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Wang J, Zhang Y. The effectiveness of legal framework of Arctic vessel-source black carbon governance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:40472-40494. [PMID: 38337117 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The Arctic is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, of which vessel-source black carbon aerosols serving as a prominent catalyst for these changes. This situation is poised to worsen as sea ice melts and shipping lanes change. Rapid action aimed at mitigating short-term climate forcing factors can yield almost immediate climate benefits in the Arctic. This article provides an overview of the legal framework governing black carbon in the Arctic, considering three distinct perspectives: the global, regional, and national dimensions. These perspectives encompass global forums represented by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), with a focus on recent developments concerning black carbon governance, notably the amendments to MARPOL Annex VI and Annex I. Regionally, forums represented by the Arctic Council and the European Union are examined. Black carbon emissions exhibit migratory characteristics, yet the primary legal responsibilities for emission reduction are concentrated within Arctic states. Therefore, this article also delves into the laws and practices of Arctic coastal states in their efforts to combat black carbon emissions, using Canada and Norway as examples. The analysis of institutional effectiveness in this article indicates that, at present, specialized legislation on black carbon is either vague or non-existent. The current Arctic ship-source black carbon governance system faces issues related to leadership ambiguity in its institutional structure, a limited scope of responsible entities, and a lack of diverse implementation measures. Simultaneously, the governance system is questioned for having weak or non-legally binding regulations at the level of legal enforcement. The article anticipates the introduction of more mandatory regulations while also encouraging the selection of non-coercive policy tools. Accordingly, this article argues that a coordinated governance system centered on IMO and the Arctic Council needs to be established. Such a framework should adopt a more inclusive approach to stimulate positive interactions between regulations, aiming to create a broader winning alliance based on the existing foundations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Wang
- School of Law & Institute of Marine Development, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- School of Law & Institute of Marine Development, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Zhang HQ, Yu J, Lai JG, Yang GP, Liu LF, Jiang Y, Song XR, Chen YQ, Zhou HJ, Zhang Q. Influence of the community assemblage on sulfur distributions in the South China sea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 197:106481. [PMID: 38593647 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Marine distribution of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and its cleavage product dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is greatly affected by the community structures of bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. Spatial distributions of dissolved and particulate DMSP (DMSPd,p), and DMS were measured and their relationships with DMSP lyase activity (DLA), abundance of DMSP-consuming bacteria (DCB), and the community structures of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and bacteria were determined during summer in the South China Sea (SCS). The depth distributions of DMSPd,p exhibited a similar trend with Chl a, reaching their maxima in the mixing layer. The DMS concentration was positively correlated with DCB abundance and DLA, indicating that DCB and DMSP lyase had a significant effect on DMS production. High DMS concentrations in the horizontal distribution coincided with high DCB abundance and DLA and may be due to the rapid growth of phytoplankton resulting from the high dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentration brought by the cold vortices. Moreover, the highest copepod abundance at station G3 coincided with the highest DMS concentrations there among stations B4, F2, and G3. These results suggest that copepod may play an important role in DMS production. The bacterial SAR11 clade was positively correlated with DLA, indicating its significant contribution to DMSP degradation in the SCS. These findings contribute to the understanding of the effect of the community assemblage on DMSP/DMS distributions in the SCS dominated by mesoscale vortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Quan Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Juan Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Jing-Guang Lai
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Long-Fei Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xin-Ran Song
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yong-Qiao Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hou-Jin Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Kumar C, Tandon A. Deciphering multi-temporal scale dynamics in the concentration, sources and processes of near surface ozone over different climatic regions of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:34709-34725. [PMID: 38714617 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the factors influencing seasonal and long-term (2003-2021) changes in the near surface ozone (850 hpa) concentrations over different climatic sub-regions of India. Detailed comparison of daily (2019-2021) near surface ozone values of ERA-5 and CAAQMS (Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations) ground-based measurements revealed that ERA-5 is temporally in phase with CAAQMS measurements falling indifferent climatic sub-regions of India. ERA-5 near surface ozone shows statistically significant long-term (2003-2021) positive trends [2-4 percent per decade (ppd)] over most of the climatic sub-regions, over Indo-Gangetic Planes (IGPs), Southern and Central India trends are particularly strong. Trends were also estimated for each season separately, which were largely positive (2-6 ppd) over Central and Southern India in the Autumn and Winter seasons. Extensive climatological analysis reveals that the reversal of winds in the Indian monsoonal system plays a vital role in such trend patterns across the Indian subcontinent. South-westerly winds from June through September presumably bring ozone deficit air of marine origin, thus causing a dilution effect while the North-easterly winds during late Autumn and early Winters plausibly bring ozone-rich air from the stratospheric-tropospheric efflux dominated Himalayan region. It allows near surface ozone enhancement over Central and Southern India. Seasonal Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that precursor gases (CH4 and NO2) and climatic variables especially specific humidity (SH) are the primary drivers of near surface ozone variability in the Winter season, while in Spring, climatic variables like boundary layer height (BLH), temperature (T) and SH have a significant role. Principal component regression (PCR) reveals a long-term increase in near surface ozone levels mostly dominated by precursor concentration over IGPs and Southern sub-regions. Whereas, BLH, T and SH significantly explain near surface ozone trends over North-eastern and Coastal India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhabeel Kumar
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India
| | - Ankit Tandon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Samba, Jammu & Kashmir, 181143, India.
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Litman Y, Chiang KY, Seki T, Nagata Y, Bonn M. Surface stratification determines the interfacial water structure of simple electrolyte solutions. Nat Chem 2024; 16:644-650. [PMID: 38225269 PMCID: PMC10997511 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The distribution of ions at the air/water interface plays a decisive role in many natural processes. Several studies have reported that larger ions tend to be surface-active, implying ions are located on top of the water surface, thereby inducing electric fields that determine the interfacial water structure. Here we challenge this view by combining surface-specific heterodyne-detected vibrational sum-frequency generation with neural network-assisted ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show that ions in typical electrolyte solutions are, in fact, located in a subsurface region, leading to a stratification of such interfaces into two distinctive water layers. The outermost surface is ion-depleted, and the subsurface layer is ion-enriched. This surface stratification is a key element in explaining the ion-induced water reorganization at the outermost air/water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Litman
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Takakazu Seki
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.
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Angelaki M, Carreira Mendes Da Silva Y, Perrier S, George C. Quantification and Mechanistic Investigation of the Spontaneous H 2O 2 Generation at the Interfaces of Salt-Containing Aqueous Droplets. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8327-8334. [PMID: 38488457 PMCID: PMC10979748 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
There is now much evidence that OH radicals and H2O2 are spontaneously generated at the air-water interface of atmospheric aerosols. Here, we investigated the effect of halide anions (Cl-, Br-, I-), which are abundant in marine aerosols, on this H2O2 production. Droplets were generated via nebulization of water solutions containing Na2SO4, NaCl, NaBr, and NaI containing solutions, and H2O2 was monitored as a function of the salt concentration under atmospheric relevant conditions. The interfacial OH radical formation was also investigated by adding terephthalic acid (TA) to our salt solutions, and the product of its reaction with OH, hydroxy terephthalic acid (TAOH), was monitored. Finally, a mechanistic investigation was performed to examine the reactions participating in H2O2 production, and their respective contributions were quantified. Our results showed that only Br- contributes to the interfacial H2O2 formation, promoting the production by acting as an electron donor, while Na2SO4 and NaCl stabilized the droplets by only reducing their evaporation. TAOH was observed in the collected droplets and, for the first time, directly in the particle phase by means of online fluorescence spectroscopy, confirming the interfacial OH production. A mechanistic study suggests that H2O2 is formed by both OH and HO2 self-recombination, as well as HO2 reaction with H atoms. This work is expected to enhance our understanding of interfacial processes and assess their impact on climate, air quality, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angelaki
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Sébastien Perrier
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
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Perraud V, Roundtree K, Morris PM, Smith JN, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Implications for new particle formation in air of the use of monoethanolamine in carbon capture and storage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9005-9020. [PMID: 38440810 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Alkanolamines are currently being deployed in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology worldwide, and atmospheric emissions have been found to coincide with locations exhibiting elevated concentrations of methanesulfonic acid (MSA). It is thus critical to understand the fate and potential atmospheric reactions of these chemicals. This study reports the characterization of sub-10 nm nanoparticles produced through the acid-base reaction between gas phase monoethanolamine (MEA) and MSA, a product of organosulfur compound oxidation in air, using a flow reactor under dry and humid (up to ∼60% RH) conditions. Number size distribution measurements show that MEA is even more efficient than methylamine in forming nanoparticles on reaction with MSA. This is attributed to the fact that the MEA structure contains both an -NH2 and an -OH group that facilitate hydrogen bonding within the clusters, in addition to the electrostatic interactions. Due to this already strong H-bond network, water has a relatively small influence on new particle formation (NPF) and growth in this system, in contrast to MSA reactions with alkylamines. Acid/base molar ratios of unity for 4-12 nm particles were measured using thermal desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The data indicate that reaction of MEA with MSA may dominate NPF under some atmospheric conditions. Thus, the unique characteristics of alkanolamines in NPF must be taken into account for accurate predictions of impacts of CCS on visibility, health and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Kanuri Roundtree
