1
|
Conesa HM, Párraga-Aguado IM, Jiménez FJ, Querejeta JI. Evaluation of the trade-off between water use efficiency and nutrient use efficiency in two semiarid coniferous tree species growing on an organic amended metalliferous mine tailing substrate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 940:173607. [PMID: 38825195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
We evaluated the ecophysiological responses of two semiarid coniferous tree species, Pinus halepensis and Tetraclinis articulata, growing on a nutrient-poor metalliferous mine tailings substrate to organic amendments (biochar and/or organic municipal waste). The trees were grown in mesocosms under irrigated conditions for 20 months. Then, a comprehensive characterization of soil and plant parameters (including stable isotopes) was carried out. Treatments containing municipal waste showed better soil fertility indicators (approximately 2-fold higher organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations) and higher plant biomass (up to 5-fold higher) than unamended and only biochar treatments. Trees in most of the treatments exhibited leaf N/P ratios <14 indicating severe N limitation of plant growth. Metal uptake was below phytotoxic levels across all the treatments. Leaf δ13C values correlated positively with δ18O across treatments for both species indicating increasing water use efficiency with tighter stomatal regulation of water flux, and with T. articulata exhibiting tighter stomatal control (higher δ18O values) than P. halepensis. Trees in treatments containing only biochar did not differ in ecophysiological performance from those in the unamended treatments. In contrast, leaf stable isotopes revealed sharply increased of time-integrated photosynthetic activity (favoured by higher leaf N concentrations) combined with lower time-integrated stomatal conductance in the treatments containing municipal waste, indicating greatly enhanced water use efficiency in better nourished plants. Trade-offs between water use efficiency and nutrient (N and P) use efficiency were evident across treatments, with higher leaf nutrient concentrations associated with higher water use efficiency, at the cost of a lower nutrient use efficiency. These trade-offs were not impaired by the high metal concentrations of the tailings substrate, indicating that ecophysiological adjustments in response to changes in plant nutrient status promoted by the addition of organic amendments are critical for the adaptability of native tree species employed in the phytostabilisation of mine tailings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor M Conesa
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain.
| | - Isabel M Párraga-Aguado
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain; IES Juan Sebastián Elcano, Carretera de Tentegorra, s/n, 30205 Cartagena, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Jiménez
- BIOCYMA, Consultora en Medio Ambiente y Calidad, S.L. Calle Azarbe del Papel, 10, 30007 Murcia, Spain.
| | - José-Ignacio Querejeta
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Askanbayeva B, Janová J, Kubásek J, Zeisler-Diehl VV, Schreiber L, Muir CD, Šantrůček J. Amphistomy: stomata patterning inferred from 13C content and leaf-side-specific deposition of epicuticular wax. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:437-454. [PMID: 38836501 PMCID: PMC11341673 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The benefits and costs of amphistomy (AS) vs. hypostomy (HS) are not fully understood. Here, we quantify benefits of access of CO2 through stomata on the upper (adaxial) leaf surface, using 13C abundance in the adaxial and abaxial epicuticular wax. Additionally, a relationship between the distribution of stomata and epicuticular wax on the opposite leaf sides is studied. METHODS We suggest that the 13C content of long-chain aliphatic compounds of cuticular wax records the leaf internal CO2 concentration in chloroplasts adjacent to the adaxial and abaxial epidermes. This unique property stems from: (1) wax synthesis being located exclusively in epidermal cells; and (2) ongoing wax renewal over the whole leaf lifespan. Compound-specific and bulk wax 13C abundance (δ) was related to amphistomy level (ASL; as a fraction of adaxial in all stomata) of four AS and five HS species grown under various levels of irradiance. The isotopic polarity of epicuticular wax, i.e. the difference in abaxial and adaxial δ (δab - δad), was used to calculate the leaf dorsiventral CO2 gradient. Leaf-side-specific epicuticular wax deposition (amphiwaxy level) was estimated and related to ASL. KEY RESULTS In HS species, the CO2 concentration in the adaxial epidermis was lower than in the abaxial one, independently of light conditions. In AS leaves grown in high-light and low-light conditions, the isotopic polarity and CO2 gradient varied in parallel with ASL. The AS leaves grown in high-light conditions increased ASL compared with low light, and δab - δad approached near-zero values. Changes in ASL occurred concomitantly with changes in amphiwaxy level. CONCLUSIONS Leaf wax isotopic polarity is a newly identified leaf trait, distinguishing between hypo- and amphistomatous species and indicating that increased ASL in sun-exposed AS leaves reduces the CO2 gradient across the leaf mesophyll. Stomata and epicuticular wax deposition follow similar leaf-side patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balzhan Askanbayeva
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Janová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubásek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Viktoria V Zeisler-Diehl
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christopher D Muir
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 143 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stojanović M, Jocher G, Kowalska N, Szatniewska J, Zavadilová I, Urban O, Čáslavský J, Horáček P, Acosta M, Pavelka M, Marshall JD. Disaggregation of canopy photosynthesis among tree species in a mixed broadleaf forest. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae064. [PMID: 38864558 PMCID: PMC11240116 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide sequestration from the atmosphere is commonly assessed using the eddy covariance method. Its net flux signal can be decomposed into gross primary production and ecosystem respiration components, but these have seldom been tested against independent methods. In addition, eddy covariance lacks the ability to partition carbon sequestration among individual trees or species within mixed forests. Therefore, we compared gross primary production from eddy covariance versus an independent method based on sap flow and water-use efficiency, as measured by the tissue heat balance method and δ13C of phloem contents, respectively. The latter measurements were conducted on individual trees throughout a growing season in a mixed broadleaf forest dominated by three tree species, namely English oak, narrow-leaved ash and common hornbeam (Quercus robur L., Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl, and Carpinus betulus L., respectively). In this context, we applied an alternative ecophysiological method aimed at verifying the accuracy of a state-of-the-art eddy covariance system while also offering a solution to the partitioning problem. We observed strong agreement in the ecosystem gross primary production estimates (R2 = 0.56; P < 0.0001), with correlation being especially high and nearly on the 1:1 line in the period before the end of July (R2 = 0.85; P < 0.0001). After this period, the estimates of gross primary production began to diverge. Possible reasons for the divergence are discussed, focusing especially on phenology and the limitation of the isotopic data. English oak showed the highest per-tree daily photosynthetic rates among tree species, but the smaller, more abundant common hornbeam contributed most to the stand-level summation, especially early in the spring. These findings provide a rigorous test of the methods and the species-level photosynthesis offers avenues for enhancing forest management aimed at carbon sequestration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Stojanović
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic
| | - Georg Jocher
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic
- Thünen-Institut für Agrarklimaschutz Bundesallee 68 38116 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Natalia Kowalska
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic
| | - Justyna Szatniewska
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ina Zavadilová
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Čáslavský
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Horáček
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic
| | - Manuel Acosta
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Pavelka
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic
| | - John D Marshall
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, Brno 603 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung, Isotope Geochemistry and Gas Fluxes, Müncheberg 15374, Germany
- Department of Geological Sciences, Box 460, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Del Toro I, Case MF, Karp AT, Slingsby JA, Staver AC. Carbon isotope trends across a century of herbarium specimens suggest CO 2 fertilization of C 4 grasses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:560-566. [PMID: 38812264 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric CO2 is changing the dynamics of tropical savanna vegetation. C3 trees and grasses are known to experience CO2 fertilization, whereas responses to CO2 by C4 grasses are more ambiguous. Here, we sample stable carbon isotope trends in herbarium collections of South African C4 and C3 grasses to reconstruct 13C discrimination. We found that C3 grasses showed no trends in 13C discrimination over the past century but that C4 grasses increased their 13C discrimination through time, especially since 1950. These changes were most strongly linked to changes in atmospheric CO2 rather than to trends in rainfall climatology or temperature. Combined with previously published evidence that grass biomass has increased in C4-dominated savannas, these trends suggest that increasing water-use efficiency due to CO2 fertilization may be changing C4 plant-water relations. CO2 fertilization of C4 grasses may thus be a neglected pathway for anthropogenic global change in tropical savanna ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isa Del Toro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Madelon F Case
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Allison T Karp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Environmental, Earth, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jasper A Slingsby
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment, and Conservation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Fynbos Node, South African Environmental Observation Network, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - A Carla Staver
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahrens CW, Murray K, Mazanec RA, Ferguson S, Jones A, Tissue DT, Byrne M, Borevitz JO, Rymer PD. Genomic determinants, architecture, and constraints in drought-related traits in Corymbia calophylla. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:640. [PMID: 38937661 PMCID: PMC11209971 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought adaptation is critical to many tree species persisting under climate change, however our knowledge of the genetic basis for trees to adapt to drought is limited. This knowledge gap impedes our fundamental understanding of drought response and application to forest production and conservation. To improve our understanding of the genomic determinants, architecture, and trait constraints, we assembled a reference genome and detected ~ 6.5 M variants in 432 phenotyped individuals for the foundational tree Corymbia calophylla. RESULTS We found 273 genomic variants determining traits with moderate heritability (h2SNP = 0.26-0.64). Significant variants were predominantly in gene regulatory elements distributed among several haplotype blocks across all chromosomes. Furthermore, traits were constrained by frequent epistatic and pleiotropic interactions. CONCLUSIONS Our results on the genetic basis for drought traits in Corymbia calophylla have several implications for the ability to adapt to climate change: (1) drought related traits are controlled by complex genomic architectures with large haplotypes, epistatic, and pleiotropic interactions; (2) the most significant variants determining drought related traits occurred in regulatory regions; and (3) models incorporating epistatic interactions increase trait predictions. Our findings indicate that despite moderate heritability drought traits are likely constrained by complex genomic architecture potentially limiting trees response to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin W Ahrens
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia.
- Cesar Australia, Brunswick, VIC, 3058, Australia.
