1
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Le CT, Vick LV, Collins C, Dunai C, Sheng MK, Khuat LT, Barao I, Judge SJ, Aguilar EG, Curti B, Dave M, Longo DL, Blazar BR, Canter RJ, Monjazeb AM, Murphy WJ. Regulation of human and mouse bystander T cell activation responses by PD-1. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e173287. [PMID: 37737264 PMCID: PMC10561715 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bystander activation of memory T cells occurs via cytokine signaling alone in the absence of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and provides a means of amplifying T cell effector responses in an antigen-nonspecific manner. While the role of Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) on antigen-specific T cell responses is extensively characterized, its role in bystander T cell responses is less clear. We examined the role of the PD-1 pathway during human and mouse non-antigen-specific memory T cell bystander activation and observed that PD-1+ T cells demonstrated less activation and proliferation than activated PD-1- populations in vitro. Higher activation and proliferative responses were also observed in the PD-1- memory population in both mice and patients with cancer receiving high-dose IL-2, mirroring the in vitro phenotypes. This inhibitory effect of PD-1 could be reversed by PD-1 blockade in vivo or observed using memory T cells from PD-1-/- mice. Interestingly, increased activation through abrogation of PD-1 signaling in bystander-activated T cells also resulted in increased apoptosis due to activation-induced cell death (AICD) and eventual T cell loss in vivo. These results demonstrate that the PD-1/PD-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway inhibited bystander-activated memory T cell responses but also protected cells from AICD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lam T. Khuat
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, and
| | - Isabel Barao
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, and
| | - Sean J. Judge
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ethan G. Aguilar
- Masonic Cancer Center, and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brendan Curti
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at the Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Maneesh Dave
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Dan L. Longo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Masonic Cancer Center, and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert J. Canter
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - William J. Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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2
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Hirai T, Yoshioka Y. Considerations of CD8+ T Cells for Optimized Vaccine Strategies Against Respiratory Viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918611. [PMID: 35774782 PMCID: PMC9237416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of vaccines that protect against respiratory viruses appears to be the induction of neutralizing antibodies for a long period. Although this goal need not be changed, recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have drawn strong attention to another arm of acquired immunity, CD8+ T cells, which are also called killer T cells. Recent evidence accumulated during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has revealed that even variants of SARS-CoV-2 that escaped from neutralizing-antibodies that were induced by either infection or vaccination could not escape from CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. In addition, although traditional vaccine platforms, such as inactivated virus and subunit vaccines, are less efficient in inducing CD8+ T cells, newly introduced platforms for SARS-CoV-2, namely, mRNA and adenoviral vector vaccines, can induce strong CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in addition to inducing neutralizing antibodies. However, CD8+ T cells function locally and need to be at the site of infection to control it. To fully utilize the protective performance of CD8+ T cells, it would be insufficient to induce only memory cells circulating in blood, using injectable vaccines; mucosal immunization could be required to set up CD8+ T cells for the optimal protection. CD8+ T cells might also contribute to the pathology of the infection, change their function with age and respond differently to booster vaccines in comparison with antibodies. Herein, we overview cutting-edge ideas on CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity that can enable the rational design of vaccines for respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Hirai
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- *Correspondence: Toshiro Hirai,
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Nano-design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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3
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Muleta KG, Ulmert I, Hamza KH, van Dijl S, Nakawesi J, Lahl K. Rotavirus-Induced Expansion of Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cells Does Not Require Signaling via TLR3, MyD88 or the Type I Interferon Receptor. Front Immunol 2022; 13:814491. [PMID: 35464475 PMCID: PMC9022177 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.814491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) infection induces strong adaptive immunity. While protection from reinfection requires humoral immunity, initial clearance of infection depends on cytotoxic CD8 T cells. Type I classical dendritic cells (cDC1) excel at CD8 T cell induction through cross-presentation and are essential for optimal cytotoxicity towards RV. Upon sensing of infection-induced innate immune signals through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), cumulating in autocrine type I interferon (IFN) signaling, cDC1 mature and migrate to the draining lymph nodes (LNs), where they prime adaptive immune cells. To analyze which PRR pathways lead to robust cytotoxicity in the context of RV infection, we measured RV-specific CD8 T cell priming in mice deficient for Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), recognizing double-stranded RNA, or for MyD88, the adapter for all other TLRs and IL-1 family cytokines. Individual TLR3- and MyD88-mediated signaling was not required for the priming of CD8 T cell responses to RV and neither deficiency impacted on RV clearance. Surprisingly, the accumulation of RV-specific CD8 T cells was also not altered in the absence of type I IFN signaling, while their ability to produce IFNγ and granzyme were blunted. Together, this suggests a substantial level of redundancy in the sensing of RV infection and the translation of signals into protective CD8 T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Ulmert
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Joy Nakawesi
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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4
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Démoulins T, Baron ML, Gauchat D, Kettaf N, Reed SJ, Charpentier T, Kalinke U, Lamarre A, Ahmed R, Sékaly RP, Sarkar S, Kalia V. Induction of thymic atrophy and loss of thymic output by type-I interferons during chronic viral infection. Virology 2022; 567:77-86. [PMID: 35032866 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Type-I interferon (IFN-I) signals exert a critical role in disease progression during viral infections. However, the immunomodulatory mechanisms by which IFN-I dictates disease outcomes remain to be fully defined. Here we report that IFN-I signals mediate thymic atrophy in viral infections, with more severe and prolonged loss of thymic output and unique kinetics and subtypes of IFN-α/β expression in chronic infection compared to acute infection. Loss of thymic output was linked to inhibition of early stages of thymopoiesis (DN1-DN2 transition, and DN3 proliferation) and pronounced apoptosis during the late DP stage. Notably, infection-associated thymic defects were largely abrogated upon ablation of IFNαβR and partially mitigated in the absence of CD8 T cells, thus implicating direct as well as indirect effects of IFN-I on thymocytes. These findings provide mechanistic underpinnings for immunotherapeutic strategies targeting IFN-1 signals to manipulate disease outcomes during chronic infections and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Démoulins
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominique Gauchat
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), 1000, rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0C1, Canada
| | - Nadia Kettaf
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Saint-Luc, Montréal, QC, H2X 1P1, Canada
| | - Steven James Reed
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Tania Charpentier
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Department of Pathology, Emory University Winship Cancer Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Surojit Sarkar
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Vandana Kalia
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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5
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Jergović M, Coplen CP, Uhrlaub JL, Besselsen DG, Cheng S, Smithey MJ, Nikolich-Žugich J. Infection-induced type I interferons critically modulate the homeostasis and function of CD8 + naïve T cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5303. [PMID: 34489451 PMCID: PMC8421345 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve T (Tn) cells require two homeostatic signals for long-term survival: tonic T cell receptor:self-peptide-MHC contact and IL-7 stimulation. However, how microbial exposure impacts Tn homeostasis is still unclear. Here we show that infections can lead to the expansion of a subpopulation of long-lived, Ly6C+ CD8+ Tn cells with accelerated effector function. Mechanistically, mono-infection with West Nile virus transiently, and polymicrobial exposure persistently, enhances Ly6C expression selectively on CD5hiCD8+ cells, which in the case of polyinfection translates into a numerical CD8+ Tn cell increase in the lymph nodes. This conversion and expansion of Ly6C+ Tn cells depends on IFN-I, which upregulates MHC class I expression and enhances tonic TCR signaling in differentiating Tn cells. Moreover, for Ly6C+CD8+ Tn cells, IFN-I-mediated signals optimize their homing to secondary sites, extend their lifespan, and enhance their effector differentiation and antibacterial function, particularly for low-affinity clones. Our results thus uncover significant regulation of Tn homeostasis and function via infection-driven IFN-I, with potential implications for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Jergović
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christopher P Coplen
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Shu Cheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Megan J Smithey
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Vir, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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6
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Notarbartolo S, Ranzani V, Bandera A, Gruarin P, Bevilacqua V, Putignano AR, Gobbini A, Galeota E, Manara C, Bombaci M, Pesce E, Zagato E, Favalli A, Sarnicola ML, Curti S, Crosti M, Martinovic M, Fabbris T, Marini F, Donnici L, Lorenzo M, Mancino M, Ungaro R, Lombardi A, Mangioni D, Muscatello A, Aliberti S, Blasi F, De Feo T, Prati D, Manganaro L, Granucci F, Lanzavecchia A, De Francesco R, Gori A, Grifantini R, Abrignani S. Integrated longitudinal immunophenotypic, transcriptional and repertoire analyses delineate immune responses in COVID-19 patients. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/62/eabg5021. [PMID: 34376481 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg5021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To understand how a protective immune response against SARS-CoV-2 develops over time, we integrated phenotypic, transcriptional and repertoire analyses on PBMCs from mild and severe COVID-19 patients during and after infection, and compared them to healthy donors (HD). A type I IFN-response signature marked all the immune populations from severe patients during the infection. Humoral immunity was dominated by IgG production primarily against the RBD and N proteins, with neutralizing antibody titers increasing post infection and with disease severity. Memory B cells, including an atypical FCRL5+ T-BET+ memory subset, increased during the infection, especially in patients with mild disease. A significant reduction of effector memory, CD8+ T cells frequency characterized patients with severe disease. Despite such impairment, we observed robust clonal expansion of CD8+ T lymphocytes, while CD4+ T cells were less expanded and skewed toward TCM and TH2-like phenotypes. MAIT cells were also expanded, but only in patients with mild disease. Terminally differentiated CD8+ GZMB+ effector cells were clonally expanded both during the infection and post-infection, while CD8+ GZMK+ lymphocytes were more expanded post-infection and represented bona fide memory precursor effector cells. TCR repertoire analysis revealed that only highly proliferating T cell clonotypes, which included SARS-CoV-2-specific cells, were maintained post-infection and shared between the CD8+ GZMB+ and GZMK+ subsets. Overall, this study describes the development of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and identifies an effector CD8+ T cell population with memory precursor-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Notarbartolo