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Patricia M Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - James N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Zang X, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Li G, Xie H, Zhang W, Wu G, Yang X, Jiang L. Effects of NO 2 and SO 2 on the secondary organic aerosol formation from β-pinene photooxidation. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:151-160. [PMID: 37923426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the effects of anthropogenic pollutants on the photooxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds is crucial to understanding the fundamental mechanisms of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Here, the impacts of NO2 and SO2 on SOA formation from the photooxidation of a representative monoterpene, β-pinene, were investigated by a number of laboratory studies. The results indicated NO2 enhanced the SOA mass concentrations and particle number concentrations under both low and high β-pinene conditions. This could be rationalized that the increased O3 concentrations upon the NOx photolysis was helpful for the generation of more amounts of O3-oxidized products, which accelerated the SOA nucleation and growth. Combing with NO2, the promotion of the SOA yield by SO2 was mainly reflected in the increase of mass concentration, which might be due to the elimination of the newly formed particles by the initially formed particles. The observed low oxidation degree of SOA might be attributed to the fast growth of SOA, resulting in the uptake of less oxygenated gas-phase species onto the particle phase. The present findings have important implications for SOA formation affected by anthropogenic-biogenic interactions in the ambient atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Weiqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guorong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xueming Yang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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Li T, Li J, Xie L, Lin B, Jiang H, Sun R, Wang X, Liu B, Tian C, Li Q, Jia W, Zhang G, Peng P. In situ biomass burning enhanced the contribution of biogenic sources to sulfate aerosol in subtropical cities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168384. [PMID: 37956844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Sulfurous gases released by biogenic sources play a key role in the global sulfur cycle. However, the contribution of biogenic sources to sulfate aerosol in the urban atmosphere has received little attention. Emission sources and formation process of sulfate in Guangzhou, a subtropical mega-city in China, were clarified using multiple methods, including isotope tracers and chemical markers. The δ18O of sulfate suggested that secondary sulfate was the dominant component (84 %) of sulfate aerosol, which mainly formed by transition metal ion (TMI) catalyzed oxidation (31 %) and OH radical oxidation (30 %). The factors driving secondary sulfate formation were revealed using a tree boosting model, which suggested that NH3, temperature, and oxidants were the most important factors. The δ34S of sulfate indicated that biogenic sources accounted for annual average of 26.0 % of the sulfate, which increased to 30.4 % in winter monsoon period. Rice straw burning enhanced sulfate formation by promoting the release of reduced sulfur from soil, which is rapidly converted into sulfate under a subtropical urban atmosphere with high concentration of NH3 and oxidants. This study revealed the important influence of rice straw burning on biogenic sulfur emission during the rice harvest, thereby providing insight into the sulfur cycle and regional air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Luhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Boji Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hongxing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Rong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ben Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Wanglu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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9
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Kagawa M, Katsuta N, Naito S, Masuki Y, Yoshimizu C, Chiba H, Tayasu I. Sample pretreatment effects on isotopic compositions of oxygen and sulfur in BaSO 4 derived from atmospheric sulfate. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9659. [PMID: 37953543 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Preparation of BaSO4 from samples of atmospheric rain, snow, and aerosols has been used for δ18 O and δ34 S analyses. In the present study, we investigated the effect of various sample pretreatments on δ18 O and δ34 S values determined from a Na2 SO4 reagent solution and samples of atmospheric precipitation to improve assay time and cost efficiency. METHODS BaSO4 was prepared from a Na2 SO4 solution by (a) evaporative concentration, (b) evaporation to dryness, (c) evaporation to dryness after adding HCl, and (d) evaporation to concentration after adding HCl, followed by cooling and then precipitation using a BaCl2 solution. To analyze the atmospheric precipitation samples for δ18 O, BaSO4 prepared from the samples was treated with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and SO4 2- and separated chromatographically. The values of δ18 O and δ34 S were measured using a continuous-flow elemental analyzer coupled to an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer. RESULTS The δ34 S values in BaSO4 precipitated from Na2 SO4 solution determined by methods (a)-(c) were consistent within precisions of ±0.5‰. The δ18 O values of methods (a) and (b) were consistent within ±0.2‰, whereas the δ18 O values of methods (c) and (d) increased with increasing HCl concentrations. Similar results were obtained from samples of atmospheric precipitations. The δ18 O values from DTPA-treated BaSO4 were consistent with those obtained by chromatographic separation within ±0.5‰. CONCLUSIONS We found no significant differences in the effects of various pretreatments (acidification, heating, concentration, and drying) on δ18 O and δ34 S values in sulfate from samples of atmospheric precipitation and aerosols extracted as BaSO4 if HCl was not added to the sample before heating and BaSO4 was treated with DTPA for the δ18 O analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sayuri Naito
- Faculty of Education, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuma Masuki
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Liu XL, Li CX, Zhai X, Sun X, Chen K, Liu L, Wang BD. Spatial distributions and environmentally-mediated factors of dimethylsulfoxide off the northern Antarctic Peninsula in summer. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 196:115632. [PMID: 37826908 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distributions of dissolved and particulate dimethylsulfoxide (DMSOd and DMSOp) were investigated off the northern Antarctic Peninsula during the austral summer of 2018, an ecologically and climatically important region of the world. In the upper waters, DMSOd was concentrated in the ice-melt zone because DMSO functions physiologically as an intracellular osmolyte and cryoprotectant. DMSOd concentrations had a weak positive correlation with temperature but a negative correlation with nutrients. This highlighted the importance of temperature-dependent biological activities and photolysis in DMSOd production and the important role of the intracellular antioxidation system in phytoplankton cells. The decrease of average DMSOp:Chl-a ratios in upper waters from west to east, along with decreasing temperatures and increasing diatoms proportions in the phytoplankton, illustrates how seawater DMSO production capacities depend on ambient temperatures and the composition of phytoplankton assemblages. DMSOp were accumulated in deep waters through bio-debris accumulation and microbial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Cheng-Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Xing Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Kan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Bao-Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China.
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11
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Jones SH, King MD, Rennie AR, Ward AD, Campbell RA, Hughes AV. Aqueous Radical Initiated Oxidation of an Organic Monolayer at the Air-Water Interface as a Proxy for Thin Films on Atmospheric Aerosol Studied with Neutron Reflectometry. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8922-8934. [PMID: 37830513 PMCID: PMC10614302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Neutron reflectometry has been used to study the radical initiated oxidation of a monolayer of the lipid 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) at the air-solution interface by aqueous-phase hydroxyl, sulfate, and nitrate radicals. The oxidation of organic films at the surface of atmospheric aqueous aerosols can influence the optical properties of the aerosol and consequently can impact Earth's radiative balance and contribute to modern climate change. The amount of material at the air-solution interface was found to decrease on exposure to aqueous-phase radicals which was consistent with a multistep degradation mechanism, i.e., the products of reaction of the DSPC film with aqueous radicals were also surface active. The multistep degradation mechanism suggests that lipid molecules in the thin film degrade to form progressively shorter chain surface active products and several reactive steps are required to remove the film from the air-solution interface. Bimolecular rate constants for oxidation via the aqueous phase OH radical cluster around 1010 dm3 mol-1 s-1. Calculations to determine the film lifetime indicate that it will take ∼4-5 days for the film to degrade to 50% of its initial amount in the atmosphere, and therefore attack by aqueous radicals on organic films could be atmospherically important relative to typical atmospheric aerosol lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H. Jones
- Centre
of Climate, Ocean and Atmosphere, Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, U.K.
- STFC,
Central Laser Facility, Research Complex
at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K.
| | - Martin D. King
- Centre
of Climate, Ocean and Atmosphere, Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, U.K.
| | - Adrian R. Rennie
- Department
of Chemistry, Angström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrew D. Ward
- STFC,
Central Laser Facility, Research Complex
at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K.
| | - Richard A. Campbell
- Institut
Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 6, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, F-38042
Cedex 9 Grenoble, France
| | - Arwel V. Hughes
- ISIS
Pulsed Neutron and Muon source, Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
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12
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Babu G, Das A, Chakrabarty A, Chowdhury G, Goswami M. Criegee Intermediate-Mediated Oxidation of Dimethyl Disulfide: Effect of Formic Acid and Its Atmospheric Relevance. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8415-8426. [PMID: 37782474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation-reduction reactions of disulfides are important in both chemistry and biology. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), the smallest reduced sulfur species with a disulfide bond, is emitted in significant quantities from natural sources and contributes to the formation of aerosols and hazardous haze. Although atmospheric removal of DMDS via the reactions with OH or NO3 radicals and photolysis is known, the reactions of DMDS with other atmospheric oxidants are yet to be explored. Herein, using quantum chemical calculations, we explored the reactions of DMDS with CH2OO (formaldehyde oxide) and other methyl-substituted Criegee intermediates. The various reaction pathways evaluated were found to have positive energy barriers. However, in the presence of formic acid, a direct oxygen-transfer pathway leading to the corresponding sulfoxide (CH3SS(O)CH3) was found to proceed through a submerged transition state below the separated reactants. Calculations for the methyl-substituted Criegee intermediates, particularly for anti-CH3CHOO, show a significant increase in the rate of the direct oxygen-transfer reaction when catalyzed by formic acid. The presence of formic acid also alters the mechanism and reduces the enthalpic barrier of a second pathway, forming thioformaldehyde and hydroperoxide without any rate enhancement. Our data indicated that, although Criegee intermediates are unlikely to be an important atmospheric sink of DMDS under normal conditions, in regions rich in DMDS and formic acid, the formic acid-catalyzed Criegee intermediate-mediated oxidation of DMDS via the direct oxygen-transfer pathway could lead to organic sulfur compounds contributing to atmospheric aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowtham Babu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN 632014, India
| | - Arijit Das
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, KA 560012, India
| | - Anindita Chakrabarty
- Department of Life Science, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University, Delhi-NCR, UP 201314, India
| | | | - Mausumi Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN 632014, India
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13
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Zhao D, Yang Y, Tham YJ, Zou S. Emission of marine volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by phytoplankton- a review. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 191:106177. [PMID: 37741052 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Oceans cover over 71% of the Earth's surface and play crucial roles in regulating the global climate. In the marine boundary layer, the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been shown to have positive relations with the marine algal biomass, indicating that the marine biological activities can be an important biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) source. The emitted BVOCs will enhance the formation of secondary organic aerosols, and perturb the radiative forcing, which ultimately affects the climate. To date, knowledge on the emission processes (i.e., synthesis processes and emission rates) of BVOCs from marine phytoplankton is still lacking compared to the more well-known BVOCs released from terrestrial plants. In this review, we focus on the BVOCs emissions from the marine phytoplankton. Based on the available literature from field and laboratory studies, we listed the types of BVOCs being emitted by different marine phytoplankton species, summarized the diversity of BVOCs related to phytoplankton taxonomy and physiology and abiotic factors affecting their emissions in various marine environments, and discussed the biosynthesis and ecological function of important marine VOCs such as DMS, terpenoids and VHCs from phytoplankton. Finally, we highlighted the existing gaps in the current knowledge and the needs of future study for better understanding the physiological and ecological roles of BVOCs emission from marine phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna Zhao
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, 519082, China.
