1
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Coyle EF. Physical inactivity causes exercise resistance of fat metabolism: harbinger or culprit of disease? J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38477868 DOI: 10.1113/jp284169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity is the fourth leading cause of death in the world. It is associated with myriad diseases and premature death. Two possible contributing factors are postprandial lipidaemia (PPL), which accelerates atherosclerosis, and impaired whole-body fat oxidation, which contributes to obesity. Acute exercise in physically active people is effective for increasing whole body fat oxidation and lowering PPL the next morning. However, in people who have low physical activity (<8000 steps/day), an acute bout of exercise (1 h at 62% maximal oxygen consumption) has no effect on increasing fat oxidation or reducing PPL ('exercise resistance'). The acute harms of inactivity are not due to the lack of exercise and are more powerful than the benefits of exercise, at least regarding fat metabolism. The increase in mortality with reduced daily steps is remarkably steep. Low background steps/day also impair the metabolic adaptations to short-term endurance training, suggesting that the ills of inactivity extend beyond fat metabolism. 'Exercise resistance' with inactivity could be a culprit, causing atherosclerosis, or maybe also a harbinger (impaired fat oxidation) of more widespread diseases. Recommendations regarding the amount of moderate to vigorous exercise needed for health should factor in the amount of background activity (i.e. ∼8000 steps/day) necessary to avoid 'exercise resistance'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Coyle
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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2
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Pélissier L, Lambert C, Moore H, Beraud D, Pereira B, Boirie Y, Duclos M, Thivel D, Isacco L. Postprandial energy metabolism is modulated in response to a low-intensity walking exercise in fasted healthy individuals. Nutr Res 2024; 123:55-66. [PMID: 38277907 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Postprandial metabolism is a relevant indicator of overall metabolic health, which can be influenced by a single bout of exercise before food consumption. The present study examined the effects of an acute, fasted, low-intensity exercise on postprandial metabolism and appetite sensations. We hypothesized that exercise would induce an increase in postprandial fat oxidation, associated with better satiety responses. Twenty-two healthy adults (16 females) attended the laboratory twice separated by a minimum of 3 days to perform 2 conditions: (1) a control condition and (2) an exercise condition (EX) with a 30-minute low-intensity walking exercise performed before the breakfast (500-kcal fixed meal). Subjective appetite sensations were assessed before and up to 60 minutes after the meal in regular intervals. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were measured until 2 hours after the meal. Energy expenditure and carbohydrate oxidation were higher in the EX condition (condition effect: P < .01). There was no effect of exercise on appetite sensations and overall fat oxidation, but a higher increase in relative and absolute fat oxidation was observed from 15- to 45-minutes postmeal in EX compared with control (time × condition interaction effect: P < .05). In the EX condition only, postprandial satiety was associated positively with postprandial fat oxidation and negatively with carbohydrate oxidation. To conclude, a fasted low-intensity exercise induced an enhancement of postprandial metabolic flexibility through the modulation of fat oxidation. Substrate oxidation appeared to be related to satiety only after exercise, suggesting a specific regulation of appetite induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Pélissier
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), UPR 3533, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Céline Lambert
- Biostatistics Unit, DRCI, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Halim Moore
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), UPR 3533, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Duane Beraud
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), UPR 3533, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Unit, DRCI, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Department of Human Nutrition, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- Observatoire National de l'Activité Physique et de la Sédentarité (ONAPS), Faculty of Medicine, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand; Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France; International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), UPR 3533, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Observatoire National de l'Activité Physique et de la Sédentarité (ONAPS), Faculty of Medicine, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand; International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurie Isacco
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), UPR 3533, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Carulla P, Badia-Villanueva M, Civit S, Carrascal M, Abian J, Ricart-Jané D, Llobera M, Casanovas A, López-Tejero MD. The response to fasting and refeeding reveals functional regulation of lipoprotein lipase proteoforms. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1271149. [PMID: 37916217 PMCID: PMC10617031 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1271149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is responsible for the intravascular catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and plays a central role in whole-body energy balance and lipid homeostasis. As such, LPL is subject to tissue-specific regulation in different physiological conditions, but the mechanisms of this regulation remain incompletely characterized. Previous work revealed that LPL comprises a set of proteoforms with different isoelectric points, but their regulation and functional significance have not been studied thus far. Here we studied the distribution of LPL proteoforms in different rat tissues and their regulation under physiological conditions. First, analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis and Western blot showed different patterns of LPL proteoforms (i.e., different pI or relative abundance of LPL proteoforms) in different rat tissues under basal conditions, which could be related to the tissue-specific regulation of the enzyme. Next, the comparison of LPL proteoforms from heart and brown adipose tissue between adults and 15-day-old rat pups, two conditions with minimal regulation of LPL in these tissues, yielded virtually the same tissue-specific patterns of LPL proteoforms. In contrast, the pronounced downregulation of LPL activity observed in white adipose tissue during fasting is accompanied by a prominent reconfiguration of the LPL proteoform pattern. Furthermore, refeeding reverts this downregulation of LPL activity and restores the pattern of LPL proteoforms in this tissue. Importantly, this reversible proteoform-specific regulation during fasting and refeeding indicates that LPL proteoforms are functionally diverse. Further investigation of potential differences in the functional properties of LPL proteoforms showed that all proteoforms exhibit lipolytic activity and have similar heparin-binding affinity, although other functional aspects remain to be investigated. Overall, this study demonstrates the ubiquity, differential distribution and specific regulation of LPL proteoforms in rat tissues and underscores the need to consider the existence of LPL proteoforms for a complete understanding of LPL regulation under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Carulla
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Míriam Badia-Villanueva
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Civit
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Carrascal
- Biological and Environmental Proteomics, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IIBB-CSIC/IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Abian
- Biological and Environmental Proteomics, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IIBB-CSIC/IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Ricart-Jané
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Llobera
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Casanovas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Dolores López-Tejero
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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Shakoor H, Kizhakkayil J, Khalid M, Mahgoub A, Platat C. Effect of Moderate-Intense Training and Detraining on Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Profile, and Liver Enzymes in Male Wistar Rats: A Preclinical Randomized Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3820. [PMID: 37686852 PMCID: PMC10490015 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise training positively regulates glucose metabolism. This study investigated the impact of training and detraining on glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, and liver enzymes. Twenty-six rats completed an initial 4-week moderate-intense training (T0-T4). Then, the animals were randomly assigned to two groups at the end of week 4: AT4: detraining for 8 weeks; AT8: training for 8 weeks and 4-week detraining. Six animals were sacrificed at T0 and T4, four animals/group at T8, and three/group at T12. The study continued for 12 weeks, and all parameters were assessed at T0, T4, T8, and T12. IPGTT significantly improved after 4 weeks of training (p < 0.01) and was further reduced in AT8 at T8. In AT8, 8-week training significantly reduced total cholesterol at T4 and T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.05), LDL at T4, T8, and T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.01), ALP at T8, T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.01), and increased HDL at T8 and ALT at T8 and T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.05). Triglycerides and hexokinase activity increased significantly at T4 and T8 (p < 0.05) and then decreased at T12 in AT8. Pyruvate and glycogen increased at T12 in AT8 vs. AT4. Eight-week training improved LPL and ATGL expressions. Training positively modulated insulin, glucose metabolism, and lipid profiles, but detraining reduced the benefits associated with the initial training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Shakoor
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (H.S.)
| | - Jaleel Kizhakkayil
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (H.S.)
| | - Mariyam Khalid
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amar Mahgoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Carine Platat
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (H.S.)