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Ranzani
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bandera
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Gruarin
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Bevilacqua
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Putignano
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Coordinamento Trapianti, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gobbini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenia Galeota
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Manara
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Bombaci
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Pesce
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Zagato
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Coordinamento Trapianti, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Favalli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Sarnicola
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Curti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Crosti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Martinovic
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Tanya Fabbris
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Marini
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lorena Donnici
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Mariangela Lorenzo
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Marilena Mancino
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ungaro
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Lombardi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Mangioni
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Muscatello
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Aliberti
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center.,Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center
| | - Francesco Blasi
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center
| | - Tullia De Feo
- Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center.,Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Coordinamento Trapianti, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Prati
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Milan, Italy
| | - Lara Manganaro
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Francesco
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Coordinamento Trapianti, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gori
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Renata Grifantini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; .,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; .,Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Coordinamento Trapianti, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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7
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Feng E, Balint E, Vahedi F, Ashkar AA. Immunoregulatory Functions of Interferons During Genital HSV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724618. [PMID: 34484233 PMCID: PMC8416247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections that disproportionately impacts women worldwide. Currently, there are no vaccines or curative treatments, resulting in life-long infection. The mucosal environment of the female reproductive tract (FRT) is home to a complex array of local immune defenses that must be carefully coordinated to protect against genital HSV-2 infection, while preventing excessive inflammation to prevent disease symptoms. Crucial to the defense against HSV-2 infection in the FRT are three classes of highly related and integrated cytokines, type I, II, and III interferons (IFN). These three classes of cytokines control HSV-2 infection and reduce tissue damage through a combination of directly inhibiting viral replication, as well as regulating the function of resident immune cells. In this review, we will examine how interferons are induced and their critical role in how they shape the local immune response to HSV-2 infection in the FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali A. Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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8
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Maurice NJ, Taber AK, Prlic M. The Ugly Duckling Turned to Swan: A Change in Perception of Bystander-Activated Memory CD8 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:455-462. [PMID: 33468558 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cells (Tmem) rapidly mount Ag-specific responses during pathogen reencounter. However, Tmem also respond to inflammatory cues in the absence of an activating TCR signal, a phenomenon termed bystander activation. Although bystander activation was first described over 20 years ago, the physiological relevance and the consequences of T cell bystander activation have only become more evident in recent years. In this review, we discuss the scenarios that trigger CD8 Tmem bystander activation including acute and chronic infections that are either systemic or localized, as well as evidence for bystander CD8 Tmem within tumors and following vaccination. We summarize the possible consequences of bystander activation for the T cell itself, the subsequent immune response, and the host. We highlight when T cell bystander activation appears to benefit or harm the host and briefly discuss our current knowledge gaps regarding regulatory signals that can control bystander activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Maurice
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Alexis K Taber
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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9
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Feng E, Balint E, Poznanski SM, Ashkar AA, Loeb M. Aging and Interferons: Impacts on Inflammation and Viral Disease Outcomes. Cells 2021; 10:708. [PMID: 33806810 PMCID: PMC8004738 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As highlighted by the COVID-19 global pandemic, elderly individuals comprise the majority of cases of severe viral infection outcomes and death. A combined inability to control viral replication and exacerbated inflammatory immune activation in elderly patients causes irreparable immune-mediated tissue pathology in response to infection. Key to these responses are type I, II, and III interferons (IFNs), which are involved in inducing an antiviral response, as well as controlling and suppressing inflammation and immunopathology. IFNs support monocyte/macrophage-stimulated immune responses that clear infection and promote their immunosuppressive functions that prevent excess inflammation and immune-mediated pathology. The timing and magnitude of IFN responses to infection are critical towards their immunoregulatory functions and ability to prevent immunopathology. Aging is associated with multiple defects in the ability of macrophages and dendritic cells to produce IFNs in response to viral infection, leading to a dysregulation of inflammatory immune responses. Understanding the implications of aging on IFN-regulated inflammation will give critical insights on how to treat and prevent severe infection in vulnerable individuals. In this review, we describe the causes of impaired IFN production in aging, and the evidence to suggest that these impairments impact the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune response to infection, thereby causing disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali A. Ashkar
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (E.F.); (E.B.); (S.M.P.); (M.L.)
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10
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Lutckii A, Strunz B, Zhirkov A, Filipovich O, Rukoiatkina E, Gusev D, Lobzin Y, Fischler B, Aleman S, Sällberg M, Björkström NK. Evidence for B cell maturation but not trained immunity in uninfected infants exposed to hepatitis C virus. Gut 2020; 69:2203-2213. [PMID: 32341018 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is rare compared with other chronic viral infections, despite that newborns have an immature, and possibly more susceptible, immune system. It further remains unclear to what extent prenatal and perinatal exposure to HCV affects immune system development in neonates. DESIGN To address this, we studied B cells, innate immune cells and soluble factors in a cohort of 62 children that were either unexposed, exposed uninfected or infected with HCV. Forty of these infants were followed longitudinally from birth up until 18 months of age. RESULTS As expected, evidence for B cell maturation was observed with increased age in children, whereas few age-related changes were noticed among innate immune cells. HCV-infected children had a high frequency of HCV-specific IgG-secreting B cells. Such a response was also detected in some exposed but uninfected children but not in uninfected controls. Consistent with this, both HCV-exposed uninfected and HCV-infected infants had evidence of early B cell immune maturation with an increased proportion of IgA-positive plasma cells and upregulated CD40 expression. In contrast, actual HCV viraemia, but not mere exposure, led to alterations within myeloid immune cell populations, natural killer (NK) cells and a distinct soluble factor profile with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. CONCLUSION Our data reveal that exposure to, and infection with, HCV causes disparate effects on adaptive B cells and innate immune cell such as myeloid cells and NK cells in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Lutckii
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Benedikt Strunz
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Zhirkov
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Filipovich
- North-Western State Medical University named after I.I.Mechnikov, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Rukoiatkina
- Maternity Hospital No 16, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Female Reproductology, Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Denis Gusev
- Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Yuriy Lobzin
- Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Björn Fischler
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matti Sällberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Abstract
One of the hallmarks of the vertebrate adaptive immune system is the prolific expansion of individual cell clones that encounter their cognate antigen. More recently, however, there is growing evidence for the clonal expansion of innate lymphocytes, particularly in the context of pathogen challenge. Clonal expansion not only serves to amplify the number of specific lymphocytes to mount a robust protective response to the pathogen at hand but also results in selection and differentiation of the responding lymphocytes to generate a multitude of cell fates. Here, we summarize the evidence for clonal expansion in innate lymphocytes, which has primarily been observed in natural killer (NK) cells responding to cytomegalovirus infection, and consider the requirements for such a response in NK cells in light of those for T cells. Furthermore, we discuss multiple aspects of heterogeneity that both contribute to and result from the fundamental immunological process of clonal expansion, highlighting the parallels between innate and adaptive lymphocytes, with a particular focus on NK cells and CD8+ T cells.
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12
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The activation of bystander CD8 + T cells and their roles in viral infection. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-9. [PMID: 31827070 PMCID: PMC6906361 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During viral infections, significant numbers of T cells are activated in a T cell receptor-independent and cytokine-dependent manner, a phenomenon referred to as "bystander activation." Cytokines, including type I interferons, interleukin-18, and interleukin-15, are the most important factors that induce bystander activation of T cells, each of which plays a somewhat different role. Bystander T cells lack specificity for the pathogen, but can nevertheless impact the course of the immune response to the infection. For example, bystander-activated CD8+ T cells can participate in protective immunity by secreting cytokines, such as interferon-γ. They also mediate host injury by exerting cytotoxicity that is facilitated by natural killer cell-activating receptors, such as NKG2D, and cytolytic molecules, such as granzyme B. Interestingly, it has been recently reported that there is a strong association between the cytolytic function of bystander-activated CD8+ T cells and host tissue injury in patients with acute hepatitis A virus infection. The current review addresses the induction of bystander CD8+ T cells, their effector functions, and their potential roles in immunity to infection, immunopathology, and autoimmunity.