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Shichun Zou
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai, 519082, China; Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, 519082, China
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14
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Du Z, Ding S, Xiao R, Fang C, Jia R, Chu W. Disinfection by-product precursors introduced by sandstorm events: Composition, formation characteristics and potential risks. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120429. [PMID: 37542764 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Sandstorms, a natural meteorological event, occur repeatedly during the dry season and can accumulate large amounts of natural/anthropogenic pollutants during the deposition process, potentially introducing disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors into surface waters. In this study, the characteristics of sandstorm-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its DBP formation potential were elucidated. Overall, sandstorm-derived DOM mainly consisted of low-molecular-weight, low-aromaticity, high-nitrogen organic matter, with a dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release yield of 14.4 mg-DOC/g. The halogenated DBP formation potential (calculated as total organic halogen) of sandstorm-derived DOM was comparable to that of surface water, while the normalized DBP-associated toxicity was 1.96 times higher. Similar to DOM introduced by other depositional pathways, sandstorm-derived DOM also had higher yields of highly cytotoxic DBPs (haloacetaldehydes [HALs], haloacetonitriles [HANs] and halonitromethanes [HNMs]). The average atmospheric deposition flux for DOM during the sandstorm event (50.4 ± 2.1 kg km-2 day-1) was 6.95 times higher than that of dry deposition, indicating a higher probability of contaminant input. Simultaneously, the estimation revealed that the sandstorm will increase the formation potential of toxicity forcing agents, such as HALs, HANs and HNMs, in surface water by 3.87%, 2.39% and 9.04%, respectively. Considering the high frequency of sandstorm events and the sorption of other organic pollutants by sand and dust, the impact of sandstorms on surface water quality should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Centre, Jinan 250101, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Centre, Jinan 250101, China.
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China.
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15
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Sarang K, Otto T, Gagan S, Rudzinski K, Schaefer T, Brüggemann M, Grgić I, Kubas A, Herrmann H, Szmigielski R. Aqueous-phase photo-oxidation of selected green leaf volatiles initiated by OH radicals: Products and atmospheric implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162622. [PMID: 36878296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
C5- and C6- unsaturated oxygenated organic compounds emitted by plants under stress like cutting, freezing or drying, known as Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs), may clear some of the existing uncertainties in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) budget. The transformations of GLVs are a potential source of SOA components through photo-oxidation processes occurring in the atmospheric aqueous phase. Here, we investigated the aqueous photo-oxidation products from three abundant GLVs (1-penten-3-ol, (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol, and (E)-2-hexen-1-al) induced by OH radicals, carried out in a photo-reactor under simulated solar conditions. The aqueous reaction samples were analyzed using advanced hyphenated mass spectrometry techniques: capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry (c-GC-MS); and reversed-phase liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Using carbonyl-targeted c-GC-MS analysis, we confirmed the presence of propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, 1-penten-3-one, and 2-hexen-1-al in the reaction samples. The LC-HRMS analysis confirmed the presence of a new carbonyl product with the molecular formula C6H10O2, which probably bears the hydroxyhexenal or hydroxyhexenone structure. Density functional theory (DFT)-based quantum calculations were used to evaluate the experimental data and obtain insight into the formation mechanism and structures of the identified oxidation products via the addition and hydrogen-abstraction pathways. DFT calculations highlighted the importance of the hydrogen abstraction pathway leading to the new product C6H10O2. Atmospheric relevance of the identified products was evaluated using a set of physical property data like Henry's law constant (HLC) and vapor pressure (VP). The unknown product of molecular formula C6H10O2 has higher HLC and lower VP than the parent GLV and thus has potential to remain in the aqueous phase leading to possible aqueous SOA formation. Other observed carbonyl products are likely first stage oxidation products and precursors of aged SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sarang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sahir Gagan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rudzinski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Brüggemann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Irena Grgić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adam Kubas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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16
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Saiz-Lopez A, Fernandez RP, Li Q, Cuevas CA, Fu X, Kinnison DE, Tilmes S, Mahajan AS, Gómez Martín JC, Iglesias-Suarez F, Hossaini R, Plane JMC, Myhre G, Lamarque JF. Natural short-lived halogens exert an indirect cooling effect on climate. Nature 2023; 618:967-973. [PMID: 37380694 PMCID: PMC10307623 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Observational evidence shows the ubiquitous presence of ocean-emitted short-lived halogens in the global atmosphere1-3. Natural emissions of these chemical compounds have been anthropogenically amplified since pre-industrial times4-6, while, in addition, anthropogenic short-lived halocarbons are currently being emitted to the atmosphere7,8. Despite their widespread distribution in the atmosphere, the combined impact of these species on Earth's radiative balance remains unknown. Here we show that short-lived halogens exert a substantial indirect cooling effect at present (-0.13 ± 0.03 watts per square metre) that arises from halogen-mediated radiative perturbations of ozone (-0.24 ± 0.02 watts per square metre), compensated by those from methane (+0.09 ± 0.01 watts per square metre), aerosols (+0.03 ± 0.01 watts per square metre) and stratospheric water vapour (+0.011 ± 0.001 watts per square metre). Importantly, this substantial cooling effect has increased since 1750 by -0.05 ± 0.03 watts per square metre (61 per cent), driven by the anthropogenic amplification of natural halogen emissions, and is projected to change further (18-31 per cent by 2100) depending on climate warming projections and socioeconomic development. We conclude that the indirect radiative effect due to short-lived halogens should now be incorporated into climate models to provide a more realistic natural baseline of Earth's climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiao Fu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Douglas E Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Anoop S Mahajan
- Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | | | - Fernando Iglesias-Suarez
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Ryan Hossaini
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Gunnar Myhre
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-François Lamarque
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
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17
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Liu T, Duan F, Ma Y, Ma T, Zhang Q, Xu Y, Li F, Huang T, Kimoto T, Zhang Q, He K. Classification and sources of extremely severe sandstorms mixed with haze pollution in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121154. [PMID: 36736562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Air quality has significantly improved in China; however, new challenges emerge when dust weather is combined with haze pollution during spring in northern China. On March 15, 2021, an extremely severe sandstorm occurred in Beijing, with hourly maximum PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations reaching 5267.7 μg m-3 and 963.9 μg m-3, respectively. Continuous sandstorm events usually lead to complicated pollution status in spring. Three pollution types were identified disregarding the time sequence throughout March. The secondary formation type was dominant, with high ratios of PM2.5/PM10 (mean 74%) and PM1/PM2.5 (mean 52%). This suggests that secondary transformations are the primary cause of heavy pollution, even during the dry seasons. Sandstorm type resulted in dramatic PM10 levels, with a noticeable decrease in PM2.5/PM10 levels (27%), although PM2.5 levels remain high. The transitional pollution type was distinguished by an independent increase in PM10 levels, although PM2.5 and PM1 levels differed from the PM10 levels. Throughout March, the sulfur oxidation rate varied considerably, with high levels during most periods (mean 0.52). A strong correlation indicated that relative humidity was the primary variable promoting the formation of secondary sulfate. Sandstorms promote heterogeneous reactions by providing abundant reaction surfaces from mineral particles, therefore aggravating secondary pollution. The sandstorm air mass from the northwest passing through the sand sources of Mongolia carried not only crustal matter but also organic components, such as bioaerosols, resulting in a sharp increase in the organic carbon in PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yunzhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Kimoto Electric Co., Ltd, 3-1 Funahashi-cho Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co., Ltd, 3-1 Funahashi-cho Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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18
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Xu F, Zhang HH, Yan SB, Sun MX, Wu JW, Yang GP. Biogeochemical controls on climatically active gases and atmospheric sulfate aerosols in the western Pacific. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115211. [PMID: 36603657 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Pacific Ocean plays an important role in regulating the budget of climatically active gases and the burden of sulfate aerosols. Here, a field investigation was conducted to clarify the key processes and factors controlling climatically active gases, including dimethyl sulfide (DMS), carbonyl sulfide (OCS), carbon disulfide (CS2), and carbon dioxide (CO2), in both surface seawater and the lower atmosphere of the western Pacific. In addition, the relative contributions of different sources to atmospheric sulfate aerosols were quantitatively estimated, and their causes were explored. The maximum concentrations of DMS, OCS and CS2 and the minimum partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) were observed in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension. Kuroshio-induced mesoscale eddies brought abundant nutrients and organic matter from the subsurface layer of Oyashio into the euphotic layer, thus enhancing primary productivity and accelerating the photoreaction of organic matter. These processes led to higher concentrations of DMS, OCS and CS2 and lower pCO2. However, the oligotrophic subsurface layer in the subtropical gyre and the strong barrier layer in the equatorial waters suppressed the upward fluxes of nutrients and organic matter, resulting in lower surface concentrations of DMS, OCS, and CS2 in these areas. Being far from the continents, atmospheric concentrations of DMS, OCS and CS2 and pCO2 in the western Pacific generally were observed to depend on the local sea-to-air exchange and may be regulated by atmospheric oxidation and mixing of air masses. In general, oceanic DMS emissions played an important role in the formation of sulfate aerosols in the western Pacific (accounting for ∼19.5% of total sulfate aerosols), especially in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension (∼32.3%). These processes in seawater may also determine the variations and emissions of other climatically active gases from biogenic and photochemical sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Shi-Bo Yan