| | - Kevin Murray
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Richard A Mazanec
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Western Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Scott Ferguson
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Ashley Jones
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Western Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Justin O Borevitz
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Paul D Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kangur O, Sopp R, Tullus A, Kupper P, Õunapuu-Pikas E, Tullus H, Lutter R. Growth ranking of hybrid aspen genotypes and its linkage to leaf gas exchange. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:435. [PMID: 38773410 PMCID: PMC11110358 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Afforestation of non-forestland is a new measure by the European Union to enhance climate mitigation and biodiversity. Hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx.) is among the suitable tree species for afforestation to produce woody biomass. However, the best performing genotypic material for intensive biomass production and its physiological adaptation capacity is still unclear. We compared 22 hybrid aspen genotypes growth and leaf physiological characteristics (stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, intrinsic water-use efficiency) according to their geographical north- or southward transfer (European P. tremula parent from 51° to 60° N and North American P. tremuloides parent from 45° to 54° N) to hemiboreal Estonia (58° N) in a completely randomized design progeny trial. We tested whether the growth ranking of genotypes of different geographical origin has changed from young (3-year-old) to mid-rotation age (13-year-old). The gas exchange parameters were measured in excised shoots in 2021 summer, which was characterised with warmer (+ 4 °C) and drier (17% precipitation from normal) June and July than the long-term average. RESULTS We found that the northward transfer of hybrid aspen genotypes resulted in a significant gain in growth (two-fold greater diameter at breast height) in comparison with the southward transfer. The early selection of genotypes was generally in good accordance with the middle-aged genotype ranking, while some of the northward transferred genotypes showed improved growth at the middle-age period in comparison with their ranking during the early phase. The genotypes of southward transfer demonstrated higher stomatal conductance, which resulted in higher net photosynthesis, and lower intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) compared with northward transfer genotypes. However, higher photosynthesis did not translate into higher growth rate. The higher physiological activity of southern transferred genotypes was likely related to a better water supply of smaller and consequently more shaded trees under drought. Leaf nitrogen concentration did not have any significant relation with tree growth. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the final selection of hybrid aspen genotypes for commercial use should be done in 10-15 years after planting. Physiological traits acquired during periods of droughty conditions may not fully capture the growth potential. Nonetheless, we advocate for a broader integration of physiological measurements alongside traditional traits (such as height and diameter) in genotype field testing to facilitate the selection of climate-adapted planting material for resilient forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ott Kangur
- Chair of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
| | - Reeno Sopp
- Chair of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
| | - Arvo Tullus
- Chair of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, Tartu, 50409, Estonia
| | - Priit Kupper
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, Tartu, 50409, Estonia
| | - Eele Õunapuu-Pikas
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, Tartu, 50409, Estonia
| | - Hardi Tullus
- Chair of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
| | - Reimo Lutter
- Chair of Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, 51006, Estonia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiao Y, Yang D, Zhang SB, Mo YX, Dong YY, Wang KF, He LY, Dong B, Dossa GGO, Zhang JL. Nitrogen-fixing and non-nitrogen-fixing legume plants differ in leaf nutrient concentrations and relationships between photosynthetic and hydraulic traits. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae048. [PMID: 38691446 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Legumes account for a significant proportion of plants in the terrestrial ecosystems. Nitrogen (N)-fixing capability of certain legumes is a pivotal trait that contributes to their ecological dominance. Yet, the functional traits and trait relationships between N-fixer and non-N-fixer legumes are poorly understood. Here, we investigated 27 functional traits associated with morphology, nutrients, hydraulic conductance and photosynthesis in 42 woody legumes (19 N-fixers and 23 non-N-fixers) in a common garden. Our results showed that N-fixers had higher specific leaf area, photosynthetic phosphorus (P)-use efficiency, leaf N, and iron concentrations on both area and mass basis, N/P ratio, and carbon (C) to P ratio, but lower wood density, area-based maximum photosynthetic rate (Aa), photosynthetic N-use efficiency, leaf mass- and area-based P and molybdenum and area-based boron concentrations, and C/N ratio, compared with non-N-fixers. The mass-based maximum photosynthetic rate (Am), stomatal conductance (gs), intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi), mass- and area-based leaf potassium and mass-based boron concentrations, leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), and whole-shoot hydraulic conductance (Kshoot) showed no difference between N-fixers and non-N-fixers. Significant positive associations between all hydraulic and photosynthetic trait pairs were found in N-fixers, but only one pair (Kshoot-Aa) in non-N-fixers, suggesting that hydraulic conductance plays a more important role in mediating photosynthetic capacity in N-fixers compared with non-N-fixers. Higher mass-based leaf N was linked to lower time-integrated gs and higher WUEi among non-N-fixer legumes or all legumes pooled after phylogeny was considered. Moreover, mass-based P concentration was positively related to Am and gs in N-fixers, but not in non-N-fixers, indicating that the photosynthetic capacity and stomatal conductance in N-fixers were more dependent on leaf P status than in non-N-fixers. These findings expand our understanding of the trait-based ecology within and across N-fixer and non-N-fixer legumes in tropics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Millennium Seed Bank, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Da Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Shu-Bin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Mo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Yi-Yi Dong
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Ke-Fei Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Puer University, Puer, Yunnan 665000, China
| | - Ling-Yun He
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Bing Dong
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Dyers Brae, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Gbadamassi G O Dossa
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bleša D, Matušinský P, Baláž M, Nesvadba Z, Zavřelová M. Endophyte Inoculation and Elevated Potassium Supply on Productivity, Growth and Physiological Parameters of Spring Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes over Contrasting Seasons. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1168. [PMID: 38674576 PMCID: PMC11054443 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, recurrent droughts have significantly affected spring barley production, reducing the quantity and quality of grain. This study aims to identify genotype-specific traits and the drought resilience of six different Hordeum vulgare L. (spring barley) genotypes, while also examining the potential of potassium application and fungal endophyte Serendipita indica inoculation to mitigate the negative effects of dry periods during the growing season. Field experiments were conducted over a three-year period from 2020 to 2022, measuring physiological, growth, and yield parameters. To get insight into the physiological state of the plants, we measured the soluble sugars content and the ratio of stable carbon isotopes in the flag leaf tissue, which reflects conditions during its formation. The dominant factors that influenced the measured parameters were the genotypes and seasons, as well as their interaction, rather than other experimental factors. The results showed that the Spitfire and Accordine varieties were the best performing in both the 2020 and 2021 seasons, as indicated by their yield. However, in the drier 2022 season, the yield of these two varieties decreased significantly (to 55% for Spitfire and to 69% for Accordine of their yield in 2021), while for the arid-region genotypes, it remained at the same level as the previous year. This study sheds light on the potential of various genotypes to withstand periods of drought and the effectiveness of using potassium application and S. indica inoculation as mitigation approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Bleša
- Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., 76701 Kroměříž, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Matušinský
- Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., 76701 Kroměříž, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Baláž
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdeněk Nesvadba
- Gene Bank, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 16106 Praha 6 – Ruzyně, Czech Republic;
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fernandez-Tschieder E, Marshall JD, Binkley D. Carbon budget at the individual-tree scale: dominant Eucalyptus trees partition less carbon belowground. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38641865 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Large trees in plantations generally produce more wood per unit of resource use than small trees. Two processes may account for this pattern: greater photosynthetic resource use efficiency or greater partitioning of carbon to wood production. We estimated gross primary production (GPP) at the individual scale by combining transpiration with photosynthetic water-use efficiency of Eucalyptus trees. Aboveground production fluxes were estimated using allometric equations and modeled respiration; total belowground carbon fluxes (TBCF) were estimated by subtracting aboveground fluxes from GPP. Partitioning was estimated by dividing component fluxes by GPP. Dominant trees produced almost three times as much wood as suppressed trees. They used 25 ± 10% (mean ± SD) of their photosynthates for wood production, whereas suppressed trees only used 12 ± 2%. By contrast, dominant trees used 27 ± 19% of their photosynthate belowground, whereas suppressed trees used 58 ± 5%. Intermediate trees lay between these extremes. Photosynthetic water-use efficiency of dominant trees was c. 13% greater than the efficiency of suppressed trees. Suppressed trees used more than twice as much of their photosynthate belowground and less than half as much aboveground compared with dominant trees. Differences in carbon partitioning were much greater than differences in GPP or photosynthetic water-use efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Fernandez-Tschieder
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Agricultural Experimental Station of Delta del Paraná, Campana, B2804, Argentina
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - John D Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung, Müncheberg, 15374, Germany
- Department of Geological Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
- Department of Energy and Matter Fluxes, Czech Globe, Belidla, 603 00, Czechia
| | - Dan Binkley
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morgner E, Holloway-Phillips M, Basler D, Nelson DB, Kahmen A. Effects of increasing atmospheric CO 2 on leaf water δ 18O values are small and are attenuated in grasses and amplified in dicotyledonous herbs and legumes when transferred to cellulose δ 18O values. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38575849 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The oxygen isotope composition of cellulose (δ18O values) has been suggested to contain information on stomatal conductance (gs) responses to rising pCO2. The extent by which pCO2 affects leaf water and cellulose δ18O values (δ18OLW and δ18OC) and the isotope processes that determine pCO2 effects on δ18OLW and δ18OC are, however, unknown. We tested the effects of pCO2 on gs, δ18OLW and δ18OC in a glasshouse experiment, where six plant species were grown under pCO2 ranging from 200 to 500 ppm. Increasing pCO2 caused a decline in gs and an increase in δ18OLW, as expected. Importantly, the effects of pCO2 on gs and δ18OLW were small and pCO2 effects on δ18OLW were not directly transferred to δ18OC but were attenuated in grasses and amplified in dicotyledonous herbs and legumes. This is likely because of functional group-specific pCO2 effects on the model parameter pxpex. Our study highlights important uncertainties when using δ18OC as a proxy for gs. Specifically, pCO2-triggered gs effects on δ18OLW and δ18OC are possibly too small to be detected in natural settings and a pCO2 effect on pxpex may render the commonly assumed negative linkage between δ18OC and gs to be incorrect, potentially confounding δ18OC based gs reconstructions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Morgner
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - David Basler
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel B Nelson
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Makarewicz CA, Winter-Schuh C, Jackson M, Johannesson EG, Amartuvshin C, Honeychurch W. Local circulation of elites punctuated by transregional mobility enabled steppe political consolidation in the Xiongnu nomadic state. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298593. [PMID: 38557862 PMCID: PMC10984472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The Xiongnu polity (ca. 200 BC- 150 AD) emerged out of indigenous community-centered socio-political structures to forge a powerful state that commanded the Mongolian steppe and beyond. Underpinned by a highly mobile pastoralist population, accustomed to seasonally rhythmic moves and embedded in an equestrian culture that facilitated rapid transport over long-distances, it remains unclear precisely how the movement of commoners, local aristocrats and regional elites abetted the formation and organization of Xiongnu state structures. Here, we evaluate Xiongnu movement and dietary intake through multi-stable isotopic analyses of tooth enamel from directly dated Xiongnu intermediate elites recovered from the mortuary center of Baga Gazaryn Chuluu-a prominent granite outcrop set in the Gobi Desert. Carbon isotope (δ13C) analysis indicates millet was consumed by some individuals, but whether or not this C4 cultivar contributed to the diets of most elites remains ambiguous in this C3/C4 desert-steppe environment. The effectiveness of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) to establish mobility appears much reduced in steppe environments, where geospatially sensitive information appears disrupted by extraordinary seasonality in meteoric water oxygen isotopes, pronounced oxygen isotopic variation in potential drinking water sources, and culturally mediated drinking practices. Most revealing, strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) indicate circulation of local elites around this central place and beyond, a mobility format that helped leaders cement their own position through political consolidation of spatially dispersed mobile pastoralist communities. The consistent presence at Baga Gazaryn Chuluu of extra-local intermediate elites also points toward the importance of transregional mobility in binding together the Xiongnu polity over the vast distances of the eastern steppe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Makarewicz
