar-Morante
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Present Address: Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, (Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla), 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose A Morales-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Gine
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Sanz-SanCristobal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Santos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, UCM, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Magro-Checa C, Schaarenburg RA, Beaart HJL, Huizinga TWJ, Steup-Beekman GM, Trouw LA. Complement levels and anti-C1q autoantibodies in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2016; 25:878-88. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203316643170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objective of this paper is to analyse serum levels of anti-C1q, C1q circulating immune complexes (CIC), complement activation and complement components in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients during the first central nervous system neuropsychiatric (NP) event and to define the possible association between these results and clinical and laboratory characteristics. Methods A total of 280 patients suspected of having NP involvement due to SLE were recruited in the Leiden NPSLE-clinic. All SLE patients were classified according to the ACR 1982 revised criteria for the classification of SLE. The clinical disease activity was measured by the SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) and NP diagnoses were classified according to the 1999 ACR case definitions for NPSLE. We measured in serum of all patients anti-C1q and C1q CIC levels, the activation capacity of complement (CH50 and AP50) and different complement components (C1q, C3, C4). Results In 92 patients the symptoms were attributed to SLE. NPSLE patients consisted of 63 patients with focal NPSLE and 34 patients with diffuse NPSLE. Anti-C1q antibodies were significantly higher and CH50, AP50 and C3 were significantly lower in NPSLE patients compared with SLE patients without NPSLE. This association was specially marked for diffuse NPSLE while no differences were found for focal NPSLE. After using potential predictors, decreased C4 remained significantly associated with focal NPSLE, but only when antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) were included in the model. C3 and AP50 were independently associated with diffuse NPSLE. When SLEDAI-2K was included in the model these two associations were lost. When individual NPSLE syndromes were analysed, psychosis and cognitive dysfunction showed significantly lower values of complement activation capacity and all complement components. No significant associations were seen for other individual NPSLE syndromes. Conclusion The associations between diffuse NPSLE and anti-C1q, C3/AP50 and focal NPSLE and C4 may be explained by disease activity and the presence of aPL, respectively. The role of complement activation and complement components in lupus psychosis and cognitive dysfunction merits further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Magro-Checa
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R A Schaarenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H J L Beaart
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G M Steup-Beekman
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L A Trouw
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li GS, Li QF, Dong MM, Zan T, Ding S, Liu LB. Complement components of nerve regeneration conditioned fluid influence the microenvironment of nerve regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:682-6. [PMID: 27212935 PMCID: PMC4870931 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.180758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve regeneration conditioned fluid is secreted by nerve stumps inside a nerve regeneration chamber. A better understanding of the proteinogram of nerve regeneration conditioned fluid can provide evidence for studying the role of the microenvironment in peripheral nerve regeneration. In this study, we used cylindrical silicone tubes as the nerve regeneration chamber model for the repair of injured rat sciatic nerve. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation proteomics technology and western blot analysis confirmed that there were more than 10 complement components (complement factor I, C1q-A, C1q-B, C2, C3, C4, C5, C7, C8β and complement factor D) in the nerve regeneration conditioned fluid and each varied at different time points. These findings suggest that all these complement components have a functional role in nerve regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Shuai Li
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Qing-Feng Li
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery of the Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Min Dong
- Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Tao Zan
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery of the Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Ding
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery of the Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Bo Liu
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Complement Receptor 2 is increased in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients and regulates C3 function. Clin Immunol 2016; 166-167:89-95. [PMID: 27085202 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Besides its vital role in immunity, the complement system also contributes to the shaping of the synaptic circuitry of the brain. We recently described that soluble Complement Receptor 2 (sCR2) is part of the nerve injury response in rodents. We here study CR2 in context of multiple sclerosis (MS) and explore the molecular effects of CR2 on C3 activation. Significant increases in sCR2 levels were evident in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from both patients with relapsing-remitting MS (n=33; 6.2ng/mL) and secondary-progressive MS (n=9; 7.0ng/mL) as compared to controls (n=18; 4.1ng/mL). Furthermore, CSF sCR2 levels correlated significantly both with CSF C3 and C1q as well as to a disease severity measure. In vitro, sCR2 inhibited the cleavage and down regulation of C3b to iC3b, suggesting that it exerts a modulatory role in complement activation downstream of C3. These results propose a novel function for CR2/sCR2 in human neuroinflammatory conditions.
