1
|
Lee DH, Song J. Impaired olfactory system in metabolic imbalance-related neuropathology. Life Sci 2024; 355:122967. [PMID: 39142504 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction, influenced by factors such as aging and environmental stress, is linked to various neurological disorders. The olfactory bulb's connections to brain areas like the hypothalamus, piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, and limbic system make olfactory dysfunction a contributor to a range of neuropathological conditions. Recent research has underscored that olfactory deficits are prevalent in individuals with both metabolic syndrome and dementia. These systemic metabolic alterations correlate with olfactory impairments, potentially affecting brain regions associated with the olfactory bulb. In cases of metabolic syndrome, phenomena such as insulin resistance and disrupted glucose metabolism may result in compromised olfactory function, leading to multiple neurological issues. This review synthesizes key findings on the interplay between metabolic-induced olfactory dysfunction and neuropathology. It emphasizes the critical role of olfactory assessment in diagnosing and managing neurological diseases related to metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alonso M, Petit AC, Lledo PM. The impact of adult neurogenesis on affective functions: of mice and men. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:2527-2542. [PMID: 38499657 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
In most mammals, new neurons are not only produced during embryogenesis but also after birth. Soon after adult neurogenesis was discovered, the influence of recruiting new neurons on cognitive functions, especially on memory, was documented. Likewise, the late process of neuronal production also contributes to affective functions, but this outcome was recognized with more difficulty. This review covers hypes and hopes of discovering the influence of newly-generated neurons on brain circuits devoted to affective functions. If the possibility of integrating new neurons into the adult brain is a commonly accepted faculty in the realm of mammals, the reluctance is strong when it comes to translating this concept to humans. Compiling data suggest now that new neurons are derived not only from stem cells, but also from a population of neuroblasts displaying a protracted maturation and ready to be engaged in adult brain circuits, under specific signals. Here, we discuss the significance of recruiting new neurons in the adult brain circuits, specifically in the context of affective outcomes. We also discuss the fact that adult neurogenesis could be the ultimate cellular process that integrates elements from both the internal and external environment to adjust brain functions. While we must be critical and beware of the unreal promises that Science could generate sometimes, it is important to continue exploring the potential of neural recruitment in adult primates. Reporting adult neurogenesis in humankind contributes to a new vision of humans as mammals whose brain continues to develop throughout life. This peculiar faculty could one day become the target of treatment for mental health, cognitive disorders, and elderly-associated diseases. The vision of an adult brain which never stops integrating new neurons is a real game changer for designing new therapeutic interventions to treat mental disorders associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and social costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Alonso
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Action Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Petit
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Action Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire Psychiatrie Paris 15, GHU Paris Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Action Unit, F-75015, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barata P, Camacho O, Lima CG, Pereira AC. The Role of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Neuroregeneration and Neuroprotection: A Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e62067. [PMID: 38989389 PMCID: PMC11235151 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a high energy-demanding process, which is why blood vessels are an active part of the neurogenic niche since they allow the much-needed oxygenation of progenitor cells. In this regard, although neglected for a long time, the "oxygen niche" should be considered an important intervenient in adult neurogenesis. One possible hypothesis for the failure of numerous neuroprotective trials is that they relied on compounds that target a highly specific neuroprotective pathway. This approach may be too limited, given the complexity of the processes that lead to cell death. Therefore, research should adopt a more multifactorial approach. Among the limited range of agents with multimodal neuromodulatory capabilities, hyperbaric oxygen therapy has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing secondary brain damage in various brain injury models. This therapy functions not only as a neuroprotective mechanism but also as a powerful neuroregenerative mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Barata
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, PRT
- CECLIN (Center for Clinical Studies), Hospital-Escola da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (HE-UFP), Porto, PRT
| | - Oscar Camacho
- Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Matosinhos, PRT
| | - Clara G Lima
- Anesthesiology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, PRT
| | - Ana Claudia Pereira
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Porto, PRT
- CECLIN (Center for Clinical Studies), Hospital-Escola da Universidade Fernando Pessoa (HE-UFP), Porto, PRT
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sloan AR, Silver DJ, Kint S, Gallo M, Lathia JD. Cancer stem cell hypothesis 2.0 in glioblastoma: Where are we now and where are we going? Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:785-795. [PMID: 38394444 PMCID: PMC11066900 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, the cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis has provided insight into many malignant tumors, including glioblastoma (GBM). Cancer stem cells have been identified in patient-derived tumors and in some mouse models, allowing for a deeper understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying GBM growth and therapeutic resistance. The CSC hypothesis has been the cornerstone of cellular heterogeneity, providing a conceptual and technical framework to explain this longstanding phenotype in GBM. This hypothesis has evolved to fit recent insights into how cellular plasticity drives tumor growth to suggest that CSCs do not represent a distinct population but rather a cellular state with substantial plasticity that can be achieved by non-CSCs under specific conditions. This has further been reinforced by advances in genomics, including single-cell approaches, that have used the CSC hypothesis to identify multiple putative CSC states with unique properties, including specific developmental and metabolic programs. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on the CSC hypothesis and its recent evolution, with a focus on key functional phenotypes, and provide an update on the definition for its use in future genomic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Sloan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel J Silver
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sam Kint
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marco Gallo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Puvogel S, Alsema A, North HF, Webster MJ, Weickert CS, Eggen BJL. Single-Nucleus RNA-Seq Characterizes the Cell Types Along the Neuronal Lineage in the Adult Human Subependymal Zone and Reveals Reduced Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Abundance with Age. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0246-23.2024. [PMID: 38351133 PMCID: PMC10913050 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0246-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The subependymal zone (SEZ), also known as the subventricular zone (SVZ), constitutes a neurogenic niche that persists during postnatal life. In humans, the neurogenic potential of the SEZ declines after the first year of life. However, studies discovering markers of stem and progenitor cells highlight the neurogenic capacity of progenitors in the adult human SEZ, with increased neurogenic activity occurring under pathological conditions. In the present study, the complete cellular niche of the adult human SEZ was characterized by single-nucleus RNA sequencing, and compared between four youth (age 16-22) and four middle-aged adults (age 44-53). We identified 11 cellular clusters including clusters expressing marker genes for neural stem cells (NSCs), neuroblasts, immature neurons, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. The relative abundance of NSC and neuroblast clusters did not differ between the two age groups, indicating that the pool of SEZ NSCs does not decline in this age range. The relative abundance of oligodendrocyte progenitors and microglia decreased in middle-age, indicating that the cellular composition of human SEZ is remodeled between youth and adulthood. The expression of genes related to nervous system development was higher across different cell types, including NSCs, in youth as compared with middle-age. These transcriptional changes suggest ongoing central nervous system plasticity in the SEZ in youth, which declined in middle-age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Puvogel
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Alsema
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| | - Hayley F North
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Maree J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, Rockville 20850, Maryland
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13201
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 AD, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Martí-Clúa J. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling: historical perspectives, factors influencing the detection, toxicity, and its implications in the neurogenesis. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:302-308. [PMID: 37488882 PMCID: PMC10503596 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.379038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The halopyrimidine 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) is an exogenous marker of DNA synthesis. Since the introduction of monoclonal antibodies against BrdU, an increasing number of methodologies have been used for the immunodetection of this synthesized bromine-tagged base analogue into replicating DNA. BrdU labeling is widely used for identifying neuron precursors and following their fate during the embryonic, perinatal, and adult neurogenesis in a variety of vertebrate species including birds, reptiles, and mammals. Due to BrdU toxicity, its incorporation into replicating DNA presents adverse consequences on the generation, survival, and settled patterns of cells. This may lead to false results and misinterpretation in the identification of proliferative neuroblasts. In this review, I will indicate the detrimental effects of this nucleoside during the development of the central nervous system, as well as the reliability of BrdU labeling to detect proliferating neuroblasts. Moreover, it will show factors influencing BrdU immunodetection and the contribution of this nucleoside to the study of prenatal, perinatal, and adult neurogenesis. Human adult neurogenesis will also be discussed. It is my hope that this review serves as a reference for those researchers who focused on detecting cells that are in the synthetic phase of the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Martí-Clúa