- Archaeology Stable Isotope Laboratory, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Winter-Schuh
- Archaeology Stable Isotope Laboratory, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Meghan Jackson
- Meghan Jackson, Ossifrage Exploration Consulting LLC, Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Chunag Amartuvshin
- Chunag Amartuvshin, Archaeological Research Center, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - William Honeychurch
- William Honeychurch, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
McElwain JC, Matthaeus WJ, Barbosa C, Chondrogiannis C, O' Dea K, Jackson B, Knetge AB, Kwasniewska K, Nair R, White JD, Wilson JP, Montañez IP, Buckley YM, Belcher CM, Nogué S. Functional traits of fossil plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:392-423. [PMID: 38409806 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
A minuscule fraction of the Earth's paleobiological diversity is preserved in the geological record as fossils. What plant remnants have withstood taphonomic filtering, fragmentation, and alteration in their journey to become part of the fossil record provide unique information on how plants functioned in paleo-ecosystems through their traits. Plant traits are measurable morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical, or phenological characteristics that potentially affect their environment and fitness. Here, we review the rich literature of paleobotany, through the lens of contemporary trait-based ecology, to evaluate which well-established extant plant traits hold the greatest promise for application to fossils. In particular, we focus on fossil plant functional traits, those measurable properties of leaf, stem, reproductive, or whole plant fossils that offer insights into the functioning of the plant when alive. The limitations of a trait-based approach in paleobotany are considerable. However, in our critical assessment of over 30 extant traits we present an initial, semi-quantitative ranking of 26 paleo-functional traits based on taphonomic and methodological criteria on the potential of those traits to impact Earth system processes, and for that impact to be quantifiable. We demonstrate how valuable inferences on paleo-ecosystem processes (pollination biology, herbivory), past nutrient cycles, paleobiogeography, paleo-demography (life history), and Earth system history can be derived through the application of paleo-functional traits to fossil plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C McElwain
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - William J Matthaeus
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Catarina Barbosa
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | | | - Katie O' Dea
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Bea Jackson
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Antonietta B Knetge
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Kamila Kwasniewska
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Richard Nair
- School of Natural Sciences, Botany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Joseph D White
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, 76798-7388, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan P Wilson
- Department of Environmental Studies, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, 19041, PA, USA
| | - Isabel P Montañez
- UC Davis Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yvonne M Buckley
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | | | - Sandra Nogué
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Matlaga D, Lammerant R, Hogan JA, Uriarte M, Rodriguez‐Valle C, Zimmerman JK, Muscarella R. Survival, growth, and functional traits of tropical wet forest tree seedlings across an experimental soil moisture gradient in Puerto Rico. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11095. [PMID: 38505185 PMCID: PMC10950389 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Droughts are predicted to become more frequent and intense in many tropical regions, which may cause shifts in plant community composition. Especially in diverse tropical communities, understanding how traits mediate demographic responses to drought can help provide insight into the effects of climate change on these ecosystems. To understand tropical tree responses to reduced soil moisture, we grew seedlings of eight species across an experimental soil moisture gradient at the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. We quantified survival and growth over an 8-month period and characterized demographic responses in terms of tolerance to low soil moisture-defined as survival and growth rates under low soil moisture conditions-and sensitivity to variation in soil moisture-defined as more pronounced changes in demographic rates across the observed range of soil moisture. We then compared demographic responses with interspecific variation in a suite of 11 (root, stem, and leaf) functional traits, measured on individuals that survived the experiment. Lower soil moisture was associated with reduced survival and growth but traits mediated species-specific responses. Species with relatively conservative traits (e.g., high leaf mass per area), had higher survival at low soil moisture whereas species with more extensive root systems were more sensitive to soil moisture, in that they exhibited more pronounced changes in growth across the experimental soil moisture gradient. Our results suggest that increasing drought will favor species with more conservative traits that confer greater survival in low soil moisture conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Matlaga
- Department of BiologySusquehanna UniversitySelinsgrovePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Roel Lammerant
- Plant Ecology and EvolutionUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Tvärminne Zoological StationUniversity of HelsinkiHankoFinland
| | - J. Aaron Hogan
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - María Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Celimar Rodriguez‐Valle
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Puerto Rico‐Rio PiedrasSan JuanPuerto RicoUSA
| | - Jess K. Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Puerto Rico‐Rio PiedrasSan JuanPuerto RicoUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ren W, Tian L, Querejeta JI. Tight coupling between leaf δ 13 C and N content along leaf ageing in the N 2 -fixing legume tree black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14235. [PMID: 38472162 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
N2 -fixing legumes can strongly affect ecosystem functions by supplying nitrogen (N) and improving the carbon-fixing capacity of vegetation. Still, the question of how their leaf-level N status and carbon metabolism are coordinated along leaf ageing remains unexplored. Leaf tissue carbon isotopic composition (δ13 C) provides a useful indicator of time-integrated intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi). Here, we quantified the seasonal changes of leaf δ13 C, N content on a mass and area basis (Nmass , Narea , respectively), Δ18 O (leaf 18 O enrichment above source water, a proxy of time-integrated stomatal conductance) and morphological traits in an emblematic N2 -fixing legume tree, the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), at a subtropical site in Southwest China. We also measured xylem, soil and rainwater isotopes (δ18 O, δ2 H) to characterize tree water uptake patterns. Xylem water isotopic data reveal that black locust primarily used shallow soil water in this humid habitat. Black locust exhibited a decreasing δ13 C along leaf ageing, which was largely driven by decreasing leaf Nmass , despite roughly constant Narea . In contrast, the decreasing δ13 C along leaf ageing was largely uncoupled from parallel increases in Δ18 O and leaf thickness. Leaf N content is used as a proxy of leaf photosynthetic capacity; thus, it plays a key role in determining the seasonality in δ13 C, whereas the roles of stomatal conductance and leaf morphology are minor. Black locust leaves can effectively adjust to changing environmental conditions along leaf ageing through LMA increases and moderate stomatal conductance reduction while maintaining constant Narea to optimize photosynthesis and carbon assimilation, despite declining leaf Nmass and δ13 C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lide Tian
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Kunming, China
| | - José Ignacio Querejeta
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS, CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Norwood AL, Wang B, Kingston JD. Linking African herbivore community enamel isotopes and environments: challenges, opportunities, and paleoecological implications. Oecologia 2024; 204:467-489. [PMID: 38517529 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Paleoenvironmental reconstructions of fossil sites based on isotopic analyses of enamel typically rely on data from multiple herbivore taxa, with the assumption that this dietary spectrum represents the community's isotopic range and provides insights into local or regional vegetation patterns. However, it remains unclear how representative the sampled taxa are of the broader herbivore community and how well these data correspond to specific ecosystems. Verifying these underlying assumptions is essential to refining the utility of enamel isotopic values for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. This study explores potential links between modern herbivore community carbon isotopic enamel spectra, biome types, and climate in sub-Saharan Africa. This region is one of the most comprehensively isotopically sampled areas globally and is of particular relevance to hominin evolution. Our extensive data compilation reveals that published enamel isotopic data from sub-Saharan Africa typically sample only a small percentage of the taxa documented at most localities and that some biome types (e.g., subtropical savannas) are dramatically overrepresented relative to others (e.g., forests) in these modern data sets. Multiple statistical analyses, including linear models and cluster analyses, revealed weak relationships of associated mammalian herbivore enamel isotopic values, biome type, and climate parameters. These results confound any simple assumptions about how community isotopic profiles map onto specific environments, highlighting the need for more precise strategic approaches in extending isotopic frameworks into the past for paleoecological reconstructions. Developing more refined modern analogs will ultimately allow us to more accurately characterize the isotopic spectra of paleo-communities and link isotopic dietary signatures to specific ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - John D Kingston
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu YZ, Liu HT, Yang F, Li L, Schäufele R, Tcherkez G, Schnyder H, Gong XY. δ13C of bulk organic matter and cellulose reveal post-photosynthetic fractionation during ontogeny in C4 grass leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1451-1464. [PMID: 37943576 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The 13C isotope composition (δ13C) of leaf dry matter is a useful tool for physiological and ecological studies. However, how post-photosynthetic fractionation associated with respiration and carbon export influences δ13C remains uncertain. We investigated the effects of post-photosynthetic fractionation on δ13C of mature leaves of Cleistogenes squarrosa, a perennial C4 grass, in controlled experiments with different levels of vapour pressure deficit and nitrogen supply. With increasing leaf age class, the 12C/13C fractionation of leaf organic matter relative to the δ13C of atmosphere CO2 (ΔDM) increased while that of cellulose (Δcel) was almost constant. The divergence between ΔDM and Δcel increased with leaf age class, with a maximum value of 1.6‰, indicating the accumulation of post-photosynthetic fractionation. Applying a new mass balance model that accounts for respiration and export of photosynthates, we found an apparent 12C/13C fractionation associated with carbon export of -0.5‰ to -1.0‰. Different ΔDM among leaves, pseudostems, daughter tillers, and roots indicate that post-photosynthetic fractionation happens at the whole-plant level. Compared with ΔDM of old leaves, ΔDM of young leaves and Δcel are more reliable proxies for predicting physiological parameters due to the lower sensitivity to post-photosynthetic fractionation and the similar sensitivity in responses to environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Hai Tao Liu
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Rudi Schäufele
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRAe, Université d'Angers, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Hans Schnyder
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Xiao Ying Gong
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, D-85354 Freising, Germany
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang L, Peng J, Zhang A, Zhang S. Morphological change and genome-wide transcript analysis of Haloxylon ammodendron leaf development reveals morphological characteristics and genes associated with the different C3 and C4 photosynthetic metabolic pathways. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae018. [PMID: 38284810 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis outperforms C3 photosynthesis in natural ecosystems by maintaining a high photosynthetic rate and affording higher water-use and nitrogen-use efficiencies. C4 plants can survive in environments with poor living conditions, such as high temperatures and arid regions, and will be crucial to ecological and agricultural security in the face of global climate change in the future. However, the genetic architecture of C4 photosynthesis remains largely unclear, especially the genetic regulation of C4 Kranz anatomy. Haloxylon ammodendron is an important afforestation tree species and a valuable C4 wood plant in the desert region. The unique characteristic of H. ammodendron is that, during the seedling stage, it utilizes C3 photosynthesis, while in mature assimilating shoots (maAS), it switches to the C4 pathway. This makes an exceptional opportunity for studying the development of the C4 Kranz anatomy and metabolic pathways within individual plants (identical genome). To provide broader insight into the regulation of Kranz anatomy and non-Kranz leaves of the C4 plant H. ammodendron, carbon isotope values, anatomical sections and transcriptome analyses were used to better understand the molecular and cellular processes related to the development of C4 Kranz anatomy. This study revealed that H. ammodendron conducts C3 in the cotyledon before it switches to C4 in AS. However, the switching requires a developmental process. Stable carbon isotope discrimination measurements on three different developmental stages showed that young AS have a C3-like δ13C even though C4 Kranz anatomy is found, which is inconsistent with the anatomical findings. A C4-like δ13C can be measured in AS until they are mature. The expression analysis of C4 key genes also showed that the maAS exhibited higher expression than the young AS. In addition, many genes that may be related to the development of Kranz anatomy were screened. Comparison of gene expression patterns with respect to anatomy during leaf ontogeny provided insight into the genetic features of Kranz anatomy. This study helps with our understanding of the development of Kranz anatomy and provides future directions for studies on key C4 regulatory genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jieying Peng