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Ming-Xin Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jin-Wei Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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19
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Yang J, Au WC, Law H, Leung CH, Lam CH, Nah T. pH affects the aqueous-phase nitrate-mediated photooxidation of phenolic compounds: implications for brown carbon formation and evolution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:176-189. [PMID: 35293417 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) is known to have important impacts on atmospheric chemistry and climate. Phenolic compounds are a prominent class of BrC precursors that are emitted in large quantities from biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion. Inorganic nitrate is a ubiquitous component of atmospheric aqueous phases such as cloudwater, fog, and aqueous aerosols. The photolysis of inorganic nitrate can lead to BrC formation via the photonitration of phenolic compounds in the aqueous phase. However, the acidity of the atmospheric aqueous phase adds complexity to these photonitration processes and needs to be considered when investigating BrC formation from the nitrate-mediated photooxidation of phenolic compounds. In this study, we investigated the influence of pH on the formation and evolution of BrC from the aqueous-phase photooxidation of guaiacol, catechol, 5-nitroguaiacol, and 4-nitrocatechol initiated by inorganic nitrate photolysis. The reaction rates, BrC composition and quantities were found to depend on the aqueous phase pH. Guaiacol, catechol, and 5-nitroguaiacol reacted substantially faster at lower pH. In contrast, 4-nitrocatechol reacted at slower rates at lower pH. For all four phenolic compounds, the initial stages of photooxidation resulted in an increase in light absorption (i.e., photo-enhancement) in the near-UV and visible range due to the formation of light absorbing products formed via the addition of nitro and/or hydroxyl groups to the phenolic compound. Greater photo-enhancement was observed at lower pH during the nitrate-mediated photooxidation of guaiacol and catechol. In contrast, greater photo-enhancement was observed at higher pH during the nitrate-mediated photooxidation of 5-nitroguaiacol and 4-nitrocatechol. This indicated that the effect that the aqueous phase pH has on the composition and yields of BrC formed is not universal, and will depend on the initial phenolic compound. These results provide new insights into how the atmospheric aqueous phase acidity influences the reactivities of different phenolic compounds and BrC formation/evolution during photooxidation initiated by inorganic nitrate photolysis, which will have significant implications for how the atmospheric fates of phenolic compounds and BrC formation/evolution are modeled for areas with high levels of inorganic nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wing Chi Au
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Haymann Law
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun Hei Leung
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun Ho Lam
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Theodora Nah
- School of Energy and Environment, Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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20
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Rissler J, Preger C, Eriksson AC, Lin JJ, Prisle NL, Svenningsson B. Missed Evaporation from Atmospherically Relevant Inorganic Mixtures Confounds Experimental Aerosol Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2706-2714. [PMID: 36758144 PMCID: PMC9948290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sea salt aerosol particles are highly abundant in the atmosphere and play important roles in the global radiative balance. After influence from continental air, they are typically composed of Na+, Cl-, NH4+, and SO42- and organics. Analogous particle systems are often studied in laboratory settings by atomizing and drying particles from a solution. Here, we present evidence that such laboratory studies may be consistently biased in that they neglect losses of solutes to the gas phase. We present experimental evidence from a hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer and an aerosol mass spectrometer, further supported by thermodynamic modeling. We show that, at normally prevailing laboratory aerosol mass concentrations, for mixtures of NaCl and (NH4)2SO4, a significant portion of the Cl- and NH4+ ions are lost to the gas phase, in some cases, leaving mainly Na2SO4 in the dry particles. Not considering losses of solutes to the gas phase during experimental studies will likely result in misinterpretation of the data. One example of such data is that from particle water uptake experiments. This may bias the explanatory models constructed from the data and introduce errors inte predictions made by air quality or climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Rissler
- Ergonomics
and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Bioeconomy
and Health, Research Institutes of Sweden
(RISE), Scheelevägen
17, 223 70 Lund, Sweden
| | - Calle Preger
- Ergonomics
and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- MAX
IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Axel C. Eriksson
- Ergonomics
and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jack J. Lin
- Center
for Atmospheric Research, University of
Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Nønne L. Prisle
- Center
for Atmospheric Research, University of
Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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21
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Rhyman L, Lee EPF, Ramasami P, Dyke JM. A study of the thermodynamics and mechanisms of the atmospherically relevant reaction dimethyl sulphide (DMS) with atomic chlorine (Cl) in the absence and presence of water, using electronic structure methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4780-4793. [PMID: 36692209 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05814f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The thermodynamics and mechanisms of the atmospherically relevant reaction dimethyl sulphide (DMS) + atomic chlorine (Cl) were investigated in the absence and presence of a single water molecule, using electronic structure methods. Stationary points on each reaction surface were located using density functional theory (DFT) with the M06-2X functional with aug-cc-pVDZ (aVDZ) and aug-cc-pVTZ (aVTZ) basis sets. Then fixed point calculations were carried out using the UM06-2X/aVTZ optimised stationary point geometries, with aug-cc-pVnZ basis sets (n = T and Q), using the coupled cluster method [CCSD(T)], as well as the domain-based local pair natural orbitals coupled cluster [DLPNO-UCCSD(T)] approach. Four reaction channels are possible, formation of (A) CH3SCH2 + HCl, (B) CH3S + CH3Cl, (C) CH3SCl + CH3, and (C') CH3S(Cl)CH3. The results show that, in the absence of water, channels A and C' are the dominant channels. In the presence of water, the calculations show that the reaction mechanisms for A and C formation change significantly. Channel A occurs via submerged TSs and is expected to be rapid. Channel B occurs via TSs which present significant energy barriers indicating that this channel is not significant in the presence of water relative to CH3SCH2 + HCl and DMS·Cl adduct formation, as is the case in the absence of water. Channel C was not considered as it is endothermic in the absence of water. In the presence of water, pathways which proceed via (a) DMS·H2O + Cl, (b) Cl·H2O + DMS and (c) DMS·Cl + H2O were considered. It was found that under tropospheric conditions, reactions via pathway (b) are of minor importance relative to those that proceed via pathways (a) and (c). This study has shown that water changes the mechanisms of the DMS + Cl reactions significantly but the presence of water is not expected to affect the overall reaction rate coefficient under atmospheric conditions as the DMS + Cl reaction has a rate coefficient at room temperature close to the collisional limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Rhyman
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius. .,Centre For Natural Product Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Edmond P F Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius. .,Centre For Natural Product Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - John M Dyke
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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22
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Cheng YY, Cui CX. Theoretical study on hydrogen transfer in the dissociation of dimethyl disulfide radical cations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:3780-3788. [PMID: 36644933 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05395k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen transfer (HT) is of crucial importance in biochemistry and atmospheric chemistry. Here, HT processes involved in the dissociation reaction of dimethyl disulfide radical cations (DMDS˙+, CH3SSCH3˙+) are investigated using quantum chemical calculations. Four HTs from the C to S atom and one HT from the S to S atom are observed and the most probable paths are proposed in the dissociation channel from DMDS˙+ to CHnS+ (n = 2-4). The mechanisms of all these five HTs are described as hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and four of them are accompanied by electron transfer (ET). Considering the catalytic effect of water molecules existing in organisms and the atmosphere, five HT processes in the dissociation of the [DMDS + H2O]˙+ complex are further explored, which show lower free energy barriers. With the participation of water molecules acting as a base, two HTs from the C to the S atom, which have the largest decrease in energy barriers, are characterized as concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (cPCET). These results can be extended to understand the mechanism of the HT process during the dissociation of disulfide and help provide a strategy to design a rare cPCET mechanism for the activation of the C-H bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Cheng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China.
| | - Cheng-Xing Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.