- Unidad de Citología e Histología. Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, de Fisiologia i d’Immunologia. Facultad de Biociencias. Institut de Neurociències. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chiang P, Tsai H, Yen R, Tsai Y, Wu C, Chiu C, Tsai L. In vivo detection of poststroke cerebral cell proliferation in rodents and humans. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024; 11:497-507. [PMID: 38115693 PMCID: PMC10863923 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE F-18-fluorothymidine (FLT) is a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for imaging cell proliferation in vivo. We aimed to assess FLT uptake as a marker for cerebral cell proliferation in a rat model of ischemic stroke and patients with cerebral infarct, correlating with disease severity and outcomes. METHODS Cerebral FLT PET was performed in rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and patients with cerebral infarct. PET data were analyzed and expressed as average standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) using cerebellar cortex as reference. Infarct volume was analyzed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining in rats and by magnetic resonance imaging in patients. Neurological function was assessed using modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) for rats and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) for patients. RESULTS Seven days post-MCAO, rats' FLT PET displayed higher SUVRs in the infarcted brain, declining gradually until Day 28. FLT-binding ratio (SUVR in the infarcted brain divided by that in contralateral side) correlated positively with stroke severity (p < 0.001), and to early mNSS decline in rats with mild to moderate stroke severity (p = 0.031). In 13 patients with cerebral infarct, FLT PET showed high SUVR in the infarcted regions. FLT-binding ratio correlated positively with infarct volume (p = 0.006). Age-adjusted initial NIHSS (p = 0.035) and early NIHSS decline (p = 0.076) showed significance or a trend toward positive correlation with the FLT-binding ratio. INTERPRETATION In vivo FLT PET detects poststroke cerebral cell proliferation, which is associated with stroke severity and/or outcomes in MCAO rats and patients with cerebral infarct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu‐Tien Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of MedicineNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of NeurologyNational Taiwan University Hospital Bei‐Hu BranchTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of NeurologyNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hsin‐Hsi Tsai
- Department of NeurologyNational Taiwan University Hospital Bei‐Hu BranchTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of NeurologyNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ruoh‐Fang Yen
- Department of Nuclear MedicineNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yi‐Chieh Tsai
- Department of NeurologyNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chi‐Han Wu
- Molecular Imaging CenterNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Ching‐Hung Chiu
- Department of Nuclear MedicineNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Li‐Kai Tsai
- Department of NeurologyNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of NeurologyNational Taiwan University Hospital Hsin‐Chu BranchHsin‐ChuTaiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Besteher B, Rocktäschel T, Garza AP, Machnik M, Ballez J, Helbing DL, Finke K, Reuken P, Güllmar D, Gaser C, Walter M, Opel N, Rita Dunay I. Cortical thickness alterations and systemic inflammation define long-COVID patients with cognitive impairment. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:175-184. [PMID: 38036270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As the heterogeneity of symptoms is increasingly recognized among long-COVID patients, it appears highly relevant to study potential pathophysiological differences along the different subtypes. Preliminary evidence suggests distinct alterations in brain structure and systemic inflammatory patterns in specific groups of long-COVID patients. To this end, we analyzed differences in cortical thickness and peripheral immune signature between clinical subgroups based on 3 T-MRI scans and signature inflammatory markers in n = 120 participants comprising healthy never-infected controls (n = 30), healthy COVID-19 survivors (n = 29), and subgroups of long-COVID patients with (n = 26) and without (n = 35) cognitive impairment according to screening with Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Whole-brain comparison of cortical thickness between the 4 groups was conducted by surface-based morphometry. We identified distinct cortical areas showing a progressive increase in cortical thickness across different groups, starting from healthy individuals who had never been infected with COVID-19, followed by healthy COVID-19 survivors, long-COVID patients without cognitive deficits (MoCA ≥ 26), and finally, long-COVID patients exhibiting significant cognitive deficits (MoCA < 26). These findings highlight the continuum of cortical thickness alterations associated with COVID-19, with more pronounced changes observed in individuals experiencing cognitive impairment (p < 0.05, FWE-corrected). Affected cortical regions covered prefrontal and temporal gyri, insula, posterior cingulate, parahippocampal gyrus, and parietal areas. Additionally, we discovered a distinct immunophenotype, with elevated levels of IL-10, IFNγ, and sTREM2 in long-COVID patients, especially in the group suffering from cognitive impairment. We demonstrate lingering cortical and immunological alterations in healthy and impaired subgroups of COVID-19 survivors. This implies a complex underlying pathomechanism in long-COVID and emphasizes the necessity to investigate the whole spectrum of post-COVID biology to determine targeted treatment strategies targeting specific sub-groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Besteher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany; Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Tonia Rocktäschel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany; Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alejandra P Garza
- Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Machnik
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Johanna Ballez
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Dario-Lucas Helbing
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany; Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Finke
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Philipp Reuken
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Daniel Güllmar
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany; Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany; Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nils Opel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany; Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ildiko Rita Dunay
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany; Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yi Y, Zhang Y, Song Y, Lu Y. Treadmill Running Regulates Adult Neurogenesis, Spatial and Non-spatial Learning, Parvalbumin Neuron Activity by ErbB4 Signaling. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:17. [PMID: 38285192 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Exercise can promote adult neurogenesis and improve symptoms associated with schizophrenia and other mental disorders via parvalbumin (PV)-positive GABAergic interneurons in the dentate gyrus ErbB4 is the receptor of neurotrophic factor neuregulin 1, expressed mostly in PV-positive interneurons. Whether ErbB4 in PV-positive neurons mediates the beneficial effect of exercise and adult neurogenesis on mental disorder needs to be further investigation. Here, we first conducted a four-week study on the effects of AG1478, an ErbB4 inhibitor, on memory and neurogenesis. AG1478 significantly impaired the performance in several memory tasks, including the T-maze, Morris water maze, and contextual fear conditioning, downregulated the expression of total ErbB4 (T-ErbB4) and the ratio of phosphate-ErbB4 (p-ErbB4) to T-ErbB4, and associated with neurogenesis impairment. Interestingly, AG1478 also appeared to decrease intracellular calcium levels in PV neurons, which could be reversed by exercise. These results suggest exercise may regulate adult neurogenesis and PV neuron activity through ErbB4 signaling. Overall, these findings provide further evidence of the importance of exercise for neurogenesis and suggest that targeting ErbB4 may be a promising strategy for improving memory and other cognitive functions in individuals with mental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuejin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuanlong Song
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yisheng Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
De Cannière G. The olfactory striae: A historical perspective on the inconsistent anatomy of the bulbar projections. J Anat 2024; 244:170-183. [PMID: 37712100 PMCID: PMC10734660 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Central olfactory pathways (i.e., projection axons of the mitral and tufted cells), and especially olfactory striae, lack common terminology. This is due to their high degree of intra- and interindividual variability, which has been studied in detail over the past century by Beccari, Mutel, Klass, Erhart, and more recently, by Duque Parra et al. These variations led to some confusion about their number and anatomical arrangement. Recent advances in fiber tractography have enabled the precise in vivo visualization of human olfactory striae and the study of their projections. However, these studies require their algorithms to be set up according to the presumed anatomy of the analyzed fibers. A more precise definition of the olfactory striae is therefore needed, not only to allow a better analysis of the results but also to ensure the quality of the data obtained. By studying the various published works on the central olfactory pathways from the first systematic description by Soemmerring to the present, I have traced the different discussions on the olfactory tracts and summarized them here. This review adopts a systematic approach by addressing each stria individually and tracing the historical background of what was known about it in the past, compared to the current knowledge. The chronological and organized approach used provides a better understanding of the anatomy of these essential structures of the olfactory system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles De Cannière
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kempermann G. Giving birth gives birth to neurons. Science 2023; 382:881-882. [PMID: 37995245 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In mice, pregnancy results in new neurons that support recognition of pups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Kempermann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Q, Chen J, Lin J, Liang R, He M, Wang Y, Tan H. Porous Three-Dimensional Polyurethane Scaffolds Promote Scar-Free Endogenous Regeneration After Acute Brain Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2023:10.1007/s12975-023-01212-x. [PMID: 37995088 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal subtype of stroke and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in the clinical treatment of ICH, limited progress has been made regarding endogenous brain regeneration after ICH. Failure of brain regeneration is mainly attributed to the inhibitive regenerative microenvironment caused by secondary injury after ICH. In this study, we investigated a three-dimensional biodegradable waterborne polyurethane (BWPU) scaffold as a tool to promote brain regeneration after ICH. After implantation into the cavity following hematoma evacuation, these implanted scaffolds could act as a reservoir; store a series of necrotic debris, cytokines, and chemokines; and attract microglia/macrophages to their pores. Subsequently, these microglia/macrophages were polarized into the M1-like subtype to eliminate these substances. This process disperses M1-like immune cells and prevents the formation of dense glial scar-free structures after ICH. Inflammatory cells in scaffolds include scar-free secreted growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and further induce a M2-like immune cells enriched regeneration-predominant microenvironment to promote endogenous brain regeneration with functional recovery. In summary, in this work, we have revealed the potential and mechanism of the BWPU scaffold as a tool to promote endogenous brain tissue regeneration after ICH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlin Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center of Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center of Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruichao Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hong Tan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center of Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kocakaya H, Bayar Muluk N, Bekin Sarikaya PZ. Peripheric and central olfactory measurements in patients with bipolar disorder. Acta Radiol 2023; 64:2594-2602. [PMID: 37312533 DOI: 10.1177/02841851231179174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mental health disorder. PURPOSE To investigate the peripheric and central olfactory measurements in patients with BD using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was conducted retrospectively. Group 1 consisted of 27 euthymic patients with BD (14 men, 13 women) and Group 2 consisted of 27 healthy controls (14 men, 13 women). Olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory sulcus (OS) depth (peripheric), and corpus amygdala and insular gyrus area (central) measurements were performed using cranial MRI. RESULTS OB volume and OS depth value of the bipolar group were lower than the control group, but there were no significant differences between the groups (P > 0.05). The corpus amygdala and left insular gyrus area of the bipolar group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). There were positive correlations between OB volumes and OS depths, the insular gyrus areas, and the corpus amygdala areas (P < 0.05). As the number of depressive episodes and duration of illness increased in bipolar patients, the depth of the sulcus decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In the present study a correlation was detected between OB volumes and the structures, known as emotional processing (e.g. insular gyrus area, corpus amygdala), and clinical features. Accordingly, new treatment techniques, such as olfactory training, may be considered an option in the treatment of such patients with BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanife Kocakaya
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Doctor Faculty Member in Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Nuray Bayar Muluk
- ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine, Professor in Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Laaker C, Baenen C, Kovács KG, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Immune cells as messengers from the CNS to the periphery: the role of the meningeal lymphatic system in immune cell migration from the CNS. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233908. [PMID: 37662908 PMCID: PMC10471710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades there has been a large focus on understanding the mechanisms of peripheral immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) in neuroinflammatory diseases. This intense research led to several immunomodulatory therapies to attempt to regulate immune cell infiltration at the blood brain barrier (BBB), the choroid plexus (ChP) epithelium, and the glial barrier. The fate of these infiltrating immune cells depends on both the neuroinflammatory environment and their type-specific interactions with innate cells of the CNS. Although the fate of the majority of tissue infiltrating immune cells is death, a percentage of these cells could become tissue resident immune cells. Additionally, key populations of immune cells can possess the ability to "drain" out of the CNS and act as messengers reporting signals from the CNS toward peripheral lymphatics. Recent data supports that the meningeal lymphatic system is involved not just in fluid homeostatic functions in the CNS but also in facilitating immune cell migration, most notably dendritic cell migration from the CNS to the meningeal borders and to the draining cervical lymph nodes. Similar to the peripheral sites, draining immune cells from the CNS during neuroinflammation have the potential to coordinate immunity in the lymph nodes and thus influence disease. Here in this review, we will evaluate evidence of immune cell drainage from the brain via the meningeal lymphatics and establish the importance of this in animal models and humans. We will discuss how targeting immune cells at sites like the meningeal lymphatics could provide a new mechanism to better provide treatment for a variety of neurological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin Laaker
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Cameron Baenen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kristóf G. Kovács
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nouraeinejad A. The functional and structural changes in the hippocampus of COVID-19 patients. Acta Neurol Belg 2023; 123:1247-1256. [PMID: 37226033 PMCID: PMC10208918 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Since the hippocampus is predominantly susceptible to injuries caused by COVID-19, there are increasing data indicating the likelihood of post-infection memory loss and quickening neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. This is due to the fact that the hippocampus has imperative functions in spatial and episodic memory as well as learning. COVID-19 activates microglia in the hippocampus and induces a CNS cytokine storm, leading to loss of hippocampal neurogenesis. The functional and structural changes in the hippocampus of COVID-19 patients can explain neuronal degeneration and reduced neurogenesis in the human hippocampus. This will open a window to explain memory and cognitive dysfunctions in "long COVID" through the resultant loss of hippocampal neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nouraeinejad
- Faculty of Brain Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fung CCA, Fukai T. Competition on presynaptic resources enhances the discrimination of interfering memories. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad161. [PMID: 37275260 PMCID: PMC10235910 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that hippocampal adult neurogenesis is critical for discriminating considerably interfering memories. During adult neurogenesis, synaptic competition modifies the weights of synaptic connections nonlocally across neurons, thus providing a different form of unsupervised learning from Hebb's local plasticity rule. However, how synaptic competition achieves separating similar memories largely remains unknown. Here, we aim to link synaptic competition with such pattern separation. In synaptic competition, adult-born neurons are integrated into the existing neuronal pool by competing with mature neurons for synaptic connections from the entorhinal cortex. We show that synaptic competition and neuronal maturation play distinct roles in separating interfering memory patterns. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a feedforward neural network trained by a competition-based learning rule can outperform a multilayer perceptron trained by the backpropagation algorithm when only a small number of samples are available. Our results unveil the functional implications and potential applications of synaptic competition in neural computation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoki Fukai
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: (C.C.A. Fung); (T. Fukai)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Loras A, Gonzalez-Bonet LG, Gutierrez-Arroyo JL, Martinez-Cadenas C, Marques-Torrejon MA. Neural Stem Cells as Potential Glioblastoma Cells of Origin. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040905. [PMID: 37109434 PMCID: PMC10145968 DOI: 10.3390/life13040905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor in adults and it remains incurable. These tumors are very heterogeneous, resistant to cytotoxic therapies, and they show high rates of invasiveness. Therefore, patients face poor prognosis, and the survival rates remain very low. Previous research states that GBM contains a cell population with stem cell characteristics called glioma stem cells (GSCs). These cells are able to self-renew and regenerate the tumor and, therefore, they are partly responsible for the observed resistance to therapies and tumor recurrence. Recent data indicate that neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) are the cells of origin of GBM, that is, the cell type acquiring the initial tumorigenic mutation. The involvement of SVZ-NSCs is also associated with GBM progression and recurrence. Identifying the cellular origin of GBM is important for the development of early detection techniques and the discovery of early disease markers. In this review, we analyze the SVZ-NSC population as a potential GBM cell of origin, and its potential role for GBM therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Loras
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University of Castellon, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | - Luis G. Gonzalez-Bonet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Castellon General University Hospital, 12004 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | - Julia L. Gutierrez-Arroyo
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University of Castellon, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Castellon General University Hospital, 12004 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | | | - Maria Angeles Marques-Torrejon
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University of Castellon, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-964-387-478
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
McGregor O, Genain MA, Williams TL, Alves L. Prevalence and clinical correlations of olfactory recess dilatation in MRI studies of the feline brain. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023. [PMID: 36798054 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to differentiate clinical ventriculomegaly from incidental ventricular enlargement remains a challenge in veterinary radiology. Dilatation of one or both olfactory lobe recesses is occasionally seen on MRI of the brain in otherwise normal cats. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence of this finding within a population of neurologically normal and neurologically abnormal cats, and to investigate associations with signalment, clinical and neurological examination findings, and MRI features. An observational retrospective cohort study was performed, and archived records were searched for cats that had undergone MRI of the head, including the olfactory lobes. Medical data and MRI parameters were recorded. One hundred fifty-one cats were included, with olfactory recess dilatation present in 56 cats. In 16 neurologically normal cats, olfactory recess dilatation was the only MRI finding. Olfactory recess dilatation was not associated with age, sex, breed, or with the presence of nasal disease. A significant association was found between generalized ventriculomegaly (P = 0.001) and the presence of CSF abnormalities (P = 0.036). Eleven percent of our cohort (16/151) demonstrated olfactory recess dilatation in the absence of other neurological or structural intracranial disease, suggesting that this may be seen as a normal variation in some cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ombeline McGregor
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marie-Aude Genain
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy Lee Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Butruille L, Sébillot A, Ávila K, Vancamp P, Demeneix BA, Pifferi F, Remaud S. Increased oligodendrogenesis and myelination in the subventricular zone of aged mice and gray mouse lemurs. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:534-554. [PMID: 36669492 PMCID: PMC9969077 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult rodent subventricular zone (SVZ) generates neural stem cells (NSCs) throughout life that migrate to the olfactory bulbs (OBs) and differentiate into olfactory interneurons. Few SVZ NSCs generate oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). We investigated how neurogliogenesis is regulated during aging in mice and in a non-human primate (NHP) model, the gray mouse lemur. In both species, neuronal commitment decreased with age, while OPC generation and myelin content unexpectedly increased. In the OBs, more tyrosine hydroxylase interneurons in old mice, but fewer in lemurs, marked a surprising interspecies difference that could relate to our observation of a continuous ventricle in lemurs. In the corpus callosum, aging promoted maturation of OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes in mice but blocked it in lemurs. The present study highlights similarities and dissimilarities between rodents and NHPs, revealing that NHPs are a more relevant model than mice to study the evolution of biomarkers of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Butruille