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Anna Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, 666 Shengli Road, Urumchi 830046, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hu Y, Schäfer KVR, Hu S, Zhou W, Xiang D, Zeng Y, Ouyang S, Chen L, Lei P, Deng X, Zhao Z, Fang X, Xiang W. Woody species with higher hydraulic efficiency or lower photosynthetic capacity discriminate more against 13C at the global scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168172. [PMID: 37939937 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13C) provides an integrative record on the carbon and water balance of plants over long periods. Photosynthetic ability and hydraulic traits which are highly associated with stomatal behavior could affect leaf δ13C. Association between photosynthetic ability and leaf δ13C has been examined, however, how hydraulic traits influence leaf δ13C has not been fully understood. To fill this gap, we investigated the variations in leaf δ13C among 2591 woody species (547 shrub and 2044 tree species), and analyzed the link of leaf δ13C with leaf photosynthetic and xylem hydraulic traits. Our result showed that leaf δ13C was positively correlated to leaf photosynthetic ability and capacity. For hydraulic traits, leaf δ13C was negatively related to hydraulic conductivity (Ks), xylem pressure inducing 50 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (P50) and vessel diameter (Vdia). Associations of leaf δ13C with xylem hydraulic traits indicate woody species with stronger hydraulic safety discriminated less against 13C, while woody species with higher hydraulic efficiency had more negative leaf δ13C. Shrub species, which showed a lower Vdia and P50, had a significant less negative leaf δ13C than tree species. Furthermore, woody species inhabiting in dry regions discriminated less against 13C than those growing in humid regions. Moreover, leaf δ13C displayed a low phylogenetic signal based on Blomberg's K statistic. Overall, woody species with a higher leaf photosynthetic ability or stronger hydraulic safety system discriminated less against 13C and adopt the provident water use strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Hu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Karina V R Schäfer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 195 University Avenue, Newark 07102, NJ, USA
| | - Songjiang Hu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Wenneng Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dong Xiang
- Forestry Bureau of Huaihua Perfecture, Huaihua 418099, Hunan, China
| | - Yelin Zeng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Shuai Ouyang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Pifeng Lei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Xiangwen Deng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Zhonghui Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Xi Fang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China
| | - Wenhua Xiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Huitong National Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystems in Hunan Province, Huitong, Hunan 438107, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ubierna N, Holloway-Phillips MM, Wingate L, Ogée J, Busch FA, Farquhar GD. Using Carbon Stable Isotopes to Study C 3 and C 4 Photosynthesis: Models and Calculations. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:163-211. [PMID: 38649572 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Stable carbon isotopes are a powerful tool to study photosynthesis. Initial applications consisted of determining isotope ratios of plant biomass using mass spectrometry. Subsequently, theoretical models relating C isotope values to gas exchange characteristics were introduced and tested against instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination. Beginning in the twenty-first century, laser absorption spectroscopes with sufficient precision for determining isotope mixing ratios became commercially available. This has allowed collection of large data sets at lower cost and with unprecedented temporal resolution. More data and accompanying knowledge have permitted refinement of 13C discrimination model equations, but often at the expense of increased model complexity and difficult parametrization. This chapter describes instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination, provides recommendations for experimental setup, and presents a thorough compilation of equations available to researchers. We update our previous 2018 version of this chapter by including recently improved descriptions of (photo)respiratory processes and associated fractionations. We discuss the capabilities and limitations of the diverse 13C discrimination model equations and provide guidance for selecting the model complexity needed for different applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Ubierna
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1391 ISPA, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Meisha-Marika Holloway-Phillips
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmendsorf, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Wingate
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1391 ISPA, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Jérôme Ogée
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1391 ISPA, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Walker BJ, Driever SM, Kromdijk J, Lawson T, Busch FA. Tools for Measuring Photosynthesis at Different Scales. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:1-26. [PMID: 38649563 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Measurements of in vivo photosynthesis are powerful tools that probe the largest fluxes of carbon and energy in an illuminated leaf, but often the specific techniques used are so varied and specialized that it is difficult for researchers outside the field to select and perform the most useful assays for their research questions. The goal of this chapter is to provide a broad overview of the current tools available for the study of photosynthesis, both in vivo and in vitro, so as to provide a foundation for selecting appropriate techniques, many of which are presented in detail in subsequent chapters. This chapter will also organize current methods into a comparative framework and provide examples of how they have been applied to research questions of broad agronomical, ecological, or biological importance. This chapter closes with an argument that the future of in vivo measurements of photosynthesis lies in the ability to use multiple methods simultaneously and discusses the benefits of this approach to currently open physiological questions. This chapter, combined with the relevant methods chapters, could serve as a laboratory course in methods in photosynthesis research or as part of a more comprehensive laboratory course in general plant physiology methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berkley J Walker
- Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Steven M Driever
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Biasuz EC, Kalcsits L. Rootstock effects on leaf function and isotope composition in apple occurred on both scion grafted and ungrafted rootstocks under hydroponic conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1274195. [PMID: 38155849 PMCID: PMC10753837 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1274195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Rootstocks are used in modern apple production to increase productivity, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, and fruit quality. While dwarfing for apple rootstocks has been well characterized, the physiological mechanisms controlling dwarfing have not. Previous research has reported rootstock effects on scion water relations. Root architecture and variability in soil moisture across rooting depths can also contribute to these differences among rootstocks in the field. To exclude these effects on rootstock behavior, scions were grafted onto four different rootstocks with varying effects on scion vigor (B.9, M.9, G.41 and G.890). Non-grafted rootstocks were also grown to examine whether the effects of rootstock occurred independently from scion grafting. Plants were grown in a greenhouse under near steady-state hydroponic conditions. Carbon (δ13C), oxygen (δ18O) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope composition were evaluated and relationships with carbon assimilation, water relations, and shoot growth were tested. Rootstocks affected scion shoot growth, aligning with known levels of vigor for these four rootstocks, and were consistent between the two scion cultivars. Furthermore, changes in water relations influenced by rootstock genotype significantly affected leaf, stem, and root δ13C, δ18O, and δ15N. Lower δ13C and δ18O were inconsistently associated with rootstock genotypes with higher vigor in leaves, stems, and roots. G.41 had lower δ15N in roots, stems, and leaves in both grafted and ungrafted trees. The effects of rootstock on aboveground water relations were also similar for leaves of ungrafted rootstocks. This study provides further evidence that dwarfing for apple rootstocks is linked with physiological limitations to water delivery to the developing scion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Casagrande Biasuz
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, United States
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Lee Kalcsits
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, United States
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Holtum JAM. Klaus Winter - the indefatigable CAM experimentalist. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:563-575. [PMID: 37010384 PMCID: PMC10799999 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In January 1972, Klaus Winter submitted his first paper on crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) whilst still an undergraduate student in Darmstadt. During the subsequent half-century, he passed his Staatsexamensarbeit, obtained his Dr. rer. nat. summa cum laude and Dr. rer. nat. habil., won a Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Prize and a Heisenberg Fellowship, and has occupied positions in Germany, Australia, the USA and Panama. Now a doyen in CAM circles, and a Senior Staff Scientist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), he has published over 300 articles, of which about 44 % are about CAM. SCOPE I document Winter's career, attempting to place his CAM-related scientific output and evolution in the context of factors that have influenced him as he and his science progressed from the 1970s to the 2020s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A M Holtum
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Holtum JAM. The diverse diaspora of CAM: a pole-to-pole sketch. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:597-625. [PMID: 37303205 PMCID: PMC10800000 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis is a successful adaptation that has evolved often in angiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns and lycophytes. Present in ~5 % of vascular plants, the CAM diaspora includes all continents apart from Antarctica. Species with CAM inhabit most landscapes colonized by vascular plants, from the Arctic Circle to Tierra del Fuego, from below sea level to 4800 m a.s.l., from rainforests to deserts. They have colonized terrestrial, epiphytic, lithophytic, palustrine and aquatic systems, developing perennial, annual or geophyte strategies that can be structurally arborescent, shrub, forb, cladode, epiphyte, vine or leafless with photosynthetic roots. CAM can enhance survival by conserving water, trapping carbon, reducing carbon loss and/or via photoprotection. SCOPE This review assesses the phylogenetic diversity and historical biogeography of selected lineages with CAM, i.e. ferns, gymnosperms and eumagnoliids, Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Crassulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Aizoaceae, Portulacineae (Montiaceae, Basellaceae, Halophytaceae, Didiereaceae, Talinaceae, Portulacaceae, Anacampserotaceae and Cactaceae) and aquatics. CONCLUSIONS Most extant CAM lineages diversified after the Oligocene/Miocene, as the planet dried and CO2 concentrations dropped. Radiations exploited changing ecological landscapes, including Andean emergence, Panamanian Isthmus closure, Sundaland emergence and submergence, changing climates and desertification. Evidence remains sparse for or against theories that CAM biochemistry tends to evolve before pronounced changes in anatomy and that CAM tends to be a culminating xerophytic trait. In perennial taxa, any form of CAM can occur depending upon the lineage and the habitat, although facultative CAM appears uncommon in epiphytes. CAM annuals lack strong CAM. In CAM annuals, C3 + CAM predominates, and inducible or facultative CAM is common.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A M Holtum
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mok D, Leung A, Searles P, Sage TL, Sage RF. CAM photosynthesis in Bulnesia retama (Zygophyllaceae), a non-succulent desert shrub from South America. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:655-670. [PMID: 37625031 PMCID: PMC10799978 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bulnesia retama is a drought-deciduous, xerophytic shrub from arid landscapes of South America. In a survey of carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in specimens from the field, B. retama exhibited less negative values, indicative of CAM or C4 photosynthesis. Here, we investigate whether B. retama is a C4 or CAM plant. METHODS Gas-exchange responses to intercellular CO2, diurnal gas-exchange profiles, δ13C and dawn vs. afternoon titratable acidity were measured on leaves and stems of watered and droughted B. retama plants. Leaf and stem cross-sections were imaged to determine whether the tissues exhibited succulent CAM or C4 Kranz anatomy. KEY RESULTS Field-collected stems and fruits of B. retama exhibited δ13C between -16 and -19 ‰. Plants grown in a glasshouse from field-collected seeds had leaf δ13C values near -31 ‰ and stem δ13C values near -28 ‰. The CO2 response of photosynthesis showed that leaves and stems used C3 photosynthesis during the day, while curvature in the nocturnal response of net CO2 assimilation rate (A) in all stems, coupled with slightly positive rates of A at night, indicated modest CAM function. C4 photosynthesis was absent. Succulence was absent in all tissues, although stems exhibited tight packing of the cortical chlorenchyma in a CAM-like manner. Tissue titratable acidity increased at night in droughted stems. CONCLUSIONS Bulnesia retama is a weak to modest C3 + CAM plant. This is the first report of CAM in the Zygophyllaceae and the first showing that non-succulent, xerophytic shrubs use CAM. CAM alone in B. retama was too limited to explain less negative δ13C in field-collected plants, but combined with effects of low stomatal and mesophyll conductance it could raise δ13C to observed values between -16 and -19 ‰. Modest CAM activity, particularly during severe drought, could enable B. retama to persist in arid habitats of South America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mok
