1
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Kron NS, Fieber LA, Baker L, Campbell C, Schmale MC. Host response to Aplysia Abyssovirus 1 in nervous system and gill. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 159:105211. [PMID: 38885747 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The California sea hare (Aplysia californica) is a model for age associated cognitive decline. Recent researched identified a novel nidovirus, Aplysia Abyssovirus 1, with broad tropism enriched in the Aplysia nervous system. This virus is ubiquitous in wild and maricultured, young and old animals without obvious pathology. Here we re-evaluated gene expression data from several previous studies to investigate differential expression in the nervous system and gill in response to virus and aging as well as the mutational spectrum observed in the viral sequences obtained from these datasets. Viral load and age were highly correlated, indicating persistent infection. Upregulated genes in response to virus were enriched for immune genes and signatures of ER and proteostatic stress, while downregulated genes were enriched for mitochondrial metabolism. Differential expression with respect to age suggested increased iron accumulation and decreased glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and proteasome function. Interaction of gene expression trends associated with viral infection and aging suggest that viral infection likely plays a role in aging in the Aplysia nervous system. Mutation analysis of viral RNA identified signatures suggesting ADAR and AID/APOBEC like deaminase act as part of Aplysia anti-viral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Kron
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA.
| | - Lynne A Fieber
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Lydia Baker
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | | | - Michael C Schmale
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
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2
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Verma AK, Lowery S, Lin LC, Duraisami E, Lloréns JEA, Qiu Q, Hefti M, Yu CR, Albers MW, Perlman S. Persistent Neurological Deficits in Mouse PASC Reveal Antiviral Drug Limitations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.02.596989. [PMID: 38895239 PMCID: PMC11185538 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.02.596989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) encompasses persistent neurological symptoms, including olfactory and autonomic dysfunction. Here, we report chronic neurological dysfunction in mice infected with a virulent mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 that does not infect the brain. Long after recovery from nasal infection, we observed loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in olfactory bulb glomeruli and neurotransmitter levels in the substantia nigra (SN) persisted. Vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in these brain areas was accompanied by increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and neurobehavioral changes. RNAseq analysis unveiled persistent microglia activation, as found in human neurodegenerative diseases. Early treatment with antivirals (nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir) reduced virus titers and lung inflammation but failed to prevent neurological abnormalities, as observed in patients. Together these results show that chronic deficiencies in neuronal function in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice are not directly linked to ongoing olfactory epithelium dysfunction. Rather, they bear similarity with neurodegenerative disease, the vulnerability of which is exacerbated by chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Shea Lowery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Li-Chin Lin
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, IA, USA 52242
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | | | - Qiang Qiu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Marco Hefti
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - C. Ron Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Mark W. Albers
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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3
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Arunachalam AB. Vaccines Induce Homeostatic Immunity, Generating Several Secondary Benefits. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:396. [PMID: 38675778 PMCID: PMC11053716 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The optimal immune response eliminates invading pathogens, restoring immune equilibrium without inflicting undue harm to the host. However, when a cascade of immunological reactions is triggered, the immune response can sometimes go into overdrive, potentially leading to harmful long-term effects or even death. The immune system is triggered mostly by infections, allergens, or medical interventions such as vaccination. This review examines how these immune triggers differ and why certain infections may dysregulate immune homeostasis, leading to inflammatory or allergic pathology and exacerbation of pre-existing conditions. However, many vaccines generate an optimal immune response and protect against the consequences of pathogen-induced immunological aggressiveness, and from a small number of unrelated pathogens and autoimmune diseases. Here, we propose an "immuno-wave" model describing a vaccine-induced "Goldilocks immunity", which leaves fine imprints of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory milieus, derived from both the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system, in the body. The resulting balanced, 'quiet alert' state of the immune system may provide a jump-start in the defense against pathogens and any associated pathological inflammatory or allergic responses, allowing vaccines to go above and beyond their call of duty. In closing, we recommend formally investigating and reaping many of the secondary benefits of vaccines with appropriate clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun B Arunachalam
- Analytical Sciences, R&D Sanofi Vaccines, 1 Discovery Dr., Swiftwater, PA 18370, USA
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4
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Cooper O, Hallett P, Isacson O. Upstream lipid and metabolic systems are potential causes of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementias. FEBS J 2024; 291:632-645. [PMID: 36165619 PMCID: PMC10040476 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain health requires circuits, cells and molecular pathways to adapt when challenged and to promptly reset once the challenge has resolved. Neurodegeneration occurs when adaptability becomes confined, causing challenges to overwhelm neural circuitry. Studies of rare and common neurodegenerative diseases suggest that the accumulation of lipids can compromise circuit adaptability. Using microglia as an example, we review data that suggest increased lipid concentrations cause dysfunctional inflammatory responses to immune challenges, leading to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and dementia. We highlight current approaches to treat lipid metabolic and clearance pathways and identify knowledge gaps towards restoring adaptive homeostasis in individuals who are at-risk of losing cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cooper
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Penny Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
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5
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Müller L, Di Benedetto S. Immunosenescence and Cytomegalovirus: Exploring Their Connection in the Context of Aging, Health, and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:753. [PMID: 38255826 PMCID: PMC10815036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging induces numerous physiological alterations, with immunosenescence emerging as a pivotal factor. This phenomenon has attracted both researchers and clinicians, prompting profound questions about its implications for health and disease. Among the contributing factors, one intriguing actor in this complex interplay is human cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the herpesvirus family. Latent CMV infection exerts a profound influence on the aging immune system, potentially contributing to age-related diseases. This review delves into the intricate relationship between immunosenescence and CMV, revealing how chronic viral infection impacts the aging immune landscape. We explore the mechanisms through which CMV can impact both the composition and functionality of immune cell populations and induce shifts in inflammatory profiles with aging. Moreover, we examine the potential role of CMV in pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, COVID-19, and Long COVID. This review underlines the importance of understanding the complex interplay between immunosenescence and CMV. It offers insights into the pathophysiology of aging and age-associated diseases, as well as COVID-19 outcomes among the elderly. By unraveling the connections between immunosenescence and CMV, we gain a deeper understanding of aging's remarkable journey and the profound role that viral infections play in transforming the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Müller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Thomas R, Connolly KJ, Brekk OR, Hinrich AJ, Hastings ML, Isacson O, Hallett PJ. Viral-like TLR3 induction of cytokine networks and α-synuclein are reduced by complement C3 blockade in mouse brain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15164. [PMID: 37704739 PMCID: PMC10499893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes and mechanisms are of central importance in neurodegenerative diseases. In the brain, α-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD) show immune cytokine network activation and increased toll like receptor 3 (TLR3) levels for viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Brain inflammatory reactions caused by TLR3 activation are also relevant to understand pathogenic cascades by viral SARS-CoV-2 infection causing post- COVID-19 brain-related syndromes. In the current study, following regional brain TLR3 activation induced by dsRNA in mice, an acute complement C3 response was seen at 2 days. A C3 splice-switching antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that promotes the splicing of a non-productive C3 mRNA, prevented downstream cytokines, such as IL-6, and α-synuclein changes. This report is the first demonstration that α-synuclein increases occur downstream of complement C3 activation. Relevant to brain dysfunction, post-COVID-19 syndromes and pathological changes leading to PD and LBD, viral dsRNA TLR3 activation in the presence of C3 complement blockade further revealed significant interactions between complement systems, inflammatory cytokine networks and α-synuclein changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Thomas
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Kyle J Connolly
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Oeystein R Brekk
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Anthony J Hinrich
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Michelle L Hastings
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
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7
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Zhou S, Wei T, Liu X, Liu Y, Song W, Que X, Xing Y, Wang Z, Tang Y. Causal effects of COVID-19 on structural changes in specific brain regions: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med 2023; 21:261. [PMID: 37468885 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02952-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have found a correlation between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and changes in brain structure and cognitive function, but it remains unclear whether COVID-19 causes brain structural changes and which specific brain regions are affected. Herein, we conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to investigate this causal relationship and to identify specific brain regions vulnerable to COVID-19. METHODS Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for COVID-19 phenotypes (28,900 COVID-19 cases and 3,251,161 controls) were selected as exposures, and GWAS data for brain structural traits (cortical thickness and surface area from 51,665 participants and volume of subcortical structures from 30,717 participants) were selected as outcomes. Inverse-variance weighted method was used as the main estimate method. The weighted median, MR-Egger, MR-PRESSO global test, and Cochran's Q statistic were used to detect heterogeneity and pleiotropy. RESULTS The genetically predicted COVID-19 infection phenotype was nominally associated with reduced cortical thickness in the caudal middle frontal gyrus (β = - 0.0044, p = 0.0412). The hospitalized COVID-19 phenotype was nominally associated with reduced cortical thickness in the lateral orbitofrontal gyrus (β = - 0.0049, p = 0.0328) and rostral middle frontal gyrus (β = - 0.0022, p = 0.0032) as well as with reduced cortical surface area of the middle temporal gyrus (β = - 10.8855, p = 0.0266). These causal relationships were also identified in the severe COVID-19 phenotype. Additionally, the severe COVID-19 phenotype was nominally associated with reduced cortical thickness in the cuneus (β = - 0.0024, p = 0.0168); reduced cortical surface area of the pericalcarine (β = - 2.6628, p = 0.0492), superior parietal gyrus (β = - 5.6310, p = 0.0408), and parahippocampal gyrus (β = - 0.1473, p = 0.0297); and reduced volume in the hippocampus (β = - 15.9130, p = 0.0024). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates a suggestively significant association between genetic predisposition to COVID-19 and atrophy in specific functional regions of the human brain. Patients with COVID-19 and cognitive impairment should be actively managed to alleviate neurocognitive symptoms and minimize long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojiong Zhou
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiaoduo Liu
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Weiyi Song
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xinwei Que
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yi Xing
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the Peoples Republic of China, Beijing, China.