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Anthony Sébillot
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Katia Ávila
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pieter Vancamp
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabien Pifferi
- UMR 7179 Mecadev, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800 Brunoy, France
| | - Sylvie Remaud
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Highet B, Wiseman JA, Mein H, Parker R, Ryan B, Turner CP, Jing Y, Singh-Bains MK, Liu P, Dragunow M, Faull RLM, Murray HC, Curtis MA. PSA-NCAM Regulatory Gene Expression Changes in the Alzheimer's Disease Entorhinal Cortex Revealed with Multiplexed in situ Hybridization. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:371-390. [PMID: 36744342 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by a substantial reduction of neuroplasticity. Our previous work demonstrated that neurons involved in memory function may lose plasticity because of decreased protein levels of polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) in the entorhinal cortex (EC) of the human AD brain, but the cause of this decrease is unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate genes involved in PSA-NCAM regulation which may underlie its decrease in the AD EC. METHODS We subjected neurologically normal and AD human EC sections to multiplexed fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to investigate genes involved in PSA-NCAM regulation. Gene expression changes were sought to be validated in both human tissue and a mouse model of AD. RESULTS In the AD EC, a cell population expressing a high level of CALB2 mRNA and a cell population expressing a high level of PST mRNA were both decreased. CALB2 mRNA and protein were not decreased globally, indicating that the decrease in CALB2 was specific to a sub-population of cells. A significant decrease in PST mRNA expression was observed with single-plex in situ hybridization in middle temporal gyrus tissue microarray cores from AD patients, which negatively correlated with tau pathology, hinting at global loss in PST expression across the AD brain. No significant differences in PSA-NCAM or PST protein expression were observed in the MAPT P301S mouse brain at 9 months of age. CONCLUSION We conclude that PSA-NCAM dysregulation may cause subsequent loss of structural plasticity in AD, and this may result from a loss of PST mRNA expression. Due PSTs involvement in structural plasticity, intervention for AD may be possible by targeting this disrupted plasticity pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blake Highet
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James A Wiseman
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hannah Mein
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Remai Parker
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brigid Ryan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clinton P Turner
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand
| | - Yu Jing
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Malvindar K Singh-Bains
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L M Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen C Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Smith AM, Park TIH, Aalderink M, Oldfield RL, Bergin PS, Mee EW, Faull RLM, Dragunow M. Distinct characteristics of microglia from neurogenic and non-neurogenic regions of the human brain in patients with Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1047928. [PMID: 36425665 PMCID: PMC9679155 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1047928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of microglia isolated from adult human brain tissue provides unique insight into the physiology of these brain immune cells and their role in adult human brain disorders. Reports of microglia in post-mortem adult human brain tissue show regional differences in microglial populations, however, these differences have not been fully explored in living microglia. In this study biopsy tissue was obtained from epileptic patients undergoing surgery and consisted of both cortical areas and neurogenic ventricular and hippocampal (Hp) areas. Microglia were concurrently isolated from both regions and compared by immunochemistry. Our initial observation was that a greater number of microglia resulted from isolation and culture of ventricular/Hp tissue than cortical tissue. This was found to be due to a greater proliferative capacity of microglia from ventricular/Hp regions compared to the cortex. Additionally, ventricular/Hp microglia had a greater proliferative response to the microglial mitogen Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (M-CSF). This enhanced response was found to be associated with higher M-CSF receptor expression and higher expression of proteins involved in M-CSF signalling DAP12 and C/EBPβ. Microglia from the ventricular/Hp region also displayed higher expression of the receptor for Insulin-like Growth Factor-1, a molecule with some functional similarity to M-CSF. Compared to microglia isolated from the cortex, ventricular/Hp microglia showed increased HLA-DP, DQ, DR antigen presentation protein expression and a rounded morphology. These findings show that microglia from adult human brain neurogenic regions are more proliferative than cortical microglia and have a distinct protein expression profile. The data present a case for differential microglial phenotype and function in different regions of the adult human brain and suggest that microglia in adult neurogenic regions are "primed" to an activated state by their unique tissue environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas In-Hyeup Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Miranda Aalderink
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Peter S. Bergin
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Edward W. Mee
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Besteher B, Machnik M, Troll M, Toepffer A, Zerekidze A, Rocktäschel T, Heller C, Kikinis Z, Brodoehl S, Finke K, Reuken PA, Opel N, Stallmach A, Gaser C, Walter M. Larger gray matter volumes in neuropsychiatric long-COVID syndrome. Psychiatry Res 2022; 317:114836. [PMID: 36087363 PMCID: PMC9444315 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric symptoms are the most common sequelae of long-COVID. As accumulating evidence suggests an impact of survived SARS-CoV-2-infection on brain physiology, it is necessary to further investigate brain structural changes in relation to course and neuropsychiatric symptom burden in long-COVID. To this end, the present study investigated 3T-MRI scans from long-COVID patients suffering from neuropsychiatric symptoms (n = 30), and healthy controls (n = 20). Whole-brain comparison of gray matter volume (GMV) was conducted by voxel-based morphometry. To determine whether changes in GMV are predicted by neuropsychiatric symptom burden and/or initial severity of symptoms of COVID-19 and time since onset of COVID-19 stepwise linear regression analysis was performed. Significantly enlarged GMV in long-COVID patients was present in several clusters (spanning fronto-temporal areas, insula, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, and thalamus in both hemispheres) when compared to controls. Time since onset of COVID-19 was a significant regressor in four of these clusters with an inverse relationship. No associations with clinical symptom burden were found. GMV alterations in limbic and secondary olfactory areas are present in long-COVID patients and might be dynamic over time. Larger samples and longitudinal data in long-COVID patients are required to further clarify the mediating mechanisms between COVID-19, GMV and neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Besteher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, Jena 07743, Germany.
| | - Marlene Machnik
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Marie Troll
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Antonia Toepffer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Ani Zerekidze
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Tonia Rocktäschel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Carina Heller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, Jena 07743, Germany,Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA,Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
| | - Zora Kikinis
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | | | - Kathrin Finke
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Philipp A. Reuken
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Nils Opel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Christian Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, Jena 07743, Germany,Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, Jena 07743, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jovanovich N, Habib A, Head J, Anthony A, Edwards L, Zinn PO. Opinion: Bridging gaps and doubts in glioblastoma cell-of-origin. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1002933. [PMID: 36338762 PMCID: PMC9634038 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1002933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolina Jovanovich
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ahmed Habib
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jeffery Head
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Austin Anthony
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lincoln Edwards
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Pascal O. Zinn
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Pascal O. Zinn,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vitamin C Deficiency Reduces Neurogenesis and Proliferation in the SVZ and Lateral Ventricle Extensions of the Young Guinea Pig Brain. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102030. [PMID: 36290753 PMCID: PMC9598632 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although scurvy, the severe form of vitamin C deficiency, has been almost eradicated, the prevalence of subclinical vitamin C deficiency is much higher than previously estimated and its impact on human health might not be fully understood. Vitamin C is an essential molecule, especially in the central nervous system where it performs numerous, varied and critical functions, including modulation of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. Although it was originally considered to occur only in the embryonic brain, it is now widely accepted that neurogenesis also takes place in the adult brain. The subventricular zone (SVZ) is the neurogenic niche where the largest number of new neurons are born; however, the effect of vitamin C deficiency on neurogenesis in this key region of the adult brain is unknown. Therefore, through BrdU labeling, immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we analyzed the proliferation and cellular composition of the SVZ and the lateral ventricle (LVE) of adult guinea pigs exposed to a vitamin-C-deficient diet for 14 and 21 days. We found that neuroblasts in the SVZ and LVE were progressively and significantly decreased as the days under vitamin C deficiency elapsed. The neuroblasts in the SVZ and LVE decreased by about 50% in animals with 21 days of deficiency; this was correlated with a reduction in BrdU positive cells in the SVZ and LVE. In addition, the reduction in neuroblasts was not restricted to a particular rostro–caudal area, but was observed throughout the LVE. We also found that vitamin C deficiency altered cellular morphology at the ultrastructural level, especially the cellular and nuclear morphology of ependymal cells of the LVE. Therefore, vitamin C is essential for the maintenance of the SVZ cell populations required for normal activity of the SVZ neurogenic niche in the adult guinea pig brain. Based on our results from the guinea pig brain, we postulate that vitamin C deficiency could also affect neurogenesis in the human brain.