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5R3C6, Canada
| | - Arthur Leung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5R3C6, Canada
| | - Peter Searles
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR-CONICET), Entre Ríos y Mendoza s/n, Anillaco (5301), La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Tammy L Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5R3C6, Canada
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5R3C6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sage RF, Gilman IS, Smith JAC, Silvera K, Edwards EJ. Atmospheric CO2 decline and the timing of CAM plant evolution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:753-770. [PMID: 37642245 PMCID: PMC10799994 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS CAM photosynthesis is hypothesized to have evolved in atmospheres of low CO2 concentration in recent geological time because of its ability to concentrate CO2 around Rubisco and boost water use efficiency relative to C3 photosynthesis. We assess this hypothesis by compiling estimates of when CAM clades arose using phylogenetic chronograms for 73 CAM clades. We further consider evidence of how atmospheric CO2 affects CAM relative to C3 photosynthesis. RESULTS Where CAM origins can be inferred, strong CAM is estimated to have appeared in the past 30 million years in 46 of 48 examined clades, after atmospheric CO2 had declined from high (near 800 ppm) to lower (<450 ppm) values. In turn, 21 of 25 clades containing CAM species (but where CAM origins are less certain) also arose in the past 30 million years. In these clades, CAM is probably younger than the clade origin. We found evidence for repeated weak CAM evolution during the higher CO2 conditions before 30 million years ago, and possible strong CAM origins in the Crassulaceae during the Cretaceous period prior to atmospheric CO2 decline. Most CAM-specific clades arose in the past 15 million years, in a similar pattern observed for origins of C4 clades. CONCLUSIONS The evidence indicates strong CAM repeatedly evolved in reduced CO2 conditions of the past 30 million years. Weaker CAM can pre-date low CO2 and, in the Crassulaceae, strong CAM may also have arisen in water-limited microsites under relatively high CO2. Experimental evidence from extant CAM species demonstrates that elevated CO2 reduces the importance of nocturnal CO2 fixation by increasing the contribution of C3 photosynthesis to daily carbon gain. Thus, the advantage of strong CAM would be reduced in high CO2, such that its evolution appears less likely and restricted to more extreme environments than possible in low CO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Ian S Gilman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - J Andrew C Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Katia Silvera
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vogado N, Laurance SG, Liddell MJ, Engert JE, Wurster CM, Schiffer M, Thompson A, Nichols C, Cernusak LA. Assessing the effects of a drought experiment on the reproductive phenology and ecophysiology of a wet tropical rainforest community. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad064. [PMID: 37732160 PMCID: PMC10509008 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to increase the intensity and occurrence of drought in tropical regions, potentially affecting the phenology and physiology of tree species. Phenological activity may respond to a drying and warming environment by advancing reproductive timing and/or diminishing the production of flowers and fruits. These changes have the potential to disrupt important ecological processes, with potentially wide-ranging effects on tropical forest function. Here, we analysed the monthly flowering and fruiting phenology of a tree community (337 individuals from 30 species) over 7 years in a lowland tropical rainforest in northeastern Australia and its response to a throughfall exclusion drought experiment (TFE) that was carried out from 2016 to 2018 (3 years), excluding approximately 30% of rainfall. We further examined the ecophysiological effects of the TFE on the elemental (C:N) and stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) composition of leaves, and on the stable isotope composition (δ13C and δ18O) of stem wood of four tree species. At the community level, there was no detectable effect of the TFE on flowering activity overall, but there was a significant effect recorded on fruiting and varying responses from the selected species. The reproductive phenology and physiology of the four species examined in detail were largely resistant to impacts of the TFE treatment. One canopy species in the TFE significantly increased in fruiting and flowering activity, whereas one understory species decreased significantly in both. There was a significant interaction between the TFE treatment and season on leaf C:N for two species. Stable isotope responses were also variable among species, indicating species-specific responses to the TFE. Thus, we did not observe consistent patterns in physiological and phenological changes in the tree community within the 3 years of TFE treatment examined in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nara Vogado
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1/14-88 McGregor Rd Smithfield, Cairns, 4870, Australia
| | - Susan G Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1/14-88 McGregor Rd Smithfield, Cairns, 4870, Australia
| | - Michael J Liddell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1/14-88 McGregor Rd Smithfield, Cairns, 4870, Australia
| | - Jayden E Engert
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1/14-88 McGregor Rd Smithfield, Cairns, 4870, Australia
| | - Christopher M Wurster
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, James Cook University, 1/14-88 McGregor Rd Smithfield, Cairns, 4870, Australia
| | - Michele Schiffer
- Daintree Research Observatory, James Cook University, Cape Tribulation, 4873, Australia
| | - Andrew Thompson
- Daintree Research Observatory, James Cook University, Cape Tribulation, 4873, Australia
| | | | - Lucas A Cernusak
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1/14-88 McGregor Rd Smithfield, Cairns, 4870, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Guo J, Beverly DP, Ewers BE, Williams DG. Stomatal, mesophyll and biochemical limitations to photosynthesis and their relationship with leaf structure over an elevation gradient in two conifers. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 157:85-101. [PMID: 37212937 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic responses across complex elevational gradients provides insight into fundamental processes driving responses of plant growth and net primary production to environmental change. Gas exchange of needles and twig water potential were measured in two widespread coniferous tree species, Pinus contorta and Picea engelmannii, over an 800-m elevation gradient in southeastern Wyoming, USA. We hypothesized that limitations to photosynthesis imposed by mesophyll conductance (gm) would be greatest at the highest elevation sites due to higher leaf mass per area (LMA) and that estimations of maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) without including gm would obscure elevational patterns of photosynthetic capacity. We found that gm decreased with elevation for P. contorta and remained constant for P. engelmannii, but in general, limitation to photosynthesis by gm was small. Indeed, estimations of Vcmax when including gm were equivalent to those estimated without including gm and no correlation was found between gm and LMA nor between gm and leaf N. Stomatal conductance (gs) and biochemical demand for CO2 were by far the most limiting processes to photosynthesis at all sites along the elevation gradient. Photosynthetic capacity (A) and gs were influenced strongly by differences in soil water availability across the elevation transect, while gm was less responsive to water availability. Based on our analysis, variation in gm plays only a minor role in driving patterns of photosynthesis in P. contorta and P. engelmannii across complex elevational gradients in dry, continental environments of the Rocky Mountains and accurate modeling of photosynthesis, growth and net primary production in these forests may not require detailed estimation of this trait value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiemin Guo
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
| | - Daniel P Beverly
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Biology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Brent E Ewers
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - David G Williams
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wall CB, Swift SOI, D’Antonio CM, Gebauer G, Hynson NA. Isoscapes of remnant and restored Hawaiian montane forests reveal differences in biological nitrogen fixation and carbon inputs. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15468. [PMID: 37304880 PMCID: PMC10252893 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Deforestation and subsequent land-use conversion has altered ecosystems and led to negative effects on biodiversity. To ameliorate these effects, nitrogen-fixing (N2-fixing) trees are frequently used in the reforestation of degraded landscapes, especially in the tropics; however, their influence on ecosystem properties such as nitrogen (N) availability and carbon (C) stocks are understudied. Here, we use a 30-y old reforestation site of outplanted native N2-fixing trees (Acacia koa) dominated by exotic grass understory, and a neighboring remnant forest dominated by A. koa canopy trees and native understory, to assess whether restoration is leading to similar N and C biogeochemical landscapes and soil and plant properties as a target remnant forest ecosystem. We measured nutrient contents and isotope values (δ15N, δ13C) in soils, A. koa, and non-N2-fixing understory plants (Rubus spp.) and generated δ15N and δ13C isoscapes of the two forests to test for (1) different levels of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and its contribution to non-N2-fixing understory plants, and (2) the influence of historic land conversion and more recent afforestation on plant and soil δ13C. In the plantation, A. koa densities were higher and foliar δ15N values for A. koa and Rubus spp. were lower than in the remnant forest. Foliar and soil isoscapes also showed a more homogeneous distribution of low δ15N values in the plantation and greater influence of A. koa on neighboring plants and soil, suggesting greater BNF. Foliar δ13C also indicated higher water use efficiency (WUEi) in the plantation, indicative of differences in plant-water relations or soil water status between the two forest types. Plantation soil δ13C was higher than the remnant forest, consistent with greater contributions of exotic C4-pasture grasses to soil C pools, possibly due to facilitation of non-native grasses by the dense A. koa canopy. These findings are consequential for forest restoration, as they contribute to the mounting evidence that outplanting N2-fixing trees produces different biogeochemical landscapes than those observed in reference ecosystems, thereby influencing plant-soil interactions which can influence restoration outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B. Wall
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | | | - Carla M. D’Antonio
- University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pérez-Diz M, Rodríguez-Addesso B, Hussain MI, Rodríguez J, Novoa A, González L. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope compositions provide new insights into the phenotypic plasticity of the invasive species Carpobrotus sp. pl. in different coastal habitats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162470. [PMID: 36842586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The genus Carpobrotus N.E.Br. comprises several aggressive invasive species that threaten biodiversity in coastal areas worldwide. We studied the phenotypic plasticity of Carpobrotus sp. pl. invading four coastal habitats in the north-western Iberian Peninsula (coastal cliffs, disturbed areas, dunes and coastal forests). We measured morphological traits and carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope compositions of Carpobrotus sp. pl. individuals collected in each habitat. Our results indicated that leaf carbon content (% C) and dry shoot weight were higher on cliffs and lower in mixed forests. In contrast, leaf hydration was higher in mixed forests and lower on cliffs. Leaf nitrogen content (% N) was higher in forests, which might be due to the presence of Acacia longifolia, an alien tree that accumulates N in the soil through symbiotic associations with N fixing bacteria. Differences in δ15N showed the use of different N sources in each habitat. Values were higher in disturbed areas with greater human activity and lower on cliffs and forests. δ13C was higher in cliffs and dunes, suggesting CAM activity where drought and salinity are more intense. Water use efficiency (iWUE) and δ13C were higher on cliffs and dunes, suggesting an adaptation and high tolerance of Carpobrotus sp. pl. to unfavourable conditions such as drought or salinity in the invaded areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pérez-Diz
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Berea Rodríguez-Addesso
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Jonatan Rodríguez
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic; CRETUS, Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ana Novoa
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic.
| | - Luís González
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen M, Shi Z, Liu S, Xu G, Cao X, Chen J, Zhang M, Feng Q, Centritto M, Cao J. Leaf functional traits have more contributions than climate to the variations of leaf stable carbon isotope of different plant functional types on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162036. [PMID: 36746282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms that control the leaf stable carbon isotope values (δ13Cleaf) is the prerequisite for the widespread application of δ13Cleaf. However, the competing effects of physiological and environmental factors on δ13Cleaf variations of the different plant functional types (PFTs) have not been disentangled, and the corresponding mechanisms remain unclear. Based on large-scale δ13Cleaf measurements on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the relative contributions and regulatory pathways of leaf functional traits (LFTs) and climatic factors to δ13Cleaf variations of the different PFTs were investigated. We found that δ13Cleaf of the different PFTs was correlated with annual mean precipitation negatively, but not a simple linear relationship with annual mean temperature and varied by PFTs. Leaf nitrogen content per unit area and leaf mass per area (correlated with δ13Cleaf positively) had more substantial effects on the δ13Cleaf variations of the different PFTs than other LFTs. The relative contributions of LFTs to the δ13Cleaf variations were greater than that of climatic factors, and the direct and indirect effects of climatic factors on δ13Cleaf variations varied by PFTs. Our findings provide new insights into understanding key drivers of δ13Cleaf variations at the PFT level on a regional scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County, Sichuan 623100, China
| | - Zuomin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County, Sichuan 623100, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Torino 10135, Italy.