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Sitlinger A, Deal MA, Garcia E, Connelly M, Thompson D, Stewart T, Macdonald G, Hanson ED, Neely M, Neely B, Artese A, Weinberg JB, Brander D, Bartlett DB. Associations of clinical and circulating metabolic biomarkers with low physical fitness and function in adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Front Oncol 2022; 12:933619. [PMID: 35992862 PMCID: PMC9381973 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.933619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) experience physical dysfunction and low overall fitness. It remains unknown what factors drive CLL physical dysfunction. We assessed physical function and metabolic lipoprotein panels in 106 patients with CLL. In univariate analyses of clinical factors, a longer time since diagnosis was associated with a higher likelihood of dysfunctional aerobic fitness (OR = 3.56, 95% CI: 1.37–9.22; p = 0.002) and physical performance (SPPB: OR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.20–3.44; p = 0.004). Having received treatment was associated with a higher likelihood of dysfunctional aerobic fitness (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.02–2.40; p = 0.036), SPPB (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.13–3.03; p = 0.011) and grip strength (OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.10–2.55; p = 0.015). We found that several small HDL particle parameters, higher levels of citrate (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.22–3.31; p = 0.030), and lower levels of hemoglobin (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.31–0.82; p = 0.030) were associated with a higher likelihood of dysfunctional aerobic fitness. Multivariable least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-penalized regression analyses using variable importance measures (VIM) showed that 7.8-nm HDL particles (VIM = 1.000) and total HDL particle levels (VIM = 1.000) were more informative than clinical measures for the odds of dysfunctional aerobic fitness and 6-min walk functional fitness, respectively, while 10.3-nm HDL particles (VIM = 0.383) were more informative for grip strength. Time since diagnosis (VIM = 0.680) and having received treatment (VIM = 0.490) were more informative than lipoprotein measures for the odds of having dysfunctional SPPB. Taken together, we establish significant relationships between clinical and metabolic factors and physical characteristics that might prompt early use of ancillary support services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sitlinger
- Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael A. Deal
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Erwin Garcia
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (Labcorp), Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Margery Connelly
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (Labcorp), Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Dana Thompson
- Division of Hematology, Duke University Medical Center and VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tiffany Stewart
- Division of Hematology, Duke University Medical Center and VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Grace Macdonald
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Erik D. Hanson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Megan Neely
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ben Neely
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ashley Artese
- Duke University Aging Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - J. Brice Weinberg
- Division of Hematology, Duke University Medical Center and VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Danielle Brander
- Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David B. Bartlett
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke University Aging Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: David B. Bartlett,
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Kim HK, Furuhashi S, Takahashi M, Chijiki H, Nanba T, Inami T, Radak Z, Sakamoto S, Shibata S. Late-afternoon endurance exercise is more effective than morning endurance exercise at improving 24-h glucose and blood lipid levels. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:957239. [PMID: 35928886 PMCID: PMC9343590 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.957239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose and lipid tolerance reportedly exhibit diurnal variations, being lower in the evening than in the morning. Therefore, the effects of exercise on glucose and blood lipid levels at different times of the day may differ. This study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term endurance exercise intervention in the morning versus late afternoon on 24-h blood glucose variability and blood lipid levels. METHODS Twelve healthy young men participated in a randomized crossover trial. The participants were assigned to morning (09:00-11:00) or late afternoon (16:00-18:00) endurance exercise for a week, consisting of supervised exercise sessions on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. In the morning and evening trials, the participants walked for 60 min on a treadmill at approximately 60% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Following a 2-week wash-out period, the participants performed the exercise training regimen at another time point. Continuous glucose monitoring was used to evaluate blood glucose fluctuations during each 24-h trial period. Blood samples were collected before and after each intervention to examine blood lipid and hormonal responses. RESULTS Examination of the area under the curve (AUC) of the glucose level changes for 24 h after the late afternoon versus morning exercise intervention revealed significantly lower values for the former versus the latter (P < 0.01). The AUC of glucose level changes after each meal was also lower after the late afternoon versus morning intervention, and significantly lower values were observed in the late afternoon versus morning trial for breakfast and dinner (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). In addition, a significant decrease in triglycerides (TG) and TG/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was noted after versus before the late afternoon intervention (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that late afternoon endurance exercise is more effective than morning endurance exercise at improving 24-h glucose and triglyceride levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ki Kim
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hyeon-Ki Kim,
| | - Shota Furuhashi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Institute for Liberal Arts, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hanako Chijiki
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Nanba
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Inami
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- Research Center for Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shizuo Sakamoto
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Surugadai University, Saitama, Japan
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Remie CME, Janssens GE, Bilet L, van Weeghel M, Duvivier BMFM, de Wit VHW, Connell NJ, Jörgensen JA, Schomakers BV, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Hoeks J, Hesselink MKC, Phielix E, Houtkooper RH, Schrauwen P. Sitting less elicits metabolic responses similar to exercise and enhances insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2817-2828. [PMID: 34510226 PMCID: PMC8435176 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05558-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In our current society sedentary behaviour predominates in most people and is associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. It has been suggested that replacing sitting time by standing and walking could be beneficial for individuals with type 2 diabetes but the underlying mechanisms are unknown and direct comparisons with exercise are lacking. Our objective was to directly compare metabolic responses of either sitting less or exercising, relative to being sedentary. METHODS We performed a randomised, crossover intervention study in 12 overweight women who performed three well-controlled 4 day activity regimens: (1) sitting regimen (sitting 14 h/day); (2) exercise regimen (sitting 13 h/day, exercise 1 h/day); and (3) sitting less regimen (sitting 9 h/day, standing 4 h/day and walking 3 h/day). The primary outcome was insulin sensitivity measured by a two-step hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp. We additionally performed metabolomics on muscle biopsies taken before the clamp to identify changes at the molecular level. RESULTS Replacing sitting time by standing and walking over 4 days resulted in improved peripheral insulin sensitivity, comparable with the improvement achieved by moderate-to-vigorous exercise. Specifically, we report a significant improvement in peripheral insulin sensitivity in the sitting less (~13%) and the exercise regimen (~20%), compared with the sitting regimen. Furthermore, sitting less shifted the underlying muscle metabolome towards that seen with moderate-to-vigorous exercise, compared with the sitting regimen. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS Replacing sitting time by standing and walking is an attractive alternative to moderate-to-vigorous exercise for improving metabolic health. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03912922.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn M E Remie
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Georges E Janssens
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lena Bilet
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vera H W de Wit
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Niels J Connell
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna A Jörgensen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bauke V Schomakers
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Phielix
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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8
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Keirns BH, Sciarrillo CM, Koemel NA, Emerson SR. Fasting, non-fasting and postprandial triglycerides for screening cardiometabolic risk. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e75. [PMID: 34589207 PMCID: PMC8453457 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting triacylglycerols have long been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other cardiometabolic conditions. Evidence suggests that non-fasting triglycerides (i.e. measured within 8 h of eating) better predict CVD than fasting triglycerides, which has led several organisations to recommend non-fasting lipid panels as the new clinical standard. However, unstandardised assessment protocols associated with non-fasting triglyceride measurement may lead to misclassification, with at-risk individuals being overlooked. A third type of triglyceride assessment, postprandial testing, is more controlled, yet historically has been difficult to implement due to the time and effort required to execute it. Here, we review differences in assessment, the underlying physiology and the pathophysiological relevance of elevated fasting, non-fasting and postprandial triglycerides. We also present data suggesting that there may be a distinct advantage of postprandial triglycerides, even over non-fasting triglycerides, for early detection of CVD risk and offer suggestions to make postprandial protocols more clinically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant H. Keirns
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK74075, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A. Koemel