Collapse
|
25
|
Martinez B, Peplow PV. Biomaterial and tissue-engineering strategies for the treatment of brain neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2108-2116. [PMID: 35259816 PMCID: PMC9083174 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.336132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing due to changing age demographics and the incidence of sports-related traumatic brain injury is tending to increase over time. Currently approved medicines for neurodegenerative diseases only temporarily reduce the symptoms but cannot cure or delay disease progression. Cell transplantation strategies offer an alternative approach to facilitating central nervous system repair, but efficacy is limited by low in vivo survival rates of cells that are injected in suspension. Transplanting cells that are attached to or encapsulated within a suitable biomaterial construct has the advantage of enhancing cell survival in vivo. A variety of biomaterials have been used to make constructs in different types that included nanoparticles, nanotubes, microspheres, microscale fibrous scaffolds, as well as scaffolds made of gels and in the form of micro-columns. Among these, Tween 80-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles loaded with rhynchophylline had higher transport across a blood-brain barrier model and decreased cell death in an in vitro model of Alzheimer’s disease than rhynchophylline or untreated nanoparticles with rhynchophylline. In an in vitro model of Parkinson’s disease, trans-activating transcriptor bioconjugated with zwitterionic polymer poly(2-methacryoyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) and protein-based nanoparticles loaded with non-Fe hemin had a similar protective ability as free non-Fe hemin. A positive effect on neuron survival in several in vivo models of Parkinson’s disease was associated with the use of biomaterial constructs such as trans-activating transcriptor bioconjugated with zwitterionic polymer poly(2-methacryoyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) and protein-based nanoparticles loaded with non-Fe hemin, carbon nanotubes with olfactory bulb stem cells, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres with attached DI-MIAMI cells, ventral midbrain neurons mixed with short fibers of poly-(L-lactic acid) scaffolds and reacted with xyloglucan with/without glial-derived neurotrophic factor, ventral midbrain neurons mixed with Fmoc-DIKVAV hydrogel with/without glial-derived neurotrophic factor. Further studies with in vivo models of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are warranted especially using transplantation of cells in agarose micro-columns with an inner lumen filled with an appropriate extracellular matrix material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Martinez
- Department of Medicine, St. Georges University School of Medicine, Grenada
| | - Philip V Peplow
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chan JNM, Sánchez-Vidaña DI, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Li Y, Benson Wui-Man L. RNA-binding protein signaling in adult neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:982549. [PMID: 36187492 PMCID: PMC9523427 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.982549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of neurogenesis in the brain, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and maturation, results in the formation of new functional neurons. During embryonic development, neurogenesis is crucial to produce neurons to establish the nervous system, but the process persists in certain brain regions during adulthood. In adult neurogenesis, the production of new neurons in the hippocampus is accomplished via the division of neural stem cells. Neurogenesis is regulated by multiple factors, including gene expression at a temporal scale and post-transcriptional modifications. RNA-binding Proteins (RBPs) are known as proteins that bind to either double- or single-stranded RNA in cells and form ribonucleoprotein complexes. The involvement of RBPs in neurogenesis is crucial for modulating gene expression changes and posttranscriptional processes. Since neurogenesis affects learning and memory, RBPs are closely associated with cognitive functions and emotions. However, the pathways of each RBP in adult neurogenesis remain elusive and not clear. In this review, we specifically summarize the involvement of several RBPs in adult neurogenesis, including CPEB3, FXR2, FMRP, HuR, HuD, Lin28, Msi1, Sam68, Stau1, Smaug2, and SOX2. To understand the role of these RBPs in neurogenesis, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and maturation as well as posttranscriptional gene expression, we discussed the protein family, structure, expression, functional domain, and region of action. Therefore, this narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the RBPs, their function, and their role in the process of adult neurogenesis as well as to identify possible research directions on RBPs and neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Ngai-Man Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dalinda Isabel Sánchez-Vidaña
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lau Benson Wui-Man
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Lau Benson Wui-Man,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Avaro V, Hummel T, Calegari F. Scent of stem cells: How can neurogenesis make us smell better? Front Neurosci 2022; 16:964395. [PMID: 35992908 PMCID: PMC9381839 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.964395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the animal kingdom, olfaction underlies the ability to perceive chemicals in the environment as a fundamental adaptation with a plethora of functions. Unique among senses, olfaction is characterized by the integration of adult born neurons at the level of both the peripheral and central nervous systems. In fact, over the course of life, Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) reside within the peripheral Olfactory Epithelium (OE) and the brain’s subventricular zone that generate Olfactory Sensory Neurons (OSNs) and interneurons of the Olfactory Bulb (OB), respectively. Despite this unique hallmark, the role(s) of adult neurogenesis in olfactory function remains elusive. Notably, while the molecular signature and lineage of both peripheral and central NSC are being described with increasing detail and resolution, conflicting evidence about the role of adult born neurons in olfactory sensitivity, discrimination and memory remains. With a currently increasing prevalence in olfactory dysfunctions due to aging populations and infections such as COVID-19, these limited and partly controversial reports highlight the need of a better understanding and more systematic study of this fascinating sensory system. Specifically, here we will address three fundamental questions: What is the role of peripheral adult neurogenesis in sustaining olfactory sensitivity? How can newborn neurons in the brain promote olfactory discrimination and/or memory? And what can we learn from fundamental studies on the biology of olfaction that can be used in the clinical treatment of olfactory dysfunctions?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Avaro
- Centre for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Federico Calegari
- Centre for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Federico Calegari,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Single-cell transcriptomics of adult macaque hippocampus reveals neural precursor cell populations. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:805-817. [PMID: 35637371 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which neurogenesis occurs in adult primates remains controversial. In this study, using an optimized single-cell RNA sequencing pipeline, we profiled 207,785 cells from the adult macaque hippocampus and identified 34 cell populations comprising all major hippocampal cell types. Analysis of their gene expression, specification trajectories and gene regulatory networks revealed the presence of all key neurogenic precursor cell populations, including a heterogeneous pool of radial glia-like cells (RGLs), intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) and neuroblasts. We identified HMGB2 as a novel IPC marker. Comparison with mouse single-cell transcriptomic data revealed differences in neurogenic processes between species. We confirmed that neurogenesis is recapitulated in ex vivo neurosphere cultures from adult primates, further supporting the existence of neural precursor cells (NPCs) that are able to proliferate and differentiate. Our large-scale dataset provides a comprehensive adult neurogenesis atlas for primates.
Collapse
|
29
|
O’Hara-Wright M, Mobini S, Gonzalez-Cordero A. Bioelectric Potential in Next-Generation Organoids: Electrical Stimulation to Enhance 3D Structures of the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:901652. [PMID: 35656553 PMCID: PMC9152151 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.901652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell-derived organoid models of the central nervous system represent one of the most exciting areas in in vitro tissue engineering. Classically, organoids of the brain, retina and spinal cord have been generated via recapitulation of in vivo developmental cues, including biochemical and biomechanical. However, a lesser studied cue, bioelectricity, has been shown to regulate central nervous system development and function. In particular, electrical stimulation of neural cells has generated some important phenotypes relating to development and differentiation. Emerging techniques in bioengineering and biomaterials utilise electrical stimulation using conductive polymers. However, state-of-the-art pluripotent stem cell technology has not yet merged with this exciting area of bioelectricity. Here, we discuss recent findings in the field of bioelectricity relating to the central nervous system, possible mechanisms, and how electrical stimulation may be utilised as a novel technique to engineer “next-generation” organoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle O’Hara-Wright
- Stem Cell Medicine Group, Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Sahba Mobini
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM + CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anai Gonzalez-Cordero
- Stem Cell Medicine Group, Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Anai Gonzalez-Cordero,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Beiriger J, Habib A, Jovanovich N, Kodavali CV, Edwards L, Amankulor N, Zinn PO. The Subventricular Zone in Glioblastoma: Genesis, Maintenance, and Modeling. Front Oncol 2022; 12:790976. [PMID: 35359410 PMCID: PMC8960165 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.790976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant tumor with a median survival rate of 15-16 months with standard care; however, cases of successful treatment offer hope that an enhanced understanding of the pathology will improve the prognosis. The cell of origin in GBM remains controversial. Recent evidence has implicated stem cells as cells of origin in many cancers. Neural stem/precursor cells (NSCs) are being evaluated as potential initiators of GBM tumorigenesis. The NSCs in the subventricular zone (SVZ) have demonstrated similar molecular profiles and share several distinctive characteristics to proliferative glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) in GBM. Genomic and proteomic studies comparing the SVZ and GBM support the hypothesis that the tumor cells and SVZ cells are related. Animal models corroborate this connection, demonstrating migratory patterns from the SVZ to the tumor. Along with laboratory and animal research, clinical studies have demonstrated improved progression-free survival in patients with GBM after radiation to the ipsilateral SVZ. Additionally, key genetic mutations in GBM for the most part carry regulatory roles in the SVZ as well. An exciting avenue towards SVZ modeling and determining its role in gliomagenesis in the human context is human brain organoids. Here we comprehensively discuss and review the role of the SVZ in GBM genesis, maintenance, and modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamison Beiriger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, United States
| | - Ahmed Habib
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, United States
| | - Nicolina Jovanovich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, United States
| | - Chowdari V Kodavali
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, United States
| | - Lincoln Edwards
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, United States
| | - Nduka Amankulor
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, United States
| | - Pascal O Zinn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Filiz G, Poupon D, Banks S, Fernandez P, Frasnelli J. Olfactory bulb volume and cortical thickness evolve during sommelier training. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:2621-2633. [PMID: 35218277 PMCID: PMC9057095 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain plasticity is essential for experts to acquire the abilities they need. Sommeliers are olfaction experts who display differences in olfactory regions in the brain that correlate with greater olfactory abilities. While most studies on this topic are cross‐sectional, we used a longitudinal design and invited 17 sommelier students at the start and end of their training then to compare them to 17 control students to study the effects of training‐related brain plasticity. After a year and a half, 5 sommelier students and 4 control students dropped out, leading to 12 sommelier students versus 13 controls. We used magnetic resonance imaging to measure cortical thickness and olfactory bulb volume, as this structure plays a crucial role in olfactory processing. We used the Sniffin' Sticks test to evaluate olfactory performance. During training, olfactory bulb volume increased in sommelier students while there was no significant change in the control group. We also observed that thickness of right entorhinal cortex increased, and cortical thickness decreased in other cerebral regions. Our olfactory tests did not reveal any significant changes in sommelier students. In conclusion, this is the first longitudinal study to report an increase in olfactory bulb volume in olfaction experts in line with the notion of effects of ecological training‐related brain plasticity. The mixed results about cortical thickness might be explained by a “overproduction‐pruning” model of brain plasticity, according to which the effects of training‐related plasticity are non‐linear and simultaneously involve different processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Filiz
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daphnée Poupon
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah Banks
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Pauline Fernandez
- Institut du Tourisme et d'Hôtellerie du Québec, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada.,Research Centre, Sacré Coeur Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
RNA-based therapeutics have entered the mainstream with seemingly limitless possibilities to treat all categories of neurological disease. Here, common RNA-based drug modalities such as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs, RNA aptamers, RNA-based vaccines and mRNA drugs are reviewed highlighting their current and potential applications. Rapid progress has been made across rare genetic diseases and neurodegenerative disorders, but safe and effective delivery to the brain remains a significant challenge for many applications. The advent of individualized RNA-based therapies for ultra-rare diseases is discussed against the backdrop of the emergence of this field into more common conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and ischaemic stroke. There remains significant untapped potential in the use of RNA-based therapeutics for behavioural disorders and tumours of the central nervous system; coupled with the accelerated development expected over the next decade, the true potential of RNA-based therapeutics to transform the therapeutic landscape in neurology remains to be uncovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Anthony
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
The Shape of the Olfactory Bulb Predicts Olfactory Function. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020128. [PMID: 35203892 PMCID: PMC8870545 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) plays a key role in the processing of olfactory information. A large body of research has shown that OB volumes correlate with olfactory function, which provides diagnostic and prognostic information in olfactory dysfunction. Still, the potential value of the OB shape remains unclear. Based on our clinical experience we hypothesized that the shape of the OB predicts olfactory function, and that it is linked to olfactory loss, age, and gender. The aim of this study was to produce a classification of OB shape in the human brain, scalable to clinical and research applications. Results from patients with the five most frequent causes of olfactory dysfunction (n = 192) as well as age/gender-matched healthy controls (n = 77) were included. Olfactory function was examined in great detail using the extended “Sniffin’ Sticks” test. A high-resolution structural T2-weighted MRI scan was obtained for all. The planimetric contours (surface in mm2) of OB were delineated manually, and then all surfaces were added and multiplied to obtain the OB volume in mm3. OB shapes were outlined manually and characterized on a selected slice through the posterior coronal plane tangential to the eyeballs. We looked at OB shapes in terms of convexity and defined two patterns/seven categories based on OB contours: convex (olive, circle, and plano-convex) and non-convex (banana, irregular, plane, and scattered). Categorization of OB shapes is possible with a substantial inter-rater agreement (Cohen’s Kappa = 0.73). Our results suggested that non-convex OB patterns were significantly more often observed in patients than in controls. OB shapes were correlated with olfactory function in the whole group, independent of age, gender, and OB volume. OB shapes seemed to change with age in healthy subjects. Importantly, the results indicated that OB shapes were associated with certain causes of olfactory disorders, i.e., an irregular OB shape was significantly more often observed in post-traumatic olfactory loss. Our study provides evidence that the shape of the OB can be used as a biomarker for olfactory dysfunction.