| | - Shun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County, Sichuan 623100, China
| | - Gexi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County, Sichuan 623100, China
| | - Xiangwen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County, Sichuan 623100, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County, Sichuan 623100, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Miyaluo Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystem, Lixian County, Sichuan 623100, China
| | - Qiuhong Feng
- Ecological Restoration and Conservation on Forest and Wetland Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Torino 10135, Italy
| | - Jiahao Cao
- Institute of Forestry Science of Bailongjiang in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730046, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Garcia AK, Kędzior M, Taton A, Li M, Young JN, Kaçar B. Effects of RuBisCO and CO 2 concentration on cyanobacterial growth and carbon isotope fractionation. GEOBIOLOGY 2023; 21:390-403. [PMID: 36602111 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotope biosignatures preserved in the Precambrian geologic record are primarily interpreted to reflect ancient cyanobacterial carbon fixation catalyzed by Form I RuBisCO enzymes. The average range of isotopic biosignatures generally follows that produced by extant cyanobacteria. However, this observation is difficult to reconcile with several environmental (e.g., temperature, pH, and CO2 concentrations), molecular, and physiological factors that likely would have differed during the Precambrian and can produce fractionation variability in contemporary organisms that meets or exceeds that observed in the geologic record. To test a specific range of genetic and environmental factors that may impact ancient carbon isotope biosignatures, we engineered a mutant strain of the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 that overexpresses RuBisCO across varying atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We hypothesized that changes in RuBisCO expression would impact the net rates of intracellular CO2 fixation versus CO2 supply, and thus whole-cell carbon isotope discrimination. In particular, we investigated the impacts of RuBisCO overexpression under changing CO2 concentrations on both carbon isotope biosignatures and cyanobacterial physiology, including cell growth and oxygen evolution rates. We found that an increased pool of active RuBisCO does not significantly affect the 13 C/12 C isotopic discrimination (εp ) at all tested CO2 concentrations, yielding εp of ≈ 23‰ for both wild-type and mutant strains at elevated CO2 . We therefore suggest that expected variation in cyanobacterial RuBisCO expression patterns should not confound carbon isotope biosignature interpretation. A deeper understanding of environmental, evolutionary, and intracellular factors that impact cyanobacterial physiology and isotope discrimination is crucial for reconciling microbially driven carbon biosignatures with those preserved in the geologic record.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mateusz Kędzior
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Arnaud Taton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Meng Li
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jodi N Young
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Betül Kaçar
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang S, Han Y, Jia Y, Chen Z, Wang G. Addressing the Relationship between Leaf Nitrogen and Carbon Isotope Discrimination from the Three Levels of Community, Population and Individual. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1551. [PMID: 37050177 PMCID: PMC10097192 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The carbon, nitrogen and water cycles of terrestrial ecosystems are important biogeochemical cycles. Addressing the relationship of leaf nitrogen (N) and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) will enhance the understanding of the links between these three cycles in plant leaves because Δ can reflect time-integrated leaf-level water-use efficiency (WUE) over the period when the leaf material is produced. Previous studies have paid considerable attention to the relationship. However, these studies have not effectively eliminated the interference of environmental factors, inter-species, and inter-individual differences in this relationship, so new research is necessary. To minimize these interferences, the present work explored the relationship at the three levels of community, population, and plant individual. Three patterns of positive, negative and no relationship were observed across communities, populations, and individuals, which is dependent on environmental conditions, species, and plant individuals. The results strongly suggested that there is no general pattern for the relationship between leaf N and Δ. Furthermore, the results indicated that there is often no coupling between leaf-level long-term WUE and leaf N in the metabolic process of carbon, N and water in leaves. The main reason for the lack of this relationship is that most plants do not invest large amounts of nitrogen into photosynthesis. In addition, the present study also observed that, for most plant species, leaf N was not related to photosynthetic rate, and that variations in photosynthetic rates are mainly driven by stomatal conductance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Biotechonology, College of Biotechonology and Pharmceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yaowen Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yufu Jia
- Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zixun Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Förster B, Rourke LM, Weerasooriya HN, Pabuayon ICM, Rolland V, Au EK, Bala S, Bajsa-Hirschel J, Kaines S, Kasili R, LaPlace L, Machingura MC, Massey B, Rosati VC, Stuart-Williams H, Badger MR, Price GD, Moroney JV. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast envelope protein LCIA transports bicarbonate in planta. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad116. [PMID: 36987927 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
LCIA is a chloroplast envelope protein associated with the CO2 concentrating mechanism of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. LCIA is postulated to be a HCO3- channel, but previous studies were unable to show that LCIA was actively transporting bicarbonate in planta. Therefore, LCIA activity was investigated more directly in two heterologous systems: an E. coli mutant (DCAKO) lacking both native carbonic anhydrases and an Arabidopsis mutant (βca5) missing the plastid carbonic anhydrase βCA5. Both DCAKO and βca5 cannot grow in ambient CO2 conditions, as they lack carbonic anhydrase-catalyzed production of the necessary HCO3- concentration for lipid and nucleic acid biosynthesis. Expression of LCIA restored growth in both systems in ambient CO2 conditions, which strongly suggests that LCIA is facilitating HCO3- uptake in each system. To our knowledge, this is the first direct evidence that LCIA moves HCO3- across membranes in bacteria and plants. Furthermore, the βca5 plant bioassay used in this study is the first system for testing HCO3- transport activity in planta, an experimental breakthrough that will be valuable for future studies aimed at improving the photosynthetic efficiency of crop plants using components from algal CO2 concentrating mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Förster
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Loraine M Rourke
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Hiruni N Weerasooriya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Isaiah C M Pabuayon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Vivien Rolland
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Eng Kee Au
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Soumi Bala
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Sarah Kaines
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Remmy Kasili
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Lillian LaPlace
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | | | - Baxter Massey
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Viviana C Rosati
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Murray R Badger
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - G Dean Price
- The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - James V Moroney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lewis AC, Hughes C, Rogers TL. Living in human-modified landscapes narrows the dietary niche of a specialised mammalian scavenger. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3582. [PMID: 36869089 PMCID: PMC9984462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic impacts on carnivores can be complex, posing numerous threats to many species, yet also benefits to those able to exploit certain resources. This balancing act is particularly precarious for those adapters that exploit dietary resources provided by humans, but still require other resources only available in native habitat. Here we measure the dietary niche of one such species, the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), a specialised mammalian scavenger, across an anthropogenic habitat gradient stretching from cleared pasture to undisturbed rainforest. Populations inhabiting areas of greater disturbance showed restricted dietary niches, suggesting that all individuals fed on similar food items, even within regenerated native forest. Populations in undisturbed rainforest habitats had comparatively broad diets and showed evidence of niche partitioning by body size, which may reduce intraspecific competition. Despite the potential benefits of reliable access to high-quality food items in anthropogenically-modified habitats, the constrained niches we observed may be harmful, indicating altered behaviours and potentially increasing the rate of fights between individuals over food. This is of particular concern for a species at risk of extinction due to a deadly cancer primarily transmitted through aggressive interactions. The lack of diversity in devil diets within regenerated native forest compared to those in old-growth rainforest also indicates the conservation value of the latter for both the devil and the species which they consume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Lewis
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- The Carnivore Conservancy, Ulverstone, TAS, Australia.
| | - Channing Hughes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Carnivore Conservancy, Ulverstone, TAS, Australia
| | - Tracey L Rogers
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Trevisan F, Tiziani R, Hall RD, Cesco S, Mimmo T. δ 13C as a tool for iron and phosphorus deficiency prediction in crops. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e487. [PMID: 36950260 PMCID: PMC10027435 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Many studies proposed the use of stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) as a predictor of abiotic stresses in plants, considering only drought and nitrogen deficiency without further investigating the impact of other nutrient deficiencies, that is, phosphorus (P) and/or iron (Fe) deficiencies. To fill this knowledge gap, we assessed the δ13C of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) plants suffering from P, Fe, and combined P/Fe deficiencies during a two-week period using an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer. Simultaneously, plant physiological status was monitored with an infra-red gas analyzer. Results show clear contrasting time-, treatment-, species-, and tissue-specific variations. Furthermore, physiological parameters showed limited correlation with δ13C shifts, highlighting that the plants' δ13C, does not depend solely on photosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation/discrimination (Δ). Hence, the use of δ13C as a predictor is highly discouraged due to its inability to detect and discern different nutrient stresses, especially when combined stresses are present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Trevisan
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyFree University of BolzanoBolzanoItaly
| | - Raphael Tiziani
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyFree University of BolzanoBolzanoItaly
| | - Robert D. Hall
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Business Unit BioscienceWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Stefano Cesco
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyFree University of BolzanoBolzanoItaly
| | - Tanja Mimmo
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyFree University of BolzanoBolzanoItaly
- Competence Centre of Plant HealthFree University of Bozen‐BolzanoBolzanoItaly
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Scartazza A, Sbrana C, D'Andrea E, Matteucci G, Rezaie N, Lauteri M. Above- and belowground interplay: Canopy CO 2 uptake, carbon and nitrogen allocation and isotope fractionation along the plant-ectomycorrhiza continuum. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:889-900. [PMID: 36541420 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In forests, mycorrhizal fungi regulate carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics. We evaluated the interplay among ectomycorrhizas (ECM), ecosystem C fluxes, tree productivity, C and N exchange and isotopic fractionation along the soil-ECM-plant continuum in a Mediterranean beech forest. From bud break to leaf shedding, we monitored: net ecosystem exchange (NEE, a measure of the net exchange of C between an ecosystem and the atmosphere), leaf area index, stem growth, N concentration, δ13 C and δ15 N in rhizosphere soil, ectomycorrhizal fine root tips (ERT), ECM-free fine root portions (NCR) and leaves. Seasonal changes in ERT relative biomass were strictly related to NEE and mimicked those detected in the radial growth. The analysis of δ13 C in ERT, leaves and NCR highlighted the impact of canopy photosynthesis on ERT development and an asynchronous seasonal C allocation strategy between ERT and NCR at the root tips level. Concerning N, δ15 N of leaves was negatively related to that of ERT and dependent on seasonal 15 N differences between ERT and NCR. Our results unravel a synchronous C allocation towards ERT and tree stem driven by the increasing NEE in spring-early summer. Moreover, they highlighted a phenology-dependent 15 N fractionation during N transfer from ECM to their hosts. This evidence, obtained in mature beech trees under natural conditions, may improve the knowledge of Mediterranean forests functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scartazza
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Pisa, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Cristiana Sbrana
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBBA), Pisa, Italy
| | - Ettore D'Andrea
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Porano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
- Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBE), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Negar Rezaie
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Lauteri
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Porano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Arruda-Santos RHD, Costa BVMD, Carvalho PSMD, Zanardi-Lamardo E. Sewage contamination assessment in an urbanized tropical estuary in Northeast Brazil using elemental, isotopic and molecular proxies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120726. [PMID: 36427820 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Capibaribe Estuarine System (CES) is a tropical estuary located within a densely populated metropolitan region in the Brazilian Northeast, providing multiple ecosystem services including artisanal fisheries, tourism, and navigation. A significant load of domestic and industrial effluents is causing visible environmental degradation that needs to be characterized. This study evaluated the degree of contamination by domestic sewage and the relative contribution of organic carbon (OC) sources in sediments, measuring carbon-to-nitrogen atomic (C/N)a ratios, δ13C of OC, and linear alkylbenzene concentrations (LAB). The SIAR mixing model indicated that estuarine phytoplankton and sewage contribute 73% and 22% to OC, respectively, based on sedimentary (C/N)a ratios that varied from 8.5 to 13, and δ13C ranging from -25.21 to -21.63‰. This suggests that eutrophication of CES is triggered by sewage inflow. The CES was moderately contaminated by LAB, and the highest concentrations observed in the inner portion, from 287 to 1349 ng g-1 dry weight, suggests the retention of sewage. The mixing isotopic model indicated a significant dilution process of sewage-derived OC by estuarine phytoplankton. The lowest LAB in the lower estuary (317-320 ng g-1 dw) probably resulted from marine dilution. Principal component analysis demonstrated that mud regulates sedimentary OC content, and that the sewage plume regulates sedimentary LAB. High degradation of LAB isomers probably reflects the net heterotrophic condition of this system, also suggesting these compounds are introduced into CES partially degraded. Our results pointed out that degraded OM is a result of chronic and long-term sewage input. Considering the implications of sewage pollution to environmental and public health, there is an urgent need of better policies to improve domestic effluent treatment capacity, reducing contamination of estuarine environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanny Helen de Arruda-Santos
- Departmento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura S/n, Recife, PE, CEP 50740-550, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Varella Motta da Costa
- Departmento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura S/n, Recife, PE, CEP 50740-550, Brazil.