- Boden Collaboration for Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Sam R. Emerson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK74075, USA
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9
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Rao A, Barkley D, França GS, Yanai I. Exploring tissue architecture using spatial transcriptomics. Nature 2021; 596:211-220. [PMID: 34381231 PMCID: PMC8475179 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the principles and mechanisms by which gene activity orchestrates complex cellular arrangements in multicellular organisms has far-reaching implications for research in the life sciences. Recent technological advances in next-generation sequencing- and imaging-based approaches have established the power of spatial transcriptomics to measure expression levels of all or most genes systematically throughout tissue space, and have been adopted to generate biological insights in neuroscience, development and plant biology as well as to investigate a range of disease contexts, including cancer. Similar to datasets made possible by genomic sequencing and population health surveys, the large-scale atlases generated by this technology lend themselves to exploratory data analysis for hypothesis generation. Here we review spatial transcriptomic technologies and describe the repertoire of operations available for paths of analysis of the resulting data. Spatial transcriptomics can also be deployed for hypothesis testing using experimental designs that compare time points or conditions-including genetic or environmental perturbations. Finally, spatial transcriptomic data are naturally amenable to integration with other data modalities, providing an expandable framework for insight into tissue organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Rao
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dalia Barkley
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gustavo S França
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Itai Yanai
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Hsu CS, Chang ST, Nfor ON, Lee KJ, Ho CC, Liu CC, Lee SS, Liaw YP. Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Aerobic Exercise and LPL rs3779788 Polymorphism in Taiwan Biobank Individuals. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:3997-4004. [PMID: 34548800 PMCID: PMC8449547 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s328308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene is a significant contributor to dyslipidemia. It has shown associations with several conditions including atherosclerosis, obesity, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). We assessed the interactive association between MetS and rs3779788 of the LPL gene based on aerobic exercise. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were available for 7532 Taiwan Biobank (TWB) participants recruited between 2008 and 2016. We used multiple logistic regression to determine the odds ratios (OR) for MetS and their 95% confident intervals (C.I.). Potential variables included LPL rs3779788, aerobic exercise, sex, age, education, marital status, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, midnight snacking, vegetarian diet, coffee, dietary fat, and tea drinking. RESULTS Aerobic exercise was protective against MetS (OR, 0.858; 95% C.I., 0.743-0.991). Compared to CC/CT genotype, the OR for developing MetS was 0.875, (95% C.I., 0.571-1.341) in TT individuals. The test for interaction was significant for the rs3779788 variant and aerobic exercise (p = 0.0484). In our group analyses, the OR for MetS was 0.841 (95% C.I., 0.727-0.974) in CC/CT and 4.076 (95% C.I., 1.158-14.346) in TT individuals who did aerobic exercise compared to those who did not. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that aerobic exercise improved metabolic syndrome in Taiwanese adults with rs3779788 CC/CT genotype relative to those with TT genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sheng Hsu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Tsu Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Centre, Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, 813414, Taiwan
| | - Oswald Ndi Nfor
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Jung Lee
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Ho
- Department of Physical Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, 24205, Taiwan
- Research and Development Center for Physical Education, Health, and Information Technology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Ching Liu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Shinn Lee
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Po Liaw
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: Yung-Po Liaw; Shiuan-Shinn Lee Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110 Sec. 1 Jianguo N. Road, Taichung City, 40201, TaiwanTel +886 424730022 ext. 11838; +886 424730022 ext.12185Fax +886 423248179 Email ;
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11
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Niu Y, Zhao XL, Ruan HJ, Mao XM, Tang QY. Uric acid is associated with adiposity factors, especially with fat mass reduction during weight loss in obese children and adolescents. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:79. [PMID: 32983243 PMCID: PMC7510267 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current adult studies suggest that uric acid (UA) is associated with body fat, but the relationship in obese children is unclear. Thus, we aim to evaluate the association between uric acid and body composition of obese children. Methods A total of 79 obese children were included in this study, and 52 children (34 boys and 18 girls) underwent a 6-week weight loss camp, including 34 boys and 18 girls. Six-week weight-loss interventions were performed on all participants through aerobic exercise and appropriate dietary control. Laboratory tests and body composition were collected before and after the intervention. Results Before the intervention, correlation analysis demonstrated that uric acid was positively correlated with height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, fat mass (FM), and free fat mass (FFM) with adjusting for age and gender (P < 0.05). After 6 weeks of intervention, the participants gained 3.12 ± 0.85 cm in height, body fat percentage decreased by 7.23 ± 1.97%, and lost 10.30 ± 2.83 kg in weight. Univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that uric acid at baseline was associated with FM reduction during weight loss (P < 0.05). Conclusions This study is the first report that uric acid is associated with BMI and FM, and may play an important role in the reduction of FM during weight loss in obese children and adolescents. The interaction between UA and adiposity factors and its underlying mechanisms need to be further explored. Trial registration This study was registered in Clinical Trials.gov (NCT03490448) and approved by the Ethics Committee of Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Niu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Xue-Lin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Hui-Juan Ruan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Xiao-Meng Mao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Qing-Ya Tang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092 China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, 200092 China
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12
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Pearson RC, Olenick AA, Green ES, Jenkins NT. Acute exercise effects on postprandial fat oxidation: meta-analysis and systematic review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1081-1091. [PMID: 32208104 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize and evaluate current literature examining the effects of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation, as well as to provide future direction. A quantitative review was performed using meta-analytic methods. A moderator analysis was performed to investigate potential variables that could influence the effect of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation. Fifty-six effects from 26 studies were retrieved. There was a moderate effect of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation (Cohen's d = 0.58 (95% CI, 0.39 to 0.78)). Moderator analysis revealed that sex, age, weight status, training status, exercise type, exercise intensity, timing of exercise, and composition of the meal challenge significantly affected the impact of prior exercise on postprandial fat oxidation. The moderator analysis also indicated that most previous studies have investigated the impact of prior moderate-intensity endurance exercise on postprandial fat oxidation in young, healthy, lean men. Suggested priorities for future research in this area include (i) an examination of sex differences in and/or female-specific aspects of postprandial metabolism; (ii) a comprehensive evaluation of exercise modalities, intensities, and durations; and (iii) a wider variety of test meal compositions, especially those with higher fat content. Novelty A systematic review of the impact of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation was performed using meta-analytic methods. Analysis revealed a moderate effect of exercise on postprandial fat oxidation. The presented data support a need for future studies to investigate sex differences and to include comprehensive evaluations of exercise modalities, intensities, and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis C Pearson
- Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Alyssa A Olenick
- Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Edward S Green
- Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Integrative Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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13
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Lundsgaard AM, Fritzen AM, Kiens B. The Importance of Fatty Acids as Nutrients during Post-Exercise Recovery. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020280. [PMID: 31973165 PMCID: PMC7070550 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that whole-body fatty acid (FA) oxidation remains increased for several hours following aerobic endurance exercise, even despite carbohydrate intake. However, the mechanisms involved herein have hitherto not been subject to a thorough evaluation. In immediate and early recovery (0–4 h), plasma FA availability is high, which seems mainly to be a result of hormonal factors and increased adipose tissue blood flow. The increased circulating availability of adipose-derived FA, coupled with FA from lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-derived very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triacylglycerol (TG) hydrolysis in skeletal muscle capillaries and hydrolysis of TG within the muscle together act as substrates for the increased mitochondrial FA oxidation post-exercise. Within the skeletal muscle cells, increased reliance on FA oxidation likely results from enhanced FA uptake into the mitochondria through the carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) 1 reaction, and concomitant AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) inhibition of glucose oxidation. Together this allows glucose taken up by the skeletal muscles to be directed towards the resynthesis of glycogen. Besides being oxidized, FAs also seem to be crucial signaling molecules for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling post-exercise, and thus for induction of the exercise-induced FA oxidative gene adaptation program in skeletal muscle following exercise. Collectively, a high FA turnover in recovery seems essential to regain whole-body substrate homeostasis.