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13
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Yamaguchi T, Takizawa F, Furihata M, Soto-Lampe V, Dijkstra JM, Fischer U. Teleost cytotoxic T cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:422-439. [PMID: 31669897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity is one of the major mechanisms by which vertebrates control intracellular pathogens. Two cell types are the main players in this immune response, natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). While NK cells recognize altered target cells in a relatively unspecific manner CTLs use their T cell receptor to identify pathogen-specific peptides that are presented by major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules on the surface of infected cells. However, several other signals are needed to regulate cell-mediated cytotoxicity involving a complex network of cytokine- and ligand-receptor interactions. Since the first description of MHC class I molecules in teleosts during the early 90s of the last century a remarkable amount of information on teleost immune responses has been published. The corresponding studies describe teleost cells and molecules that are involved in CTL responses of higher vertebrates. These studies are backed by functional investigations on the killing activity of CTLs in a few teleost species. The present knowledge on teleost CTLs still leaves considerable room for further investigations on the mechanisms by which CTLs act. Nevertheless the information on teleost CTLs and their regulation might already be useful for the control of fish diseases by designing efficient vaccines against such diseases where CTL responses are known to be decisive for the elimination of the corresponding pathogen. This review summarizes the present knowledge on CTL regulation and functions in teleosts. In a special chapter, the role of CTLs in vaccination is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, 917-0003, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Furihata
- Nagano Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station, 2871 Akashina-nakagawate, Azumino-shi, Nagano-ken, 399-7102, Japan
| | - Veronica Soto-Lampe
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Johannes M Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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14
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Navelsaker S, Magadan S, Jouneau L, Quillet E, Olesen NJ, Munang'andu HM, Boudinot P, Evensen Ø. Sequential Immunization With Heterologous Viruses Does Not Result in Attrition of the B Cell Memory in Rainbow Trout. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2687. [PMID: 31824488 PMCID: PMC6882293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term immunity is of great importance for protection against pathogens and has been extensively studied in mammals. Successive heterologous infections can affect the maintenance of immune memory, inducing attrition of T memory cells and diminishing B cell mediated protection. In fish, the basis of immune memory and the mechanisms of immunization to heterologous pathogens remain poorly understood. We sequentially immunized isogenic rainbow trout with two immunologically distinct viruses, VHSV and IPNV, either with one virus only or in combination, and analyzed the antibody responses and repertoires. Neutralizing antibodies and ELISPOT did not reveal an effect of heterologous immunization. Using a consensus read sequencing approach that incorporates unique barcodes to each cDNA molecule, we focused on the diversity expressed by selected responding VH/C combinations. We identified both public and private responses against VHSV and/or IPNV in all groups of fish. In fish immunized with two viruses, we registered no significant reduction in the persistence of the response toward the primary immunization. Similarly, the response to the second immunization was not affected by a prior vaccination to the other virus. Our data suggest that heterologous immunization does not enforce attrition of pre-existing antibody producing cells, which may impair the protection afforded by multiple successive vaccinations. These observations are potentially important to improve vaccination strategies practiced in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Navelsaker
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Susana Magadan
- VIM, INRA Centre Jouy-en-Josas, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Luc Jouneau
- VIM, INRA Centre Jouy-en-Josas, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Niels J Olesen
- DTU Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Øystein Evensen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Genomic Circuitry Underlying Immunological Response to Pediatric Acute Respiratory Infection. Cell Rep 2019; 22:411-426. [PMID: 29320737 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract viral infections (ARTIs) cause significant morbidity and mortality. CD8 T cells are fundamental to host responses, but transcriptional alterations underlying anti-viral mechanisms and links to clinical characteristics remain unclear. CD8 T cell transcriptional circuitry in acutely ill pediatric patients with influenza-like illness was distinct for different viral pathogens. Although changes included expected upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), transcriptional downregulation was prominent upon exposure to innate immune signals in early IFV infection. Network analysis linked changes to severity of infection, asthma, sex, and age. An influenza pediatric signature (IPS) distinguished acute influenza from other ARTIs and outperformed other influenza prediction gene lists. The IPS allowed a deeper investigation of the connection between transcriptional alterations and clinical characteristics of acute illness, including age-based differences in circuits connecting the STAT1/2 pathway to ISGs. A CD8 T cell-focused systems immunology approach in pediatrics identified age-based alterations in ARTI host response pathways.
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16
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Xu MM, Murphy PA, Vella AT. Activated T-effector seeds: cultivating atherosclerotic plaque through alternative activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H1354-H1365. [PMID: 30925075 PMCID: PMC6620674 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00148.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory pathology that precipitates substantial morbidity and mortality. Although initiated by physiological patterns of low and disturbed flow that differentially prime endothelial cells at sites of vessel branch points and curvature, the chronic, smoldering inflammation of atherosclerosis is accelerated by comorbidities involving inappropriate activation of the adaptive immune system, such as autoimmunity. The innate contributions to atherosclerosis, especially in the transition of monocyte to lipid-laden macrophage, are well established, but the mechanisms underpinning the infiltration, persistence, and effector dynamics of CD8 T cells in particular are not well understood. Adaptive immunity is centered on a classical cascade of antigen recognition and activation, costimulation, and effector cytokine secretion upon recall of antigen. However, chronic inflammation can generate alternative cues that supplant this behavior pattern and promote the retention and activation of peripherally activated T cells. Furthermore, the atherogenic foci that activated immune cell infiltrate are unique lipid-laden environments that offer a diverse array of stimuli, including those of survival, antigen hyporesponsiveness, and inflammatory cytokine expression. This review will focus on how known cardiovascular comorbidities may be influencing CD8 T-cell activation and how, once infiltrated within atherogenic foci, these T cells face a multitude of cues that skew the classical cascade of T-cell behavior, highlighting alternative modes of activation that may help contextualize associations of autoimmunity, viral infection, and immunotherapy with cardiovascular morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Patrick A Murphy
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
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17
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Lang PA, Lang KS. Stand by me(mory): Chronic infection diminishes memory pool via IL-6/STAT1. J Exp Med 2019; 216:474-475. [PMID: 30782615 PMCID: PMC6400542 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great efforts to eradicate chronic viral infections, they still remain a global health problem. In this issue, Barnstorf et al. (2019. J. Exp. Med. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20181589) show that virus-unspecific bystander memory T cells are highly affected during chronic viral infection via IL-6/STAT1. Bystander memory T cells are strongly decimated in numbers and change in phenotype and function during chronic viral infection. These data provide new explanations for immune-mediated problems during chronic virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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18
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Barnstorf I, Borsa M, Baumann N, Pallmer K, Yermanos A, Joller N, Spörri R, Welten SPM, Kräutler NJ, Oxenius A. Chronic virus infection compromises memory bystander T cell function in an IL-6/STAT1-dependent manner. J Exp Med 2019; 216:571-586. [PMID: 30745322 PMCID: PMC6400541 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections are widespread among humans, with ∼8-12 chronic viral infections per individual, and there is epidemiological proof that these impair heterologous immunity. We studied the impact of chronic LCMV infection on the phenotype and function of memory bystander CD8+ T cells. Active chronic LCMV infection had a profound effect on total numbers, phenotype, and function of memory bystander T cells in mice. The phenotypic changes included up-regulation of markers commonly associated with effector and exhausted cells and were induced by IL-6 in a STAT1-dependent manner in the context of chronic virus infection. Furthermore, bystander CD8 T cell functions were reduced with respect to their ability to produce inflammatory cytokines and to undergo secondary expansion upon cognate antigen challenge with major cell-extrinsic contributions responsible for the diminished memory potential of bystander CD8+ T cells. These findings open new perspectives for immunity and vaccination during chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Nicole Joller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roman Spörri
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Interferon Alpha Enhances NK Cell Function and the Suppressive Capacity of HIV-Specific CD8 + T Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01541-18. [PMID: 30404799 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01541-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current shock-and-kill strategies for the eradication of the HIV-1 reservoir have resulted in blips of viremia but not in a decrease in the size of the latent reservoir in patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). This discrepancy could potentially be explained by an inability of the immune system to kill HIV-1-infected cells following the reversal of latency. Furthermore, some studies have suggested that certain latency-reversing agents (LRAs) may inhibit CD8+ T cell and natural killer (NK) cell responses. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that alpha interferon (IFN-α) could improve the function of NK cells from chronic progressors (CP) on ART. We show here that IFN-α treatment enhanced cytokine secretion, polyfunctionality, degranulation, and the cytotoxic potential of NK cells from healthy donors (HD) and CP. We also show that this cytokine enhanced the viral suppressive capacity of NK cells from HD and elite controllers or suppressors. Furthermore, IFN-α enhanced global CP CD8+ T cell cytokine responses and the suppressive capacity of ES CD8+ T cells. Our data suggest that IFN-α treatment may potentially be used as an immunomodulatory agent in HIV-1 cure strategies.IMPORTANCE Data suggest that HIV+ individuals unable to control infection fail to do so due to impaired cytokine production and/cytotoxic effector cell function. Consequently, the success of cure agendas such as the shock-and-kill strategy will probably depend on enhancing patient effector cell function. In this regard, NK cells are of particular interest since they complement the function of CD8+ T cells. Here, we demonstrate the ability of short-course alpha interferon (IFN-α) treatments to effectively enhance such effector functions in chronic progressor NK cells without inhibiting their general CD8+ T cell function. These results point to the possibility of exploring such short-course IFN-α treatments for the enhancement of effector cell function in HIV+ patients in future cure strategies.