| | | | - Eliete Zanardi-Lamardo
- Departmento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura S/n, Recife, PE, CEP 50740-550, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ma WT, Yu YZ, Wang X, Gong XY. Estimation of intrinsic water-use efficiency from δ 13C signature of C 3 leaves: Assumptions and uncertainty. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1037972. [PMID: 36714771 PMCID: PMC9877432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1037972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotope composition (δ13C) has been widely used to estimate the intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) of plants in ecosystems around the world, providing an ultimate record of the functional response of plants to climate change. This approach relies on established relationships between leaf gas exchange and isotopic discrimination, which are reflected in different formulations of 13C-based iWUE models. In the current literature, most studies have utilized the simple, linear equation of photosynthetic discrimination to estimate iWUE. However, recent studies demonstrated that using this linear model for quantitative studies of iWUE could be problematic. Despite these advances, there is a scarcity of review papers that have comprehensively reviewed the theoretical basis, assumptions, and uncertainty of 13C-based iWUE models. Here, we 1) present the theoretical basis of 13C-based iWUE models: the classical model (iWUEsim), the comprehensive model (iWUEcom), and the model incorporating mesophyll conductance (iWUEmes); 2) discuss the limitations of the widely used iWUEsim model; 3) and make suggestions on the application of the iWUEmes model. Finally, we suggest that a mechanistic understanding of mesophyll conductance associated effects and post-photosynthetic fractionation are the bottlenecks for improving the 13C-based estimation of iWUE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ting Ma
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuming Wang
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Ying Gong
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhou X, Xin J, Huang X, Li H, Li F, Song W. Linking Leaf Functional Traits with Soil and Climate Factors in Forest Ecosystems in China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3545. [PMID: 36559655 PMCID: PMC9781696 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaf functional traits can reflect the adaptive strategies of plants to environmental changes. Exploring the patterns and causes of geographic variation in leaf functional traits is pivotal for improving ecological theory at the macroscopic scale. In order to explore the geographical variation and the dominant factors of leaf functional traits in the forest ecosystems of China, we measured 15 environmental factors on 16 leaf functional traits in 33 forest reserves in China. The results showed leaf area (LA), carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N), carbon-to-phosphorus ratio (C/P), nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio (N/P), phosphorus mass per area (Pa) and nitrogen isotope abundance (δ15N)) were correlated with latitude significantly. LA, Pa and δ15N were also correlated with longitude significantly. The leaf functional traits in southern China were predominantly affected by climatic factors, whereas those in northern China were mainly influenced by soil factors. Mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual humidity (MAH) were shown to be the important climate factors, whereas available calcium (ACa), available potassium (AK), and available magnesium (AMg) were shown to be the important climate factors that affect the leaf functional traits of the forests in China. Our study fills the gap in the study of drivers and large-scale geographical variability of leaf functional traits, and our results elucidate the operational mechanisms of forest-soil-climate systems. We provide reliable support for modeling global forest dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhou
- College of Nuclear Technology and Automation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Jiaxun Xin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaofei Huang
- College of Nuclear Technology and Automation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
- Applied Nuclear Techniques in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Haowen Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Nuclear Technology and Automation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
- Applied Nuclear Techniques in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Wenchen Song
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, No. 27 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Palmer L, Robertson I, Lavergne A, Hemming D, Loader NJ, Young G, Davies D, Rinne‐Garmston K, Los S, Williams J. Spatio-Temporal Variations in Carbon Isotope Discrimination Predicted by the JULES Land Surface Model. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. BIOGEOSCIENCES 2022; 127:e2022JG007041. [PMID: 37034424 PMCID: PMC10078459 DOI: 10.1029/2022jg007041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Stable carbon isotopes in plants can help evaluate and improve the representation of carbon and water cycles in land-surface models, increasing confidence in projections of vegetation response to climate change. Here, we evaluated the predictive skills of the Joint UK Land Environmental Simulator (JULES) to capture spatio-temporal variations in carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) reconstructed by tree rings at 12 sites in the United Kingdom over the period 1979-2016. Modeled and measured Δ13C time series were compared at each site and their relationships with local climate investigated. Modeled Δ13C time series were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with tree-ring Δ13C at eight sites, but JULES underestimated mean Δ13C values at all sites, by up to 2.6‰. Differences in mean Δ13C may result from post-photosynthetic isotopic fractionations that were not considered in JULES. Inter-annual variability in Δ13C was also underestimated by JULES at all sites. While modeled Δ13C typically increased over time across the UK, tree-ring Δ13C values increased only at five sites located in the northern regions but decreased at the southern-most sites. Considering all sites together, JULES captured the overall influence of environmental drivers on Δ13C but failed to capture the direction of change in Δ13C caused by air temperature, atmospheric CO2 and vapor pressure deficit at some sites. Results indicate that the representation of carbon-water coupling in JULES could be improved to reproduce both the trend and magnitude of interannual variability in isotopic records, the influence of local climate on Δ13C, and to reduce uncertainties in predicting vegetation-environment interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Palmer
- Department of GeographySwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- Modelling and InformaticsSoils, Crops, and WaterRSK ADAS LimitedBristolUK
| | | | - Aliénor Lavergne
- Department of Geography and Environmental ScienceUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
- Department of PhysicsImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Giles Young
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)HelsinkiFinland
| | | | | | - Sietse Los
- Department of GeographySwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- Wetland Conservation UnitWildfowl and Wetland Trust (WWT)GloucestershireUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Leppä K, Tang Y, Ogée J, Launiainen S, Kahmen A, Kolari P, Sahlstedt E, Saurer M, Schiestl‐Aalto P, Rinne‐Garmston KT. Explicitly accounting for needle sugar pool size crucial for predicting intra-seasonal dynamics of needle carbohydrates δ 18 O and δ 13 C. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2044-2060. [PMID: 35575976 PMCID: PMC9795997 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We explore needle sugar isotopic compositions (δ18 O and δ13 C) in boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) over two growing seasons. A leaf-level dynamic model driven by environmental conditions and based on current understanding of isotope fractionation processes was built to predict δ18 O and δ13 C of two hierarchical needle carbohydrate pools, accounting for the needle sugar pool size and the presence of an invariant pinitol pool. Model results agreed well with observed needle water δ18 O, δ18 O and δ13 C of needle water-soluble carbohydrates (sugars + pinitol), and needle sugar δ13 C (R2 = 0.95, 0.84, 0.60, 0.73, respectively). Relative humidity (RH) and intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration ratio (Ci /Ca ) were the dominant drivers of δ18 O and δ13 C variability, respectively. However, the variability of needle sugar δ18 O and δ13 C was reduced on diel and intra-seasonal timescales, compared to predictions based on instantaneous RH and Ci /Ca , due to the large needle sugar pool, which caused the signal formation period to vary seasonally from 2 d to more than 5 d. Furthermore, accounting for a temperature-sensitive biochemical 18 O-fractionation factor and mesophyll resistance in 13 C-discrimination were critical. Interpreting leaf-level isotopic signals requires understanding on time integration caused by mixing in the needle sugar pool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kersti Leppä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland00790HelsinkiFinland
| | - Yu Tang
- Natural Resources Institute Finland00790HelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest SciencesUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | | | | | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences – BotanyUniversity of Basel4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Pasi Kolari
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/PhysicsUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Matthias Saurer
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for ForestSnow and Landscape Research (WSL)8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Pauliina Schiestl‐Aalto
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/PhysicsUniversity of Helsinki00014HelsinkiFinland
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ubierna N, Holloway‐Phillips M, Farquhar GD. Scaling from fluxes to organic matter: interpreting 13 C isotope ratios of plant material using flux models. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2003-2008. [PMID: 36385264 PMCID: PMC9827853 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Leppä et al. (2022), 236: 2044–2060.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Ubierna
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | | | - Graham D. Farquhar
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang S, Yuan M, Shi Z, Yang S, Zhang M, Sun L, Gao J, Wang X. The Variations of Leaf δ 13C and Its Response to Environmental Changes of Arbuscular and Ectomycorrhizal Plants Depend on Life Forms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3236. [PMID: 36501277 PMCID: PMC9739095 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and ectomycorrhiza (ECM) are the two most common mycorrhizal types and are paid the most attention to, playing a vital common but differentiated function in terrestrial ecosystems. The leaf carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) is an important factor in understanding the relationship between plants and the environment. In this study, a new database was established on leaf δ13C between AM and ECM plants based on the published data set of leaf δ13C in China's C3 terrestrial plants, which involved 1163 observations. The results showed that the differences in leaf δ13C between AM and ECM plants related closely to life forms. Leaf δ13C of ECM plants was higher than that of AM plants in trees, which was mainly led by the group of evergreen trees. The responses of leaf δ13C to environmental changes were varied between AM and ECM plants. Among the four life forms, leaf δ13C of ECM plants decreased more rapidly than that of AM plants, with an increase of longitude, except for deciduous trees. In terms of the sensitivity of leaf δ13C to temperature changes, AM plants were higher than ECM plants in the other three life forms, although there was no significant difference in evergreen trees. For the response to water conditions, the leaf δ13C of ECM plants was more sensitive than that of AM plants in all life forms, except evergreen and deciduous trees. This study laid a foundation for further understanding the role of mycorrhiza in the relationship between plants and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Human Settlements, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Mingli Yuan
- School of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Engineering, Zhoukou Vocational and Technical College, Zhoukou 466000, China
| | - Zhaoyong Shi
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Human Settlements, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Human Settlements, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Mengge Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Human Settlements, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Lirong Sun
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Human Settlements, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jiakai Gao
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Human Settlements, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xugang Wang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Human Settlements, Luoyang 471023, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Williams J, Stella JC, Voelker SL, Lambert AM, Pelletier LM, Drake JE, Friedman JM, Roberts DA, Singer MB. Local groundwater decline exacerbates response of dryland riparian woodlands to climatic drought. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:6771-6788. [PMID: 36045489 PMCID: PMC9804274 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dryland riparian woodlands are considered to be locally buffered from droughts by shallow and stable groundwater levels. However, climate change is causing more frequent and severe drought events, accompanied by warmer temperatures, collectively threatening the persistence of these groundwater dependent ecosystems through a combination of increasing evaporative demand and decreasing groundwater supply. We conducted a dendro-isotopic analysis of radial growth and seasonal (semi-annual) carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13 C) to investigate the response of riparian cottonwood stands to the unprecedented California-wide drought from 2012 to 2019, along the largest remaining free-flowing river in Southern California. Our goals were to identify principal drivers and indicators of drought stress for dryland riparian woodlands, determine their thresholds of tolerance to hydroclimatic stressors, and ultimately assess their vulnerability to climate change. Riparian trees were highly responsive to drought conditions along the river, exhibiting suppressed growth and strong stomatal closure (inferred from reduced Δ13 C) during peak drought years. However, patterns of radial growth and Δ13 C were quite variable among sites that differed in climatic conditions and rate of groundwater decline. We show that the rate of groundwater decline, as opposed to climate factors, was the primary driver of site differences in drought stress, and trees showed greater sensitivity to temperature at sites subjected to faster groundwater decline. Across sites, higher correlation between radial growth and Δ13 C for individual trees, and higher inter-correlation of Δ13 C among trees were indicative of greater drought stress. Trees showed a threshold of tolerance to groundwater decline at 0.5 m year-1 beyond which drought stress became increasingly evident and severe. For sites that exceeded this threshold, peak physiological stress occurred when total groundwater recession exceeded ~3 m. These findings indicate that drought-induced groundwater decline associated with more extreme droughts is a primary threat to dryland riparian woodlands and increases their susceptibility to projected warmer temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared Williams
- Graduate Program in Environmental ScienceCollege of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New YorkSyracuseNew YorkUSA
- Marine Science InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - John C. Stella
- Graduate Program in Environmental ScienceCollege of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New YorkSyracuseNew YorkUSA
- Department of Sustainable Resources ManagementState University of New York College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Steven L. Voelker
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental ScienceMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMichiganUSA
| | - Adam M. Lambert
- Marine Science InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
- Cheadle Center for Biodiversity and Ecological RestorationUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lissa M. Pelletier