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23
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Estefany C, Sun Z, Hong Z, Du J. Raman spectroscopy for profiling physical and chemical properties of atmospheric aerosol particles: A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114405. [PMID: 36508807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmosphere aerosols have significant impact on human health and the environment. Aerosol particles have a number of characteristics that influence their health and environmental effects, including their size, shape, and chemical composition. A great deal of difficulty is associated with quantifying and identifying atmospheric aerosols because these parameters are highly variable on a spatial and temporal scale. An important component of understanding aerosol fate is Raman Spectroscopy (RS), which is capable of resolving chemical compositions of individual particles. This review presented strategic techniques, especially RS methods for characterizing atmospheric aerosols. The nature and properties of atmospheric aerosols and their influence on environment and human health were briefly described. Analytical methodologies that offer insight into the chemistry and multidimensional properties of aerosols were discussed. In addition, perspectives for practical applications of atmospheric aerosols using RS are featured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedeño Estefany
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhenli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zijin Hong
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jingjing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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24
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Sarkar AK, Sadhukhan S. Unearthing the alteration in plant volatiles induced by mycorrhizal fungi: A shield against plant pathogens. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13845. [PMID: 36546667 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a large range of structurally varied low molecular weight secondary metabolites, which evaporate, known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Several of them are emitted in response to biotic stress as a defensive measure against pathogen attacks. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMFs) can change the VOC pattern in parts of the plant and may promote plant defense via direct or indirect mechanisms. Mycorrhization of plants positively affects plant immunization along with growth and yield. The presence of AMF may raise the concentration of phenolic compounds and the activity of critical defense-related enzymes. AMF-induced changes in plant chemistry and associated volatile emissions lead to stronger immunity against pathogenic microorganisms. Despite substantial research into the origins of diversity in VOC-mediated plant communication, very little is known about the mechanism of influence of several AMFs on plant VOC emissions and modulation of plant immunization. Moreover, the molecular mechanism for VOC sensing in plants and mycorrhizal association is still unclear. In the present review, we have presented an up-to-date understanding of the cross-talk of AMF and VOC patterns in plants and the subsequent modulation of resistance against microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Botany, Dukhulal Nibaran Chandra College, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Raiganj University, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjoy Sadhukhan
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Raiganj University, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India
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25
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Arathala P, Musah RA. Theoretical Study of the Atmospheric Chemistry of Methane Sulfonamide Initiated by OH Radicals and the CH 3S(O) 2N •H + 3O 2 Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9447-9460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parandaman Arathala
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany─State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York12222, United States
| | - Rabi A. Musah
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany─State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York12222, United States
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26
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Du B, Zhang W. Atmospheric degradation mechanisms and kinetics for OH-initiated oxidation of trans-β-ocimene. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2152747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benni Du
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weichao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Sulay R, Krishnan A, Muralikrishna B, Devadas S, Rajalakshmi C, Mathew J, Thomas VI. A Quantum Chemical Investigation into the Molecular Mechanism of the Atmospheric Reactions of Chemi-Ions with Nitrogen and Nitrogen Oxides. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1257. [PMID: 36141143 PMCID: PMC9497496 DOI: 10.3390/e24091257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides and chemi-ions are atmospheric pollutants with considerable aeronomic interest. These toxicants can react with each other, producing various ionic species and highly reactive by-products that play a crucial role in aerosol clustering and mediate several important atmospheric reactions. Understanding the chemical reactivity of these pollutants can provide essential information for controlling their excess emission into the atmosphere. Computational modeling and electronic structure studies help in predicting the structure, reactivity, and thermodynamics of transient atmospheric chemical species and can guide experimental research by providing vital mechanistic insights and data. In the present study, a computational investigation into the mechanisms of the binary associative reactions between negative ions: O2- and O3- with NO, NO2, and N2 was conducted using the Coupled-Cluster Singles and Doubles (CCSD) theory. Five model reactions between N2/NOx with On- (n = 2, 3) were considered in this work. Our calculations revealed that reactions (2) and (5) are two sequential processes involving intermediates, and all others occur in a concerted manner by direct transitions from the reactants to the products, with no isolable intermediates proceeding via single non-planar transition states. Our study revealed that the higher activation barrier required for the formation of NO3- (2) as compared to NO2- (1) could be the reason for the excess formation of NO2- ions over NO3- ions in the atmosphere. Further, all the investigated reactions except (5) are found to be feasible at room temperature. The energy required to break N-N bonds in the N2 molecule justifies the high barrier for (5). The results obtained from the study are in close agreement with the available experimental data. Moreover, the data from the study can be utilized for the evaluation of experiments and model predictions pertaining to NOx oxidation and molecular modeling of the gas-phase chemistry of pollutants/nucleation precursors formed in the Earth's atmosphere and aircraft engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehin Sulay
- Department of Chemistry, CMS College Kottayam (Autonomous), Kottayam 686001, Kerala, India
| | - Anandhu Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, CMS College Kottayam (Autonomous), Kottayam 686001, Kerala, India
| | | | - Sudheesh Devadas
- Department of Chemistry, CMS College Kottayam (Autonomous), Kottayam 686001, Kerala, India
| | | | - Jintumol Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, CMS College Kottayam (Autonomous), Kottayam 686001, Kerala, India
| | - Vibin Ipe Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, CMS College Kottayam (Autonomous), Kottayam 686001, Kerala, India
- Institute for Integrated Programmes and Research in Basic Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P.O., Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
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28
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Singh BP, Kumari S, Nair A, Kumari S, Wabaidur SM, Avtar R, Rahman S. Temporary reduction in VOCs associated with health risk during and after COVID-19 in Maharashtra, India. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 2022; 80:53-76. [PMID: 35992767 PMCID: PMC9382016 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-022-09440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A novel coronavirus has affected almost all countries and impacted the economy, environment, and social life. The short-term impact on the environment and human health needs attention to correlate the Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and health assessment for pre-, during, and post lockdowns. Therefore, the current study demonstrates VOC changes and their effect on air quality during the lockdown. The findings of result, the levels of the mean for total VOC concentrations were found to be 15.45 ± 21.07, 2.48 ± 1.61, 19.25 ± 28.91 µg/m3 for all monitoring stations for pre-, during, and post lockdown periods. The highest value of TVOCs was observed at Thane, considered an industrial region (petroleum refinery), and the lowest at Bandra, which was considered a residential region, respectively. The VOC levels drastically decreased by 52%, 89%, 80%, and 97% for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene, respectively, during the lockdown period compared to the previous year. In the present study, the T/B ratio was found lower in the lockdown period as compared to the pre-lockdown period. This can be attributed to the complete closure of non-traffic sources such as industries and factories during the lockdown. The Lifetime Cancer Risk values for all monitoring stations for benzene for pre-and-post lockdown periods were higher than the prescribed value, except during the lockdown period. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10874-022-09440-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Pratap Singh
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence) & Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Saumya Kumari
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence) & Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Arathi Nair
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence) & Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sweety Kumari
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence) & Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ram Avtar
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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29
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Jackson R, Gabric A. Climate Change Impacts on the Marine Cycling of Biogenic Sulfur: A Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081581. [PMID: 36013999 PMCID: PMC9412504 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A key component of the marine sulfur cycle is the climate-active gas dimethylsulfide (DMS), which is synthesized by a range of organisms from phytoplankton to corals, and accounts for up to 80% of global biogenic sulfur emissions. The DMS cycle starts with the intracellular synthesis of the non-gaseous precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), which is released to the water column by various food web processes such as zooplankton grazing. This dissolved DMSP pool is rapidly turned over by microbially mediated conversion using two known pathways: demethylation (releasing methanethiol) and cleavage (producing DMS). Some of the formed DMS is ventilated to the atmosphere, where it undergoes rapid oxidation and contributes to the formation of sulfate aerosols, with the potential to affect cloud microphysics, and thus the regional climate. The marine phase cycling of DMS is complex, however, as heterotrophs also contribute to the consumption of the newly formed dissolved DMS. Interestingly, due to microbial consumption and other water column sinks such as photolysis, the amount of DMS that enters the atmosphere is currently thought to be a relatively minor fraction of the total amount cycled through the marine food web—less than 10%. These microbial processes are mediated by water column temperature, but the response of marine microbial assemblages to ocean warming is poorly characterized, although bacterial degradation appears to increase with an increase in temperature. This review will focus on the potential impact of climate change on the key microbially mediated processes in the marine cycling of DMS. It is likely that the impact will vary across different biogeographical regions from polar to tropical. For example, in the rapidly warming polar oceans, microbial communities associated with the DMS cycle will likely change dramatically during the 21st century with the decline in sea ice. At lower latitudes, where corals form an important source of DMS (P), shifts in the microbiome composition have been observed during thermal stress with the potential to alter the DMS cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Jackson
- Coasts and Ocean Research, Oceans and Atmosphere, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Albert Gabric
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Correspondence:
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30
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Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) from Photo-Oxidation of Toluene: 1 Influence of Reactive Nitrogen, Acidity and Water Vapours on Optical Properties. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13071099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many climate models treat the light-absorbing SOA component called “brown carbon” (BrC) as non-light absorbing because its formation and transformations are poorly understood. We therefore investigated the influence of reactive nitrogen (NOx, NH3)-, acidity (H2SO4)-, and water-mediated chemistry on SOA formed by the photo-oxidation of toluene, the subsequent formation and transformation of BrC, and its optical properties. We discovered that nitrogen-poor (NP) SOA is formed when the molar ratio of NOx to reacted toluene (henceforth, [NOx/ΔHC]) is 0.15 or less, whereas nitrogen-rich (NR) SOA is formed when [NOx/ΔHC] > 0.15. NR and NP SOA have markedly different characteristics. The light absorption coefficient (Babs) and mass absorption cross-section (MAC) of the SOA increased with [NOx/ΔHC] under both the NP and NR regimes. For NP SOA, the MAC increased with [NOx/ΔHC] independently of the relative humidity (RH). However, the MAC of NR SOA was RH-dependent. Under both NP and NR regimes, acidity promoted SOA browning while NH3 increased Babs and MAC at 80% RH. The highest MAC was observed at the lowest RH (20%) for acidic NR SOA, and it was postulated that the MAC of SOA depends mainly on the pH and the [H+]free/[SOA mass] ratio of the aqueous SOA phase.