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14
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The effects of exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors and cardiovascular physiology in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2019; 40:347-357. [PMID: 31802210 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-019-04483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality is highly prevalent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with debilitating effects for the individual as well as significant healthcare impact. Current evidence demonstrates that engaging in aerobic and resistance exercise (i.e. structured physical activity) can significantly improve patient-reported and clinical index-assessed outcomes in RA. In addition to this, engagement in exercise programmes improves, in a dose-dependent manner, the risk of developing CVD as well as CVD symptoms and outcomes. The present narrative review uses evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as controlled trials, to synthesize the current state-of-the-art on the potential effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on CVD risk factors as well as on cardiac and vascular function and structure in people with RA. Where there is a lack of evidence in RA to explain potential mechanisms, relevant studies from the general population are also discussed and linked to RA.
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15
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Paul DJ, Bangsbo J, Cherif A, Nassis GP. The Effects of a Single Versus Three Consecutive Sessions of Football Training on Postprandial Lipemia: a Randomized, Controlled Trial in Healthy, Recreationally Active Males. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2019; 5:38. [PMID: 31440862 PMCID: PMC6706479 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise frequency is important for maintaining health; however, its effects on postprandial responses remain largely unknown. Better understanding this during popular sports activities such as football may influence exercise habits. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of playing one single versus three consecutive days of 60-min small-sided football matches on postprandial lipemia. METHODS Fifteen males performed either one (1FOOT; n = 7) or three 60-min football (3FOOT; n = 8) sessions across an 8-day trial period. On day 1, a blood sample was collected at fasted (0 min) and 0.75, 2, 4, 6 h after a high-fat meal. Participants were then randomly allocated to the 1FOOT (day 7) or 3FOOT (days 5, 6, 7) condition. On day 8, they repeated the high-fat meal and blood sampling for 6 h following the meal. Postprandial total and incremental area under the curve (AUC, iAUC, respectively) were calculated. RESULTS The postprandial triglyceride iAUC was 41% lower from pre- to post-measures for the 1FOOT (p < 0.05; ES = 1.02) and 15.7% lower for the 3FOOT (ns; ES = 0.41). Total triglyceride AUC was lower (26%) post-football matches in the 3FOOT group only (p < 0.01; ES = 1.23). In 3FOOT, insulin concentration was lower for post- compared to pre-measures at 0.75 and 2 h, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION One single 60-min small-sided football match lowered postprandial TG incremental area under the curve while performing three consecutive days of football matches did not result in a greater attenuation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN17934193 , registered 06 April 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J. Paul
- Aspetar – Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Scientific Support and Research, PO BOX 29222, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen Centre for Team Sport and Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anissa Cherif
- Anti Doping Laboratory of Qatar (ADLQ, Research Department), Doha, Qatar
| | - George P. Nassis
- Department of Sports Science, City Unity College, 10562 Athens, Greece
- School of Physical Education and Sports Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
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16
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Yang TJ, Chiu CH, Tseng MH, Chang CK, Wu CL. The Influence of Pre-Exercise Glucose versus Fructose Ingestion on Subsequent Postprandial Lipemia. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020149. [PMID: 29382142 PMCID: PMC5852725 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of low glycemic index (LGI) carbohydrate (CHO) before exercise induced less insulin response and higher fat oxidation than that of high GI (HGI) CHO during subsequent exercise. However, the effect on the subsequent postprandial lipid profile is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate ingestion of CHO drinks with different GI using fructose and glucose before endurance exercise on the subsequent postprandial lipid profile. Eight healthy active males completed two experimental trials in randomized double-blind cross-over design. All participants ingested 500 mL CHO (75 g) solution either fructose (F) or glucose (G) before running on the treadmill at 60% VO2max for 1 h. Participants were asked to take an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) immediately after the exercise. Blood samples were obtained for plasma and serum analysis. The F trial was significantly lower than the G trial in TG total area under the curve (AUC; 9.97 ± 3.64 vs. 10.91 ± 3.56 mmol × 6 h/L; p = 0.033) and incremental AUC (6.57 ± 2.46 vs. 7.14 ± 2.64 mmol/L × 6 h, p = 0.004). The current data suggested that a pre-exercise fructose drink showed a lower postprandial lipemia than a glucose drink after the subsequent high-fat meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Jen Yang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hui Chiu
- Graduate Program in Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Hui Tseng
- Sport Science Research Center, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Kang Chang
- Sport Science Research Center, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Lin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Sports and Health Management, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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17
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Bertholdt L, Gudiksen A, Stankiewicz T, Villesen I, Tybirk J, van Hall G, Bangsbo J, Plomgaard P, Pilegaard H. Impact of training state on fasting-induced regulation of adipose tissue metabolism in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:729-740. [PMID: 29191981 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00664.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of fatty acids from adipose tissue is increased during fasting. However, the molecular mechanisms behind fasting-induced metabolic regulation in human adipose tissue and the potential impact of training state in this are unknown. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate 1) fasting-induced regulation of lipolysis and glyceroneogenesis in human adipose tissue as well as 2) the impact of training state on basal oxidative capacity and fasting-induced metabolic regulation in human adipose tissue. Untrained [maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) < 45 ml·min-1·kg-1] and trained subjects (V̇o2max > 55 ml·min-1·kg-1) fasted for 36 h, and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were obtained 2, 12, 24, and 36 h after a standardized meal. Adipose tissue oxidative phosphorylation complexes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)-E1α protein as well as PDH kinase (PDK) 2, PDK4, and PDH phosphatase 2 mRNA content were higher in trained subjects than in untrained subjects. In addition, trained subjects had higher adipose tissue hormone-sensitive lipase Ser660 phosphorylation and adipose triglyceride lipase protein content as well as higher plasma free fatty acid concentration than untrained subjects during fasting. Moreover, adipose tissue PDH phosphorylation increased with fasting only in trained subjects. Taken together, trained subjects seem to possess higher basal adipose tissue oxidative capacity as well as higher capacity for regulation of lipolysis and for providing substrate for glyceroneogenesis in adipose tissue during fasting than untrained subjects. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study shows for the first time higher protein content of lipolytic enzymes and higher oxidative phosphorylation protein in adipose tissue from trained subjects than from untrained subjects during fasting. Furthermore, trained subjects had higher capacity for adipose tissue glyceroneogenesis than untrained subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lærke Bertholdt
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anders Gudiksen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Tomasz Stankiewicz