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20
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Jangalwe S, Kapoor VN, Xu J, Girnius N, Kennedy NJ, Edwards YJK, Welsh RM, Davis RJ, Brehm MA. Cutting Edge: Early Attrition of Memory T Cells during Inflammation and Costimulation Blockade Is Regulated Concurrently by Proapoptotic Proteins Fas and Bim. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:647-651. [PMID: 30610162 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of CD8 T cells is an essential mechanism that maintains immune system homeostasis, prevents autoimmunity, and reduces immunopathology. CD8 T cell death also occurs early during the response to both inflammation and costimulation blockade (CoB). In this article, we studied the effects of a combined deficiency of Fas (extrinsic pathway) and Bim (intrinsic pathway) on early T cell attrition in response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and during CoB during transplantation. Loss of Fas and Bim function in Bcl2l11-/-Faslpr/lpr mice inhibited apoptosis of T cells and prevented the early T cell attrition resulting from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Bcl2l11-/-Faslpr/lpr mice were also resistant to prolonged allograft survival induced by CoB targeting the CD40-CD154 pathway. These results demonstrate that both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways function concurrently to regulate T cell homeostasis during the early stages of immune responses and allograft survival during CoB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Jangalwe
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Varun N Kapoor
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jia Xu
- IBM Watson Health, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Nomeda Girnius
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and.,Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Norman J Kennedy
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Yvonne J K Edwards
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Raymond M Welsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605;
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21
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Souquette A, Thomas PG. Past Life and Future Effects-How Heterologous Infections Alter Immunity to Influenza Viruses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1071. [PMID: 29872429 PMCID: PMC5972221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus frequently mutates due to its error-prone polymerase. This feature contributes to influenza virus’s ability to evade pre-existing immunity, leading to annual epidemics and periodic pandemics. T cell memory plays a key protective role in the face of an antigenically distinct influenza virus strain because T cell targets are often derived from conserved internal proteins, whereas humoral immunity targets are often sites of increased mutation rates that are tolerated by the virus. Most studies of influenza T cell memory are conducted in naive, specific pathogen free mice and do not account for repetitive influenza infection throughout a lifetime, sequential acute heterologous infections between influenza infections, or heterologous chronic co-infections. By contrast to these mouse models, humans often experience numerous influenza infections, encounter heterologous acute infections between influenza infections, and are infected with at least one chronic virus. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the effects of heterologous infections on the establishment and maintenance of CD8+ T cell immunological memory. Understanding the various factors that affect immune memory can provide insights into the development of more effective vaccines and increase reproducibility of translational studies between animal models and clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Souquette
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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22
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Yap SH, Abdullah NK, McStea M, Takayama K, Chong ML, Crisci E, Larsson M, Azwa I, Kamarulzaman A, Leong KH, Woo YL, Rajasuriar R. HIV/Human herpesvirus co-infections: Impact on tryptophan-kynurenine pathway and immune reconstitution. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186000. [PMID: 29016635 PMCID: PMC5633182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-infections with human herpesvirus (HHV) have been associated with residual chronic inflammation in antiretroviral (ART)-treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. However, the role of HHV in modulating the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway and clinical outcomes in HIV-infected individuals is poorly understood. Thus, we investigated the seroprevalence of four common HHVs among treated HIV-infected participants and their impact on kynurenine/tryptophan (K/T) ratio and long-term CD4 T-cell recovery in HIV/HHV co-infected participants. METHOD In this cross-sectional study, HIV-infected participants receiving suppressive ART for a minimum of 12 months were recruited from the University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Malaysia. Stored plasma was analyzed for CMV, VZV, HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgG antibody levels, immune activation markers (interleukin-6, interferon-γ, neopterin and sCD14), kynurenine and tryptophan concentrations. The influence of the number of HHV co-infection and K/T ratio on CD4 T-cell recovery was assessed using multivariate Poisson regression. RESULTS A total of 232 HIV-infected participants were recruited and all participants were seropositive for at least one HHV; 96.1% with CMV, 86.6% with VZV, 70.7% with HSV-1 and 53.9% with HSV-2. K/T ratio had a significant positive correlation with CMV (rho = 0.205, p = 0.002), VZV (rho = 0.173, p = 0.009) and a tendency with HSV-2 (rho = 0.120, p = 0.070), with CMV antibody titer demonstrating the strongest modulating effect on K/T ratio among the four HHVs assessed in SOM analysis. In multivariate analysis, higher K/T ratio (p = 0.03) and increasing number of HHV co-infections (p<0.001) were independently associated with poorer CD4 T-cell recovery following 12 months of ART initiation. CONCLUSION Multiple HHV co-infections are common among ART-treated HIV-infected participants in the developing country setting and associated with persistent immune activation and poorer CD4 T-cell recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Hwei Yap
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Kamila Abdullah
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Megan McStea
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kozo Takayama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Meng Li Chong
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Elisa Crisci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marie Larsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Iskandar Azwa
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Hoong Leong
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yin Ling Woo
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Reena Rajasuriar
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne University, Victoria, Australia
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Moffett HF, Cartwright ANR, Kim HJ, Godec J, Pyrdol J, Äijö T, Martinez GJ, Rao A, Lu J, Golub TR, Cantor H, Sharpe AH, Novina CD, Wucherpfennig KW. The microRNA miR-31 inhibits CD8 + T cell function in chronic viral infection. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:791-799. [PMID: 28530712 PMCID: PMC5753758 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During infection, antigen-specific T cells undergo tightly regulated developmental transitions controlled by transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. We found that the microRNA miR-31 was strongly induced by activation of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) in a pathway involving calcium and activation of the transcription factor NFAT. During chronic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13, miR-31-deficent mice recovered from clinical disease, while wild-type mice continued to show signs of disease. This disease phenotype was explained by the presence of larger numbers of cytokine-secreting LCMV-specific CD8+ T cells in miR-31-deficent mice than in wild-type mice. Mechanistically, miR-31 increased the sensitivity of T cells to type I interferons, which interfered with effector T cell function and increased the expression of several proteins related to T cell dysfunction during chronic infection. These studies identify miR-31 as an important regulator of T cell exhaustion in chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howell F Moffett
- Department of Cancer Immunology &Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam N R Cartwright
- Department of Cancer Immunology &Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Cancer Immunology &Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jernej Godec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason Pyrdol
- Department of Cancer Immunology &Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tarmo Äijö
- Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto, Finland
| | - Gustavo J Martinez
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anjana Rao
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Todd R Golub
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer Immunology &Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carl D Novina
- Department of Cancer Immunology &Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology &Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Heterologous Immunity and Persistent Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01386-16. [PMID: 27807227 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01386-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One's history of infections can affect the immune response to unrelated pathogens and influence disease outcome through the process of heterologous immunity. This can occur after acute viral infections, such as infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and vaccinia virus, where the pathogens are cleared, but it becomes a more complex issue in the context of persistent infections. In this study, murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) was used as a persistent infection model to study heterologous immunity with LCMV. If mice were previously immune to LCMV and then infected with MCMV (LCMV+MCMV), they had more severe immunopathology, enhanced viral burden in multiple organs, and suppression of MCMV-specific T cell memory inflation. MCMV infection initially reduced the numbers of LCMV-specific memory T cells, but continued MCMV persistence did not further erode memory T cells specific to LCMV. When MCMV infection was given first (MCMV+LCMV), the magnitude of the acute T cell response to LCMV declined with age though this age-dependent decline was not dependent on MCMV. However, some of these MCMV persistently infected mice with acute LCMV infection (7 of 36) developed a robust immunodominant CD8 T cell response apparently cross-reactive between a newly defined putative MCMV epitope sequence, M57727-734, and the normally subdominant LCMV epitope L2062-2069, indicating a profound private specificity effect in heterologous immunity between these two viruses. These results further illustrate how a history of an acute or a persistent virus infection can substantially influence the immune responses and immune pathology associated with acute or persistent infections with an unrelated virus. IMPORTANCE This study extends our understanding of heterologous immunity in the context of persistent viral infection. The phenomenon has been studied mostly with viruses such as LCMV that are cleared, but the situation can be more complex with a persistent virus such as MCMV. We found that the history of LCMV infection intensifies MCMV immunopathology, enhances MCMV burden in multiple organs, and suppresses MCMV-specific T cell memory inflation. In the reverse infection sequence, we show that some of the long-term MCMV-immune mice mount a robust CD8 T cell cross-reactive response between a newly defined putative MCMV epitope sequence and a normally subdominant LCMV epitope. These results further illustrate how a history of infection can substantially influence the immune responses and immune pathology associated with infections with an unrelated virus.