Collapse
|
36
|
Lian H, Zheng H. Signaling pathways regulating neuron-glia interaction and their implications in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 136:475-91. [PMID: 26546579 PMCID: PMC4720533 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system. They play critical roles in neuronal homeostasis through their physical properties and neuron-glia signaling pathways. Astrocytes become reactive in response to neuronal injury and this process, referred to as reactive astrogliosis, is a common feature accompanying neurodegenerative conditions, particularly Alzheimer's disease. Reactive astrogliosis represents a continuum of pathobiological processes and is associated with morphological, functional, and gene expression changes of varying degrees. There has been a substantial growth of knowledge regarding the signaling pathways regulating glial biology and pathophysiology in recent years. Here, we attempt to provide an unbiased review of some of the well-known players, namely calcium, proteoglycan, transforming growth factor β, NFκB, and complement, in mediating neuron-glia interaction under physiological conditions as well as in Alzheimer's disease. This review discusses the role of astrocytic NFκB and calcium as well as astroglial secreted factors, including proteoglycans, TGFβ, and complement in mediating neuronal function and AD pathogenesis through direct interaction with neurons and through cooperation with microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lian
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University College of Medicine, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mamidi S, Höne S, Kirschfink M. The complement system in cancer: Ambivalence between tumour destruction and promotion. Immunobiology 2015; 222:45-54. [PMID: 26686908 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Constituting a part of the innate immune system, the complement system consists of over 50 proteins either acting as part of a 3-branch activation cascade, a well-differentiated regulatory system in fluid phase or on each tissue, or as receptors translating the activation signal to multiple cellular effector functions. Complement serves as first line of defence against infections from bacteria, viruses and parasites by orchestrating the immune response through opsonisation, recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection and direct cell lysis. Complement is generally recognised as a protective mechanism against the formation of tumours in humans, but is often limited by various resistance mechanisms interfering with its cytotoxic action, now considered as a great barrier of successful antibody-based immunotherapy. However, recent studies also indicate a pro-tumourigenic potential of complement in certain cancers and under certain conditions. In this review, we present recent findings on the possible dual role of complement in destroying cancer, especially if resistance mechanisms are blocked, but also under certain inflammatory conditions-promoting tumour development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Höne
- Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lindblom RPF, Berg A, Ström M, Aeinehband S, Dominguez CA, Al Nimer F, Abdelmagid N, Heinig M, Zelano J, Harnesk K, Hübner N, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN, Diez M, Cullheim S, Piehl F. Complement receptor 2 is up regulated in the spinal cord following nerve root injury and modulates the spinal cord response. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:192. [PMID: 26502875 PMCID: PMC4624364 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of the complement system has been implicated in both acute and chronic states of neurodegeneration. However, a detailed understanding of this complex network of interacting components is still lacking. METHODS Large-scale global expression profiling in a rat F2(DAxPVG) intercross identified a strong cis-regulatory influence on the local expression of complement receptor 2 (Cr2) in the spinal cord after ventral root avulsion (VRA). Expression of Cr2 in the spinal cord was studied in a separate cohort of DA and PVG rats at different time-points after VRA, and also following sciatic nerve transection (SNT) in the same strains. Consequently, Cr2 (-/-) mice and Wt controls were used to further explore the role of Cr2 in the spinal cord following SNT. The in vivo experiments were complemented by astrocyte and microglia cell cultures. RESULTS Expression of Cr2 in naïve spinal cord was low but strongly up regulated at 5-7 days after both VRA and SNT. Levels of Cr2 expression, as well as astrocyte activation, was higher in PVG rats than DA rats following both VRA and SNT. Subsequent in vitro studies proposed astrocytes as the main source of Cr2 expression. A functional role for Cr2 is suggested by the finding that transgenic mice lacking Cr2 displayed increased loss of synaptic nerve terminals following nerve injury. We also detected increased levels of soluble CR2 (sCR2) in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats following VRA. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that local expression of Cr2 in the central nervous system is part of the axotomy reaction and is suggested to modulate subsequent complement mediated effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rickard P F Lindblom
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anaesthesia, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Neuroimmunology Unit L8:04 CMM, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alexander Berg