Collapse
|
34
|
Identifying gene expression profiles associated with neurogenesis and inflammation in the human subependymal zone from development through aging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:40. [PMID: 34997023 PMCID: PMC8742079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03976-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of new neurons within the mammalian forebrain continues throughout life within two main neurogenic niches, the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, and the subependymal zone (SEZ) lining the lateral ventricles. Though the SEZ is the largest neurogenic niche in the adult human forebrain, our understanding of the mechanisms regulating neurogenesis from development through aging within this region remains limited. This is especially pertinent given that neurogenesis declines dramatically over the postnatal lifespan. Here, we performed transcriptomic profiling on the SEZ from human post-mortem tissue from eight different life-stages ranging from neonates (average age ~ 2 months old) to aged adults (average age ~ 86 years old). We identified transcripts with concomitant profiles across these decades of life and focused on three of the most distinct profiles, namely (1) genes whose expression declined sharply after birth, (2) genes whose expression increased steadily with age, and (3) genes whose expression increased sharply in old age in the SEZ. Critically, these profiles identified neuroinflammation as becoming more prevalent with advancing age within the SEZ and occurring with time courses, one gradual (starting in mid-life) and one sharper (starting in old age).
Collapse
|
35
|
Nogueira AB, Hoshino HSR, Ortega NC, Dos Santos BGS, Teixeira MJ. Adult human neurogenesis: early studies clarify recent controversies and go further. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:153-172. [PMID: 34739659 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Evidence on adult mammalian neurogenesis and scarce studies with human brains led to the idea that adult human neurogenesis occurs in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus and in the subventricular zone (SVZ). However, findings published from 2018 rekindled controversies on adult human SGZ neurogenesis. We systematically reviewed studies published during the first decade of characterization of adult human neurogenesis (1994-2004) - when the two-neurogenic-niche concept in humans was consolidated - and compared with further studies. The synthesis of both periods is that adult human neurogenesis occurs in an intensity ranging from practically zero to a level comparable to adult mammalian neurogenesis in general, which is the prevailing conclusion. Nonetheless, Bernier and colleagues showed in 2000 intriguing indications of adult human neurogenesis in a broad area including the limbic system. Likewise, we later showed evidence that limbic and hypothalamic structures surrounding the circumventricular organs form a continuous zone expressing neurogenesis markers encompassing the SGZ and SVZ. The conclusion is that publications from 2018 on adult human neurogenesis did not bring novel findings on location of neurogenic niches. Rather, we expect that the search of neurogenesis beyond the canonical adult mammalian neurogenic niches will confirm our indications that adult human neurogenesis is orchestrated in a broad brain area. We predict that this approach may, for example, clarify that human hippocampal neurogenesis occurs mostly in the CA1-subiculum zone and that the previously identified human rostral migratory stream arising from the SVZ is indeed the column of the fornix expressing neurogenesis markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Barreto Nogueira
- Division of Neurosurgery (LIM 62), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Neurosurgery Service, Hospital Regional do Vale do Paraíba, Taubaté, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira
- Division of Neurosurgery (LIM 62), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
North HF, Weissleder C, Fullerton JM, Sager R, Webster MJ, Weickert CS. A schizophrenia subgroup with elevated inflammation displays reduced microglia, increased peripheral immune cell and altered neurogenesis marker gene expression in the subependymal zone. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:635. [PMID: 34911938 PMCID: PMC8674325 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation regulates neurogenesis, and the brains of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have reduced expression of neurogenesis markers in the subependymal zone (SEZ), the birthplace of inhibitory interneurons. Inflammation is associated with cortical interneuron deficits, but the relationship between inflammation and reduced neurogenesis in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder remains unexplored. Therefore, we investigated inflammation in the SEZ by defining those with low and high levels of inflammation using cluster analysis of IL6, IL6R, IL1R1 and SERPINA3 gene expression in 32 controls, 32 schizophrenia and 29 bipolar disorder cases. We then determined whether mRNAs for markers of glia, immune cells and neurogenesis varied with inflammation. A significantly greater proportion of schizophrenia (37%) and bipolar disorder cases (32%) were in high inflammation subgroups compared to controls (10%, p < 0.05). Across the high inflammation subgroups of psychiatric disorders, mRNAs of markers for phagocytic microglia were reduced (P2RY12, P2RY13), while mRNAs of markers for perivascular macrophages (CD163), pro-inflammatory macrophages (CD64), monocytes (CD14), natural killer cells (FCGR3A) and adhesion molecules (ICAM1) were increased. Specific to high inflammation schizophrenia, quiescent stem cell marker mRNA (GFAPD) was reduced, whereas neuronal progenitor (ASCL1) and immature neuron marker mRNAs (DCX) were decreased compared to low inflammation control and schizophrenia subgroups. Thus, a heightened state of inflammation may dampen microglial response and recruit peripheral immune cells in psychiatric disorders. The findings elucidate differential neurogenic responses to inflammation within psychiatric disorders and highlight that inflammation may impair neuronal differentiation in the SEZ in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley F North
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | | | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rachel Sager
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Maree J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bianchi A, Coviello C, Leonardi V, Luzzati M, Chiti S, Ermini D, Miele V, Fainardi E, Dani C, Scola E. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging evidence of olfactory bulbs changes in a newborn with congenital Citomegalovirus: a case report. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:227. [PMID: 34784934 PMCID: PMC8594161 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-01170-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citomegalovirus (CMV) infects approximately 1% of live newborns. About 10% of the infants affected by congenital CMV infection are symptomatic at birth and up to 60% of these infants will develop permanent neurological disabilities. Depending on gestational age (GA) at the time of infection, the involvement of central nervous system (CNS) can lead to malformations of cortical development, calcifications, periventricular white matter lesions and cysts, ventriculomegaly and cerebellar hypoplasia. CASE PRESENTATION We report the MRI findings in a Caucasian female born at 32 weeks of post-menstrual age with post-birth diagnosis of congenital CMV infection showing an unusual and peculiar marked T2 hyperintensity of the inner part of olfactory bulbs in addition to the CMV related diffuse brain involvement. Despite the known extensively described fetal and neonatal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) findings in CMV infected fetuses and newborns, any in vivo MRI depiction of olfactory system damage have never been reported so far. Nevertheless, in murine studies CMV is known to infect the placenta during pregnancy showing particular tropism for neural stem cells of the olfactory system and previous neuropathologic study on CMV infected human fetal brains from 23 to 28 weeks of GA reported damage in the olfactory bulbs (OB) consisting in disseminated cytomegalic cells, inflammation, necrosis and neuronal and radial glial cell loss. Therefore, we assume an OB involvement and damage in congenital CMV infection. CONCLUSION To our knowledge this is the first in vivo MRI evidence of OB damage in a newborn with congenital CMV infection that may give new insights on CMV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bianchi
- Department of Neuroradiology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Caterina Coviello
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Leonardi
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Luzzati
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Chiti
- Department Health Professions, U.O. Research and Development, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Ermini
- Department Health Professions, U.O. Research and Development, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Vittorio Miele
- Department of Emergency Radiology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Fainardi
- Department of Neuroradiology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy.,Department of Scienze Biomediche, Sperimentali E Cliniche, Neuroradiology, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 50, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Dani
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Scola
- Department of Neuroradiology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Piero Palagi 1, Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gault N, Szele FG. Immunohistochemical evidence for adult human neurogenesis in health and disease. WIREs Mech Dis 2021; 13:e1526. [PMID: 34730290 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal and adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and subgranular zone of animals such as rodents and non-human primates has been observed with many different technical approaches. Since most techniques used in animals cannot be used in humans, the majority of human neurogenesis studies rely on postmortem immunohistochemistry. This technique is difficult in human tissue, due to poor and variable preservation of antigens and samples. Nevertheless, a survey of the literature reveals that most published studies provide evidence for childhood and adult neurogenesis in the human brain stem cell niches. There are some conflicting results even when assessing the same markers and when using the same antibodies. Focusing on immunohistochemical studies on post-mortem human sections, we discuss the relative robustness of the literature on adult neurogenesis. We also discuss the response of the subventricular and subgranular zones to human disease, showing that the two niches can respond differently and that the stage of disease impacts neurogenesis levels. Thus, we highlight strong evidence for adult human neurogenesis, discuss other work that did not find it, describe obstacles in analysis, and offer other approaches to evaluate the neurogenic potential of the subventricular and subgranular zones of Homo sapiens. This article is categorized under: Neurological Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Reproductive System Diseases > Stem Cells and Development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Shadid M, Badawi M, Abulrob A. Antisense oligonucleotides: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1281-1292. [PMID: 34643122 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1992382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have emerged as a promising novel drug modality that aims to address unmet medical needs. A record of six ASO drugs have been approved since 2016, and more candidates are in clinical development. ASOs are the most advanced class within the RNA-based therapeutics field. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the two major backbones that are currently used to build the most advanced ASO platforms - the phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) and the phosphorothioates (PSs). The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties of the PMO and PS platforms are discussed in detail. EXPERT OPINION Understanding the ADME properties of existing ASOs can foster further improvement of this cutting-edge therapy, thereby enabling researchers to safely develop ASO drugs and enhancing their ability to innovate. ABBREVIATIONS 2'-MOE, 2'-O-methoxyethyl; 2'PS, 2 modified PS; ADME, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; ASO, antisense oligonucleotide; AUC, area under the curve; BNA, bridged nucleic acid; CPP, cell-penetrating peptide; CMV, cytomegalovirus; CNS, central nervous system; CYP, cytochrome P; DDI, drug-drug interaction; DMD, Duchenne muscular dystrophy; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; GalNAc3, triantennary N-acetyl galactosamine; IT, intrathecal; IV, intravenous; LNA, locked nucleic acid; mRNA, messenger RNA; NA, not applicable; PBPK, physiologically based pharmacokinetics; PD, pharmacodynamic; PK, pharmacokinetic; PMO, phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer; PMOplus, PMOs with positionally specific positive molecular charges; PPMO, peptide-conjugated PMO; PS, phosphorothioate; SC, subcutaneous; siRNA, small-interfering RNA; SMA, spinal muscular atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shadid