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Hosking MP, Flynn CT, Whitton JL. Type I IFN Signaling Is Dispensable during Secondary Viral Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005861. [PMID: 27580079 PMCID: PMC5006979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses in general, and type I interferons (T1IFNs) in particular, play an important and often essential role during primary viral infections, by directly combatting the virus and by maximizing the primary adaptive immune response. Several studies have suggested that T1IFNs also contribute very substantially to the secondary (recall) response; they are thought (i) to be required to drive the early attrition of memory T cells, (ii) to support the subsequent expansion of surviving virus-specific memory cells, and (iii) to assist in the suppression and clearance of the infectious agent. However, many of these observations were predicated upon models in which T1IFN signaling was interrupted prior to a primary immune response, raising the possibility that the resulting memory cells might be intrinsically abnormal. We have directly addressed this by using an inducible-Cre model system in which the host remains genetically-intact during the primary response to infection, and in which T1IFN signaling can be effectively ablated prior to secondary viral challenge. We report that, in stark contrast to primary infection, T1IFN signaling is not required during the recall response. IFNαβR-deficient memory CD8+ and CD4+ memory T cells undergo attrition and expansion with kinetics that are indistinguishable from those of receptor-sufficient cells. Moreover, even in the absence of functional T1IFN signaling, the host's immune capacity to rapidly suppress, and then to eradicate, a secondary infection remains intact. Thus, this study shows that T1IFN signaling is dispensable during the recall response to a virus infection. Moreover, two broader implications may be drawn. First, a T cell's requirement for a cytokine is highly dependent on the cell's maturation / differentiation status. Consequently, second, these data underscore the importance of evaluating a gene's impact by modulating its expression or function in a temporally-controllable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Hosking
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Claudia T. Flynn
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - J. Lindsay Whitton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schenkel JM, Fraser KA, Casey KA, Beura LK, Pauken KE, Vezys V, Masopust D. IL-15-Independent Maintenance of Tissue-Resident and Boosted Effector Memory CD8 T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:3920-6. [PMID: 27001957 PMCID: PMC5145194 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
IL-15 regulates central and effector memory CD8 T cell (TCM and TEM, respectively) homeostatic proliferation, maintenance, and longevity. Consequently, IL-15 availability hypothetically defines the carrying capacity for total memory CD8 T cells within the host. In conflict with this hypothesis, previous observations demonstrated that boosting generates preternaturally abundant TEM that increases the total quantity of memory CD8 T cells in mice. In this article, we provide a potential mechanistic explanation by reporting that boosted circulating TEM do not require IL-15 for maintenance. We also investigated tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM), which protect nonlymphoid tissues from reinfection. We observed up to a 50-fold increase in the total magnitude of TRM in mouse mucosal tissues after boosting, suggesting that the memory T cell capacity in tissues is flexible and that TRM may not be under the same homeostatic regulation as primary central memory CD8 T cells and TEM Further analysis identified distinct TRM populations that depended on IL-15 for homeostatic proliferation and survival, depended on IL-15 for homeostatic proliferation but not for survival, or did not depend on IL-15 for either process. These observations on the numerical regulation of T cell memory indicate that there may be significant heterogeneity among distinct TRM populations and also argue against the common perception that developing vaccines that confer protection by establishing abundant TEM and TRM will necessarily erode immunity to previously encountered pathogens as the result of competition for IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kathryn A Fraser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kerry A Casey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kristen E Pauken
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455;
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27
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Elevation and persistence of CD8 T-cells in HIV infection: the Achilles heel in the ART era. J Int AIDS Soc 2016; 19:20697. [PMID: 26945343 PMCID: PMC4779330 DOI: 10.7448/ias.19.1.20697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction HIV infection leads to a disturbed T-cell homeostasis, featured by a depletion of CD4 T-cells and a persistent elevation of CD8 T-cells over disease progression. Most effort of managing HIV infection has been focused on CD4 T-cell recovery, while changes in the CD8 compartment were relatively underappreciated in the past. Methods A comprehensive literature review of publications in English language was conducted using major electronic databases. Our search was focused on factors contributing to CD8 T-cell dynamics in HIV infection and following antiretroviral therapy (ART). Discussion Normalization of CD8 counts is seldom observed even with optimal CD4 recovery following long-term treatment. Initiation of ART in primary HIV infection leads to enhanced normalization of CD8 count compared with long-term ART initiated in chronic infection. Importantly, such CD8 elevation in treated HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of inflammatory non-AIDS-related clinical events independent of CD4 T-cell recovery. The mechanisms underlying CD8 persistence remain largely unknown, which may include bystander activation, exhaustion and immunosenescence of CD8 T-cells. The information provided herein will lead to a better understanding of factors associated with CD8 persistence and contribute to the development of strategies aiming at CD8 normalization. Conclusions Persistence of CD8 T-cell elevation in treated HIV-infected patients is associated with an increased risk of non-AIDS-related events. Now that advances in ART have led to decreased AIDS-related opportunistic diseases, more attention has been focused on reducing non-AIDS events and normalizing persistent CD8 T-cell elevation.
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Massanella M, Fromentin R, Chomont N. Residual inflammation and viral reservoirs: alliance against an HIV cure. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 11:234-41. [PMID: 26575148 PMCID: PMC4743501 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV persists in cellular and anatomical reservoirs during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Viral persistence is ensured by a variety of mechanisms including ongoing viral replication and proliferation of latently infected cells. In this review, we summarize recent findings establishing a link between the unresolved levels of inflammation observed in virally suppressed individuals on ART and the mechanisms responsible for HIV persistence. RECENT FINDINGS Residual levels of viral replication during ART are associated with persistent low levels of immune activation, suggesting that unresolved inflammation can promote the replenishment of the HIV reservoir in tissues. In addition, the recent findings that the latent HIV reservoir is maintained by continuous proliferation of latently infected cells provide another mechanism by which residual inflammation could contribute to HIV persistence. SUMMARY Residual inflammation during ART is likely to be a critical parameter contributing to HIV persistence. Therefore, reducing inflammation may be an efficient way to interfere with the maintenance of the HIV reservoir in virally suppressed individuals on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Massanella
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine, Department of microbiology, infectiology and immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine, Department of microbiology, infectiology and immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine, Department of microbiology, infectiology and immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Hurtado de Mendoza T, Liu F, Verma IM. Antiapoptotic Role for Lifeguard in T Cell Mediated Immune Response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142161. [PMID: 26565411 PMCID: PMC4643990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic protein Lifeguard (LFG) is upregulated on T cells upon in vitro activation. To investigate its role in T cell immunity we infected wild type and LFG knockout bone marrow chimaeras mice with LCMV. We observed a decreased number of LFG KO activated CD8 and CD4 T cells throughout the infection and a marked decrease in LFG KO LCMV specific memory T cells. WT and KO T cells proliferated at the same rate, however, LFG KO CD44hi T cells showed increased cell death during the initial phase of the immune response. LFG KO and WT T cells were equally sensitive to the FAS antibody Jo-2 in ex vivo cultures, and blocking extrinsic pathways of cell death in vivo with Fas L or caspase 8 inhibitors did not rescue the increased apoptosis in LFG KO T cells. Our data suggest that LFG plays a role in T cell survival during the initial phase of anti-viral immune response by protecting pre-existing memory T cells and possibly newly activated T cells resulting in a diminished immune response and a decreased number of LCMV specific memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Hurtado de Mendoza
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Fei Liu
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Inder M. Verma
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Gil A, Kenney LL, Mishra R, Watkin LB, Aslan N, Selin LK. Vaccination and heterologous immunity: educating the immune system. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:62-9. [PMID: 25573110 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses three inter-related topics: (1) the immaturity of the neonatal and infant immune response; (2) heterologous immunity, where prior infection history with unrelated pathogens alters disease outcome resulting in either enhanced protective immunity or increased immunopathology to new infections, and (3) epidemiological human vaccine studies that demonstrate vaccines can have beneficial or detrimental effects on subsequent unrelated infections. The results from the epidemiological and heterologous immunity studies suggest that the immune system has tremendous plasticity and that each new infection or vaccine that an individual is exposed to during a lifetime will potentially alter the dynamics of their immune system. It also suggests that each new infection or vaccine that an infant receives is not only perturbing the immune system but is educating the immune system and laying down the foundation for all subsequent responses. This leads to the question, is there an optimum way to educate the immune system? Should this be taken into consideration in our vaccination protocols?