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31
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Vidović K, Hočevar S, Menart E, Drventić I, Grgić I, Kroflič A. Impact of air pollution on outdoor cultural heritage objects and decoding the role of particulate matter: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:46405-46437. [PMID: 35501442 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric gases and particulate matter (PM) in contact with the material's surface lead to chemical and physical changes, which in most cases cause degradation of the cultural heritage material. Atmospheric damage and soiling are recognized as two pivotal forms of deterioration of cultural heritage materials caused by air pollution. However, the atmospheric damage effect of PM is rather complicated; its variable composition accelerates the deterioration process. Considering this, one of the important contributions of this work is to review the existing knowledge on PM influence on atmospheric damage, further recognize, and critically evaluate the main gaps in current understanding. The second phenomenon related to cultural heritage material and PM pollution is soiling. Even if soiling was recognized long ago, its definition and knowledge have not changed much for several decades. In the past, it was believed that black carbon (BC) was the primary soiling agent and that the change of the lightness could effectively measure the soiling. With the change of pollution situation, the lightness measurements do not represent the degree of soiling correctly. The additional contribution of this work is thus, the critical evaluation of soiling measurements, and accordingly, due to the change of pollution situation, redefinition of soiling is proposed. Even though numerous studies have treated soiling and atmospheric damage separately, there is an overlap between these two processes. No systematic studies exist on the synergy between soiling and atmospheric damage caused by atmospheric PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristijan Vidović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Samo Hočevar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Menart
- National Museum of Slovenia, Muzejska ulica 1, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivana Drventić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Beck J, Brüggemann M, van Pinxteren D, Herrmann H. Nontarget Approach to Identify Complexing Agents in Atmospheric Aerosol and Rainwater Samples. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8966-8974. [PMID: 35708243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric particles and droplets contain numerous organic substances, some of which form complexes with metal ions, significantly affecting bulk physicochemical properties and chemical reactivity. However, the detection and identification of complexing agents and their corresponding metal complexes remains an analytical challenge. In this study, we developed an LC/HRMS nontarget screening (NTS) approach which allows the selective detection of complexing agents in aerosol particle extracts and rainwater. To achieve this, a T-junction is installed between the LC outlet and the ion source, and a FeCl3 solution is added for postcolumn complexation. The resulting mass spectra are screened for the three characteristic iron(III)-complexes [M - H + FeCl3]-, [M - 2H + FeCl2]-, and [M - 3H + FeCl]- with mass differences (Δm/z) between the complexing agent and the iron complex of 160.8416, 124.8648, and 89.8959, respectively. Up to 29 di- or tricarboxylic acids were identified as complexing agents in aerosol particle samples from two different sites (Melpitz, Germany, and Wangdu, China) at concentrations as low as 50 nM. Thirteen complexing agents were detected even in measurements without postcolumn iron addition from complexation with background Fe3+ traces from the analytical system. At least for the highest concentrated complexing agents, the proposed screening approach can thus be exploited in a NTS approach without any device modification. Besides carboxylic acids, 4-nitrophenol and 4-nitrocatechol were identified as further complexing agents, demonstrating the applicability of the approach to other matrices and to a range of different complexing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Beck
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Brüggemann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik van Pinxteren
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Chen P, Kang S, Zhang L, Abdullaev SF, Wan X, Zheng H, Maslov VA, Abdyzhapar Uulu S, Safarov MS, Tripathee L, Li C. Organic aerosol compositions and source estimation by molecular tracers in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 302:119055. [PMID: 35227849 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular composition and sources of organic aerosols in Central Asia, carbonaceous compounds, major ions, and 15 organic molecular tracers of total suspended particulates (TSP) were analyzed from September 2018 to August 2019 in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Extremely high TSP concentrations (annual mean ± std: 211 ± 131 μg m-3) were observed, particularly during summer (seasonal mean ± std: 333 ± 183 μg m-3). Organic carbon (OC: 11.9 ± 7.0 μg m-3) and elemental carbon (EC: 5.1 ± 2.2 μg m-3) exhibited distinct seasonal variations from TSP, with the highest values occurring in winter. A high concentration of Ca2+ was observed (11.9 ± 9.2 μg m-3), accounting for 50.8% of the total ions and reflecting the considerable influence of dust on aerosols. Among the measured organic molecular tracers, levoglucosan was the predominant compound (632 ± 770 ng m-3), and its concentration correlated significantly with OC and EC during the study period. These findings highlight biomass burning (BB) as an important contributor to the particulate air pollution in Dushanbe. High ratios of levoglucosan to mannosan, and syringic acid to vanillic acid suggest that mixed hardwood and herbaceous plants were the main burning materials in the area, with softwood being a minor one. According to the diagnostic tracer ratio, OC derived from BB constituted a large fraction of the primary OC (POC) in ambient aerosols, accounting for an annual mean of nearly 30% and reaching 63% in winter. The annual contribution of fungal spores to POC was 10%, with a maximum of 16% in spring. Measurements of plant debris, accounting for 3% of POC, divulged that these have the same variation as fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Lanxin Zhang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Sabur F Abdullaev
- S.U.Umarov Physical Technical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, 734063, Tajikistan
| | - Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Vladimir A Maslov
- S.U.Umarov Physical Technical Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, 734063, Tajikistan
| | - Salamat Abdyzhapar Uulu
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia (Bishkek), 720001, Kyrgyzstan; Geography Department, Geology Institute, National Academy of Sciences, 720001, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Mustafo S Safarov
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia (Dushanbe), 734063, Tajikistan
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Optimization of the Efficient Extraction of Organic Components in Atmospheric Particulate Matter by Accelerated Solvent Extraction Technique and Its Application. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic components in atmospheric fine particulate matter have attracted much attention and several scientific studies have been performed, although most of the sample extraction methods are time consuming and laborious. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) is a new sample extraction method offering number of advantages, such as low extraction cost, reduced solvent and time consumption, and simplified extraction protocols. In order to optimize ASE methods to determine the concentrations of organic compounds in atmospheric fine particulate matter, different parameters were set out for the experiment, and the optimal method was selected according to the recoveries of the standard (i.e., n−alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)). This study also involves a comparison of the optimal method with the traditional method of ultrasonic extraction (USE). In addition, the optimized method was applied to measure the mass concentrations of organic compounds (n−alkanes and PAHs) in fine particulate matter samples collected in Beijing. The findings showed that the average recovery of target compounds using ASE was 96%, with the majority of compounds falling within the confidence levels, and the ASE recoveries and precision were consistent with the USE method tested. Furthermore, ASE combines the advantages of high extraction efficiency, automation, and reduced solvent use. In conclusion, the optimal ASE methods can be used to extract organic components in atmospheric particulate matter and serve as a point of reference for the development of analytical methodologies for assessing organic compounds in atmospheric particulate matter in China.
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Potential fire risks in South America under anthropogenic forcing hidden by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2437. [PMID: 35508473 PMCID: PMC9068914 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fires in South America have profound effects on climate change and air quality. Although anthropogenic forcing has exacerbated drought and fire risks, the fire emissions and aerosol pollution in the southern Amazon and the Pantanal region showed a consistent long-term decrease during the dry season (August-October) between 2003 and 2019. Here, we find that the decreasing trend in fire emissions, mainly located in the non-deforested region, was associated with climatic conditions unfavorable for intensifying and spreading fires, including increased humidity and slower surface wind speed. These climatic trends can be attributed to weakening of the positive phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, which has strengthened the northeast trade winds within the region (3°S-13°N) and the northwest winds east of the Andes that transport more moisture into the southern Amazon and the Pantanal region. Our findings show the mitigating effects of weakening of the positive Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation phase on human-induced intensification of fire risks in South America and warn of potentially increased risks of fires and aerosol pollution under intensified anthropogenic forcing in the future.
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Distribution and Release of Volatile Organic Sulfur Compounds in Yangcheng Lake. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14081199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) function as a water–atmosphere link in the global sulfur cycle. It is generally believed that the vast majority of VOSCs are released from the ocean. However, due to the pervasive eutrophication and pollution of inland waters, the VOSC production and emission in rivers, lakes and reservoirs are attracting more attention. In this study, the temporal and spatial distributions of three VOSCs, including methanethiol, Dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide in Yangcheng Lake, a eutrophic shallow lake, are investigated monthly and seasonally. Results show that VOSCs are higher in summer and autumn, with the western region as a hotspot. Our results show a positive correlation between VOSC and phytoplankton biomass (p < 0.05). Interestingly, from algal phylum composition, all the phylum, except those with low biomass, played a positive effect on VOSCs’ concentration. We did not find any specific phylum or species of cyanobacteria that contributed solely to the VOSCs. The water-air effluxes of Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) are estimated by a stagnant film model. The DMS effluxes from Yangcheng Lakes were higher than deep lakes and similar to the ocean, indicating that VOSCs, particularly DMS, in those eutrophic shallow lakes were non-negligible.
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37
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Yang Z, Tsona NT, George C, Du L. Nitrogen-Containing Compounds Enhance Light Absorption of Aromatic-Derived Brown Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4005-4016. [PMID: 35192318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The formation of secondary brown carbon (BrC) is chemically complex, leading to an unclear relationship between its molecular composition and optical properties. Here, we present an in-depth investigation of molecular-specific optical properties and aging of secondary BrC produced from the photooxidation of ethylbenzene at varied NOx levels for the first time. Due to the pronounced formation of unsaturated products, the mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of ethylbenzene secondary organic aerosols (ESOA) at 365 nm was higher than that of biogenic SOA by a factor of 10. A high NOx level ([ethylbenzene]0/[NOx]0 < 10 ppbC ppb-1) was found to significantly increase the average MAC300-700nm of ESOA by 0.29 m2 g-1. The data from two complementary high-resolution mass spectrometers and quantum chemical calculations suggested that nitrogen-containing compounds were largely responsible for the enhanced light absorption of high-NOx ESOA, and multifunctional nitroaromatic compounds (such as C8H9NO3 and C8H9NO4) were identified as important BrC chromophores. High-NOx ESOA underwent photobleaching upon direct exposure to ultraviolet light. Photolysis did not lead to the significant decomposition of C8H9NO3 and C8H9NO4, indicating that nitroaromatic compounds may serve as relatively stable nitrogen reservoirs and would effectively absorb solar radiation during the daytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Moran MA, Kujawinski EB, Schroer WF, Amin SA, Bates NR, Bertrand EM, Braakman R, Brown CT, Covert MW, Doney SC, Dyhrman ST, Edison AS, Eren AM, Levine NM, Li L, Ross AC, Saito MA, Santoro AE, Segrè D, Shade A, Sullivan MB, Vardi A. Microbial metabolites in the marine carbon cycle. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:508-523. [PMID: 35365785 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
One-quarter of photosynthesis-derived carbon on Earth rapidly cycles through a set of short-lived seawater metabolites that are generated from the activities of marine phytoplankton, bacteria, grazers and viruses. Here we discuss the sources of microbial metabolites in the surface ocean, their roles in ecology and biogeochemistry, and approaches that can be used to analyse them from chemistry, biology, modelling and data science. Although microbial-derived metabolites account for only a minor fraction of the total reservoir of marine dissolved organic carbon, their flux and fate underpins the central role of the ocean in sustaining life on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Moran
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth B Kujawinski
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - William F Schroer
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shady A Amin
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nicholas R Bates
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St George's, Bermuda.,School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Erin M Bertrand
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Rogier Braakman
- Departments of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, and Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C Titus Brown
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Markus W Covert
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott C Doney
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sonya T Dyhrman
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.,Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Arthur S Edison
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - A Murat Eren
- Josephine Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA.,Helmholtz-Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Naomi M Levine
- Marine and Environmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Avena C Ross
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mak A Saito
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alyson E Santoro
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Segrè
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashley Shade
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Departments of Microbiology and Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, and Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Arregocés HA, Rojano R, Restrepo G. Meteorological factors contributing to organic and elemental carbon concentrations in PM 10 near an open-pit coal mine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:28854-28865. [PMID: 34993810 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Variations in the carbonaceous aerosol contents, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), in particulate matter less than 10 μm in size (PM10), were analyzed at sites influenced by coal mining in an open-pit mine located in northern Colombia. Samples were collected during different seasonal periods throughout 2015. Meteorological variables for each site were examined during the different seasons. Aerosols were detected using a thermal-optical reflectance protocol method. The highest PM10 concentrations, between the ranges of 28.2 ± 8.2 μg m-3 and 75.0 ± 36.5 μg m-3, were recorded during the dry season. However, the highest concentrations of OC (4.8-14.2 μg m-3) and EC (2.9-13.9 μg m-3) in PM10 were observed during the transition period between the dry and wet seasons. The strong correlation between OC and EC in PM10 (r = 0.6-1.0) during the transition season indicates a common primary combustion source. High OC (> 8.3 μg m-3) and EC (> 6.9 μg m-3) concentrations were associated with low wind speeds (< 2.1 m s-1) moving in different directions. Analyses of the sources of atmospheric aerosol pollutants in the mining area in northern Colombia showed that the daily maximum total carbon concentrations were mainly associated with regional atmospheric transport of particulate matter from industrial areas and biomass burning sites located in the territory of Venezuela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli A Arregocés
- Grupo de Investigación GISA, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La Guajira, Riohacha, Colombia.