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ida Villesen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jonas Tybirk
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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18
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Ortmeyer HK, Goldberg AP, Ryan AS. Exercise with weight loss improves adipose tissue and skeletal muscle markers of fatty acid metabolism in postmenopausal women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1246-1253. [PMID: 28547918 PMCID: PMC5487288 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of 6-month weight loss (WL) versus aerobic exercise training (AEX)+WL on fat and skeletal muscle markers of fatty acid metabolism were determined in normal (NGT) and impaired (IGT) glucose tolerant African-American and Caucasian postmenopausal women with overweight/obesity. METHODS Fat (gluteal and abdominal) lipoprotein lipase (LPL), skeletal muscle LPL, acyl-CoA synthase (ACS), ß-hydroxacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-1), and citrate synthase (CS) activities were measured at baseline (n = 104) and before and after WL (n = 34) and AEX+WL (n = 37). RESULTS After controlling for age and race, muscle LPL and CPT-1 were lower in IGT, and the ratios of fat/muscle LPL activity were higher in IGT compared to NGT. Muscle LPL was related to insulin sensitivity (M value) and inversely related to G120 , fasting insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. AEX+WL decreased abdominal fat LPL and increased muscle LPL, ACS, and CS. The ratios of fat/muscle LPL decreased after AEX+WL. The change in VO2 max was related to the changes in LPL, ACS, and CS and inversely related to the changes in fat/muscle LPL activity ratios. CONCLUSIONS Six-month AEX+WL, and not WL alone, is capable of enhancing skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism in postmenopausal African-American and Caucasian women with NGT, IGT, and overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi K. Ortmeyer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center at the Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew P. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center at the Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alice S. Ryan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Veterans Affairs Research Service and the Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center at the Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland
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19
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Edinburgh RM, Betts JA, Burns SF, Gonzalez JT. Concordant and divergent strategies to improve postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism. NUTR BULL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. F. Burns
- Nanyang Technological University; Singapore Singapore
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20
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Joglekar K, Brannick B, Kadaria D, Sodhi A. Therapeutic plasmapheresis for hypertriglyceridemia-associated acute pancreatitis: case series and review of the literature. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2017; 8:59-65. [PMID: 28507728 PMCID: PMC5415006 DOI: 10.1177/2042018817695449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is the third leading cause of acute pancreatitis (AP) in the United States. The current standard of care includes management of HTG using pharmacological therapy. More recently, plasmapheresis has been proposed as a therapeutic tool for decreasing triglyceride (TG) levels, especially in critically ill patients. Few studies are available to ascertain overall benefits of plasmapheresis over traditional management. OBJECTIVE To analyze the outcomes of patients treated with plasmapheresis for severe HTG-associated pancreatitis. METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review of three patients with severe HTG- associated (TGs greater than 1000 mg/dl; 11.29 mmol/l) AP at the Methodist University Hospital. All the patients underwent plasmapheresis as part of their treatment. RESULTS The average TG level before plasmapheresis was 3532 mg/dl (range: 2524-4562 mg/dl; 39.9 mmol/l; range: 28.5-51.6 mmol/l). All patients made a full recovery, with a significant improvement in TG levels after plasmapheresis. The mean number of sessions was 1.3 (range 1-2), and mean TG level after plasmapheresis was 1051 mg/dl (range: 509-1771 mg/dl; 11.9 mmol/l; range: 5.8-20 mmol/l). After the first session, the average reduction of TG level was 2481 mg/dl (range 753-3750 mg/dl; 28 mmol/l; range: 8.5-42.4 mmol/l) or approximately 70%. None of the patients developed complications related to plasmapheresis. CONCLUSIONS Plasmapheresis can be an effective and rapid treatment option in patients with severe HTG and complications. However, further research, including randomized controlled studies, is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Joglekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ben Brannick
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Dipen Kadaria
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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21
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Smol E, Kłapcińska B, Kempa K, Fredyk A, Małecki A. Effects of Regular Recreational Exercise Training on Serum ANGPTL3-Like Protein and Lipid Profile in Young Healthy Adults. J Hum Kinet 2015; 49:109-18. [PMID: 26839611 PMCID: PMC4723159 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of the role of ANGPTL3, a liver-secreted glycoprotein, in serum lipid turnover, led us to hypothesize that this protein may be involved in modification of the lipid profile induced by exercise-training. Given the lack of data regarding this issue, the main goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of regular participation in a recreational physical activity program on serum ANGPTL3 and selected lipid profile measures in young, apparently healthy female and male adults. We compared serum ANGPTL3, lipid profile measures, common lipid ratios, the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) and glucose in fasting blood samples derived from 22 active physical education students including active females (AF, N=6) and males (AM, N=16) with samples from 28 relatively sedentary age-matched peers, including female (SF, N=9) and male (SM, N=19) individuals not involved in any regular physical conditioning program. Despite high inter-individual variability of serum ANGPTL3, there was a general tendency toward higher serum ANGPTL3 and HDL-C in women compared to men, but without significant differences related to their physical activity status. Based on both routine lipid profile measures and lipid ratios, all participants had normal lipid profiles, normal glycemia, as well as favorable anthropometric indices not suggesting increased cardiometabolic risk. However, lower levels of the TG/HDL-C ratio and AIP in physically active compared to relatively sedentary participants, reflecting the predominance of large, buoyant LDL particles, strongly support the view of beneficial health-promoting effects of regular participation in recreational sport activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Smol
- Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice
| | - Barbara Kłapcińska
- Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice
| | - Katarzyna Kempa
- Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice
| | - Artur Fredyk
- Department of Individual Sports, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice
| | - Andrzej Małecki
- Department of Physiotherapy in Neurological and Musculoskeletal Disorders, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice
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22
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Janssens S, Jonkers RAM, Groen AK, Nicolay K, van Loon LJC, Prompers JJ. Effects of acute exercise on lipid content and dietary lipid uptake in liver and skeletal muscle of lean and diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E874-83. [PMID: 26419590 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00292.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is associated with ectopic lipid accumulation. Physical activity improves insulin sensitivity, but the impact of exercise on lipid handling in insulin-resistant tissues remains to be elucidated. The present study characterizes the effects of acute exercise on lipid content and dietary lipid partitioning in liver and skeletal muscle of lean and diabetic rats by use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). After baseline measurements, rats were randomized to exercise or no-exercise groups. A subset of animals was subjected to MRS directly after 1 h of treadmill running for measurement of total intrahepatocellular lipid (IHCL) and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content (n=7 lean and diabetic rats). The other animals were administered 13C-labeled lipids orally after treadmill visit (with or without exercise) followed by MRS measurements after 4 and 24 h to determine the 13C enrichment of IHCL and IMCL (n=8 per group). Total IHCL and IMCL content were fivefold higher in diabetic vs. lean rats (P<0.001). Exercise did not significantly affect IHCL content but reduced IMCL by 25±7 and 33±4% in lean and diabetic rats (P<0.05), respectively. Uptake of dietary lipids in liver and muscle was 2.3-fold greater in diabetic vs. lean rats (P<0.05). Prior exercise did not significantly modulate dietary lipid uptake into muscle, but in liver of both lean and diabetic rats, lipid uptake was 44% reduced after acute exercise (P<0.05). In conclusion, IMCL but not IHCL represents a viable substrate source during exercise in both lean and diabetic rats, and exercise differentially affects dietary lipid uptake in muscle and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Janssens