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8
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Satta S, Rockwood SJ, Wang K, Wang S, Mozneb M, Arzt M, Hsiai TK, Sharma A. Microfluidic Organ-Chips and Stem Cell Models in the Fight Against COVID-19. Circ Res 2023; 132:1405-1424. [PMID: 37167356 PMCID: PMC10171291 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus underlying COVID-19, has now been recognized to cause multiorgan disease with a systemic effect on the host. To effectively combat SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent development of COVID-19, it is critical to detect, monitor, and model viral pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in microfluidics, organ-on-a-chip, and human stem cell-derived models to study SARS-CoV-2 infection in the physiological organ microenvironment, together with their limitations. Microfluidic-based detection methods have greatly enhanced the rapidity, accessibility, and sensitivity of viral detection from patient samples. Engineered organ-on-a-chip models that recapitulate in vivo physiology have been developed for many organ systems to study viral pathology. Human stem cell-derived models have been utilized not only to model viral tropism and pathogenesis in a physiologically relevant context but also to screen for effective therapeutic compounds. The combination of all these platforms, along with future advancements, may aid to identify potential targets and develop novel strategies to counteract COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Satta
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering (S.S., K.W., S.W., T.K.H.), University of California, Los Angeles
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (S.S., K.W., S.W., T.K.H.), University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, California (S.S., K.W., S.W., T.K.H.)
| | - Sarah J Rockwood
- Stanford University Medical Scientist Training Program, Palo Alto, CA (S.J.R.)
| | - Kaidong Wang
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering (S.S., K.W., S.W., T.K.H.), University of California, Los Angeles
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (S.S., K.W., S.W., T.K.H.), University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, California (S.S., K.W., S.W., T.K.H.)
| | - Shaolei Wang
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering (S.S., K.W., S.W., T.K.H.), University of California, Los Angeles
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (S.S., K.W., S.W., T.K.H.), University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, California (S.S., K.W., S.W., T.K.H.)
| | - Maedeh Mozneb
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute (M.M., M.A., A.S.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Smidt Heart Institute (M.M., M.A., A.S.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.M., M.A., A.S.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Cancer Institute (M.M., M.A., A.S.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Madelyn Arzt
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute (M.M., M.A., A.S.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Smidt Heart Institute (M.M., M.A., A.S.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.M., M.A., A.S.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Cancer Institute (M.M., M.A., A.S.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tzung K Hsiai
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering (S.S., K.W., S.W., T.K.H.), University of California, Los Angeles
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (S.S., K.W., S.W., T.K.H.), University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, California (S.S., K.W., S.W., T.K.H.)
| | - Arun Sharma
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute (M.M., M.A., A.S.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Smidt Heart Institute (M.M., M.A., A.S.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.M., M.A., A.S.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Cancer Institute (M.M., M.A., A.S.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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9
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Hernandez-Lopez JM, Hernandez-Medina C, Medina-Corvalan C, Rodenas M, Francisca A, Perez-Garcia C, Echevarria D, Carratala F, Geijo-Barrientos E, Martinez S. Neuronal progenitors of the dentate gyrus express the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor during migration in the developing human hippocampus. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:140. [PMID: 37149825 PMCID: PMC10164240 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic spread around the world is due to the enormous capacity of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus to be transmitted between humans, causing a threat to global public health. It has been shown that the entry of this virus into cells is highly facilitated by the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the cell membrane. Currently, we have no precise knowledge of how this receptor expresses in the brain of human fetus and, as a consequence, we do not know how susceptible the neural cells in the developing brain are to being infected through the vertical transmission of this virus, from mother to fetus. In this work, we describe the expression of ACE2 in the human brain at 20 weeks of gestation. This stage corresponds to the period of neuronal generation, migration, and differentiation in the cerebral cortex. We describe the specific expression of ACE2 in neuronal precursors and migratory neuroblasts of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. This finding implies that SARS-CoV-2 infection during the fetal period may affect neuronal progenitor cells and alter the normal development of the brain region where memory engrams are generated. Thus, although vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in few cases, the massive infection rate of young people in terms of the new variants leads to the possibility of increasing the ratio of congenital infections and originating cognitive alterations, as well as neuronal circuit anomalies that may represent vulnerability to mental problems throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristina Medina-Corvalan
- Instituto de Neurociencias UMH-CSIC, Avda. Ramon y Cajal sn, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Cátedra de Neurosciencia, UCAM-San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Almagro Francisca
- Instituto de Neurociencias UMH-CSIC, Avda. Ramon y Cajal sn, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Claudia Perez-Garcia
- Instituto de Neurociencias UMH-CSIC, Avda. Ramon y Cajal sn, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Cátedra de Neurosciencia, UCAM-San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego Echevarria
- Instituto de Neurociencias UMH-CSIC, Avda. Ramon y Cajal sn, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Emilio Geijo-Barrientos
- Instituto de Neurociencias UMH-CSIC, Avda. Ramon y Cajal sn, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias UMH-CSIC, Avda. Ramon y Cajal sn, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.
- Cátedra de Neurosciencia, UCAM-San Antonio, Murcia, Spain.
- Center of Biomedical Network Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Müller L, Di Benedetto S. Aged brain and neuroimmune responses to COVID-19: post-acute sequelae and modulatory effects of behavioral and nutritional interventions. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:17. [PMID: 37046272 PMCID: PMC10090758 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Advanced age is one of the significant risk determinants for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related mortality and for long COVID complications. The contributing factors may include the age-related dynamical remodeling of the immune system, known as immunosenescence and chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. Both of these factors may induce an inflammatory milieu in the aged brain and drive the changes in the microenvironment of neurons and microglia, which are characterized by a general condition of chronic inflammation, so-called neuroinflammation. Emerging evidence reveals that the immune privilege in the aging brain may be compromised. Resident brain cells, such as astrocytes, neurons, oligodendrocytes and microglia, but also infiltrating immune cells, such as monocytes, T cells and macrophages participate in the complex intercellular networks and multiple reciprocal interactions. Especially changes in microglia playing a regulatory role in inflammation, contribute to disturbing of the brain homeostasis and to impairments of the neuroimmune responses. Neuroinflammation may trigger structural damage, diminish regeneration, induce neuronal cell death, modulate synaptic remodeling and in this manner negatively interfere with the brain functions.In this review article, we give insights into neuroimmune interactions in the aged brain and highlight the impact of COVID-19 on the functional systems already modulated by immunosenescence and neuroinflammation. We discuss the potential ways of these interactions with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and review proposed neuroimmune mechanisms and biological factors that may contribute to the development of persisting long COVID conditions. We summarize the potential mechanisms responsible for long COVID, including inflammation, autoimmunity, direct virus-mediated cytotoxicity, hypercoagulation, mitochondrial failure, dysbiosis, and the reactivation of other persisting viruses, such as the Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Finally, we discuss the effects of various interventional options that can decrease the propagation of biological, physiological, and psychosocial stressors that are responsible for neuroimmune activation and which may inhibit the triggering of unbalanced inflammatory responses. We highlight the modulatory effects of bioactive nutritional compounds along with the multimodal benefits of behavioral interventions and moderate exercise, which can be applied as postinfectious interventions in order to improve brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Müller
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Svetlana Di Benedetto
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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11
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How viral infections cause neuronal dysfunction: a focus on the role of microglia and astrocytes. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:259-274. [PMID: 36606670 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, a number of infectious viruses have emerged from wildlife or reemerged that pose a serious threat to global health and economies worldwide. Although many of these viruses have a specific target tissue, neurotropic viruses have evolved mechanisms to exploit weaknesses in immune defenses that eventually allow them to reach and infect cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Once in the CNS, these viruses can cause severe neuronal damage, sometimes with long-lasting, life-threatening consequences. Remarkably, the ability to enter the CNS and cause neuronal infection does not appear to determine whether a viral strain causes neurological complications. The cellular mechanisms underlying the neurological consequences of viral infection are not fully understood, but they involve neuroimmune interactions that have so far focused mainly on microglia. As the major immune cells in the brain, reactive microglia play a central role in neuroinflammation by responding directly or indirectly to viruses. Chronic reactivity of microglia leads to functions that are distinct from their beneficial roles under physiological conditions and may result in neuronal damage that contributes to the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases. However, there is increasing evidence that reactive astrocytes also play an important role in the response to viruses. In this review article, we summarize the recent contributions of microglia and astrocytes to the neurological impairments caused by viral infections. By expanding knowledge in this area, therapeutic approaches targeting immunological pathways may reduce the incidence of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders and increase the therapeutic window for neural protection.
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Anderson FL, Biggs KE, Rankin BE, Havrda MC. NLRP3 inflammasome in neurodegenerative disease. Transl Res 2023; 252:21-33. [PMID: 35952982 PMCID: PMC10614656 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a dysregulated neuro-glial microenvironment, culminating in functional deficits resulting from neuronal cell death. Inflammation is a hallmark of the neurodegenerative microenvironment and despite a critical role in tissue homeostasis, increasing evidence suggests that chronic inflammatory insult can contribute to progressive neuronal loss. Inflammation has been studied in the context of neurodegenerative disorders for decades but few anti-inflammatory treatments have advanced to clinical use. This is likely due to the related challenges of predicting and mitigating off-target effects impacting the normal immune response while detecting inflammatory signatures that are specific to the progression of neurological disorders. Inflammasomes are pro-inflammatory cytosolic pattern recognition receptors functioning in the innate immune system. Compelling pre-clinical data has prompted an intense interest in the role of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in neurodegenerative disease. NLRP3 is typically inactive but can respond to sterile triggers commonly associated with neurodegenerative disorders including protein misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial and oxidative stress, and exposure to disease-associated environmental toxicants. Clear evidence of enhanced NLRP3 inflammasome activity in common neurodegenerative diseases has coincided with rapid advancement of novel small molecule therapeutics making the NLRP3 inflammasome an attractive target for near-term interventional studies. In this review, we highlight evidence from model systems and patients indicating inflammasome activity in neurodegenerative disease associated with the NLRP3 inflammasome's ability to recognize pathologic forms of amyloid-β, tau, and α-synuclein. We discuss inflammasome-driven pyroptotic processes highlighting the potential utility of evaluating extracellular inflammasome-related proteins in the context of biomarker discovery. We complete the report by pointing out gaps in our understanding of intracellular modifiers of inflammasome activity and mechanisms regulating the resolution of inflammasome activation. The literature review and perspectives provide a conceptual platform for continued analysis of inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases through the study of inflammasomes and pyroptosis, mechanisms of inflammation and cell death now recognized to function in multiple highly prevalent neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith L Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Karl E Biggs
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Brynn E Rankin
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Matthew C Havrda
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.