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gil
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Laurie L Kenney
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Rabinarayan Mishra
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Levi B Watkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nuray Aslan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Liisa K Selin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Gianella S, Massanella M, Wertheim JO, Smith DM. The Sordid Affair Between Human Herpesvirus and HIV. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:845-52. [PMID: 25748324 PMCID: PMC4548466 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human herpesvirus (HHV) infections persist lifelong, and almost all individuals infected with HIV are also infected with ≥1 HHV. These coinfections are not independent processes or benign. In this review, we discuss how HHVs, and cytomegalovirus in particular, interact with concurrent HIV infection, and we describe the next steps necessary to understand and address these connections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Davey M. Smith
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, California
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Type I interferons regulate eomesodermin expression and the development of unconventional memory CD8(+) T cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7089. [PMID: 25953241 PMCID: PMC4432629 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T-cell memory phenotype and function are acquired after antigen-driven activation. Memory-like cells may also arise in absence of antigenic exposure in the thymus or in the periphery. Eomesodermin (Eomes) is a key transcription factor for the development of these unconventional memory cells. Herein, we show that type I interferon signalling in CD8(+) T cells directly activates Eomes gene expression. Consistent with this observation, the phenotype, function and age-dependent expansion of 'virtual memory' CD8(+) T cells are strongly affected in absence of type I interferon signalling. In addition, type I interferons induce a sustained expansion of 'virtual memory' CD8(+) T cells in an Eomes-dependent fashion. We further show that the development of 'innate thymic' CD8(+) T cells is dependent on the same pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrate that type I interferon signalling in CD8(+) T cells drives Eomes expression and thereby regulates the function and homeostasis of memory-like CD8(+) T cells.
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McNab F, Mayer-Barber K, Sher A, Wack A, O'Garra A. Type I interferons in infectious disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:87-103. [PMID: 25614319 DOI: 10.1038/nri3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1744] [Impact Index Per Article: 193.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) have diverse effects on innate and adaptive immune cells during infection with viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi, directly and/or indirectly through the induction of other mediators. Type I IFNs are important for host defence against viruses. However, recently, they have been shown to cause immunopathology in some acute viral infections, such as influenza virus infection. Conversely, they can lead to immunosuppression during chronic viral infections, such as lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. During bacterial infections, low levels of type I IFNs may be required at an early stage, to initiate cell-mediated immune responses. High concentrations of type I IFNs may block B cell responses or lead to the production of immunosuppressive molecules, and such concentrations also reduce the responsiveness of macrophages to activation by IFNγ, as has been shown for infections with Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recent studies in experimental models of tuberculosis have demonstrated that prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1 inhibit type I IFN expression and its downstream effects, demonstrating that a cross-regulatory network of cytokines operates during infectious diseases to provide protection with minimum damage to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finlay McNab
- 1] Allergic Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Disease Respiratory Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK. [2] Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council (MRC) National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Katrin Mayer-Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Andreas Wack
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council (MRC) National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Anne O'Garra
- 1] Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council (MRC) National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK. [2] National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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35
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Snell LM, Brooks DG. New insights into type I interferon and the immunopathogenesis of persistent viral infections. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 34:91-8. [PMID: 25771184 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most viruses generate potent T cell responses that rapidly control infection. However, certain viruses can subvert the immune response to establish persistent infections. The inability to clear virus induces an immunosuppressive program leading to the sustained expression of many immunoregulatory molecules that down-regulate T cell responses. Further, viral persistence is associated with multiple immune dysfunctions including lymphoid disorganization, defective antigen presentation, aberrant B cell responses and hypergammaglobulinemia. Although best known for its antiviral activity, recent data has highlighted the role of type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling as a central mediator of immunosuppression during viral persistence. It is also becoming increasingly apparent that many of the immune dysfunctions during persistent virus infection can be attributed directly or indirectly to the effects of chronic IFN-I signaling. This review explores the increasingly complex role of IFN-I in the regulation of immunity against persistently replicating virus infections and examines current and potential uses of IFN-I and blockade of IFN-I signaling to dampen chronic inflammation and activation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Snell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - David G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network and the Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9 Canada.
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Narrowing of human influenza A virus-specific T cell receptor α and β repertoires with increasing age. J Virol 2015; 89:4102-16. [PMID: 25609818 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03020-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alterations in memory CD8 T cell responses may contribute to the high morbidity and mortality caused by seasonal influenza A virus (IAV) infections in older individuals. We questioned whether memory CD8 responses to this nonpersistent virus, to which recurrent exposure with new strains is common, changed over time with increasing age. Here, we show a direct correlation between increasing age and narrowing of the HLA-A2-restricted IAV Vα and Vβ T cell repertoires specific to M1 residues 58 to 66 (M158-66), which simultaneously lead to oligoclonal expansions, including the usage of a single identical VA12-JA29 clonotype in all eight older donors. The Vα repertoire of older individuals also had longer CDR3 regions with increased usage of G/A runs, whose molecular flexibility may enhance T cell receptor (TCR) promiscuity. Collectively, these results suggest that CD8 memory T cell responses to nonpersistent viruses like IAV in humans are dynamic, and with aging there is a reduced diversity but a preferential retention of T cell repertoires with features of enhanced cross-reactivity. IMPORTANCE With increasing age, the immune system undergoes drastic changes, and older individuals have declined resistance to infections. Vaccinations become less effective, and infection with influenza A virus in older individuals is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Here, we questioned whether T cell responses directed against the highly conserved HLA-A2-restricted M158-66 peptide of IAV evolves with increasing age. Specifically, we postulated that CD8 T cell repertoires narrow with recurrent exposure and may thus be less efficient in response to new infections with new strains of IAV. Detailed analyses of the VA and VB TCR repertoires simultaneously showed a direct correlation between increasing age and narrowing of the TCR repertoire. Features of the TCRs indicated potentially enhanced cross-reactivity in all older donors. In summary, T cell repertoire analysis in older individuals may be useful as one of the predictors of protection after vaccination.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Regulatory T (Treg) cells are important in the maintenance of self-tolerance, and the depletion of Treg cells correlates with autoimmune development. It has been shown that type I interferon (IFN) responses induced early in the infection of mice can drive memory (CD44hi) CD8 and CD4 T cells into apoptosis, and we questioned here whether the apoptosis of CD44-expressing Treg cells might be involved in the infection-associated autoimmune development. Instead, we found that Treg cells were much more resistant to apoptosis than CD44hi CD8 and CD4 T cells at days 2 to 3 after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, when type I IFN levels are high. The infection caused a downregulation of the interleukin-7 (IL-7) receptor, needed for survival of conventional T cells, while increasing on Treg cells the expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor, needed for STAT5-dependent survival of Treg cells. The stably maintained Treg cells early during infection may explain the relatively low incidence of autoimmune manifestations among infected patients. IMPORTANCE Autoimmune diseases are controlled in part by regulatory T cells (Treg) and are thought to sometimes be initiated by viral infections. We tested the hypothesis that Treg may die off at early stages of infection, when virus-induced factors kill other lymphocyte types. Instead, we found that Treg resisted this cell death, perhaps reducing the tendency of viral infections to cause immune dysfunction and induce autoimmunity.
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38
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Callendret B, Eccleston HB, Hall S, Satterfield W, Capone S, Folgori A, Cortese R, Nicosia A, Walker CM. T-cell immunity and hepatitis C virus reinfection after cure of chronic hepatitis C with an interferon-free antiviral regimen in a chimpanzee. Hepatology 2014; 60:1531-40. [PMID: 24975498 PMCID: PMC4242208 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Memory CD8+ T cells generated by spontaneous resolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection rapidly control secondary infections and reduce the risk of virus persistence. Here, CD8+ T-cell immunity and response to reinfection were assessed in a chimpanzee cured of an earlier chronic infection with an interferon (IFN)-free antiviral regimen. CD8+ T cells expanded from liver immediately before and 2 years after cure of chronic infection with two direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) targeted epitopes in the E2, nonstructural (NS)5a, and NS5b proteins. A second infection to assess CD8+ T-cell responsiveness resulted in rapid suppression of HCV replication by week 2, but viremia rebounded 3 weeks later and the infection persisted. The E2, NS5a, and NS5b proteins remained dominant CD8+ T-cell targets after reinfection. Resurgent HCV replication was temporally associated with mutational escape of NS5a and NS5b class I epitopes that had also mutated during the first chronic infection. Two epitopes in E2 remained intact throughout both persistent infections. Intrahepatic CD8+ T cells targeting intact and escape-prone epitopes differed in expression of phenotypic markers of functional exhaustion 2 years after successful DAA therapy and in the capacity to expand in liver upon reinfection. CONCLUSIONS The intrahepatic HCV-specific CD8+ T-cell repertoire established during chronic infection was narrowly focused, but very stable, after cure with DAA. Existing intrahepatic CD8+ T cells targeting dominant epitopes of the challenge virus failed to prevent persistence. Vaccination after DAA cure may be necessary to broaden T-cell responses and reduce the risk of a second persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Callendret
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