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A M Jonkers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine J Prompers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
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23
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Gao RR, Wang M, Hu Y, Xu CY, Li YC, Zhang ZY, Chen SY, Mao XY. Impact ofLPLgene rs283 polymorphism on exercise-induced changes in metabolism of obese adolescents and the regulatory mechanisms behind it. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:698-707. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Rui Gao
- Science and Research Center; Beijing Sport University; Beijing China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Foreign Languages; Beijing Sport University; Beijing China
| | - Yang Hu
- Science and Research Center; Beijing Sport University; Beijing China
| | - Chun-Yan Xu
- Science and Research Center; Beijing Sport University; Beijing China
| | - Yan-Chun Li
- Science and Research Center; Beijing Sport University; Beijing China
| | - Ze-Ya Zhang
- Science and Research Center; Beijing Sport University; Beijing China
| | - Si-Yun Chen
- Science and Research Center; Beijing Sport University; Beijing China
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24
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Serra MC, Ryan AS, Sorkin JD, Favors KH, Goldberg AP. High adipose LPL activity and adipocyte hypertrophy reduce visceral fat and metabolic risk in obese, older women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:602-7. [PMID: 25612068 PMCID: PMC4340730 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether higher subcutaneous adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity (AT-LPLA) is associated with greater triglyceride (TG) storage in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), thereby reducing visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and metabolic dysfunction. METHODS Obese postmenopausal women (60 ± 1 years, mean ± SEM; N = 101) had body composition measured by DXA and CT and had fat aspirations to measure fat cell weight (FCW) and AT-LPLA. Women were ranked by visceral to total abdominal fat ratio (VAT/TAF), and the lowest and highest groups (n = 24) matched for % fat and age. RESULTS The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction was 7- to 10-fold higher in women with high VAT/TAF (Ps < 0.01). Women with low VAT/TAF had 11% and 6% lower abdominal and gluteal FCW but 28% and 54% higher AT-LPLA/10(6) cells in abdominal and gluteal fat, respectively. Abdominal FCW correlated with AT-LPLA in women with low (r = 0.63, P < 0.01) but not high (r = 0.14, P = 0.52) VAT/TAF, and these lines differed in slope (P < 0.05) and intercept (P < 0.01), suggesting greater capacity for TG storage with low VAT/TAF. There were no relationships between gluteal FCW and AT-LPLA. The relationship between SAT and abdominal AT-LPLA (r = 0.39, P < 0.01) suggests that higher AT-LPLA promotes TG storage. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that higher AT-LPLA is associated with SAT adipocyte hypertrophy, which reduces visceral adiposity and metabolic risk in obese, older women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew P. Goldberg
- Corresponding author and person to who reprint requests should be addressed: 66 W. Redwood St., Howard Hall, Room 115, Baltimore, MD 21201, , Phone: 410-706-6052, Fax: 410-706-6053
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25
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Gim JA, Hong CP, Kim DS, Moon JW, Choi Y, Eo J, Kwon YJ, Lee JR, Jung YD, Bae JH, Choi BH, Ko J, Song S, Ahn K, Ha HS, Yang YM, Lee HK, Park KD, Do KT, Han K, Yi JM, Cha HJ, Ayarpadikannan S, Cho BW, Bhak J, Kim HS. Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation before-and after exercise in the thoroughbred horse with MeDIP-Seq. Mol Cells 2015; 38:210-20. [PMID: 25666347 PMCID: PMC4363720 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletic performance is an important criteria used for the selection of superior horses. However, little is known about exercise-related epigenetic processes in the horse. DNA methylation is a key mechanism for regulating gene expression in response to environmental changes. We carried out comparative genomic analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in the blood samples of two different thoroughbred horses before and after exercise by methylated-DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-Seq). Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in the pre-and post-exercise blood samples of superior and inferior horses were identified. Exercise altered the methylation patterns. After 30 min of exercise, 596 genes were hypomethylated and 715 genes were hypermethylated in the superior horse, whereas in the inferior horse, 868 genes were hypomethylated and 794 genes were hypermethylated. These genes were analyzed based on gene ontology (GO) annotations and the exercise-related pathway patterns in the two horses were compared. After exercise, gene regions related to cell division and adhesion were hypermethylated in the superior horse, whereas regions related to cell signaling and transport were hypermethylated in the inferior horse. Analysis of the distribution of methylated CpG islands confirmed the hypomethylation in the gene-body methylation regions after exercise. The methylation patterns of transposable elements also changed after exercise. Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) showed abundance of DMRs. Collectively, our results serve as a basis to study exercise-based reprogramming of epigenetic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-An Gim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Chang Pyo Hong
- TBI, Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270,
Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Genome Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Moon
- TBI, Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270,
Korea
| | - Yuri Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Jungwoo Eo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Ja-Rang Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Yi-Deun Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Jin-Han Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Bong-Hwan Choi
- Division of Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-706,
Korea
| | - Junsu Ko
- TBI, Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270,
Korea
| | - Sanghoon Song
- TBI, Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270,
Korea
| | - Kung Ahn
- TBI, Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270,
Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Ha
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854,
USA
| | - Young Mok Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, and Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 456-749,
Korea
| | - Kyung-Do Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 456-749,
Korea
| | - Kyoung-Tag Do
- Department of Equine Sciences, Sorabol College, Gyeongju 780-711,
Korea
| | - Kyudong Han
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and WCU Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714,
Korea
| | - Joo Mi Yi
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science (DIRAMS), Busan 619-953,
Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Departments of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-702,
Korea
| | - Selvam Ayarpadikannan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Cho
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-702,
Korea
| | - Jong Bhak
- TBI, Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270,
Korea
- BioMedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 689-798,
Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