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13
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Lu J, Huang R, Peng Y, Zhang J, Liang K, Wang Y, Feng Y, Wang Z. Mendelian Randomization Analyses Accounting for Causal Effect of COVID-19 on Brain Imaging-Derived Phenotypes. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1059-1070. [PMID: 37955088 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a major challenge to global health and a financial burden. Little is known regarding the possible causal effects of COVID-19 on the macro- and micro-structures of the human brain. OBJECTIVE To determine the causal links between susceptibility, hospitalization, and the severity of COVID-19 and brain imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs). METHODS Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed to investigate the causal effect of three COVID-19 exposures (SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalized COVID-19, and critical COVID-19) on brain structure employing summary datasets of genome-wide association studies. RESULTS In terms of cortical phenotypes, hospitalization due to COVID-19 was associated with a global decrease in the surface area (SA) of the cortex structure (β= -624.77, 95% CI: -1227.88 to -21.66, p = 0.042). At the regional level, SARS-CoV-2 infection was found to have a nominally causal effect on the thickness (TH) of the postcentral region (β= -0.004, 95% CI: -0.007 to -0.001, p = 0.01), as well as eight other IDPs. Hospitalized COVID-19 has a nominally causal relationship with TH of postcentral (β= -0.004, 95% CI: -0.007 to -0.001, p = 0.01) and other 6 IDPs. The nominally causal effects of critical COVID-19 on TH of medial orbitofrontal (β=0.004, 95% CI: 0.001to 0.007, p = 0.004) and other 7 IDPs were revealed. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides compelling genetic evidence supporting causal relationships between three COVID-19 traits and brain IDPs. This discovery holds promise for enhancing predictions and interventions in brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rihong Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuecheng Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kairong Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yezhong Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaotao Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Gordon‐Lipkin EM, Marcum CS, Kruk S, Thompson E, Kelly SEM, Kalish H, Bellusci L, Khurana S, Sadtler K, McGuire PJ. Comprehensive profiling of the human viral exposome in households containing an at-risk child with mitochondrial disease during the 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1100. [PMID: 36336785 PMCID: PMC9637669 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infection is a major cause of morbidity in children with mitochondrial disease (MtD). As a result, families with children with MtD are highly adherent to risk mitigation behaviours (RMBs) advised by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic that can modulate infection risk. METHODS Deep serologic phenotyping of viral infections was performed via home-based sampling by combining SARS-CoV-2 serologic testing and phage display immunoprecipitation and sequencing. Samples were collected approximately 1 year apart (October 2020 to April 2021 and October 2021 to March 2022) on households containing a child with MtD. RESULTS In contrast to our first collection in 2020-2021, SARS-CoV-2 antibody profiles for all participants in 2021-2022 were marked by greater isotype diversity and the appearance of neutralizing antibodies. Besides SARS-CoV-2, households (N = 15) were exposed to >38 different respiratory and gastrointestinal viruses during the study, averaging five viral infections per child with MtD. Regarding clinical outcomes, children with MtD (N = 17) experienced 34 episodes of illness resulting in 6 hospitalizations, with some children experiencing multiple episodes. Neurologic events following illness were recorded in five patients. Infections were identified via clinical testing in only seven cases. Viral exposome profiles were consistent with clinical testing and even identified infections not captured by clinical testing. CONCLUSIONS Despite reported adherence to RMBs during the COVID-19 pandemic by families with a child with MtD, viral infection was pervasive. Not all infections resulted in illness in the child with MtD, suggesting that some were subclinical or asymptomatic. However, selected children with MtD did experience neurologic events. Our studies emphasize that viral infections are inexorable, emphasizing the need for further understanding of host-pathogen interactions through broad serologic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza M. Gordon‐Lipkin
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity SectionNational Human Genome Research InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Christopher S. Marcum
- Data Science PolicyNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Shannon Kruk
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity SectionNational Human Genome Research InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Elizabeth Thompson
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity SectionNational Human Genome Research InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Sophie E. M. Kelly
- Trans‐NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical ScienceNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Heather Kalish
- Trans‐NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical ScienceNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Lorenza Bellusci
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchFood and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral ProductsCenter for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchFood and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Kaitlyn Sadtler
- Section on ImmunoengineeringNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Peter J. McGuire
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity SectionNational Human Genome Research InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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15
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Captur G, Moon JC, Topriceanu CC, Joy G, Swadling L, Hallqvist J, Doykov I, Patel N, Spiewak J, Baldwin T, Hamblin M, Menacho K, Fontana M, Treibel TA, Manisty C, O'Brien B, Gibbons JM, Pade C, Brooks T, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ, McKnight Á, Maini MK, Noursadeghi M, Mills K, Heywood WE. Plasma proteomic signature predicts who will get persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection. EBioMedicine 2022; 85:104293. [PMID: 36182629 PMCID: PMC9515404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of those infected by ancestral Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the UK first wave (starting March 2020) did not require hospitalisation. Most had a short-lived mild or asymptomatic infection, while others had symptoms that persisted for weeks or months. We hypothesized that the plasma proteome at the time of first infection would reflect differences in the inflammatory response that linked to symptom severity and duration. METHODS We performed a nested longitudinal case-control study and targeted analysis of the plasma proteome of 156 healthcare workers (HCW) with and without lab confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Targeted proteomic multiple-reaction monitoring analysis of 91 pre-selected proteins was undertaken in uninfected healthcare workers at baseline, and in infected healthcare workers serially, from 1 week prior to 6 weeks after their first confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Symptom severity and antibody responses were also tracked. Questionnaires at 6 and 12 months collected data on persistent symptoms. FINDINGS Within this cohort (median age 39 years, interquartile range 30-47 years), 54 healthcare workers (44% male) had PCR or antibody confirmed infection, with the remaining 102 (38% male) serving as uninfected controls. Following the first confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, perturbation of the plasma proteome persisted for up to 6 weeks, tracking symptom severity and antibody responses. Differentially abundant proteins were mostly coordinated around lipid, atherosclerosis and cholesterol metabolism pathways, complement and coagulation cascades, autophagy, and lysosomal function. The proteomic profile at the time of seroconversion associated with persistent symptoms out to 12 months. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD036590. INTERPRETATION Our findings show that non-severe SARS-CoV-2 infection perturbs the plasma proteome for at least 6 weeks. The plasma proteomic signature at the time of seroconversion has the potential to identify which individuals are more likely to suffer from persistent symptoms related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. FUNDING INFORMATION The COVIDsortium is supported by funding donated by individuals, charitable Trusts, and corporations including Goldman Sachs, Citadel and Citadel Securities, The Guy Foundation, GW Pharmaceuticals, Kusuma Trust, and Jagclif Charitable Trust, and enabled by Barts Charity with support from University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Charity. This work was additionally supported by the Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group and the Biomedical Research Center (BRC) at Great Ormond Street Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Captur
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, 33 Bedford Place, London WC1B 5JU, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; The Royal Free Hospital, Center for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, Cardiology Department, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - James C Moon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Barts Heart Center, The Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit and The Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Constantin-Cristian Topriceanu
- UCL MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, 33 Bedford Place, London WC1B 5JU, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - George Joy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Barts Heart Center, The Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit and The Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Jenny Hallqvist
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ivan Doykov
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Nina Patel
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Justyna Spiewak
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Tomas Baldwin
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Matt Hamblin
- Barts Heart Center, The Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit and The Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Katia Menacho
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Barts Heart Center, The Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit and The Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Marianna Fontana
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; The Royal Free Hospital, Cardiac MRI Unit, Pond Street, Hampstead, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Thomas A Treibel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Barts Heart Center, The Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit and The Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Charlotte Manisty
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Barts Heart Center, The Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Unit and The Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Ben O'Brien
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK; Department of Cardiac Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, German Heart Center, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiac Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Outcomes Research Consortium, Department of Outcomes Research, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave P77, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Joseph M Gibbons
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Corrina Pade
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Tim Brooks
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Lung Division, Royal Brompton Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Áine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Kevin Mills
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Wendy E Heywood
- Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Sanabria-Diaz G, Etter MM, Melie-Garcia L, Lieb JM, Psychogios MN, Hutter G, Granziera C. Brain cortical alterations in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:992165. [PMID: 36340780 PMCID: PMC9630324 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.992165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growing evidence suggests that the central nervous system is affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), since infected patients suffer from acute and long-term neurological sequelae. Nevertheless, it is currently unknown whether the virus affects the brain cortex. The purpose of this study was to assess the cortical gray matter volume, the cortical thickness, and the cortical surface area in a group of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with neurological symptoms compared to healthy control subjects. Additionally, we analyzed the cortical features and the association with inflammatory biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma. Materials and methods Thirty-three patients were selected from a prospective cross-sectional study cohort during the ongoing pandemic (August 2020-April 2021) at the university hospitals of Basel and Zurich (Switzerland). The group included patients with different neurological symptom severity (Class I: nearly asymptomatic/mild symptoms, II: moderate symptoms, III: severe symptoms). Thirty-three healthy age and sex-matched subjects that underwent the same MRI protocol served as controls. For each anatomical T1w MPRAGE image, regional cortical gray matter volume, thickness, and surface area were computed with FreeSurfer. Using a linear regression model, cortical measures were compared between groups (patients vs. controls; Class I vs. II-III), with age, sex, MRI magnetic field strength, and total intracranial volume/mean thickness/total surface area as covariates. In a subgroup of patients, the association between cortical features and clinical parameters was assessed using partial correlation adjusting for the same covariates. P-values were corrected using a false discovery rate (FDR). Results Our findings revealed a lower cortical volume in COVID-19 patients' orbitofrontal, frontal, and cingulate regions than in controls (p < 0.05). Regional gray matter volume and thickness decreases were negatively associated with CSF total protein levels, the CSF/blood-albumin ratio, and CSF EN-RAGE levels. Conclusion Our data suggest that viral-triggered inflammation leads to neurotoxic damage in some cortical areas during the acute phase of a COVID-19 infection in patients with neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel Sanabria-Diaz
- Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manina Maja Etter
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lester Melie-Garcia
- Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johanna M. Lieb
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marios-Nikos Psychogios
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Granziera
- Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Onisiforou A, Spyrou GM. Systems Bioinformatics Reveals Possible Relationship between COVID-19 and the Development of Neurological Diseases and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102270. [PMID: 36298824 PMCID: PMC9611753 DOI: 10.3390/v14102270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with increased incidence of neurological diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders after infection, but how it contributes to their development remains under investigation. Here, we investigate the possible relationship between COVID-19 and the development of ten neurological disorders and three neuropsychiatric disorders by exploring two pathological mechanisms: (i) dysregulation of host biological processes via virus-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs), and (ii) autoreactivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epitopes with host "self" proteins via molecular mimicry. We also identify potential genetic risk factors which in combination with SARS-CoV-2 infection might lead to disease development. Our analysis indicated that neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have a higher number of disease-associated biological processes that can be modulated by SARS-CoV-2 via virus-host PPIs than neuropsychiatric disorders. The sequence similarity analysis indicated the presence of several matching 5-mer and/or 6-mer linear motifs between SARS-CoV-2 epitopes with autoreactive epitopes found in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Myasthenia Gravis (MG) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The results include autoreactive epitopes that recognize amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP), microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), acetylcholine receptors, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light polypeptide (NfL) and major myelin proteins. Altogether, our results suggest that there might be an increased risk for the development of NDs after COVID-19 both via autoreactivity and virus-host PPIs.