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Neuronal Regeneration, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Ström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shahin Aeinehband
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia A Dominguez
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Faiez Al Nimer
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nada Abdelmagid
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Heinig
- Experimental Genetics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johan Zelano
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Neuronal Regeneration, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Harnesk
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Experimental Genetics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nilsson Ekdahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margarita Diez
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Staffan Cullheim
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Neuronal Regeneration, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kouser L, Madhukaran SP, Shastri A, Saraon A, Ferluga J, Al-Mozaini M, Kishore U. Emerging and Novel Functions of Complement Protein C1q. Front Immunol 2015; 6:317. [PMID: 26175731 PMCID: PMC4484229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement protein C1q, the recognition molecule of the classical pathway, performs a diverse range of complement and non-complement functions. It can bind various ligands derived from self, non-self, and altered self and modulate the functions of immune and non-immune cells including dendritic cells and microglia. C1q involvement in the clearance of apoptotic cells and subsequent B cell tolerance is more established now. Recent evidence appears to suggest that C1q plays an important role in pregnancy where its deficiency and dysregulation can have adverse effects, leading to preeclampsia, missed abortion, miscarriage or spontaneous loss, and various infections. C1q is also produced locally in the central nervous system, and has a protective role against pathogens and possible inflammatory functions while interacting with aggregated proteins leading to neurodegenerative diseases. C1q role in synaptic pruning, and thus CNS development, its anti-cancer effects as an immune surveillance molecule, and possibly in aging are currently areas of extensive research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Kouser
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| | - Shanmuga Priyaa Madhukaran
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK ; Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Life Sciences , Secunderabad , India
| | - Abhishek Shastri
- St. Ann's Hospital, Dorset Healthcare University NHS Foundation Trust , Poole , UK
| | - Anuvinder Saraon
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| | - Janez Ferluga
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| | - Maha Al-Mozaini
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Uday Kishore
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London , Uxbridge , UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bai J, Lyden PD. Revisiting Cerebral Postischemic Reperfusion Injury: New Insights in Understanding Reperfusion Failure, Hemorrhage, and Edema. Int J Stroke 2015; 10:143-52. [DOI: 10.1111/ijs.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral postischemic reperfusion injury is defined as deterioration of ischemic brain tissue that parallels and antagonizes the benefits of restoring cerebral circulation after therapeutic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. To understand the paradox of injury caused by treatment, we first emphasize the phenomenon in which recanalization of an occluded artery does not lead to tissue reperfusion. Additionally, no-reflow after recanalization may be due to injury of the neurovascular unit, distal microthrombosis, or both, and certainly worsens outcome. We examine the mechanism of molecular and sub-cellular damage in the neurovascular unit, notably oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis. At the level of the neurovascular unit, which mediates crosstalk between the damaged brain and systemic responses in blood, we summarize emerging evidence demonstrating that individual cell components play unique and cumulative roles that lead to damage of the blood–brain barrier and neurons. Furthermore, we review the latest developments in establishing a link between the immune system and microvascular dysfunction during ischemic reperfusion. Progress in assessing reperfusion injury has also been made, and we review imaging studies using various magnetic resonance imaging modalities. Lastly, we explore potential treatment approaches, including ischemic preconditioning, postconditioning, pharmacologic agents, and hypothermia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jilin Bai
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick D. Lyden
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Targeted delivery of siRNA using transferrin-coupled lipoplexes specifically sensitizes CD71 high expressing malignant cells to antibody-mediated complement attack. Target Oncol 2014; 10:405-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-014-0345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
42
|