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Ysebrant de Lendonck L, Martinet V, Goriely S. Interferon regulatory factor 3 in adaptive immune responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3873-83. [PMID: 24879293 PMCID: PMC11113752 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 plays a key role in innate responses against viruses. Indeed, activation of this transcription factor triggers the expression of type I interferons and downstream interferon-stimulated genes in infected cells. Recent evidences indicate that this pathway also modulates adaptive immune responses. This review focuses on the different mechanisms that are implicated in this process. We discuss the role of IRF3 within antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes in the polarization of the cellular immune response and its implication in the pathogenesis of immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Ysebrant de Lendonck
- WELBIO and Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Charleroi-Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valerie Martinet
- WELBIO and Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Charleroi-Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- WELBIO and Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Charleroi-Gosselies, Belgium
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40
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Stelekati E, Shin H, Doering TA, Dolfi DV, Ziegler CG, Beiting DP, Dawson L, Liboon J, Wolski D, Ali MAA, Katsikis PD, Shen H, Roos DS, Haining WN, Lauer GM, Wherry EJ. Bystander chronic infection negatively impacts development of CD8(+) T cell memory. Immunity 2014; 40:801-13. [PMID: 24837104 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that chronic infections impair immune responses to unrelated pathogens and vaccines. The underlying mechanisms, however, are unclear and distinguishing effects on priming versus development of immunological memory has been challenging. We investigated whether bystander chronic infections impact differentiation of memory CD8(+) T cells, the hallmark of protective immunity against intracellular pathogens. Chronic bystander infections impaired development of memory CD8(+) T cells in several mouse models and humans. These effects were independent of initial priming and were associated with chronic inflammatory signatures. Chronic inflammation negatively impacted the number of bystander CD8(+) T cells and their memory development. Distinct underlying mechanisms of altered survival and differentiation were revealed with the latter regulated by the transcription factors T-bet and Blimp-1. Thus, exposure to prolonged bystander inflammation impairs the effector to memory transition. These data have relevance for immunity and vaccination during persisting infections and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erietta Stelekati
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Haina Shin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Travis A Doering
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Douglas V Dolfi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carly G Ziegler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lucas Dawson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer Liboon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Wolski
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mohammed-Alkhatim A Ali
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David S Roos
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - W Nicholas Haining
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Georg M Lauer
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Regulation of tissue-dependent differences in CD8+ T cell apoptosis during viral infection. J Virol 2014; 88:9490-503. [PMID: 24942579 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01223-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the lymphoid organs contract at the resolution of virus infections by apoptosis or by dissemination into peripheral tissues, and those residing in nonlymphoid organs, including the peritoneal cavity and fat pads, are more resistant to apoptosis than those in the spleen and lymph nodes. This stability of memory T cells in the nonlymphoid tissues may enhance protection to secondary challenges. Here, we show that lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-specific CD8+ T cells in nonlymphoid tissues were enriched for memory precursors (expressing high levels of interleukin-7 receptor and low levels of killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 [IL-7Rhi KLRG1lo]) and had higher expression of CD27, CXCR3, and T cell factor-1 (TCF-1), each a marker that is individually correlated with decreased apoptosis. CD8+ T cells in the peritoneal cavity of TCF-1-deficient mice had decreased survival, suggesting a role for TCF-1 in promoting survival in the nonlymphoid tissues. CXCR3+ CD8+ T cells resisted apoptosis and accumulated in the lymph nodes of mice treated with FTY720, which blocks the export of lymph node cells into peripheral tissue. The peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) expressed increased amounts of CXCR3 ligands, CXCL9 and CXCL10, which may normally recruit these nonapoptotic cells from the lymph nodes. In addition, adoptive transfer of splenic CD8+ T cells into PEC or spleen environments showed that the peritoneal environment promoted survival of CD8+ T cells. Thus, intrinsic stability of T cells which are present in the nonlymphoid tissues along with preferential migration of apoptosis-resistant CD8+ T cells into peripheral sites and the availability of tissue-specific factors that enhance memory cell survival may collectively account for the tissue-dependent apoptotic differences. IMPORTANCE Most infections are initiated at nonlymphoid tissue sites, and the presence of memory T cells in nonlymphoid tissues is critical for protective immunity in various viral infection models. Virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the nonlymphoid tissues are more resistant to apoptosis than those in lymphoid organs during the resolution and memory phase of the immune response to acute LCMV infection. Here, we investigated the mechanisms promoting stability of T cells in the nonlymphoid tissues. This increased resistance to apoptosis of virus-specific CD8+ T cells in nonlymphoid tissues was due to several factors. Nonlymphoid tissues were enriched in memory phenotype CD8+ T cells, which were intrinsically resistant to apoptosis irrespective of the tissue environment. Furthermore, apoptosis-resistant CD8+ T cells preferentially migrated into the nonlymphoid tissues, where the availability of tissue-specific factors may enhance memory cell survival. Our findings are relevant for the generation of long-lasting vaccines providing protection at peripheral infection sites.
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42
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Tang Q, Jiang D, Harfuddin Z, Cheng K, Moh MC, Schwarz H. Regulation of myelopoiesis by CD137L signaling. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 33:454-69. [PMID: 24941289 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.921163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD137 ligand (CD137L) has emerged as a powerful regulator of myelopoiesis that links emergency situations, such as infections, to the generation of additional myeloid cells, and to their activation and maturation. CD137L is expressed on the cell surface of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) and antigen presenting cells (APC) as a transmembrane protein. The signaling of CD137L into HSPC induces their proliferation and differentiation to monocytes and macrophages, and in monocytes CD137L signaling induces differentiation to potent dendritic cells (DC). CD137L signaling is initiated by CD137 which is expressed by T cells, once they become activated. Some of these activated, CD137-expressing T cells migrate from the site of infection to the bone marrow where they interact with HSPC to induce myelopoiesis, or they induce monocyte to DC differentiation locally at the site of infection. Therapeutically, induction of CD137L signaling can be utilized to reinitiate myeloid differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia cells, and to generate potent DC for immunotherapy.
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Poly(I:C) treatment leads to interferon-dependent clearance of hepatitis B virus in a hydrodynamic injection mouse model. J Virol 2014; 88:10421-31. [PMID: 24920792 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00996-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have previously shown that poly(I:C) activates murine hepatic cells to produce interferon (IFN) and suppresses hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in vitro. Therefore, we addressed whether poly(I:C) is able to induce the clearance of HBV in vivo. The chronic HBV replication mouse model was established by the hydrodynamic injection (HI) of pAAV-HBV1.2 into the tail veins of wild-type and IFN-α/βR-, IFN-γ-, and CXCR3-deficient C57BL/6 mice. Fourteen days post-HI of pAAV-HBV1.2, mice were administered poly(I:C) by intraperitoneal injection, intramuscular injection, or HI. Only treatment of poly(I:C) by HI led to HBV clearance in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Serum HBsAg disappeared within 40 days postinfection (dpi) in mice that received poly(I:C) by HI, and this was accompanied by the appearance of anti-HBs antibodies. HBV-specific T-cell and antibody responses were significantly enhanced by HI of poly(I:C). HBV replication intermediates and HBcAg-positive hepatocytes were eliminated in the liver. HI of poly(I:C) induced the production of IFNs in mice and enhanced the levels of cytokines, IFN-stimulated genes, and T-cell markers in the liver. Importantly, poly(I:C)-induced HBV clearance was impaired in IFN-α/βR-, IFN-γ-, and CXCR3-deficient mice, indicating that the induction of type I IFN and the stimulation and recruitment of T cells into the liver are essential for HBV clearance in this model. Taken together, the application of poly(I:C) by HI into the liver enhances innate and adaptive immune responses and leads to HBV clearance in an HBV mouse model, implicating the potential of intrahepatic Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B patients. IMPORTANCE It has become well accepted that immunomodulation is a potentially useful approach to treat chronic viral infection. Recently, combinations of antiviral treatment and therapeutic vaccinations were evaluated for therapies of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Activation of the innate immune branch may also be important for viral control and contributes to HBV clearance. Our present study demonstrated that hepatic TLR3 activation led to clearance of hepatitis B virus in an HBV mouse model. For the first time, we showed that HBV clearance in this model is dependent not only on type I interferon (IFN) but also on type II IFN, indicating a coordinated action of innate and adaptive immune responses. T-cell recruitment appeared to be critical for the success of TLR3-mediated antiviral action. These findings implicate the potential of intrahepatic TLR3 activation for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
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44
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Cusick MF, Libbey JE, Fujinami RS. Picornavirus infection leading to immunosuppression. Future Virol 2014; 9:475-482. [PMID: 25214881 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Viruses, such as HIV, hepatitis A, poliovirus, coxsackievirus B3 and foot-and-mouth disease virus, use a variety of mechanisms to suppress the human immune system in order to evade clearance by the host. Therefore, investigating how a few changes in the viral genome of a nonlethal virus can lead to an alteration in disease, from survivable to immunosuppression and death, would provide valuable information into viral pathogenesis. In addition, we propose that gaining a better insight into how these viruses suppress an antiviral immune response could lead to viral-based therapeutics to combat specifc autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Cusick
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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45
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Turner DL, Bickham KL, Thome JJ, Kim CY, D'Ovidio F, Wherry EJ, Farber DL. Lung niches for the generation and maintenance of tissue-resident memory T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:501-10. [PMID: 24064670 PMCID: PMC3965651 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which tissue-specific viral infections generate memory T cells specifically adapted to and maintained within the target infection site is unknown. Here, we show that respiratory virus-specific memory T cells in mice and humans are generated and maintained in compartmentalized niches in lungs, distinct from populations in lymphoid tissue or circulation. Using a polyclonal mouse model of influenza infection combined with an in vivo antibody labeling approach and confocal imaging, we identify a spatially distinct niche in the lung where influenza-specific T-cell responses are expanded and maintained long term as tissue-resident memory (T(RM)) CD4 and CD8 T cells. Lung T(RM) are further distinguished from circulating memory subsets in lung and spleen based on CD69 expression and persistence independent of lymphoid stores. In humans, influenza-specific T cells are enriched within the lung T(RM) subset, whereas memory CD8 T cells specific for the systemic virus cytomegalovirus are distributed in both lung and spleen, suggesting that the site of infection affects T(RM) generation. Our findings reveal a precise spatial organization to virus-specific T-cell memory, determined by the site of the initial infection, with important implications for the development of targeted strategies to boost immunity at appropriate tissue sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Turner