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18
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Karpiel I, Starcevic A, Urzeniczok M. Database and AI Diagnostic Tools Improve Understanding of Lung Damage, Correlation of Pulmonary Disease and Brain Damage in COVID-19. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22166312. [PMID: 36016071 PMCID: PMC9414394 DOI: 10.3390/s22166312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused a sharp increase in the interest in artificial intelligence (AI) as a tool supporting the work of doctors in difficult conditions and providing early detection of the implications of the disease. Recent studies have shown that AI has been successfully applied in the healthcare sector. The objective of this paper is to perform a systematic review to summarize the electroencephalogram (EEG) findings in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and databases and tools used in artificial intelligence algorithms, supporting the diagnosis and correlation between lung disease and brain damage, and lung damage. Available search tools containing scientific publications, such as PubMed and Google Scholar, were comprehensively evaluated and searched with open databases and tools used in AI algorithms. This work aimed to collect papers from the period of January 2019-May 2022 including in their resources the database from which data necessary for further development of algorithms supporting the diagnosis of the respiratory system can be downloaded and the correlation between lung disease and brain damage can be evaluated. The 10 articles which show the most interesting AI algorithms, trained by using open databases and associated with lung diseases, were included for review with 12 articles related to EEGs, which have/or may be related with lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Karpiel
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Medical Technology and Equipment, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Starcevic
- Laboratory for Multimodal Neuroimaging, Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirella Urzeniczok
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Medical Technology and Equipment, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
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19
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Froggatt HM, Heaton NS. Nonrespiratory sites of influenza-associated disease: mechanisms and experimental systems for continued study. FEBS J 2022; 289:4038-4060. [PMID: 35060315 PMCID: PMC9300775 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The productive replication of human influenza viruses is almost exclusively restricted to cells in the respiratory tract. However, a key aspect of the host response to viral infection is the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are not similarly tissue restricted. As such, circulating inflammatory mediators, as well as the resulting activated immune cells, can induce damage throughout the body, particularly in individuals with underlying conditions. As a result, more holistic experimental approaches are required to fully understand the pathogenesis and scope of influenza virus-induced disease. This review summarizes what is known about some of the most well-appreciated nonrespiratory tract sites of influenza virus-induced disease, including neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, muscular and fetal developmental phenotypes. In the context of this discussion, we describe the in vivo experimental systems currently being used to study nonrespiratory symptoms. Finally, we highlight important future questions and potential models that can be used for a more complete understanding of influenza virus-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Froggatt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicholas S. Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Nicholas S. Heaton, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (MGM),
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20
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Xu MM, Wu B, Huang GG, Feng CL, Wang XH, Wang HY, Wu YW, Tang W. Hemin protects against Zika virus infection by disrupting virus-endosome fusion. Antiviral Res 2022; 203:105347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Douaud G, Lee S, Alfaro-Almagro F, Arthofer C, Wang C, McCarthy P, Lange F, Andersson JLR, Griffanti L, Duff E, Jbabdi S, Taschler B, Keating P, Winkler AM, Collins R, Matthews PM, Allen N, Miller KL, Nichols TE, Smith SM. SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank. Nature 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04569-5 3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThere is strong evidence of brain-related abnormalities in COVID-191–13. However, it remains unknown whether the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection can be detected in milder cases, and whether this can reveal possible mechanisms contributing to brain pathology. Here we investigated brain changes in 785 participants of UK Biobank (aged 51–81 years) who were imaged twice using magnetic resonance imaging, including 401 cases who tested positive for infection with SARS-CoV-2 between their two scans—with 141 days on average separating their diagnosis and the second scan—as well as 384 controls. The availability of pre-infection imaging data reduces the likelihood of pre-existing risk factors being misinterpreted as disease effects. We identified significant longitudinal effects when comparing the two groups, including (1) a greater reduction in grey matter thickness and tissue contrast in the orbitofrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus; (2) greater changes in markers of tissue damage in regions that are functionally connected to the primary olfactory cortex; and (3) a greater reduction in global brain size in the SARS-CoV-2 cases. The participants who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 also showed on average a greater cognitive decline between the two time points. Importantly, these imaging and cognitive longitudinal effects were still observed after excluding the 15 patients who had been hospitalised. These mainly limbic brain imaging results may be the in vivo hallmarks of a degenerative spread of the disease through olfactory pathways, of neuroinflammatory events, or of the loss of sensory input due to anosmia. Whether this deleterious effect can be partially reversed, or whether these effects will persist in the long term, remains to be investigated with additional follow-up.
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22
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Douaud G, Lee S, Alfaro-Almagro F, Arthofer C, Wang C, McCarthy P, Lange F, Andersson JLR, Griffanti L, Duff E, Jbabdi S, Taschler B, Keating P, Winkler AM, Collins R, Matthews PM, Allen N, Miller KL, Nichols TE, Smith SM. SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank. Nature 2022; 604:697-707. [PMID: 35255491 PMCID: PMC9046077 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 741] [Impact Index Per Article: 370.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence of brain-related abnormalities in COVID-191-13. However, it remains unknown whether the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection can be detected in milder cases, and whether this can reveal possible mechanisms contributing to brain pathology. Here we investigated brain changes in 785 participants of UK Biobank (aged 51-81 years) who were imaged twice using magnetic resonance imaging, including 401 cases who tested positive for infection with SARS-CoV-2 between their two scans-with 141 days on average separating their diagnosis and the second scan-as well as 384 controls. The availability of pre-infection imaging data reduces the likelihood of pre-existing risk factors being misinterpreted as disease effects. We identified significant longitudinal effects when comparing the two groups, including (1) a greater reduction in grey matter thickness and tissue contrast in the orbitofrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus; (2) greater changes in markers of tissue damage in regions that are functionally connected to the primary olfactory cortex; and (3) a greater reduction in global brain size in the SARS-CoV-2 cases. The participants who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 also showed on average a greater cognitive decline between the two time points. Importantly, these imaging and cognitive longitudinal effects were still observed after excluding the 15 patients who had been hospitalised. These mainly limbic brain imaging results may be the in vivo hallmarks of a degenerative spread of the disease through olfactory pathways, of neuroinflammatory events, or of the loss of sensory input due to anosmia. Whether this deleterious effect can be partially reversed, or whether these effects will persist in the long term, remains to be investigated with additional follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaëlle Douaud
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Soojin Lee
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fidel Alfaro-Almagro
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christoph Arthofer
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chaoyue Wang
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul McCarthy
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frederik Lange
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jesper L R Andersson
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ludovica Griffanti
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- OHBA, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eugene Duff
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bernd Taschler
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Keating
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rory Collins
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul M Matthews
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Naomi Allen
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karla L Miller
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Stephen M Smith
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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23
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Casoli T. SARS-CoV-2 Morbidity in the CNS and the Aged Brain Specific Vulnerability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3782. [PMID: 35409141 PMCID: PMC8998499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be the cause of a fatal disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affecting the lungs and other organs. Particular attention has been given to the effects of the infection on the brain due to recurring neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19, such as ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, encephalitis and myelitis, which are far more severe in the elderly compared to younger patients. The specific vulnerability of the aged brain could derive from the impaired immune defenses, from any of the altered homeostatic mechanisms that contribute to the aging phenotype, and from particular changes in the aged brain involving neurons and glia. While neuronal modifications could contribute indirectly to the damage induced by SARS-CoV-2, glia alterations could play a more direct role, as they are involved in the immune response to viral infections. In aged patients, changes regarding glia include the accumulation of dystrophic forms, reduction of waste removal, activation of microglia and astrocytes, and immunosenescence. It is plausible to hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 infection in the elderly may determine severe brain damage because of the frail phenotype concerning glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Casoli
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
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24
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Gordon-Lipkin EM, Marcum C, Kruk S, Thompson E, Kelly SE, Kalish H, Sadtler K, McGuire PJ. Undiagnosed COVID-19 in households with a child with mitochondrial disease. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.03.21.22272358. [PMID: 35350208 PMCID: PMC8963689 DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.21.22272358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medically fragile populations, who are at higher risk of severe illness and sequelae, has not been well characterized. Viral infection is a major cause of morbidity in children with mitochondrial disease (MtD), and the COVID-19 pandemic represents an opportunity to study this vulnerable population. Methods A convenience sampling cross-sectional serology study was conducted (October 2020 to June 2021) in households (N = 20) containing a child with MtD (N = 22). Samples (N = 83) were collected in the home using a microsampling apparatus and shipped to investigators. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (IgG), spike protein (IgG, IgM, IgA), and receptor binding domain (IgG, IgM, IgA) were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results While only 4.8% of participants were clinically diagnosed for SARS-CoV-2 infection, 75.9% of study participants were seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Most samples were IgM positive for spike or RBD (70%), indicating that infection was recent. This translated to all 20 families showing evidence of infection in at least one household member. For the children with MtD, 91% had antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and had not experienced any adverse outcomes at the time of assessment. For children with recent infections (IgM+ only), serologic data suggest household members as a source. Conclusions COVID-19 was highly prevalent and undiagnosed in households with a child with MtD through the 2020-2021 winter wave of the pandemic. In this first major wave, children with MtD tolerated SARS-CoV-2 infection well, potentially due to household adherence to CDC recommendations for risk mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza M. Gordon-Lipkin
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christopher Marcum
- Data Science Policy, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shannon Kruk
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elizabeth Thompson
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sophie E.M. Kelly
- Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Heather Kalish
- Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kaitlyn Sadtler
- Section on Immunoengineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Peter J. McGuire
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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25
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Douaud G, Lee S, Alfaro-Almagro F, Arthofer C, Wang C, McCarthy P, Lange F, Andersson JLR, Griffanti L, Duff E, Jbabdi S, Taschler B, Keating P, Winkler AM, Collins R, Matthews PM, Allen N, Miller KL, Nichols TE, Smith SM. SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2021.06.11.21258690. [PMID: 34189535 PMCID: PMC8240690 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.11.21258690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence for brain-related abnormalities in COVID-19 1-13 . It remains unknown however whether the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection can be detected in milder cases, and whether this can reveal possible mechanisms contributing to brain pathology. Here, we investigated brain changes in 785 UK Biobank participants (aged 51-81) imaged twice, including 401 cases who tested positive for infection with SARS-CoV-2 between their two scans, with 141 days on average separating their diagnosis and second scan, and 384 controls. The availability of pre-infection imaging data reduces the likelihood of pre-existing risk factors being misinterpreted as disease effects. We identified significant longitudinal effects when comparing the two groups, including: (i) greater reduction in grey matter thickness and tissue-contrast in the orbitofrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus, (ii) greater changes in markers of tissue damage in regions functionally-connected to the primary olfactory cortex, and (iii) greater reduction in global brain size. The infected participants also showed on average larger cognitive decline between the two timepoints. Importantly, these imaging and cognitive longitudinal effects were still seen after excluding the 15 cases who had been hospitalised. These mainly limbic brain imaging results may be the in vivo hallmarks of a degenerative spread of the disease via olfactory pathways, of neuroinflammatory events, or of the loss of sensory input due to anosmia. Whether this deleterious impact can be partially reversed, or whether these effects will persist in the long term, remains to be investigated with additional follow up.