Nardo G, Iennaco R, Fusi N, Heath PR, Marino M, Trolese MC, Ferraiuolo L, Lawrence N, Shaw PJ, Bendotti C. Transcriptomic indices of fast and slow disease progression in two mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:3305-32. [PMID: 24065725 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is heterogeneous with high variability in the speed of progression even in cases with a defined genetic cause such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutations. We reported that SOD1(G93A) mice on distinct genetic backgrounds (C57 and 129Sv) show consistent phenotypic differences in speed of disease progression and life-span that are not explained by differences in human SOD1 transgene copy number or the burden of mutant SOD1 protein within the nervous system. We aimed to compare the gene expression profiles of motor neurons from these two SOD1(G93A) mouse strains to discover the molecular mechanisms contributing to the distinct phenotypes and to identify factors underlying fast and slow disease progression. Lumbar spinal motor neurons from the two SOD1(G93A) mouse strains were isolated by laser capture microdissection and transcriptome analysis was conducted at four stages of disease. We identified marked differences in the motor neuron transcriptome between the two mice strains at disease onset, with a dramatic reduction of gene expression in the rapidly progressive (129Sv-SOD1(G93A)) compared with the slowly progressing mutant SOD1 mice (C57-SOD1(G93A)) (1276 versus 346; Q-value ≤ 0.01). Gene ontology pathway analysis of the transcriptional profile from 129Sv-SOD1(G93A) mice showed marked downregulation of specific pathways involved in mitochondrial function, as well as predicted deficiencies in protein degradation and axonal transport mechanisms. In contrast, the transcriptional profile from C57-SOD1(G93A) mice with the more benign disease course, revealed strong gene enrichment relating to immune system processes compared with 129Sv-SOD1(G93A) mice. Motor neurons from the more benign mutant strain demonstrated striking complement activation, over-expressing genes normally involved in immune cell function. We validated through immunohistochemistry increased expression of the C3 complement subunit and major histocompatibility complex I within motor neurons. In addition, we demonstrated that motor neurons from the slowly progressing mice activate a series of genes with neuroprotective properties such as angiogenin and the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 transcriptional regulator. In contrast, the faster progressing mice show dramatically reduced expression at disease onset of cell pathways involved in neuroprotection. This study highlights a set of key gene and molecular pathway indices of fast or slow disease progression which may prove useful in identifying potential disease modifiers responsible for the heterogeneity of human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and which may represent valid therapeutic targets for ameliorating the disease course in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Nardo
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa, 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li S, Xian J, He L, Luo X, Tan B, Yang Y, Liu G, Wang Z. The protective effect of SCR15-18on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neurol Res 2013; 33:866-74. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132811y.0000000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
44
|
Fukuoka Y, Hite MR, Dellinger AL, Schwartz LB. Human skin mast cells express complement factors C3 and C5. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1827-34. [PMID: 23833239 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We examine whether complement factor C3 or C5 is synthesized by human skin-derived mast cells and whether their synthesis is regulated by cytokines. C3 and C5 mRNAs were assessed by RT-PCR, and proteins by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, Western blotting, and ELISA. C3 and C5 mRNAs were each expressed, and baseline protein levels/10(6) cultured mast cells were 0.9 and 0.8 ng, respectively, and located in the cytoplasm outside of secretory granules. C3 accumulated in mast cell culture medium over time and by 3 d reached a concentration of 9.4 ± 8.0 ng/ml, whereas C5 levels were not detectable (<0.15 ng/ml). Three-day incubations of mast cells with IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-17, IFN-γ, IL-6, or anti-FcεRI did not affect C3 protein levels in culture medium, whereas incubations with PMA, TNF-α, IL-13, or IL-4 enhanced levels of C3 1.7- to 3.3-fold. In contrast with C3, levels of C5 remained undetectable. Importantly, treatment with TNF-α together with either IL-4 or IL-13 synergistically enhanced C3 (but not C5) production in culture medium by 9.8- or 7.1-fold, respectively. This synergy was blocked by attenuating the TNF-α pathway with neutralizing anti-TNF-α Ab, soluble TNFR, or an inhibitor of NF-κB, or by attenuating the IL-4/13 pathway with Jak family or Erk antagonists. Inhibitors of PI3K, Jnk, and p38 MAPK did not affect this synergy. Thus, human mast cells can produce and secrete C3, whereas β-tryptase can act on C3 to generate C3a and C3b, raising the likelihood that mast cells engage complement to modulate immunity and inflammation in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Fukuoka