- Graduate Program in Environmental ScienceCollege of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New YorkSyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - John E. Drake
- Department of Sustainable Resources ManagementState University of New York College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Dar A. Roberts
- Department of GeographyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
- Earth Research InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael Bliss Singer
- Earth Research InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Water Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gavrichkova O, Pretto G, Brugnoli E, Chiti T, Ivashchenko KV, Mattioni M, Moscatelli MC, Scartazza A, Calfapietra C. Consequences of Grazing Cessation for Soil Environment and Vegetation in a Subalpine Grassland Ecosystem. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11162121. [PMID: 36015424 PMCID: PMC9416782 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Areas covered by seminatural grasslands have been in constant decline for decades in Europe. This trend is particularly strong for mountain territories, where such traditional agricultural practices as cattle grazing are no longer economically feasible. This study was conducted in the subalpine pasture of Cinte Tesino (TN, Italy), where local farmers have applied the following different management strategies: shorter and longer grazing durations during the season and a complete abandonment for the last 15 years. We aimed to study how these different management strategies impact the functioning and diversity of vegetation and the chemical and biological characteristics of the soil. Species richness was higher in plots subjected to longer grazing with a prevalence of D. caespitosa in terms of biomass share. A decline in species richness in abandoned plots was accompanied by an increase in the share of other graminoids in collected biomass. A concomitant increase in leaf N concentration and light availability in grazed plots resulted in higher photosynthetic efficiency in some species, as revealed by the δ13C of plant tissues. Soils under grazing were characterised by a higher concentration of total and extractable N, almost doubled microbial biomass C and increased extracellular enzymes activity, evidencing nutrient cycling mobilization. While the microbial pool was characterised by lower mineralization rates, C was lost from the soil with 15 years of abandonment. The longer grazing season demonstrated to be the most beneficial, promoting species richness, C accumulation and better soil microbial functioning. A change in soil pH from strongly acidic to moderately acidic with longer grazing is likely one of the important factors adding to the success in the functioning of primary producers and decomposers in this site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gavrichkova
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 05010 Porano, Italy
| | - Gaia Pretto
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 05010 Porano, Italy
| | - Enrico Brugnoli
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 05010 Porano, Italy
| | - Tommaso Chiti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Kristina V. Ivashchenko
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian-Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Michele Mattioni
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 05010 Porano, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Moscatelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 05010 Porano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Querejeta JI, Prieto I, Armas C, Casanoves F, Diémé JS, Diouf M, Yossi H, Kaya B, Pugnaire FI, Rusch GM. Higher leaf nitrogen content is linked to tighter stomatal regulation of transpiration and more efficient water use across dryland trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1351-1364. [PMID: 35582952 PMCID: PMC9542767 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The least-cost economic theory of photosynthesis shows that water and nitrogen are mutually substitutable resources to achieve a given carbon gain. However, vegetation in the Sahel has to cope with the dual challenge imposed by drought and nutrient-poor soils. We addressed how variation in leaf nitrogen per area (Narea ) modulates leaf oxygen and carbon isotopic composition (δ18 O, δ13 C), as proxies of stomatal conductance and water-use efficiency, across 34 Sahelian woody species. Dryland species exhibited diverging leaf δ18 O and δ13 C values, indicating large interspecific variation in time-integrated stomatal conductance and water-use efficiency. Structural equation modeling revealed that leaf Narea is a pivotal trait linked to multiple water-use traits. Leaf Narea was positively linked to both δ18 O and δ13 C, suggesting higher carboxylation capacity and tighter stomatal regulation of transpiration in N-rich species, which allows them to achieve higher water-use efficiency and more conservative water use. These adaptations represent a key physiological advantage of N-rich species, such as legumes, that could contribute to their dominance across many dryland regions. This is the first report of a robust mechanistic link between leaf Narea and δ18 O in dryland vegetation that is consistent with core principles of plant physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Querejeta
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas30100MurciaSpain
| | - Iván Prieto
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas30100MurciaSpain
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas04120AlmeríaSpain
- Department of Biodiversity and Environmental management, Ecology AreaFaculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of León24007LeónSpain
| | - Cristina Armas
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas04120AlmeríaSpain
| | - Fernando Casanoves
- CATIE ‐ Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza30501TurrialbaCosta Rica
| | - Joseph S. Diémé
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas04120AlmeríaSpain
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Hann Bel AirRoute des hydrocarbures – BP3120DakarSenegal
- Department of AgroforestryUniversité Assane Seck de Ziguinchor (UASZ)Diabir BP523ZiguinchorSenegal
| | - Mayecor Diouf
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Hann Bel AirRoute des hydrocarbures – BP3120DakarSenegal
- ISRA/CRZ Dahra DjoloffBP 01Dahra DjoloffSenegal
| | - Harouna Yossi
- l'Institut d'Économie Rurale (IER)/Centre Régional de Recherche Agronomique de SotubaBP258BamakoMali
| | - Bocary Kaya
- l'Institut d'Économie Rurale (IER)/Centre Régional de Recherche Agronomique de SotubaBP258BamakoMali
- Millennium Promise West and Central AfricaPO Box 103, Rue 287, Porte 341BamakoMali
| | - Francisco I. Pugnaire
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas04120AlmeríaSpain
| | - Graciela M. Rusch
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)Høgskoleringen 97034TrondheimNorway
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Orr R, Dennis PG, Wong Y, Browne DJ, Cooper M, Birt HWG, Lapis-Gaza HR, Pattison AB, Nelson PN. Nitrogen fertilizer rate but not form affects the severity of Fusarium wilt in banana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:907819. [PMID: 35941941 PMCID: PMC9356348 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.907819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilizers are routinely applied to bananas (Musa spp.) to increase production but may exacerbate plant diseases like Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB), which is the most economically important disease. Here, we characterized the effects of N rate and form on banana plant growth, root proteome, bacterial and fungal diversity in the rhizosphere, the concentration of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) in the soil, and the FWB severity. Banana plants (Musa subgroup ABB) were grown under greenhouse conditions in soil with ammonium or nitrate supplemented at five N rates, and with or without inoculation with Foc. The growth of non-inoculated plants was positively correlated with the N rate. In bananas inoculated with Foc, disease severity increased with the N rate, resulting in the Foc-inoculated plant growth being greatest at intermediate N rates. The abundance of Foc in the soil was weakly related to the treatment conditions and was a poor predictor of disease severity. Fungal diversity was consistently affected by Foc inoculation, while bacterial diversity was associated with changes in soil pH resulting from N addition, in particular ammonium. N rate altered the expression of host metabolic pathways associated with carbon fixation, energy usage, amino acid metabolism, and importantly stress response signaling, irrespective of inoculation or N form. Furthermore, in diseased plants, Pathogenesis-related protein 1, a key endpoint for biotic stress response and the salicylic acid defense response to biotrophic pathogens, was negatively correlated with the rate of ammonium fertilizer but not nitrate. As expected, inoculation with Foc altered the expression of a wide range of processes in the banana plant including those of defense and growth. In summary, our results indicate that the severity of FWB was negatively associated with host defenses, which was influenced by N application (particularly ammonium), and shifts in microbial communities associated with ammonium-induced acidification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Orr
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul G. Dennis
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yide Wong
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Browne
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Martha Cooper
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Henry W. G. Birt
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | | | | | - Paul N. Nelson
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ehleringer JR, Driscoll AW. Intrinsic water-use efficiency influences establishment in Encelia farinosa. Oecologia 2022; 199:563-578. [PMID: 35819533 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe establishment of Encelia farinosa, a drought-deciduous shrub common to the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts, based on annual observations of two populations between 1980 and 2020. Only 11 establishment events of 50 + yearlings (0.02-0.03 individuals m-2) occurred during this monitoring period; in 68% of the years fewer than 10 yearlings were established. Yearling survival to adulthood (age 4) ranged from 88 to 5% and was significantly related to cumulative precipitation. Juvenile survival rates were lowest during the current megadrought period. We calculated intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) and observed the widest variations in iWUE values among the youngest plants. Among juveniles, surviving yearlings with the lowest iWUE values exhibited upward ontogenetic shifts in iWUE values, whereas those yearlings with the highest initial iWUE values exhibited little if any change. Juvenile size, higher iWUE values, and greater likelihood of surviving were all positively related with each other over the past several decades. Furthermore, iWUE and photosynthetic capacity were positively related to each other, providing a mechanistic explanation for why increased iWUE values among juveniles could lead to greater survival rates and to larger plants under water-deficit conditions. We posit that there is bi-directional selection for genotypic variations in iWUE values among E. farinosa and that this variation is selected for because of interannual environmental heterogeneity in precipitation and VPD associated with both high- and low-frequency climate cycles. Extreme drought cycles may favor plants with higher iWUE values, whereas more mesic periods may allow for greater persistence of lower iWUE genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Ehleringer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Avery W Driscoll
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Present Address: Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, 301 University Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Greenfield TL, McMahon AM, O’Connell TC, Reade H, Holmden C, Fletcher AC, Zettler RL, Petrie CA. Were there royal herds? Understanding herd management and mobility using isotopic characterizations of cattle tooth enamel from Early Dynastic Ur. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265170. [PMID: 35704593 PMCID: PMC9200365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
During the third millennium BC, Mesopotamia (the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, in modern Iraq-Syria), was dominated by the world’s earliest cities and states, which were ruled by powerful elites. Ur, in present-day southern Iraq, was one of the largest and most important of these cities, and irrigation-based agriculture and large herds of domesticated animals were the twin mainstays of the economy and diet. Texts suggest that the societies of the Mesopotamian city-states were extremely hierarchical and underpinned by institutionalised and heavily-managed farming systems. Prevailing narratives suggest that the animal management strategies within these farming systems in the third millennium BC were homogenous. There have been few systematic science-based studies of human and animal diets, mobility, or other forms of human-animal interaction in Mesopotamia, but such approaches can inform understanding of past economies, including animal management, social hierarchies, diet and migration. Oxygen, carbon and strontium isotopic analysis of animal tooth enamel from both royal and private/non-royal burial contexts at Early Dynastic Ur (2900–2350 BC) indicate that a variety of herd management strategies and habitats were exploited. These data also suggest that there is no correlation between animal-management practices and the cattle found in royal or private/non-royal burial contexts. The results demonstrate considerable divergence between agro-pastoral models promoted by the state and the realities of day-to-day management practices. The data from Ur suggest that the animals exploited different plant and water sources, and that animals reared in similar ways ended up in different depositional contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina L. Greenfield
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail: (TLG); (AMM)
| | - Augusta M. McMahon
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (TLG); (AMM)
| | - Tamsin C. O’Connell
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel Reade
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Holmden
- The Saskatchewan Isotope Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Richard L. Zettler
- University of Pennsylvania, Near Eastern Languages & Civilizations, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cameron A. Petrie
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
García-Arriola OA, Roy PD, Vargas-Martínez IG, Giron-García MP, Curtis JH, Israde-Alcantara I, Quiroz-Jimenez JD. Environmental and Hydrological Changes of Lake Coatetelco in Central Mesoamerica (Southwest Mexico) Over the Holocene and Comparison With Climatic Forcing. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.809949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elemental composition of the inorganic fraction, carbon isotopes, and C/N of organic matter from a new radiocarbon-dated sedimentary sequence collected from Lake Coatetelco (960 m asl) extend information about the environmental and hydrological conditions of central Mesoamerica from the earliest Holocene to the interval of first human settlements in the lake vicinity and nearby streams. Proxy-based reconstructions of erosion/runoff (Ti), water column salinity (CaCO3), sediment–water interactions (PIA), and provenance of organics (δ13Corg and C/N) showed similarities with the summer insolation modulated ITCZ position between ∼11.5 and 4.2 cal ka BP, and more frequent ENSO between ∼4.2 and 2.1 cal ka BP. After a possible depositional hiatus between ∼11.2 and 10.2 cal ka BP, the moderate-to-extremely altered sediments were deposited with enhanced erosion/runoff during the wetter ∼10.2–6 cal ka BP and the organic matter was dominantly autochthonous. Comparison of δ13Corg and C/N suggested that the contribution of C4 plants to organic matter increased over the drier ∼6–4.2 cal ka BP. Sediments representing this middle- Holocene drought-like condition showed geochemical similarity with sediments of the Post-Classic drought (∼1–0.4 cal ka BP), coeval with abandonment of the Xochicalco culture. Variation in seasonal insolation at orbital scales might have forced frequent droughts between ∼6 and 4.2 cal ka BP and the ENSO related short-lived storms possibly led to an unstable hydroclimate after ∼4.2 cal ka BP when the first Olmec settlements commenced in the region. Dissimilarity between this lacustrine archive and speleothems from southwest Mexico for the later part of the Holocene reflected different sensitivities of the geological records to seasonal and-annual precipitation.
Collapse
|