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26
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Onaolapo A, Onaolapo O. COVID-19, the Brain, and the Future: Is Infection by the Novel Coronavirus a Harbinger of Neurodegeneration? CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:818-829. [PMID: 34951374 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666211222162811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The possible impact of viral infections on the development or pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders remains largely unknown. However, there have been reports associating the influenza virus pandemic and long-term infection with the Japanese encephalitis virus with the development of post-encephalitic Parkinsonism or von Economo encephalitis. In the last one year plus, there has been a worldwide pandemic arising from infection with the novel coronavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 which causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome that has become associated with central nervous system symptoms or complications. Its possible central nervous system involvement is in line with emerging scientific evidence which shows that the human respiratory coronaviruses can enter the brain, infect neural cells, persist in the brain, and cause activation of myelin-reactive T cells. Currently, there is a dearth of scientific information on the acute or possible long-term impact of infection with SARS-CoV-2 on the development of dementias and/or neurodegenerative diseases. This is not unrelated to the fact that the virus is 'new', and its effects on humans are still being studied. This narrative review examines extant literature for the impact of corona virus infections on the brain; as it considers the possibility that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could increase the risk for the development of neurodegenerative diseases or hasten their progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Neurobiology Subdivision Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State. Nigeria
| | - Olakunle Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Neuropharmacology Subdivision, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State. Nigeria
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27
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Reduced Immunosenescence of Peripheral Blood T Cells in Parkinson's Disease with CMV Infection Background. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313119. [PMID: 34884936 PMCID: PMC8658620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is a process of remodeling the immune system under the influence of chronic inflammation during aging. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common age-associated neurodegenerative disorder and is frequently accompanied by neuroinflammation. On the other hand, cytomegalovirus (CMV), one of the most spread infections in humans, may induce chronic inflammation which contributes to immunosenescence, differentiation and the inflation of T cells and NK cells. Currently, there is no clear understanding of immunosenescence severity in PD patients infected with CMV. In this study, we analyzed differentiation stages and immunosenescence characteristics of T cells and NK cells in 31 patients with mild and moderate PD severity, 33 age-matched and 30 young healthy donors. The PD patients were 100% CMV-seropositive compared to 76% age-matched and 73% young CMV-infected healthy donors. The proportion of effector memory T cells re-expressing CD45RA, CD57+CD56− T cells and CD57+CD56+ T cells was significantly reduced in PD patients compared with CMV-seropositive age-matched healthy individuals. The CD57+CD56− T cell proportion in PD patients was similar to that of CMV-seropositive young healthy donors. Thus, PD is characterized by reduced peripheral blood T cell immunosenescence, even against the background of CMV infection.
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28
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Drug-Screening Strategies for Inhibition of Virus-Induced Neuronal Cell Death. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112317. [PMID: 34835123 PMCID: PMC8619239 DOI: 10.3390/v13112317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of viruses, including Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), West Nile Virus (WNV), La Crosse Virus (LACV), Zika virus (ZIKV) and Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), have the ability to gain access to the central nervous system (CNS) and cause severe neurological disease or death. Although encephalitis cases caused by these viruses are generally rare, there are relatively few treatment options available for patients with viral encephalitis other than palliative care. Many of these viruses directly infect neurons and can cause neuronal death. Thus, there is the need for the identification of useful therapeutic compounds that can inhibit virus replication in neurons or inhibit virus-induced neuronal cell death. In this paper, we describe the methodology to test compounds for their ability to inhibit virus-induced neuronal cell death. These protocols include the isolation and culturing of primary neurons; the culturing of neuroblastoma and neuronal stem cell lines; infection of these cells with viruses; treatment of these cells with selected drugs; measuring virus-induced cell death using MTT or XTT reagents; analysis of virus production from these cells; as well as the basic understanding in mode of action. We further show direct evidence of the effectiveness of these protocols by utilizing them to test the effectiveness of the polyphenol drug, Rottlerin, at inhibiting Zika virus infection and death of neuronal cell lines.
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29
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Olsen I. Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:691016. [PMID: 34720846 PMCID: PMC8551391 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.691016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
"Chronic" periodontitis and its keystone pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis have repeatedly been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pathological hallmarks in AD are brain accumulations of amyloid-beta and neurofibrillary tangles consisting of aggregated and hyperphosphorylated tau. In addition, neuroinflammation induced by P. gingivalis has increasingly been recognized as a factor in the pathogenesis of AD. The present mini-review discusses possible mechanisms for the induction of neuroinflammation by P. gingivalis in AD, involving factors such as pro-inflammatory mediators, amyloid-beta, tau, microglia, cathepsin B, and protein kinase R. Inflammagens of P. gingivalis such as lipopolysaccharide and gingipains are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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30
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Lanza G, Godani M, Ferri R, Raggi A. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the neuropsychiatric status of Wilson's disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021. [PMID: 34754164 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i39.6733.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have read with interest the Letter to the Editor by Drs. Zhuang and Zhong, who presented the clinical data of 68 patients with Wilson's disease (WD) who were admitted to the hospital before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and appreciated their findings on hepatic and some extrahepatic manifestations. Nevertheless, given the strong impact of the pandemic on patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders, we would have expected a worsening of the psychiatric and/or neurological impairments in these patients. In contrast, according to the authors, these manifestations remained, somewhat unexpectedly, unchanged. This finding is in contrast with most of the current literature that highlights not only an increased incidence of mental health disorders in the general population but also an exacerbation of neurological and psychiatric symptoms in patients with chronic diseases, especially in those with pre-existing neuropsychiatric disorders, such as WD. Although the study was mainly focused on the hepatic features of WD patients taking anti-copper treatment, a generic and cumulative definition of neurological and psychiatric manifestations, as in this study, does not allow for further considerations. Future studies during and after the pandemic are necessary to clarify the real impact, either direct or indirect, of the COVID-19 pandemic on the neurological and psychiatric symptoms of WD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Ferri
- Department of Neurology IC, Sleep Research Center, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina 94018, Italy
| | - Alberto Raggi
- Unit of Neurology, G.B. Morgagni - L. Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì 47121, Italy
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31
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Lanza G, Godani M, Ferri R, Raggi A. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the neuropsychiatric status of Wilson’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6733-6736. [PMID: 34754164 PMCID: PMC8554399 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i39.6733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have read with interest the Letter to the Editor by Drs. Zhuang and Zhong, who presented the clinical data of 68 patients with Wilson’s disease (WD) who were admitted to the hospital before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and appreciated their findings on hepatic and some extrahepatic manifestations. Nevertheless, given the strong impact of the pandemic on patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders, we would have expected a worsening of the psychiatric and/or neurological impairments in these patients. In contrast, according to the authors, these manifestations remained, somewhat unexpectedly, unchanged. This finding is in contrast with most of the current literature that highlights not only an increased incidence of mental health disorders in the general population but also an exacerbation of neurological and psychiatric symptoms in patients with chronic diseases, especially in those with pre-existing neuropsychiatric disorders, such as WD. Although the study was mainly focused on the hepatic features of WD patients taking anti-copper treatment, a generic and cumulative definition of neurological and psychiatric manifestations, as in this study, does not allow for further considerations. Future studies during and after the pandemic are necessary to clarify the real impact, either direct or indirect, of the COVID-19 pandemic on the neurological and psychiatric symptoms of WD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
- Clinical Neurophysiology Research Unit, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina 94018, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Ferri
- Department of Neurology IC, Sleep Research Center, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina 94018, Italy
| | - Alberto Raggi
- Unit of Neurology, G.B. Morgagni - L. Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì 47121, Italy
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32
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Suryawanshi RK, Patil CD, Agelidis A, Koganti R, Ames JM, Koujah L, Yadavalli T, Madavaraju K, Shantz LM, Shukla D. mTORC2 confers neuroprotection and potentiates immunity during virus infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6020. [PMID: 34650053 PMCID: PMC8516965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) causes ocular and orofacial infections. In rare cases, HSV-1 can cause encephalitis, which leads to permanent brain injuries, memory loss or even death. Host factors protect humans from viral infections by activating the immune response. However, factors that confer neuroprotection during viral encephalitis are poorly understood. Here we show that mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) is essential for the survival of experimental animals after ocular HSV-1 infection in vivo. We find the loss of mTORC2 causes systemic HSV-1 infection due to defective innate and adaptive immune responses, and increased ocular and neuronal cell death that turns lethal for the infected mice. Furthermore, we find that mTORC2 mediated cell survival channels through the inactivation of the proapoptotic factor FoxO3a. Our results demonstrate how mTORC2 potentiates host defenses against viral infections and implicate mTORC2 as a necessary factor for survival of the infected host. The immune response to herpes simplex virus is essential in limiting immunopathology during infection, however factors linked to neuroprotection are currently unclear. Here the authors implicate mTORC2 in the host response to viral infection and link to neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul K Suryawanshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar D Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alex Agelidis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua M Ames
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Lulia Koujah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Krishnaraju Madavaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa M Shantz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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33
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Yang AC, Kern F, Losada PM, Agam MR, Maat CA, Schmartz GP, Fehlmann T, Stein JA, Schaum N, Lee DP, Calcuttawala K, Vest RT, Berdnik D, Lu N, Hahn O, Gate D, McNerney MW, Channappa D, Cobos I, Ludwig N, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Keller A, Wyss-Coray T. Dysregulation of brain and choroid plexus cell types in severe COVID-19. Nature 2021; 595:565-571. [PMID: 34153974 PMCID: PMC8400927 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily targets the respiratory system, patients with and survivors of COVID-19 can suffer neurological symptoms1-3. However, an unbiased understanding of the cellular and molecular processes that are affected in the brains of patients with COVID-19 is missing. Here we profile 65,309 single-nucleus transcriptomes from 30 frontal cortex and choroid plexus samples across 14 control individuals (including 1 patient with terminal influenza) and 8 patients with COVID-19. Although our systematic analysis yields no molecular traces of SARS-CoV-2 in the brain, we observe broad cellular perturbations indicating that barrier cells of the choroid plexus sense and relay peripheral inflammation into the brain and show that peripheral T cells infiltrate the parenchyma. We discover microglia and astrocyte subpopulations associated with COVID-19 that share features with pathological cell states that have previously been reported in human neurodegenerative disease4-6. Synaptic signalling of upper-layer excitatory neurons-which are evolutionarily expanded in humans7 and linked to cognitive function8-is preferentially affected in COVID-19. Across cell types, perturbations associated with COVID-19 overlap with those found in chronic brain disorders and reside in genetic variants associated with cognition, schizophrenia and depression. Our findings and public dataset provide a molecular framework to understand current observations of COVID-19-related neurological disease, and any such disease that may emerge at a later date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fabian Kern