- Grupo Procesos Fisicoquímicos Aplicados, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia SIU/UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Roberto Rojano
- Grupo de Investigación GISA, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La Guajira, Riohacha, Colombia
| | - Gloria Restrepo
- Grupo Procesos Fisicoquímicos Aplicados, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia SIU/UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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Pani SK, Lee CT, Griffith SM, Lin NH. Humic-like substances (HULIS) in springtime aerosols at a high-altitude background station in the western North Pacific: Source attribution, abundance, and light-absorption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151180. [PMID: 34699812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) are important components of biomass-burning (BB) emissions and highly associated with light-absorbing organic aerosols (often referred to as brown carbon). This study highlights the importance of BB-emitted HULIS aerosols in peninsular Southeast Asian outflow to the subtropical western North Pacific. We determined various key light-absorbing characteristics of HULIS i.e. mass absorption cross-section (MACHULIS), absorbing component of the refractive index (kHULIS), and absorption Ångström exponent (AAEHULIS) based on ground-based aerosol light absorption measurements along with HULIS concentrations in springtime aerosols at Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (LABS; 2862 m above mean sea level), which is a representative high-altitude remote site in the western North Pacific. Daily variations of HULIS (0.58-12.92 μg m-3) at LABS were mostly linked with the influence from incoming air-masses, while correlations with BB tracers and secondary aerosols indicated the attribution of primary and secondary sources. Stronger light absorption capability of HULIS was clearly evident from MACHULIS and kHULIS values at 370 nm, which were about ~1.5 times higher during BB-dominated days (1.16 ± 0.75 m2 g-1 and 0.05 ± 0.03, respectively) than that during non-BB days (0.77 ± 0.89 m2 g-1 and 0.03 ± 0.04, respectively). Estimates from a simple radiative transfer model showed that HULIS absorption can add as much as 15.13 W g-1 to atmospheric warming, and ~46% more during BB-dominated than non-BB period, highlighting that HULIS light absorption may significantly affect the Earth-atmosphere system and tropospheric photochemistry over the western North Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Kumar Pani
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Te Lee
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
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41
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Zhang D, Ren H, Hu W, Wu L, Ren L, Deng J, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Wang Z, Kawamura K, Fu P. Latitudinal difference in the molecular distributions of lipid compounds in the forest atmosphere in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118578. [PMID: 34843855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are important biogenic markers to indicate the sources and chemical process of aerosol particles in the atmosphere. To better understand the influences of biogenic and anthropogenic sources on forest aerosols, total suspended particles (TSP) were collected at Mt. Changbai, Shennongjia, and Xishuangbanna that are located at different climatic zones in northeastern, central and southwestern China. n-Alkanes, fatty acids and n-alcohols were detected in the forest aerosols based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The total concentrations of aliphatic compounds ranged from 15.3 ng m-3 to 566 ng m-3, and fatty acids were the most abundant (44-95%) followed by n-alkanes and n-alcohols. Low molecular weight- (LFAs) and unsaturated fatty acids (UnFAs) showed diurnal variation with higher concentrations during the nighttime in summer, indicating the potential impact from microbial activities on forest aerosols. The differences of oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) concentrations between daytime and nighttime increased at lower latitude, indicating more intense photochemical degradation occurred at lower latitude regions. High levels of n-alkanes during daytime in summer with higher values of carbon preference indexes, combining the strong odd carbon number predominance with a maximum at C27 or C29, implied the high contributions of biogenic sources, e.g., higher plant waxes. In contrast, higher concentrations of low molecular weight n-alkanes were detected in winter forest aerosols. Levoglucosan showed a positive correlation (R2 > 0.57) with high- and low molecular weight aliphatic compounds in Mt. Changbai, but such a correlation was not observed in Shennongjia and Xishuangbanna. These results suggest the significant influence of biomass burning in Mt. Changbai, and fossil fuel combustion might be another important anthropogenic source of forest aerosols. This study adds useful information to the current understanding of forest organic aerosols at different geographical locations in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghuan Zhang
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hong Ren
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Air Environmental Modeling and Pollution Controlling Key Laboratory of Sichuan Higher Education Institute, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Wei Hu
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Libin Wu
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lujie Ren
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Junjun Deng
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Ma M, Gao Y, Ding A, Su H, Liao H, Wang S, Wang X, Zhao B, Zhang S, Fu P, Guenther AB, Wang M, Li S, Chu B, Yao X, Gao H. Development and Assessment of a High-Resolution Biogenic Emission Inventory from Urban Green Spaces in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:175-184. [PMID: 34898191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions have long been known to play vital roles in modulating the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). While early studies have evaluated their impact globally or regionally, the BVOC emissions emitted from urban green spaces (denoted as U-BVOC emissions) have been largely ignored primarily due to the failure of low-resolution land cover in resolving such processes, but also because their important contribution to urban BVOCs was previously unrecognized. In this study, by utilizing a recently released high-resolution land cover dataset, we develop the first set of emission inventories of U-BVOCs in China at spatial resolutions as high as 1 km. This new dataset resolved densely distributed U-BVOCs in urban core areas. The U-BVOC emissions in megacities could account for a large fraction of total BVOC emissions, and the good agreement of the interannual variations between the U-BVOC emissions and ozone concentrations over certain regions stresses their potentially crucial role in influencing ozone variations. The newly constructed U-BVOC emission inventory is expected to provide an improved dataset to enable the research community to re-examine the modulation of BVOCs on the formation of ozone, SOA, and atmospheric chemistry in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz D-55128, Germany
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- Laboratory for Ocean Dynamics and Climate, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- International Laboratory for High-Resolution Earth System Model and Prediction (iHESP), Qingdao 266100, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES), College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Alex B Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Minghuai Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shenshen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
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Llusià J, Asensio D, Sardans J, Filella I, Peguero G, Grau O, Ogaya R, Gargallo-Garriga A, Verryckt LT, Van Langenhove L, Brechet LM, Courtois E, Stahl C, Janssens IA, Peñuelas J. Contrasting nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization effects on soil terpene exchanges in a tropical forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149769. [PMID: 34464786 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Production, emission, and absorption of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in ecosystem soils and associated impacts of nutrient availability are unclear; thus, predictions of effects of global change on source-sink dynamic under increased atmospheric N deposition and nutrition imbalances are limited. Here, we report the dynamics of soil BVOCs under field conditions from two undisturbed tropical rainforests from French Guiana. We analyzed effects of experimental soil applications of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and N + P on soil BVOC exchanges (in particular of total terpenes, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes), to determine source and sink dynamics between seasons (dry and wet) and elevations (upper and lower elevations corresponding to top of the hills (30 m high) and bottom of the valley). We identified 45 soil terpenoids compounds emitted to the atmosphere, comprising 26 monoterpenes and 19 sesquiterpenes; of these, it was possible to identify 13 and 7 compounds, respectively. Under ambient conditions, soils acted as sinks of these BVOCs, with greatest soil uptake recorded for sesquiterpenes at upper elevations during the wet season (-282 μg m-2 h-1). Fertilization shifted soils from a sink to source, with greatest levels of terpene emissions recorded at upper elevations during the wet season, following the addition of N (monoterpenes: 406 μg m-2 h-1) and P (sesquiterpenes: 210 μg m-2 h-1). Total soil terpene emission rates were negatively correlated with total atmospheric terpene concentrations. These results indicate likely shifts in tropical soils from sink to source of atmospheric terpenes under projected increases in N deposition under global change, with potential impacts on regional-scale atmospheric chemistry balance and ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Llusià
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Dolores Asensio
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Iolanda Filella
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Guille Peguero
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Oriol Grau
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Romà Ogaya
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Gargallo-Garriga
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lore T Verryckt
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO (Plant and Ecosystems), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Leandro Van Langenhove
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO (Plant and Ecosystems), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Laëtitia M Brechet
- INRAE, UMR Ecology of Guiana Forests (Ecofog), AgroParisTech, Cirad, CNRS, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97387 Kourou, French Guiana; Center of Excellence Global Change Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Elodie Courtois
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Evolution, interactions des systèmes amazoniens (LEEISA), Université de Guyane, CNRS, IFREMER, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Clément Stahl
- INRAE, UMR Ecology of Guiana Forests (Ecofog), AgroParisTech, Cirad, CNRS, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97387 Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO (Plant and Ecosystems), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF- CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Catalonia, Spain
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Hilario MRA, Crosbie E, Bañaga PA, Betito G, Braun RA, Cambaliza MO, Corral AF, Cruz MT, Dibb JE, Lorenzo GR, MacDonald AB, Robinson CE, Shook MA, Simpas JB, Stahl C, Winstead E, Ziemba LD, Sorooshian A. Particulate Oxalate-To-Sulfate Ratio as an Aqueous Processing Marker: Similarity Across Field Campaigns and Limitations. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2021GL096520. [PMID: 35136274 PMCID: PMC8819676 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl096520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging aerosol data from multiple airborne and surface-based field campaigns encompassing diverse environmental conditions, we calculate statistics of the oxalate-sulfate mass ratio (median: 0.0217; 95% confidence interval: 0.0154-0.0296; R = 0.76; N = 2,948). Ground-based measurements of the oxalate-sulfate ratio fall within our 95% confidence interval, suggesting the range is robust within the mixed layer for the submicrometer particle size range. We demonstrate that dust and biomass burning emissions can separately bias this ratio toward higher values by at least one order of magnitude. In the absence of these confounding factors, the 95% confidence interval of the ratio may be used to estimate the relative extent of aqueous processing by comparing inferred oxalate concentrations between air masses, with the assumption that sulfate primarily originates from aqueous processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Paola Angela Bañaga
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Grace Betito