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26
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Freese EC, Gist NH, Acitelli RM, McConnell WJ, Beck CD, Hausman DB, Murrow JR, Cureton KJ, Evans EM. Acute and chronic effects of sprint interval exercise on postprandial lipemia in women at-risk for the metabolic syndrome. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:872-9. [PMID: 25593284 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00380.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals diagnosed with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) exhibit elevated postprandial lipemia (PPL). The aims of this investigation were to determine 1) if an acute bout of sprint interval training (SIT) attenuates PPL; and 2) if the attenuation of PPL following 6 wk of SIT is magnified compared with a single session of SIT prior to training in women at-risk for MetS (n = 45; 30-65 yr). Women were randomized to SIT (n = 22) or a nonexercise control (n = 23; CON) for 6 wk. Postprandial responses to a high-fat meal challenge (HFMC) were assessed in the CON group before (B-HFMC) and after (Post-HFMC) without prior exercise and in the SIT group at baseline (B-HFMC) without prior exercise, after an acute bout of SIT (four 30-s all-out sprints with 4-min recovery) prior to (Pre-HFMC), and after the 6-wk intervention (Post-HFMC). Responses to the HFMC were assessed by collecting venous blood samples in the fasted state and at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min postprandial. Compared with baseline, an acute bout of SIT before (Pre-HFMC) and after the 6-wk intervention (Post-HFMC) significantly attenuated fasted TG (P < 0.05; 16.6% and 12.3%, respectively) and postprandial area under the curve (13.1% and 9.7%, respectively; tAUC) TG responses. There was no difference in fasted or tAUC TG responses between Pre-HFMC and Post-HFMC. SIT is an effective mode of exercise to reduce fasted and postprandial TG concentrations in women at-risk for MetS. Six weeks of SIT does not magnify the attenuation of PPL in response to a single session of SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Freese
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;
| | - Nicholas H Gist
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; Department of Physical Education, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York
| | | | | | - Catherine D Beck
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Dorothy B Hausman
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; and
| | - Jonathan R Murrow
- Georgia Regents University, University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kirk J Cureton
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ellen M Evans
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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27
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Wagganer JD, Robison CE, Ackerman TA, Davis PG. Effects of exercise accumulation on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:441-7. [PMID: 25874645 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Debate exists as to whether improvements in some cardiometabolic risk factors following exercise training result more from the last session of, or from an accumulation of, exercise sessions. This study was designed to compare the effect of a single exercise session with 3 consecutive days of exercise on triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Twelve young adult (aged 22.5±2.5 years), overweight (body mass index=29.7±4 kg·m(-2)), sedentary, black (n=5) and white (n=7) men (n=6) and women (n=6) completed, in random order, a single treadmill exercise session at 60% maximal oxygen uptake for 90 min (1EX), accumulated exercise sessions (same as for 1EX) for 3 consecutive days (3EX), and a control protocol (no exercise for 6 days). Plasma samples were collected from baseline through 24, 48, and 72 h postexercise. Significant treatment-by-time interactions (p<0.05) existed in HDL-C and LDL-C. Postexercise responses of HDL-C differed at 48 h (1EX: -3.6, 3EX: +3.7 mg·dL(-1)) and 72 h (1EX: -1.7, 3EX: +3.2 mg·dL(-1)). LDL-C responses differed at 48 h (1EX: -16, 3EX: +6 mg·dL(-1)). Although not statistically significant, TG concentrations decreased by 29% at 24 h after 3EX, compared with -7% after 1EX. An inverse relationship between baseline and postexercise reduction in TG was present with 3EX (r=-0.655; p<0.05). In conclusion, 3EX increased HDL-C and decreased TG more than 1EX, while the decrease in LDL-C after 1EX was suppressed. Blood lipid panel changes may be due to more accumulated effects over time rather than just a result of the most recent exercise session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Wagganer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA., Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA
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28
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Neels JG, Grimaldi PA. Physiological functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:795-858. [PMID: 24987006 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ, are a family of transcription factors activated by a diversity of molecules including fatty acids and fatty acid metabolites. PPARs regulate the transcription of a large variety of genes implicated in metabolism, inflammation, proliferation, and differentiation in different cell types. These transcriptional regulations involve both direct transactivation and interaction with other transcriptional regulatory pathways. The functions of PPARα and PPARγ have been extensively documented mainly because these isoforms are activated by molecules clinically used as hypolipidemic and antidiabetic compounds. The physiological functions of PPARβ remained for a while less investigated, but the finding that specific synthetic agonists exert beneficial actions in obese subjects uplifted the studies aimed to elucidate the roles of this PPAR isoform. Intensive work based on pharmacological and genetic approaches and on the use of both in vitro and in vivo models has considerably improved our knowledge on the physiological roles of PPARβ in various cell types. This review will summarize the accumulated evidence for the implication of PPARβ in the regulation of development, metabolism, and inflammation in several tissues, including skeletal muscle, heart, skin, and intestine. Some of these findings indicate that pharmacological activation of PPARβ could be envisioned as a therapeutic option for the correction of metabolic disorders and a variety of inflammatory conditions. However, other experimental data suggesting that activation of PPARβ could result in serious adverse effects, such as carcinogenesis and psoriasis, raise concerns about the clinical use of potent PPARβ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap G Neels
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Paul A Grimaldi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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29
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Exercise and dietary-mediated reductions in postprandial lipemia. J Nutr Metab 2014; 2014:902065. [PMID: 25061524 PMCID: PMC4100364 DOI: 10.1155/2014/902065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hyperlipemia produces long-term derangements in lipid/lipoprotein metabolism, vascular endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, and sympathetic hyperactivity which are strongly linked to atherogenesis. The purpose of this review is to (1) provide a qualitative analysis of the available literature examining the dysregulation of postprandial lipid metabolism in the presence of obesity, (2) inspect the role of adiposity distribution and sex on postprandial lipid metabolism, and (3) examine the role of energy deficit (exercise- and/or energy restriction-mediated), isoenergetic low-carbohydrate diets, and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid supplementation on postprandial lipid metabolism. We conclude from the literature that central adiposity primarily accounts for sex-related differences in postprandial lipemia and that aerobic exercise attenuates this response in obese or lean men and women to a similar extent through potentially unique mechanisms. In contrast, energy restriction produces only mild reductions in postprandial lipemia suggesting that exercise may be superior to energy restriction alone as a strategy for lowering postprandial lipemia. However, isoenergetic very low-carbohydrate diets and n-3 fatty acid supplementation reduce postprandial lipemia indicating that macronutrient manipulations reduce postprandial lipemia in the absence of energy restriction. Therefore, interactions between exercise/energy restriction and alterations in macronutrient content remain top priorities for the field to identify optimal behavioral treatments to reduce postprandial lipemia.