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - K L Bickham
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - J J Thome
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - C Y Kim
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - F D'Ovidio
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - E J Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - D L Farber
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA [2] Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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46
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Perot BP, Ingersoll MA, Albert ML. The impact of macroautophagy on CD8(+) T-cell-mediated antiviral immunity. Immunol Rev 2014; 255:40-56. [PMID: 23947346 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a catabolic recycling pathway, which can be induced by various stress stimuli. Viruses are able to manipulate autophagy in the cells that they infect. The impact of autophagy on the innate immune response to viruses and its stimulatory role in antigen presentation to CD4(+) T cells are well documented. Herein, we present the impact of autophagy on the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated antiviral immune responses, which are required for the eradication or control of multiple viruses. We first discuss the general mechanisms by which viruses can either induce or block autophagy in cells. We then explore the cross-talk between autophagy and innate immune processes, which are both first line defenses against viruses; and constitute crucial steps for the initiation of potent adaptive immune responses. We describe the impact of autophagy on the presentation of viral peptide antigens on class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC I), a prerequisite for the priming of CTL responses. In sum, our review highlights the interplay between viruses and three integrated host response pathways - autophagy, innate and adaptive immunity - providing a framework for future mechanistic and pathogenesis-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brieuc P Perot
- Unité d'immunobiologie des cellules dendritiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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47
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Zubkova I, Duan H, Wells F, Mostowski H, Chang E, Pirollo K, Krawczynski K, Lanford R, Major M. Hepatitis C virus clearance correlates with HLA-DR expression on proliferating CD8+ T cells in immune-primed chimpanzees. Hepatology 2014; 59:803-13. [PMID: 24123114 PMCID: PMC4079472 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vaccination of chimpanzees against hepatitis C virus (HCV) using T-cell-based vaccines targeting nonstructural proteins has not resulted in the same levels of control and clearance as those seen in animals reexposed after HCV clearance. We hypothesized that the outcome of infection depends on the different subtypes of activated T cells. We used multicolor flow cytometry to evaluate activation (CD38+/HLA-DR+) and proliferation (Ki67+/Bcl-2-low) profiles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood before and after challenge in chimpanzees vaccinated using DNA/adenovirus, mock-vaccinated, and chimpanzees that had spontaneously cleared infection (rechallenged). The frequencies of activated or proliferating CD8+ T cells peaked at 2 weeks postchallenge in the vaccinated and rechallenged animals, coinciding with reductions in viral titers. However, the magnitude of the responses did not correlate with outcome or sustained control of viral replication. In contrast, proliferation of the CD8+ T cells coexpressing HLA-DR either with or without CD38 expression was significantly higher at challenge in animals that rapidly cleared HCV and remained so throughout the follow-up period. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the appearance of proliferating HLA-DR+/CD8+ T cells can be used as a predictor of a successfully primed memory immune response against HCV and as a marker of effective vaccination in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Zubkova
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hongying Duan
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Frances Wells
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Howard Mostowski
- Office of Cellular and Gene Therapy, Center for Biologics evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Esther Chang
- Office of Cellular and Gene Therapy, Center for Biologics evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kathleen Pirollo
- Office of Cellular and Gene Therapy, Center for Biologics evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kris Krawczynski
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Robert Lanford
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, NCHHSTP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA
| | - Marian Major
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892,Corresponding author. Marian E. Major, Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Bldg 29A/Rm 1D10/HFM 448, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, Telephone number: 1-301 827 1881, Fax number: 301 402 5585,
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Sharma S, Thomas PG. The two faces of heterologous immunity: protection or immunopathology. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:405-16. [PMID: 24212098 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0713386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to previously encountered viruses can alter responses to unrelated pathogens. This phenomenon, which is known as heterologous immunity, has been well established in animal model systems. Heterologous immunity appears to be relatively common and may be beneficial by boosting protective responses. However, heterologous reactivity can also result in severe immunopathology. The key features that define heterologous immune modulation include alterations in the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell compartments and changes in viral dynamics and disease progression. In this review, we discuss recent advances and the current understanding of antiviral immunity in heterologous infections. The difficulties of studying these complex heterologous infections in humans are discussed, with special reference to the variations in HLA haplotypes and uncertainties about individuals' infection history. Despite these limitations, epidemiological analyses in humans and the data from mouse models of coinfection can be applied toward advancing the design of therapeutics and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sharma
- 1.MS 351, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Pl., Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Francois S, Peng J, Schwarz T, Duppach J, Gibbert K, Dittmer U, Kraft AR. NK cells improve control of friend virus infection in mice persistently infected with murine cytomegalovirus. Retrovirology 2013; 10:58. [PMID: 23738889 PMCID: PMC3744174 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Co-infection of HIV patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) is associated with enhanced AIDS progression and CMV end-organ diseases. On the other hand, persistent CMV infection has recently been shown to decrease tumor relapse and protect against lethal bacterial infection. The influence of persistent CMV on the outcome of an acute retroviral superinfection is still unknown. Results Here we show that a persistent murine CMV (mCMV) infection surprisingly confers higher resistance to a primary Friend retrovirus infection (FV) of mice. Decreased FV titers and augmented FV-specific CD8 T-cell responses were found in mCMV infected mice during primary FV superinfection. NK cells produced higher amounts of IFNgamma after FV infection of persistently mCMV infected mice suggesting that these cells were involved in the ‘protective’ effect. Depletion of NK1.1+ cells or neutralization of IFNgamma during FV superinfection abrogated the mCMV-mediated effect. Conclusion Our data demonstrate for the first time that a persistent CMV infection induces long-lasting NK cell responses that can enhance immunity to primary retroviral infections. To our knowledge, studies investigating primary HIV infection have not analyzed the role of the CMV seropositivity in these patients. Our observations suggest that NK cells in CMV seropositive individuals might contribute to the control of primary HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Francois
- Institute for Virology of the University Hospital in Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Malhotra S, Yen JY, Honko AN, Garamszegi S, Caballero IS, Johnson JC, Mucker EM, Trefry JC, Hensley LE, Connor JH. Transcriptional profiling of the circulating immune response to lassa virus in an aerosol model of exposure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2171. [PMID: 23638192 PMCID: PMC3636129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is a significant human pathogen that is endemic to several countries in West Africa. Infection with LASV leads to the development of hemorrhagic fever in a significant number of cases, and it is estimated that thousands die each year from the disease. Little is known about the complex immune mechanisms governing the response to LASV or the genetic determinants of susceptibility and resistance to infection. In the study presented here, we have used a whole-genome, microarray-based approach to determine the temporal host response in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of non-human primates (NHP) following aerosol exposure to LASV. Sequential sampling over the entire disease course showed that there are strong transcriptional changes of the immune response to LASV exposure, including the early induction of interferon-responsive genes and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. However, this increase in early innate responses was coupled with a lack of pro-inflammatory cytokine response in LASV exposed NHPs. There was a distinct lack of cytokines such as IL1β and IL23α, while immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL27 and IL6 were upregulated. Comparison of IRF/STAT1-stimulated gene expression with the viral load in LASV exposed NHPs suggests that mRNA expression significantly precedes viremia, and thus might be used for early diagnostics of the disease. Our results provide a transcriptomic survey of the circulating immune response to hemorrhagic LASV exposure and provide a foundation for biomarker identification to allow clinical diagnosis of LASV infection through analysis of the host response. Lassa virus (LASV), a member of the Arenaviridae family, is a viral hemorrhagic fever causing virus endemic to several countries in West Africa with a history of sporadic importation into the United States. It has been characterized as a Category A agent, and despite the significant public health issues posed by LASV and the potential biodefense risks, little is known about the immune response to the virus. In the study presented here, we have taken an unbiased genomics approach to map the temporal host response in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of non-human primates (NHP) exposed to LASV. Gene expression patterns over the entire disease course showed that there are strong transcriptional changes of the immune response to LASV exposure, including the upregulation of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways and innate antiviral transcription factors. However, there was a lack of pro-inflammatory cytokine response in LASV exposed NHPs similar to what is seen in human disease. Our data suggests that LASV induces negative regulation of immunological events, leading to an inefficient adaptive immune response as observed in LASV-infected human patients. Our results provide a picture of the host's circulating immune response to hemorrhagic LASV exposure and demonstrate that gene expression patterns correlate with specific stages of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judy Y. Yen
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna N. Honko
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sara Garamszegi
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ignacio S. Caballero
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joshua C. Johnson
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Mucker
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John C. Trefry
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lisa E. Hensley
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John H. Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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