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Now at: Healthy Urban Environments Initiative, Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Maria Obiminda Cambaliza
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Andrea F Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Melliza Templonuevo Cruz
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jack E Dibb
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Genevieve Rose Lorenzo
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Claire E Robinson
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - James Bernard Simpas
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Connor Stahl
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Edward Winstead
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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45
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Adam MG, Tran PTM, Balasubramanian R. Air quality changes in cities during the COVID-19 lockdown: A critical review. ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH 2021; 264:105823. [PMID: 34456403 PMCID: PMC8384485 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In response to the rapid spread of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) within and across countries and the need to protect public health, governments worldwide introduced unprecedented measures such as restricted road and air travel and reduced human mobility in 2020. The curtailment of personal travel and economic activity provided a unique opportunity for researchers to assess the interplay between anthropogenic emissions of primary air pollutants, their physical transport, chemical transformation, ultimate fate and potential health impacts. In general, reductions in the atmospheric levels of outdoor air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were observed in many countries during the lockdowns. However, the levels of ozone (O3), a secondary air pollutant linked to asthma and respiratory ailments, and secondary PM were frequently reported to remain unchanged or even increase. An increase in O3 can enhance the formation of secondary PM2.5, especially secondary organic aerosols, through the atmospheric oxidation of VOCs. Given that the gaseous precursors of O3 (VOCs and NOx) are also involved in the formation of secondary PM2.5, an integrated control strategy should focus on reducing the emission of the common precursors for the co-mitigation of PM2.5 and O3 with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions. Compared to outdoor air quality, comprehensive investigations of indoor air quality (IAQ) are relatively sparse. People spend more than 80% of their time indoors with exposure to air pollutants of both outdoor and indoor origins. Consequently, an integrated assessment of exposure to air pollutants in both outdoor and indoor microenvironments is needed for effective urban air quality management and for mitigation of health risk. To provide further insights into air quality, we do a critical review of scientific articles, published from January 2020 to December 2020 across the globe. Finally, we discuss policy implications of our review in the context of global air quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max G Adam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Phuong T M Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- Faculty of Environment, University of Science and Technology, The University of Danang, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Lien Chieu District, Danang City, Viet Nam
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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46
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Fenizia S, Weissflog J, Pohnert G. Cysteinolic Acid Is a Widely Distributed Compatible Solute of Marine Microalgae. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19120683. [PMID: 34940682 PMCID: PMC8703288 DOI: 10.3390/md19120683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton rely on bioactive zwitterionic and highly polar small metabolites with osmoregulatory properties to compensate changes in the salinity of the surrounding seawater. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is a main representative of this class of metabolites. Salinity-dependent DMSP biosynthesis and turnover contribute significantly to the global sulfur cycle. Using advanced chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques that enable the detection of highly polar metabolites, we identified cysteinolic acid as an additional widely distributed polar metabolite in phytoplankton. Cysteinolic acid belongs to the class of marine sulfonates, metabolites that are commonly produced by algae and consumed by bacteria. It was detected in all dinoflagellates, haptophytes, diatoms and prymnesiophytes that were surveyed. We quantified the metabolite in different phytoplankton taxa and revealed that the cellular content can reach even higher concentrations than the ubiquitous DMSP. The cysteinolic acid concentration in the cells of the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii increases significantly when grown in a medium with elevated salinity. In contrast to the compatible solute ectoine, cysteinolic acid is also found in high concentrations in axenic algae, indicating biosynthesis by the algae and not the associated bacteria. Therefore, we add this metabolite to the family of highly polar metabolites with osmoregulatory characteristics produced by phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Fenizia
- Bioorganic Analytics, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany;
- MPG Fellow Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Jerrit Weissflog
- MPG Fellow Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Bioorganic Analytics, Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstrasse 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany;
- MPG Fellow Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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47
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Moore ER, Weaver AJ, Davis EW, Giovannoni SJ, Halsey KH. Metabolism of key atmospheric volatile organic compounds by the marine heterotrophic bacterium Pelagibacter HTCC1062 (SAR11). Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:212-222. [PMID: 34845812 PMCID: PMC9300024 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plants and phytoplankton are natural sources of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) acetone and isoprene, which are reactive and can alter atmospheric chemistry. In earlier research we reported that, when co-cultured with a diatom, the marine bacterium Pelagibacter (strain HTCC1062; 'SAR11 clade') reduced the concentration of compounds tentatively identified as acetone and isoprene. In this study, experiments with Pelagibacter monocultures confirmed that these cells are capable of metabolizing acetone and isoprene at rates similar to bacterial communities in seawater and high enough to consume substantial fractions of the total marine acetone and isoprene budgets if extrapolated to global SAR11 populations. Homologues of an acetone/cyclohexanone monooxygenase were identified in the HTCC1062 genome and in the genomes of a wide variety of other abundant marine taxa, and were expressed at substantial levels (c. 10-4 of transcripts) across TARA oceans metatranscriptomes from ocean surface samples. The HTCC1062 genome lacks the canonical isoprene degradation pathway, suggesting an unknown alternative biochemical pathway is used by these cells for isoprene uptake. Fosmidomycin, an inhibitor of bacterial isoprenoid biosynthesis, blocked HTCC1062 growth, but the cells were rescued when isoprene was added to the culture, indicating SAR11 cells may be capable of synthesizing isoprenoid compounds from exogenous isoprene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Alec J Weaver
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Edward W Davis
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Stephen J Giovannoni
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Kimberly H Halsey
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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48
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Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel F Ruiz-Lopez
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Popovicheva O, Molozhnikova E, Nasonov S, Potemkin V, Penner I, Klemasheva M, Marinaite I, Golobokova L, Vratolis S, Eleftheriadis K, Khodzher T. Industrial and wildfire aerosol pollution over world heritage Lake Baikal. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 107:49-64. [PMID: 34412787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lake Baikal is the biggest reservoir of fresh water with unique flora and fauna; presently it is negatively affected by climate change, water warming, industrial emissions, shipping, touristic activities, and Siberian forest fires. The assessment of air pollution - related Baikal's ecosystem damage is an unsolved problem. Ship, based expedition exploring the Baikal atmospheric aerosol loading, was performed over the lake area in July 2018. We combine the aerosol near - water and vertical distributions over the Lake Baikal basin with meteorological observations and air mass transportation simulations. Lidar sounding of aerosol fields in the troposphere assesses the atmospheric background in the pristine areas and the pollution during fire-affected periods. Aerosol optical properties (scattering and spectral absorption) converted to the particle number size, black carbon (BC) mass, and Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE) provide the inside into aerosol characterization. Transport of industrial emissions from Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk regions, and wildfire plumes from Republic of Yakutia relates the pollution sources to the increased concentrations of fine particle numbers, PM10 and BC mass over Southern and Northern/Central Baikal, respectively. The highest PM10 and BC are associated to the harbor and touristic areas of intensive shipping and residential biomass burning. Deposition estimates applied to aerosol data exhibit the pollution fluxes to water surface over the whole Baikal area. AAE marks the impact of coal combustion, residential biomass burning, and wildfires indicating the high pollution level of the Lake Baikal ecological system .
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Popovicheva
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elena Molozhnikova
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 3, Irkutsk 664033, Russia
| | - Sergey Nasonov
- Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Zuev square, 1, Tomsk 634055, Russia
| | - Vladimir Potemkin
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 3, Irkutsk 664033, Russia
| | - Ivan Penner
- Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Zuev square, 1, Tomsk 634055, Russia
| | - Marina Klemasheva
- Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Zuev square, 1, Tomsk 634055, Russia
| | - Irina Marinaite
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 3, Irkutsk 664033, Russia
| | - Ludmila Golobokova
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 3, Irkutsk 664033, Russia
| | - Stergios Vratolis
- Institute of Nuclear&Radiological Sciences&Technology, Energy&Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear&Radiological Sciences&Technology, Energy&Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Tamara Khodzher
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 3, Irkutsk 664033, Russia
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50
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Ma S, Pang S, Li J, Zhang Y. A review of efflorescence kinetics studies on atmospherically relevant particles. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130320. [PMID: 33773310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The efflorescence transitions of aerosol particles have been intensively investigated due to their critical impacts on global climate and atmospheric chemistry. In the present study, we present a critical review of efflorescence kinetics focusing on three key issues: the efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) and the influence factors for aerosol ERH (e.g. particle sizes, and temperature); efflorescence processes of mixed aerosols, concerning the effect of coexisting inorganic and organic components on the efflorescence of inorganic salts; homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation rates of pure and mixed aerosols. Among the previous studies, there are significant discrepancies for measured aerosol ERH under even the same conditions. Moreover, the interactions between organic and inorganic components remain largely unclear, causing efflorescence transition behaviours and chemical composition evolutions of certain mixed systems to be debatable. Thus, it is important to better understand efflorescence to gain insights into the physicochemical properties and characterize observed efflorescence characteristics of atmospheric particles, as well as guide further studies on aerosol hygroscopicity and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Ma
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufeng Pang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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