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Patricia M Losada
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maayan R Agam
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christina A Maat
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Georges P Schmartz
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias Fehlmann
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julian A Stein
- Institute for Neuropathology, Saarland University Hospital and Medical Faculty of Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas Schaum
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Davis P Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kruti Calcuttawala
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ryan T Vest
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Berdnik
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nannan Lu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Hahn
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Gate
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - M Windy McNerney
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Divya Channappa
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Inma Cobos
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Ludwig
- Department of Human Genetics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Walter J Schulz-Schaeffer
- Institute for Neuropathology, Saarland University Hospital and Medical Faculty of Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Keller
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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34
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Sen S, Dey A, Bandhyopadhyay S, Uversky VN, Maulik U. Understanding structural malleability of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins and relation to the comorbidities. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6304388. [PMID: 34143202 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a causative agent of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is a part of the $\beta $-Coronaviridae family. The virus contains five major protein classes viz., four structural proteins [nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M), envelop (E) and spike glycoprotein (S)] and replicase polyproteins (R), synthesized as two polyproteins (ORF1a and ORF1ab). Due to the severity of the pandemic, most of the SARS-CoV-2-related research are focused on finding therapeutic solutions. However, studies on the sequences and structure space throughout the evolutionary time frame of viral proteins are limited. Besides, the structural malleability of viral proteins can be directly or indirectly associated with the dysfunctionality of the host cell proteins. This dysfunctionality may lead to comorbidities during the infection and may continue at the post-infection stage. In this regard, we conduct the evolutionary sequence-structure analysis of the viral proteins to evaluate their malleability. Subsequently, intrinsic disorder propensities of these viral proteins have been studied to confirm that the short intrinsically disordered regions play an important role in enhancing the likelihood of the host proteins interacting with the viral proteins. These interactions may result in molecular dysfunctionality, finally leading to different diseases. Based on the host cell proteins, the diseases are divided in two distinct classes: (i) proteins, directly associated with the set of diseases while showing similar activities, and (ii) cytokine storm-mediated pro-inflammation (e.g. acute respiratory distress syndrome, malignancies) and neuroinflammation (e.g. neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases). Finally, the study unveils that males and postmenopausal females can be more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection due to the androgen-mediated protein transmembrane serine protease 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnik Sen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-32, West Bengal, India
| | - Ashmita Dey
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-32, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America.,Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290 Russia
| | - Ujjwal Maulik
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-32, West Bengal, India
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35
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Ma C, Li S, Hu Y, Ma Y, Wu Y, Wu C, Liu X, Wang B, Hu G, Zhou J, Yang S. AIM2 controls microglial inflammation to prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201796. [PMID: 33710283 PMCID: PMC7961553 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the PYHIN family member absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), another important inflammasome sensor, in EAE remains unclear. In this study, we found that AIM2 negatively regulates the pathogenesis of EAE independent of inflammasome activation. AIM2 deficiency enhanced microglia activation and infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the CNS, thereby promoting neuroinflammation and demyelination during EAE. Mechanistically, AIM2 negatively regulates the DNA-PK-AKT3 in microglia to control neuroinflammation synergistically induced by cGAS and DNA-PK. Administration of a DNA-PK inhibitor reduced the severity of the EAE. Collectively, these findings identify a new role for AIM2 in controlling the onset of EAE. Furthermore, delineation of the underlying inflammasome-independent mechanism highlights cGAS and DNA-PK signaling as potential targets for the treatment of heterogeneous MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- DNA-Activated Protein Kinase/genetics
- DNA-Activated Protein Kinase/immunology
- DNA-Activated Protein Kinase/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Inflammasomes/genetics
- Inflammasomes/immunology
- Inflammasomes/metabolism
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Ma
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingchao Hu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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36
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Mishra R, Banerjea AC. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Targets USP33-IRF9 Axis via Exosomal miR-148a to Activate Human Microglia. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656700. [PMID: 33936086 PMCID: PMC8079643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus infection has consistently shown an association with neurological anomalies in patients, in addition to its usual respiratory distress syndrome. Multi-organ dysfunctions including neurological sequelae during COVID-19 persist even after declining viral load. We propose that SARS-CoV-2 gene product, Spike, is able to modify the host exosomal cargo, which gets transported to distant uninfected tissues and organs and can initiate a catastrophic immune cascade within Central Nervous System (CNS). SARS-CoV-2 Spike transfected cells release a significant amount of exosomes loaded with microRNAs such as miR-148a and miR-590. microRNAs gets internalized by human microglia and suppress target gene expression of USP33 (Ubiquitin Specific peptidase 33) and downstream IRF9 levels. Cellular levels of USP33 regulate the turnover time of IRF9 via deubiquitylation. Our results also demonstrate that absorption of modified exosomes effectively regulate the major pro-inflammatory gene expression profile of TNFα, NF-κB and IFN-β. These results uncover a bystander pathway of SARS-CoV-2 mediated CNS damage through hyperactivation of human microglia. Our results also attempt to explain the extra-pulmonary dysfunctions observed in COVID-19 cases when active replication of virus is not supported. Since Spike gene and mRNAs have been extensively picked up for vaccine development; the knowledge of host immune response against spike gene and protein holds a great significance. Our study therefore provides novel and relevant insights regarding the impact of Spike gene on shuttling of host microRNAs via exosomes to trigger the neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Mishra
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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37
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Haidar MA, Jourdi H, Haj Hassan Z, Ashekyan O, Fardoun M, Wehbe Z, Maaliki D, Wehbe M, Mondello S, Abdelhady S, Shahjouei S, Bizri M, Mechref Y, Gold MS, Dbaibo G, Zaraket H, Eid AH, Kobeissy F. Neurological and Neuropsychological Changes Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: New Observations, New Mechanisms. Neuroscientist 2021; 28:552-571. [PMID: 33393420 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420984106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infects cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a ubiquitous receptor that interacts with the virus' surface S glycoprotein. Recent reports show that the virus affects the central nervous system (CNS) with symptoms and complications that include dizziness, altered consciousness, encephalitis, and even stroke. These can immerge as indirect immune effects due to increased cytokine production or via direct viral entry into brain tissue. The latter is possible through neuronal access via the olfactory bulb, hematogenous access through immune cells or directly across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and through the brain's circumventricular organs characterized by their extensive and highly permeable capillaries. Last, the COVID-19 pandemic increases stress, depression, and anxiety within infected individuals, those in isolation, and high-risk populations like children, the elderly, and health workers. This review surveys the recent updates of CNS manifestations post SARS-CoV-2 infection along with possible mechanisms that lead to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Haidar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussam Jourdi
- Department of Biology, University of Balamand, Souk El Gharb, Aley, Lebanon
| | - Zeinab Haj Hassan
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ohanes Ashekyan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Manal Fardoun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zena Wehbe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dina Maaliki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maya Wehbe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Basingstoke & North Hampshire Hospital, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Samar Abdelhady
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shima Shahjouei
- Neurology Department, Neuroscience Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Maya Bizri
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Medicine, Hariri School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Faculty of Medicine, Hariri School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Medicine, Hariri School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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38
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Wu J, Tang Y. Revisiting the Immune Balance Theory: A Neurological Insight Into the Epidemic of COVID-19 and Its Alike. Front Neurol 2020; 11:566680. [PMID: 33178109 PMCID: PMC7593407 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.566680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the pandemic of COVID-19 is raging around the world, the mysteriousness of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coronavirus is being revealed by the concerted endeavors of scientists. Although fever and pneumonia are typical symptoms, COVID-19 patients exhibit multiple neurological complications. In this interim review, we will summarize the neurological manifestations and their potential causes in COVID-19. Similar to the other two fatal respiratory coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 also shows to be neuroinvasive that may spread from the periphery to brain, probably by the retrograde axonal transport. The invaded viruses may directly disrupt the complex neural circuits, and raise a chronic activation of immune responses. In another hand, multiple organ failure in severe COVID-19 is caused by the systemic acute immune responses, and unsurprisingly caused the brain inflammation and led to encephalitis. However, in the central nervous system (CNS), the activation of resident immune cells including microglia and astrocytes may lead to chronic immune imbalance, which underlies the potential long-term effects in synaptic changes and neuropsychiatric impairments. The neuroinvasive biology also provides a possible link with the Braak staging of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Although with considerable advances, the neurotropic potential and chronic neurological effects caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections merit further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjiao Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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39
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Costa LHA, Santos BM, Branco LGS. Can selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have a neuroprotective effect during COVID-19? Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 889:173629. [PMID: 33022271 PMCID: PMC7832208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The absence of a specific treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection led to an intense global effort in order to find new therapeutic interventions and improve patient outcomes. One important feature of COVID-19 pathophysiology is the activation of immune cells, with consequent massive production and release of inflammatory mediators that may cause impairment of several organ functions, including the brain. In addition to its classical role as a neurotransmitter, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has immunomodulatory properties, downregulating the inflammatory response by central and peripheral mechanisms. In this review, we describe the roles of 5-HT in the regulation of systemic inflammation and the potential benefits of the use of specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors as a coadjutant therapy to attenuate neurological complications of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis H A Costa
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Bruna M Santos
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Luiz G S Branco
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-904, Brazil.