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shastri A, Bonifati DM, Kishore U. Innate immunity and neuroinflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:342931. [PMID: 23843682 PMCID: PMC3697414 DOI: 10.1155/2013/342931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of central nervous system (CNS) is usually associated with trauma and infection. Neuroinflammation occurs in close relation to trauma, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases. Low-level neuroinflammation is considered to have beneficial effects whereas chronic neuroinflammation can be harmful. Innate immune system consisting of pattern-recognition receptors, macrophages, and complement system plays a key role in CNS homeostasis following injury and infection. Here, we discuss how innate immune components can also contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Shastri
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, Heinz Wolff Building, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Domenico Marco Bonifati
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Neurological Disorders, Santa Chiara Hospital, Largo Medaglie d'oro 1, 38100 Trento, Italy
| | - Uday Kishore
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, Heinz Wolff Building, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Needleman LA, McAllister AK. The major histocompatibility complex and autism spectrum disorder. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:1288-301. [PMID: 22760919 PMCID: PMC4365477 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex disorder that appears to be caused by interactions between genetic changes and environmental insults during early development. A wide range of factors have been linked to the onset of ASD, but recently both genetic associations and environmental factors point to a central role for immune-related genes and immune responses to environmental stimuli. Specifically, many of the proteins encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a vital role in the formation, refinement, maintenance, and plasticity of the brain. Manipulations of levels of MHC molecules have illustrated how disrupted MHC signaling can significantly alter brain connectivity and function. Thus, an emerging hypothesis in our field is that disruptions in MHC expression in the developing brain caused by mutations and/or immune dysregulation may contribute to the altered brain connectivity and function characteristic of ASD. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of the three classes of MHC molecules in the immune system, healthy brain, and their possible involvement in ASD.
Collapse
|
47
|
Broderick L, Gandhi C, Mueller JL, Putnam CD, Shayan K, Giclas PC, Peterson KS, Aceves SS, Sheets RM, Peterson BM, Newbury RO, Hoffman HM, Bastian JF. Mutations of complement factor I and potential mechanisms of neuroinflammation in acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis. J Clin Immunol 2012; 33:162-71. [PMID: 22926405 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis (AHLE) is a rare demyelinating disorder of acute onset, rapid deterioration and significant morbidity and mortality. Most often described as a post-infectious complication of an upper respiratory illness, its precise pathophysiology remains unclear. We describe two pediatric patients with AHLE with partial complement factor I (FI) deficiency whose successful treatment included the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist, anakinra, implicating a role for FI and IL-1 in this disorder. METHODS Extensive clinical workup of two patients presenting with AHLE revealed complement abnormalities, specifically related to the alternative pathway and its regulator, FI. Aggressive management with steroids, immunoglobulin, and anakinra ultimately led to improvement of clinical status and near return to neurologic baseline in both patients. Genetic sequencing of the FI coding regions of the patients and their families was performed. In vitro protein expression studies and immunohistochemistry of fixed brain tissue was used to investigate pathogenic mechanisms. RESULTS Two novel mutations in FI were identified in our patients, which result in failure to secrete FI. Immunohistochemical evaluation of brain tissue demonstrated positive staining for C3, membrane attack complex (MAC) and IL-1. CONCLUSIONS We propose AHLE is an unreported, rare phenotype for partial FI deficiency. The upregulation of C3, MAC and IL-1 with subsequent demyelination support a pathologic role for complement activation in AHLE, and suggest anakinra as an important adjunctive therapy in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori Broderick
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC 0635, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Microglia are enigmatic non-neuronal cells that infiltrate and take up residence in the brain during development and are thought to perform a surveillance function. An established literature has documented how microglia are activated by pathogenic stimuli and how they contribute to and resolve injuries to the brain. However, much less work has been aimed at understanding their function in the uninjured brain. A series of recent in vivo imaging studies shows that microglia in their resting state are highly motile and actively survey their neuronal surroundings. Furthermore, new data suggest that microglia in their resting state are able to phagocytose unwanted synapses and in this way contribute to synaptic pruning and maturation during development. Coupled with their exquisite sensitivity to pathogenic stimuli, these data suggest that microglia form a link that couples changes in brain environment to changes in brain wiring. Here we discuss this hypothesis and propose a model for the role of microglia during development in sculpting brain connectivity.