- Nonclinical Development, Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mohamed Badawi
- Clinical Pharmacology Fellow, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Abedelnasser Abulrob
- Senior Research Officer, Human Health Therapeutics Centre, Translational Bioscience, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
The Role of AhR in the Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Friend and Foe. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102729. [PMID: 34685709 PMCID: PMC8534784 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, has been considered to be involved in aging phenotypes across several species. This receptor is a highly conserved biosensor that is activated by numerous exogenous and endogenous molecules, including microbiota metabolites, to mediate several physiological and toxicological functions. Brain aging hallmarks, which include glial cell activation and inflammation, increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular senescence, increase the vulnerability of humans to various neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, many studies have implicated AhR signaling pathways in the aging process and longevity across several species. This review provides an overview of the impact of AhR pathways on various aging hallmarks in the brain and the implications for AhR signaling as a mechanism in regulating aging-related diseases of the brain. We also explore how the nature of AhR ligands determines the outcomes of several signaling pathways in brain aging processes.
Collapse
|
41
|
Dobric A, De Luca SN, Spencer SJ, Bozinovski S, Saling MM, McDonald CF, Vlahos R. Novel pharmacological strategies to treat cognitive dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108017. [PMID: 34626675 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major incurable global health burden and currently the 3rd largest cause of death in the world, with approximately 3.23 million deaths per year. Globally, the financial burden of COPD is approximately €82 billion per year and causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Importantly, much of the disease burden and health care utilisation in COPD is associated with the management of its comorbidities and viral and bacterial-induced acute exacerbations (AECOPD). Recent clinical studies have shown that cognitive dysfunction is present in up to 60% of people with COPD, with impairments in executive function, memory, and attention, impacting on important outcomes such as quality of life, hospitalisation and survival. The high prevalence of cognitive dysfunction in COPD may also help explain the insufficient adherence to therapeutic plans and strategies, thus worsening disease progression in people with COPD. However, the mechanisms underlying the impaired neuropathology and cognition in COPD remain largely unknown. In this review, we propose that the observed pulmonary oxidative burden and inflammatory response of people with COPD 'spills over' into the systemic circulation, resulting in damage to the brain and leading to cognitive dysfunction. As such, drugs targeting the lungs and comorbidities concurrently represent an exciting and unique therapeutic opportunity to treat COPD and cognitive impairments, which may lead to the production of novel targets to prevent and reverse the debilitating and life-threatening effects of cognitive dysfunction in COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Dobric
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone N De Luca
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael M Saling
- Clinical Neuropsychology, The University of Melbourne and Austin Health, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine F McDonald
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, The University of Melbourne and Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bonfanti L, Seki T. The PSA-NCAM-Positive "Immature" Neurons: An Old Discovery Providing New Vistas on Brain Structural Plasticity. Cells 2021; 10:2542. [PMID: 34685522 PMCID: PMC8534119 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on brain plasticity have undertaken different roads, tackling a wide range of biological processes: from small synaptic changes affecting the contacts among neurons at the very tip of their processes, to birth, differentiation, and integration of new neurons (adult neurogenesis). Stem cell-driven adult neurogenesis is an exception in the substantially static mammalian brain, yet, it has dominated the research in neurodevelopmental biology during the last thirty years. Studies of comparative neuroplasticity have revealed that neurogenic processes are reduced in large-brained mammals, including humans. On the other hand, large-brained mammals, with respect to rodents, host large populations of special "immature" neurons that are generated prenatally but express immature markers in adulthood. The history of these "immature" neurons started from studies on adhesion molecules carried out at the beginning of the nineties. The identity of these neurons as "stand by" cells "frozen" in a state of immaturity remained un-detected for long time, because of their ill-defined features and because clouded by research ef-forts focused on adult neurogenesis. In this review article, the history of these cells will be reconstructed, and a series of nuances and confounding factors that have hindered the distinction between newly generated and "immature" neurons will be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Tatsunori Seki
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bicker F, Nardi L, Maier J, Vasic V, Schmeisser MJ. Criss-crossing autism spectrum disorder and adult neurogenesis. J Neurochem 2021; 159:452-478. [PMID: 34478569 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders primarily characterized by deficits in social interaction and repetitive behavior. Although the onset is typically in early childhood, ASD poses a lifelong challenge for both patients and caretakers. Adult neurogenesis (AN) is the process by which new functional neurons are created from neural stem cells existing in the post-natal brain. The entire event is based on a sequence of cellular processes, such as proliferation, specification of cell fate, maturation, and ultimately, synaptic integration into the existing neural circuits. Hence, AN is implicated in structural and functional brain plasticity throughout life. Accumulating evidence shows that impaired AN may underlie some of the abnormal behavioral phenotypes seen in ASD. In this review, we approach the interconnections between the molecular pathways related to AN and ASD. We also discuss existing therapeutic approaches targeting such pathways both in preclinical and clinical studies. A deeper understanding of how ASD and AN reciprocally affect one another could reveal important converging pathways leading to the emergence of psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Bicker
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Leonardo Nardi
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jannik Maier
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Verica Vasic
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael J Schmeisser
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ejma M, Madetko N, Brzecka A, Alster P, Budrewicz S, Koszewicz M, Misiuk-Hojło M, Tomilova IK, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Aliev G. The Role of Stem Cells in the Therapy of Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:630-647. [PMID: 34365923 PMCID: PMC9608230 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210806163352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stroke is a major challenge in neurology due to its multifactorial genesis and irreversible consequences. Processes of endogenous post-stroke neurogenesis, although insufficient, may indicate possible direction of future therapy. Multiple research considers stem-cell-based approaches in order to maximize neuroregeneration and minimize post-stroke deficits. Objective: Aim of this study is to review current literature considering post-stroke stem-cell-based therapy and possibilities of inducing neuroregeneration after brain vascular damage. Methods: Papers included in this article were obtained from PubMed and MEDLINE databases. The following medical subject headings (MeSH) were used: “stem cell therapy”, “post-stroke neurogenesis”, “stem-cells stroke”, “stroke neurogenesis”, “stroke stem cells”, “stroke”, “cell therapy”, “neuroregeneration”, “neurogenesis”, “stem-cell human”, “cell therapy in human”. Ultimate inclusion was made after manual review of the obtained reference list. Results: Attempts of stimulating neuroregeneration after stroke found in current literature include supporting endogenous neurogenesis, different routes of exogenous stem cells supplying and extracellular vesicles used as a method of particle transport. Conclusion: Although further research in this field is required, post stroke brain recovery supported by exogenous stem cells seems to be promising future therapy revolutionizing modern neurology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ejma
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Borowska 213. Poland
| | - Natalia Madetko
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warszawa. Poland
| | - Anna Brzecka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Grabiszynska 105, 53-439 Wroclaw. Poland
| | - Piotr Alster
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warszawa. Poland
| | - Sławomir Budrewicz
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Borowska 213. Poland
| | - Magdalena Koszewicz
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Borowska 213. Poland
| | - Marta Misiuk-Hojło
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Borowska 213. Poland
| | - Irina K Tomilova
- Department of Biochemistry, Ivanovo State Medical Academy, Avenue Sheremetyevsky 8, Ivanovo, 153012. Russian Federation
| | - Siva G Somasundaram
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, 26426. United States
| | - Cecil E Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, 26426. United States