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40
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Reimer L, Betzer C, Kofoed RH, Volbracht C, Fog K, Kurhade C, Nilsson E, Överby AK, Jensen PH. PKR kinase directly regulates tau expression and Alzheimer's disease-related tau phosphorylation. Brain Pathol 2020; 31:103-119. [PMID: 32716602 PMCID: PMC8018097 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deposition of extensively hyperphosphorylated tau in specific brain cells is a clear pathological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease and a number of other neurodegenerative disorders, collectively termed the tauopathies. Furthermore, hyperphosphorylation of tau prevents it from fulfilling its physiological role as a microtubule‐stabilizing protein and leaves it increasingly vulnerable to self‐assembly, suggestive of a central underlying role of hyperphosphorylation as a contributing factor in the etiology of these diseases. Via in vitro phosphorylation and regulation of kinase activity within cells and acute brain tissue, we reveal that the inflammation associated kinase, protein kinase R (PKR), directly phosphorylates numerous abnormal and disease‐modifying residues within tau including Thr181, Ser199/202, Thr231, Ser262, Ser396, Ser404 and Ser409. Similar to disease processes, these PKR‐mediated phosphorylations actively displace tau from microtubules in cells. In addition, PKR overexpression and knockdown, respectively, increase and decrease tau protein and mRNA levels in cells. This regulation occurs independent of noncoding transcriptional elements, suggesting an underlying mechanism involving intra‐exonic regulation of the tau‐encoding microtubule‐associated protein tau (MAPT) gene. Finally, acute encephalopathy in wild type mice, induced by intracranial Langat virus infection, results in robust inflammation and PKR upregulation accompanied by abnormally phosphorylated full‐length‐ and truncated tau. These findings indicate that PKR, independent of other kinases and upon acute brain inflammation, is capable of triggering pathological modulation of tau, which, in turn, might form the initial pathologic seed in several tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease and Chronic traumatic encephalopathy where inflammation is severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Reimer
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cristine Betzer
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Hahn Kofoed
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Chaitanya Kurhade
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Emma Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Anna K Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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41
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Isacson O. The Consequences of Coronavirus-Induced Cytokine Storm Are Associated With Neurological Diseases, Which May Be Preventable. Front Neurol 2020; 11:745. [PMID: 32793108 PMCID: PMC7393211 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Isacson
- Department of Neurology (Neuroscience), Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
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42
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Maia-Farias A, Lima CM, Freitas PSL, Diniz DG, Rodrigues APD, Quaresma JAS, Diniz CWP, Diniz JA. Early and late neuropathological features of meningoencephalitis associated with Maraba virus infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e8604. [PMID: 32294697 PMCID: PMC7162580 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20208604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Maraba virus is a member of the genus Vesiculovirus of the Rhabdoviridae family that was isolated in 1983 from sandflies captured in the municipality of Maraba, state of Pará, Amazônia, Brazil. Despite 30 years having passed since its isolation, little is known about the neuropathology induced by the Maraba virus. Accordingly, in this study the histopathological features, inflammatory glial changes, cytokine concentrations, and nitric oxide activity in the encephalon of adult mice subjected to Maraba virus nostril infection were evaluated. The results showed that 6 days after intranasal inoculation, severe neuropathological-associated disease signs appeared, including edema, necrosis and pyknosis of neurons, generalized congestion of encephalic vessels, and intra- and perivascular meningeal lymphocytic infiltrates in several brain regions. Immunolabeling of viral antigens was observed in almost all central nervous system (CNS) areas and this was associated with intense microglial activation and astrogliosis. Compared to control animals, infected mice showed significant increases in interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (INF)-γ, MCP-1, nitric oxide, and encephalic cytokine levels. We suggest that an exacerbated inflammatory response in several regions of the CNS of adult BALB/c mice might be responsible for their deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maia-Farias
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - C M Lima
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - P S L Freitas
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - D G Diniz
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, Brasil.,Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - A P D Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - J A S Quaresma
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - C W Picanço Diniz
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - J A Diniz
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, Brasil.,Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Harris SE, Cox SR, Bell S, Marioni RE, Prins BP, Pattie A, Corley J, Muñoz Maniega S, Valdés Hernández M, Morris Z, John S, Bronson PG, Tucker-Drob EM, Starr JM, Bastin ME, Wardlaw JM, Butterworth AS, Deary IJ. Neurology-related protein biomarkers are associated with cognitive ability and brain volume in older age. Nat Commun 2020; 11:800. [PMID: 32041957 PMCID: PMC7010796 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying biological correlates of late life cognitive function is important if we are to ascertain biomarkers for, and develop treatments to help reduce, age-related cognitive decline. Here, we investigated the associations between plasma levels of 90 neurology-related proteins (Olink® Proteomics) and general fluid cognitive ability in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936, N = 798), Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 (LBC1921, N = 165), and the INTERVAL BioResource (N = 4451). In the LBC1936, 22 of the proteins were significantly associated with general fluid cognitive ability (β between -0.11 and -0.17). MRI-assessed total brain volume partially mediated the association between 10 of these proteins and general fluid cognitive ability. In an age-matched subsample of INTERVAL, effect sizes for the 22 proteins, although smaller, were all in the same direction as in LBC1936. Plasma levels of a number of neurology-related proteins are associated with general fluid cognitive ability in later life, mediated by brain volume in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK. .,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Simon R Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, 300 Bath St, Glasgow, UK
| | - Steven Bell
- UK Medical Research Council/British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort's Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.,The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort's Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.,Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge Neurology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB20QQ, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.,Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Bram P Prins
- UK Medical Research Council/British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort's Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Alison Pattie
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Janie Corley
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria Valdés Hernández
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Zoe Morris
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sally John
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Elliot M Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, 108 E Dean Keeton St, Austin, TX, USA
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, 300 Bath St, Glasgow, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, 300 Bath St, Glasgow, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- UK Medical Research Council/British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort's Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.,The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort's Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
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44
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Qian Y, Chen X, Wang W, Li J, Wang X, Tang Z, Xu J, Lin H, Yang Z, Li L, Song X, Guo J, Bian L, Zhou L, Lu D, Deng X. Transplantation of Nurr1-overexpressing neural stem cells and microglia for treating parkinsonian rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:55-65. [PMID: 31087449 PMCID: PMC6930818 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem cells (NSCs) transplantation is considered a promising treatment for Parkinson's disease. But most NSCs are differentiated into glial cells rather than neurons, and only a few of them survive after transplantation due to the inflammatory environment. METHODS In this study, neural stem cells (NSCs) and microglial cells both forced with the Nurr1 gene were transplanted into the striatum of the rat model of PD. The results were evaluated through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS The behavioral abnormalities of PD rats were improved by combined transplantation of NSCs and microglia, both forced with Nurr1. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase+ cells in the striatum of PD rats increased, and the number of Iba1+ cells decreased compared with the other groups. Moreover, the dopamine neurons differentiated from grafted NSCs could still be detected in the striatum of PD rats after 5 months. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that transplantation of Nurr1-overexpressing NSCs and microglia could improve the inhospitable host brain environments, which will be a new potential strategy for the cell replacement therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qian
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineYunnan Engineering Technology Center of Digestive disease1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
- Genetic Diagnosis CenterWomen and Children HospitalKunmingChina
| | - Xiao‐Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Central Hospital of WenzhouWenzhouChina
| | - Wei Wang
- Genetic Diagnosis CenterWomen and Children HospitalKunmingChina
| | - Jun‐Jun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Xian‐Peng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Zhi‐Wei Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Jiao‐Tian Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Zhi‐Yong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Li‐Yan Li
- Institute of NeuroscienceKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Xiao‐Bin Song
- Department of Neurosurgery1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Jia‐Zhi Guo
- Rehabilitation Engineering Research Laboratory, Biomedicine Engineering Research CentreKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Li‐Gong Bian
- Department of AnatomyKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Lei Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine of Yunnan ProvinceInstitute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Di Lu
- Rehabilitation Engineering Research Laboratory, Biomedicine Engineering Research CentreKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Xing‐Li Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
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45