Collapse
|
49
|
Pavlovski D, Thundyil J, Monk PN, Wetsel RA, Taylor SM, Woodruff TM. Generation of complement component C5a by ischemic neurons promotes neuronal apoptosis. FASEB J 2012; 26:3680-90. [PMID: 22651932 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-202382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
C5a receptors are found in the central nervous system (CNS), on both neurons and glia. However, the origin of the C5a, which activates these receptors, is unclear. In the present study, we show that primary cultured mouse cortical neurons constitutively express C5, the precursor of C5a, and express the classical receptor for C5a, CD88. With cell ischemia caused by 12 h glucose deprivation, or oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), neurons demonstrated increased apoptosis, up-regulation of CD88, and increased levels of C5a in the media. Exogenous murine C5a (100 nM) added to the neuronal cultures resulted in apoptosis, without affecting cell necrosis. Pretreatment of the cells with the specific CD88 receptor antagonist PMX53 (100 nM) significantly blocked ischemia-induced apoptosis (∼50%), and neurons from CD88(-/-) mice were similarly protected. In a murine model of stroke, using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we found that C5a levels in the brain increased; this also occurred in cerebral slice cultures exposed to OGD. CD88(-/-) mice subjected to MCAO had significantly reduced infarct volumes and improved neurological scores. Taken together, our results demonstrate that neurons in the CNS have the capability to generate C5a following ischemic stress, and this has the potential to activate their C5a receptors, with deleterious consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale Pavlovski
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Morrison H, Frye J, Davis-Gorman G, Funk J, McDonagh P, Stahl G, Ritter L. The contribution of mannose binding lectin to reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke. Curr Neurovasc Res 2012; 8:52-63. [PMID: 21208161 DOI: 10.2174/156720211794520260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
After complement system (CS) activation, the sequential production of complement products increases cell injury and death through opsonophagocytosis, cytolysis, adaptive, and inflammatory cell responses. These responses potentiate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury after ischemic stroke and reperfusion. Activation of the CS via mannose binding lectin (MBL)-initiated lectin pathway is known to increase tissue damage in response to IR in muscle, myocardium and intestine tissue. In contrast, the contribution of this pathway to cerebral IR injury, a neutrophil-mediated event, is less clear. Therefore, we investigated the potential protective role of MBL deficiency in neutrophil-mediated cerebral injury after IR. Using an intraluminal filament method, neutrophil activation and cerebral injury were compared between MBL-deficient and wild type C57Bl/6 mice subjected to 60 minutes of MCA ischemia and reperfusion. Systemic neutrophil activation was not decreased in MBL-deficient animals after IR. In MBL-deficient animals, cerebral injury was significantly decreased only in the striatum (p < 0.05). Despite MBL deficiency, C3 depositions were evident in the injured hemisphere during reperfusion. These results indicate that while MBL deficiency results in a modest protection of a sub-cortical brain region during IR, redundant complement pathway activation may overwhelm further beneficial effects of MBL deficiency during reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Morrison
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|