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Pulmonology and Lung Oncology, Wroclaw. Poland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Brockman AA, Mobley BC, Ihrie RA. Histological Studies of the Ventricular-Subventricular Zone as Neural Stem Cell and Glioma Stem Cell Niche. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:819-834. [PMID: 34310246 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211032003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural stem cell niche of the ventricular-subventricular zone supports the persistence of stem and progenitor cells in the mature brain. This niche has many notable cytoarchitectural features that affect the activity of stem cells and may also support the survival and growth of invading tumor cells. Histochemical studies of the niche have revealed many proteins that, in combination, can help to reveal stem-like cells in the normal or cancer context, although many caveats persist in the quest to consistently identify these cells in the human brain. Here, we explore the complex relationship between the persistent proliferative capacity of the neural stem cell niche and the malignant proliferation of brain tumors, with a special focus on histochemical identification of stem cells and stem-like tumor cells and an eye toward the potential application of high-dimensional imaging approaches to the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asa A Brockman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bret C Mobley
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rebecca A Ihrie
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Departments of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive neural loss, have been some of the most challenging medical problems in aging societies. Treatment strategies such as symptom management have little impact on dis-ease progression, while intervention with specific disease mechanisms may only slow down disease progression. One therapeutic strategy that has the potential to reverse the disease phenotype is to replenish neurons and re-build the pathway lost to degeneration. Although it is generally believed that the central nervous system has lost the capability to regenerate, increasing evidence indicates that the brain is more plastic than previously thought, containing perhaps the biggest repertoire of cells with latent neurogenic programs in the body. This review focuses on key advances in generating new neurons through in situ neuronal reprogramming, which is tied to fun-damental questions regarding adult neurogenesis, cell source, and mecha-nisms for neuronal reprogramming, as well as the ability of new neurons to integrate into the existing circuitry. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Qian
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0651, USA;
| | - Xiang-Dong Fu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0651, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang GL, Wang CF, Qian C, Ji YX, Wang YZ. Role and mechanism of neural stem cells of the subventricular zone in glioblastoma. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:877-893. [PMID: 34367482 PMCID: PMC8316865 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most frequently occurring malignant brain tumor in adults, remains mostly untreatable. Because of the heterogeneity of invasive gliomas and drug resistance associated with the tumor microenvironment, the prognosis is poor, and the survival rate of patients is low. Communication between GBMs and non-glioma cells in the tumor microenvironment plays a vital role in tumor growth and recurrence. Emerging data have suggested that neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) are the cells-of-origin of gliomas, and SVZ NSC involvement is associated with the progression and recurrence of GBM. This review highlights the interaction between SVZ NSCs and gliomas, summarizes current findings on the crosstalk between gliomas and other non-glioma cells, and describes the links between SVZ NSCs and gliomas. We also discuss the role and mechanism of SVZ NSCs in glioblastoma, as well as the interventions targeting the SVZ and their therapeutic implications in glioblastoma. Taken together, understanding the biological mechanism of glioma-NSC interactions can lead to new therapeutic strategies for GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Long Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chuan-Fang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun-Xiang Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ye-Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Frondelli MJ, Levison SW. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Is Required for Subventricular Zone Astrocyte Progenitor Proliferation and for Prokineticin-2 Production after a Closed Head Injury in Mice. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:285-302. [PMID: 34223558 PMCID: PMC8244521 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrogliosis is one of the hallmarks of brain injury, and after a mild injury activated astrocytes subserve neuroprotective and pro-regenerative functions. We previously found that the astroglial response to closed head injury (CHI) was blunted in mice that were haplodeficient in leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF); therefore, the goal of these studies was to determine if the delayed astrogliosis was due to decreased recruitment of subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitors. CHI's were performed on post-natal day 20 on LIF heterozygous (Het) and wild-type (WT) mice. At 48 h post-CHI, astrocyte progenitor proliferation within the SVZ increased ∼250% in WT mice but was reduced by ∼200% in LIF Het mice compared with sham controls. Using neurospheres to model the SVZ, LIF increased the percentage of proliferating astrocyte progenitors by 2-fold compared with controls but had no effect on neural stem cell proliferation. To rule out the involvement of other cytokines, 105 cytokines were analyzed using a multi-plex array and with targeted validation on injured LIF Het versus WT neocortex. Of the cytokines analyzed, only prokineticin-2 (ProK2) required LIF signaling. Correspondingly, LIF-treated neurospheres expressed higher levels of ProK2, the ProK1 and ProK2 receptors (ProKR1 and ProKR2). Using in situ hybridization, ProK2 messenger RNA (mRNA) was most abundant in neocortical neurons and highly expressed within the SVZ. However, in contrast to LIF, ProK2 decreased astrocyte progenitor proliferation 2-fold. Altogether, these data demonstrate that LIF is necessary for astrocyte progenitor proliferation after injury and reveal a new role for LIF as an essential regulator of the neurotrophic factor ProK2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J. Frondelli
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven W. Levison
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gomes-Leal W. Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Affective Disorders: New Neurons for Psychic Well-Being. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:594448. [PMID: 34220412 PMCID: PMC8242208 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.594448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shift in neuroscience was the discovery that new neurons are constantly produced in the adult mammalian brain of several species, including Homo sapiens. These new-born cells are formed in some main neurogenic niches, including the subventricular zone (SVZ) at the margin of the lateral ventricle and subgranular zone (SGZ) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). In the DG, neuroblasts derive from SGZ progenitors and migrate to the hippocampal granular layer becoming adult granule cells, which are integrated into functional adult circuits. It has been confirmed that adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is a long-lasting phenomenon in the human brain. The functions of hippocampal new-born cells are not fully established. Experimental studies suggest that they have unique electrophysiological properties, including hyperexcitability, which enable them to regulate adult granule cells. Their specific function depends on the anatomical hippocampal location along the hippocampal dorsal-ventral axis. Dorsal hippocampus plays a more defined role on spatial learning and contextual information, while the ventral hippocampus is more related to emotional behavior, stress resilience and social interaction. Several reports suggest a role for AHN in pattern separation, cognitive flexibility, forgetting and reversal learning. It has been proposed that deficits in AHN might impair normal DG function, including pattern separation and cognitive flexibility, which could play a role on the etiology of affective disorders, such as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this paper, we review recent scientific evidence suggesting that impairment of AHN may underlie the pathophysiology of affective disorders even in humans and that neurogenesis-inspired therapies may be a promising approach to reduce symptoms of affective disorders in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walace Gomes-Leal
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Forest J, Chalençon L, Midroit M, Terrier C, Caillé I, Sacquet J, Benetollo C, Martin K, Richard M, Didier A, Mandairon N. Role of Adult-Born Versus Preexisting Neurons Born at P0 in Olfactory Perception in a Complex Olfactory Environment in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:534-549. [PMID: 31216001 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory perceptual learning is defined as an improvement in the discrimination of perceptually close odorants after passive exposure to these odorants. In mice, simple olfactory perceptual learning involving the discrimination of two odorants depends on an increased number of adult-born neurons in the olfactory bulb, which refines the bulbar output. However, the olfactory environment is complex, raising the question of the adjustment of the bulbar network to multiple discrimination challenges. Perceptual learning of 1 to 6 pairs of similar odorants led to discrimination of all learned odor pairs. Increasing complexity did not increase adult-born neuron survival but enhanced the number of adult-born neurons responding to learned odorants and their spine density. Moreover, only complex learning induced morphological changes in neurons of the granule cell layer born during the first day of life (P0). Selective optogenetic inactivation of either population confirmed functional involvement of adult-born neurons regardless of the enrichment complexity, while preexisting neurons were required for complex discrimination only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Forest
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon, F-69000, France.,Claude Bernard University Lyon1 and University of Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Laura Chalençon
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon, F-69000, France.,Claude Bernard University Lyon1 and University of Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Maëllie Midroit
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon, F-69000, France.,Claude Bernard University Lyon1 and University of Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Claire Terrier
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon, F-69000, France.,Claude Bernard University Lyon1 and University of Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Isabelle Caillé
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, and Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Sacquet
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon, F-69000, France.,Claude Bernard University Lyon1 and University of Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Claire Benetollo
- INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neurogenetic and Optogenetic Platform, University Lyon 1 and University of Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Killian Martin
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon, F-69000, France.,Claude Bernard University Lyon1 and University of Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Marion Richard
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon, F-69000, France.,Claude Bernard University Lyon1 and University of Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Anne Didier
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon, F-69000, France.,Claude Bernard University Lyon1 and University of Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon, F-69000, France.,Claude Bernard University Lyon1 and University of Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France
| |
Collapse
|