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Wang X, Chi J, Huang D, Ding L, Zhao X, Jiang L, Yu Y, Gao F. α-synuclein promotes progression of Parkinson's disease by upregulating autophagy signaling pathway to activate NLRP3 inflammasome. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:931-938. [PMID: 32010254 PMCID: PMC6966172 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanism by which α-synuclein affects the progression of Parkinson's disease through Pyrin Domain Containing Protein 3 (NLRP3) was explored. Peripheral blood plasma of 40 Parkinson's disease patients and 40 normal healthy people attending the department of neurology of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University were collected from March 2018 to January 2019. The expression levels of oligomers, phosphorylated α-synuclein, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) in plasma were detected by ELISA. Astrocytes in mouse brain tissues were extracted by primary culture method, the cells were divided into drug group and the drug + inhibitor group. After adding 0, 5, 10 and 20 µg oligomerized α-synuclein or 5 mM autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), the expression level of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β and Atg5 proteins in the cells was detected. The expression level of IL-1β in peripheral blood of PD patients was significantly increased (0.604±0.136 µmol/l vs. 1.876±0.327 µmol/l, P=0.002), while there was no significant difference between IL-6 and TGF-α. Both oligomers (0.171±0.045 µmol/l vs. 0.676±0.084 µmol/l, P<0.0001) and phosphorylated α-synuclein (0.128±0.041 µmol/l vs. 0.849±0.108 µmol/l, P<0.0001) in peripheral blood of PD patients were significantly elevated. The expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β in mouse astrocytes all increased with the increase of the concentration of oligomerized α-synuclein, and Atg5 protein expression also increased gradually with the concentration, and reached the highest level when the concentration was 10 µg/ml. The expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β were inhibited after the addition of autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. α-synuclein mediates the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in PD patients by upregulating Atg5 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- The 5th Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Jinghong Chi
- The 5th Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Di Huang
- The 8th Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Qiqihar City, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Li Ding
- The 5th Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- The 5th Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Lai Jiang
- The 5th Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- The 5th Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- The 5th Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161000, P.R. China
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46
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Sharma A, Kazim SF, Larson CS, Ramakrishnan A, Gray JD, McEwen BS, Rosenberg PA, Shen L, Pereira AC. Divergent roles of astrocytic versus neuronal EAAT2 deficiency on cognition and overlap with aging and Alzheimer's molecular signatures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21800-21811. [PMID: 31591195 PMCID: PMC6815169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903566116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) is the major glutamate transporter in the brain expressed predominantly in astrocytes and at low levels in neurons and axonal terminals. EAAT2 expression is reduced in aging and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients' brains. The role EAAT2 plays in cognitive aging and its associated mechanisms remains largely unknown. Here, we show that conditional deletion of astrocytic and neuronal EAAT2 results in age-related cognitive deficits. Astrocytic, but not neuronal EAAT2, deletion leads to early deficits in short-term memory and in spatial reference learning and long-term memory. Neuronal EAAT2 loss results in late-onset spatial reference long-term memory deficit. Neuronal EAAT2 deletion leads to dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway, and astrocytic EAAT2 deficiency results in dysfunction of innate and adaptive immune pathways, which correlate with cognitive decline. Astrocytic EAAT2 deficiency also shows transcriptomic overlaps with human aging and AD. Overall, the present study shows that in addition to the widely recognized astrocytic EAAT2, neuronal EAAT2 plays a role in hippocampus-dependent memory. Furthermore, the gene expression profiles associated with astrocytic and neuronal EAAT2 deletion are substantially different, with the former associated with inflammation and synaptic function similar to changes observed in human AD and gene expression changes associated with inflammation similar to the aging human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Syed Faraz Kazim
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Chloe S Larson
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Jason D Gray
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065;
| | - Paul A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and the F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Li Shen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ana C Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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47
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Isacson O, Brekk OR, Hallett PJ. Novel Results and Concepts Emerging From Lipid Cell Biology Relevant to Degenerative Brain Aging and Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1053. [PMID: 31649605 PMCID: PMC6794469 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While very rare familial forms of proteinopathy can cause Parkinson's disease (PD), Lewy body dementia (LBD) and age-related dementias, recent in-depth studies of lipid disturbances in the majority of the common forms of these diseases instead suggest a primary pathogenesis in lipid pathways. This review synthesizes a perspective from new data that point to an interdependence of lipids and proteinopathy. This article describes disturbed relationships in lipid homeostasis that causes neuropathology to develop over time and with age, which includes altered mechanisms of glia-neuron exchange of lipids and inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Isacson
- McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Belmont, MA, United States
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48
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Talwar P, Gupta R, Kushwaha S, Agarwal R, Saso L, Kukreti S, Kukreti R. Viral Induced Oxidative and Inflammatory Response in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis with Identification of Potential Drug Candidates: A Systematic Review using Systems Biology Approach. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:352-365. [PMID: 29676229 PMCID: PMC6482477 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180419124508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is genetically complex with multifactorial etiology. Here, we aim to identify the potential viral pathogens leading to aberrant inflammatory and oxidative stress response in AD along with potential drug candidates using systems biology approach. We retrieved protein interactions of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau protein (MAPT) from NCBI and genes for oxidative stress from NetAge, for inflammation from NetAge and InnateDB databases. Genes implicated in aging were retrieved from GenAge database and two GEO expression datasets. These genes were individually used to create protein-protein interaction network using STRING database (score≥0.7). The interactions of candidate genes with known viruses were mapped using virhostnet v2.0 database. Drug molecules targeting candidate genes were retrieved using the Drug- Gene Interaction Database (DGIdb). Data mining resulted in 2095 APP, 116 MAPT, 214 oxidative stress, 1269 inflammatory genes. After STRING PPIN analysis, 404 APP, 109 MAPT, 204 oxidative stress and 1014 inflammation related high confidence proteins were identified. The overlap among all datasets yielded eight common markers (AKT1, GSK3B, APP, APOE, EGFR, PIN1, CASP8 and SNCA). These genes showed association with hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein- Barr virus (EBV), human herpes virus 8 and Human papillomavirus (HPV). Further, screening of drugs targeting candidate genes, and possessing anti-inflammatory property, antiviral activity along with a suggested role in AD pathophysiology yielded 12 potential drug candidates. Our study demonstrated the role of viral etiology in AD pathogenesis by elucidating interaction of oxidative stress and inflammation causing candidate genes with common viruses along with the identification of potential AD drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Talwar
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Institute of Human Behaviour & Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110 095, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Institute of Human Behaviour & Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110 095, India
| | - Rachna Agarwal
- Institute of Human Behaviour & Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110 095, India
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
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49
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Olsen LK, Cairns AG, Ådén J, Moriarty N, Cabre S, Alamilla VR, Almqvist F, Dowd E, McKernan DP. Viral mimetic priming enhances α-synuclein-induced degeneration: Implications for Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:525-535. [PMID: 31029796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating to suggest that viral infections and consequent viral-mediated neuroinflammation may contribute to the etiology of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Moreover, viruses have been shown to influence α-synuclein oligomerization as well as the autophagic clearance of abnormal intra-cellular proteins aggregations, both of which are key neuropathological events in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. To further investigate the interaction between viral-mediated neuroinflammation and α-synuclein aggregation in the context of Parkinson's disease, this study sought to determine the impact of viral neuroinflammatory priming on α-synuclein aggregate-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity in the rat nigrostriatal pathway. To do so, male Sprague-Dawley rats were intra-nigrally injected with a synthetic mimetic of viral dsRNA (poly I:C) followed two weeks later by a peptidomimetic small molecule which accelerates α-synuclein fibril formation (FN075). The impact of the viral priming on α-synuclein aggregation-induced neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and motor dysfunction was assessed. We found that prior administration of the viral mimetic poly I:C significantly exacerbated or precipitated the α-synuclein aggregate induced neuropathological and behavioral effects. Specifically, sequential exposure to the two challenges caused a significant increase in nigral microgliosis (p < 0.001) and astrocytosis (p < 0.01); precipitated a significant degeneration of the nigrostriatal cell bodies (p < 0.05); and precipitated a significant impairment in forelimb kinesis (p < 0.01) and sensorimotor integration (p < 0.01). The enhanced sensitivity of the nigrostriatal neurons to pathological α-synuclein aggregation after viral neuroinflammatory priming further suggests that viral infections may contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Olsen
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Jörgen Ådén
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Niamh Moriarty
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Silvia Cabre
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Veronica R Alamilla
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Eilís Dowd
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Declan P McKernan
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
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50
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Hallett PJ, Engelender S, Isacson O. Lipid and immune abnormalities causing age-dependent neurodegeneration and Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:153. [PMID: 31331333 PMCID: PMC6647317 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes pathogenic concepts and factors, in particular glycolipid abnormalities, that create cell dysfunction and synaptic loss in neurodegenerative diseases. By phenocopying lysosomal storage disorders, such as Gaucher disease and related disorders, age- and dose-dependent changes in glycolipid cell metabolism can lead to Parkinson's disease and related dementias. Recent results show that perturbation of sphingolipid metabolism can precede or is a part of abnormal protein handling in both genetic and idiopathic Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. In aging and genetic predisposition with lipid disturbance, α-synuclein's normal vesicular and synaptic role may be detrimentally shifted toward accommodating and binding such lipids. Specific neuronal glycolipid, protein, and vesicular interactions create potential pathophysiology that is amplified by astroglial and microglial immune mechanisms resulting in neurodegeneration. This perspective provides a new logic for therapeutic interventions that do not focus on protein aggregation, but rather provides a guide to the complex biology and the common sequence of events that lead to age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Simone Engelender
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Present Address: Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 31096, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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