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30
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Sakurai Y, Tamura Y, Takeno K, Kumashiro N, Sato F, Kakehi S, Ikeda S, Ogura Y, Saga N, Naito H, Katamoto S, Fujitani Y, Hirose T, Kawamori R, Watada H. Determinants of intramyocellular lipid accumulation after dietary fat loading in non-obese men. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 2:310-7. [PMID: 24843504 PMCID: PMC4014973 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2010.00091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction: Accumulation of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) is associated with insulin resistance. However, the factors affecting the change in IMCL remain to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to determine the factors that influence the change in IMCL level after high‐fat loading. Materials and Methods: The study subjects were 37 non‐obese men. Each subject consumed a high‐fat diet for 3 days after a normal‐fat diet for 3 days. After each diet program, IMCL levels in the tibialis anterior (TA‐IMCL) and soleus (SOL‐IMCL) were measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Glucose infusion rate (GIR) was evaluated by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp as an index of peripheral insulin sensitivity. Results: The high‐fat diet significantly increased TA‐IMCL and SOL‐IMCL by ∼30 and ∼20%, respectively (P < 0.05), whereas it did not significantly alter GIR. The increase in SOL‐IMCL, but not in TA‐IMCL, negatively correlated with serum high molecular weight (HMW)‐adiponectin (r = −0.36, P < 0.05) and HMW‐/total‐adiponectin ratio (r = −0.46, P < 0.05). Although high‐fat diet‐related changes in SOL‐IMCL showed high inter‐individual variations, in subjects doing exercise, changes in SOL‐IMCL (r = 0.55, P < 0.05) and TA‐IMCL (r = 0.61, P < 0.05) positively correlated with daily physical activity level. In contrast, in sedentary subjects, changes in SOL‐IMCL (r = −0.50, P < 0.01) and TA‐IMCL (r = −0.48, P < 0.05) negatively correlated with daily physical activity. Conclusions: HMW‐adiponectin and daily physical activity are determinants of IMCL accumulation by a high‐fat diet. Intriguingly, the effect of daily physical activity on the change in IMCL depends on the level of regular exercise. (J Diabetes Invest,doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00091.x, 2011)
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sakurai
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Endocrinology
| | - Yoshifumi Tamura
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Endocrinology ; Sportology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo
| | | | | | - Fumihiko Sato
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Endocrinology
| | - Saori Kakehi
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Endocrinology ; Sportology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo
| | - Shinichi Ikeda
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Endocrinology ; Sportology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo
| | - Yuji Ogura
- Institute of Health and Sports Science and Medicine ; Department of Exercise Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba
| | - Norio Saga
- Institute of Health and Sports Science and Medicine ; Department of Exercise Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Institute of Health and Sports Science and Medicine ; Department of Exercise Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba
| | - Shizuo Katamoto
- Institute of Health and Sports Science and Medicine ; Department of Exercise Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba
| | | | | | - Ryuzo Kawamori
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Endocrinology ; Sportology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo ; Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes ; Center for Beta Cell Biology and Regeneration, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Endocrinology ; Sportology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo
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31
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Sasaki T, Nakata R, Inoue H, Shimizu M, Inoue J, Sato R. Role of AMPK and PPARγ1 in exercise-induced lipoprotein lipase in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1085-92. [PMID: 24644240 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00691.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise can effectively ameliorate type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Here we show that the mRNA levels of one of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family members, PPARγ1, and genes related to energy metabolism, including PPARγ coactivator-1 protein-1α (PGC-1α) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), increased in the gastrocnemius muscle of habitual exercise-trained mice. When mice were intraperitoneally administered an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR), the mRNA levels of the aforementioned three genes increased in gastrocnemius muscle. AICAR treatment to C2C12 differentiated myotubes also increased PPARγ1 mRNA levels, but not PPARα and -δ mRNA levels, concomitant with increased PGC-1α mRNA levels. An AMPK inhibitor, compound C, blocked these AICAR effects. AICAR treatment increased the half-life of PPARγ1 mRNA nearly threefold (4-12 h) by activating AMPK. When C2C12 myoblast cells infected with a PPARγ1 expression lentivirus were differentiated into myotubes, PPARγ1 overexpression dramatically increased LPL mRNA levels more than 40-fold. In contrast, when PPARγ1 expression was suppressed in C2C12 myotubes, LPL mRNA levels were significantly reduced, and the effect of AICAR on increased LPL gene expression was almost completely blocked. These results indicated that PPARγ1 was intimately involved in LPL gene expression in skeletal muscle and the AMPK-PPARγ1 pathway may play a role in exercise-induced LPL expression. Thus, we identified a novel critical role for PPARγ1 in response to AMPK activation for controlling the expression of a subset of genes associated with metabolic regulation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
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Dijk W, Kersten S. Regulation of lipoprotein lipase by Angptl4. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:146-55. [PMID: 24397894 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Triglyceride (TG)-rich chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) distribute fatty acids (FA) to various tissues by interacting with the enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL). The protein angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4) is under sensitive transcriptional control by FA and the FA-activated peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), and its tissue expression largely overlaps with that of LPL. Growing evidence indicates that Angptl4 mediates the physiological fluctuations in LPL activity, including the decrease in adipose tissue LPL activity during fasting. This review focuses on the major ambiguities concerning the mechanism of LPL inhibition by Angptl4, as well as on the physiological role of Angptl4 in lipid metabolism, highlighting its function in a variety of tissues, and uses this information to make suggestions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Dijk
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics group, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics group, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Conn VS, Koopman RJ, Ruppar TM, Phillips LJ, Mehr DR, Hafdahl AR. Insulin Sensitivity Following Exercise Interventions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Outcomes Among Healthy Adults. J Prim Care Community Health 2014; 5:211-22. [PMID: 24474665 DOI: 10.1177/2150131913520328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although exercise can improve insulin sensitivity, no adequate synthesis exists of exercise intervention studies with regard to their effect on insulin sensitivity. This comprehensive meta-analysis synthesized the insulin sensitivity outcomes of supervised exercise interventions. METHOD Extensive literature searching located published and unpublished intervention studies that measured insulin sensitivity outcomes. Eligible studies tested supervised exercise interventions among healthy adults. Primary study characteristics and results were coded. Random-effects meta-analyses of standardized mean differences included moderator analyses. RESULTS Data were synthesized across 2509 subjects (115 samples, 78 reports). The overall mean effect size for 2-group postintervention comparisons was 0.38 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.25-0.51, I (2) = 0%) and for 2-group pre-post comparisons was 0.43 (95% CI = 0.30-0.56, I (2) = 52%; higher mean insulin sensitivity for treatment than control subjects). The postintervention mean of 0.38 is consistent with treatment subjects ending studies with a mean fasting insulin of 6.8 mU/L if control participants' mean fasting insulin were 7.9 mU/L. Exploratory moderator analyses did not document different insulin sensitivity effect sizes across intervention characteristics or sample attributes. CONCLUSION This study documented that exercise is a valuable primary care and community health strategy for healthy adults to improve insulin sensitivity and lower the risk for diabetes conferred by insulin resistance.
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Freese EC, Gist NH, Cureton KJ. Effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipemia: an updated quantitative review. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:67-75. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00623.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing postprandial triglycerides (TG) can lower the risk for cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analytic review of the literature to estimate the effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipemia. A total of 121 effects were found from 76 studies for the total TG response and 70 effects from 44 studies for the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) TG response. The weighted mean effect was moderate for the total TG response, Cohen's d = −0.60 ( P < 0.0001), and for the iAUC response, Cohen's d = −0.59 ( P < 0.0001). Moderator analysis revealed women exhibited a larger reduction ( P < .01) in the total TG response following exercise ( d = −0.96) than men ( d = −0.57); high-intensity interval training induced a larger reduction ( P < .05) in the iAUC response ( d = −1.49) than aerobic ( d = −0.58) or resistance ( d = −0.13) exercise, and participants maintaining an energy deficit following exercise exhibited a greater reduction in the iAUC response ( d = −0.67) compared with participants in energy balance ( d = −0.28). We conclude that prior acute exercise reduces postprandial lipemia, with the magnitude of effect influenced by sex, type of exercise, and energy deficit following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Freese
- Metabolism and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Nicholas H. Gist
- Metabolism and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kirk J. Cureton
- Metabolism and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Egli L, Lecoultre V, Theytaz F, Campos V, Hodson L, Schneiter P, Mittendorfer B, Patterson BW, Fielding BA, Gerber PA, Giusti V, Berneis K, Tappy L. Exercise prevents fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia in healthy young subjects. Diabetes 2013; 62:2259-65. [PMID: 23674606 PMCID: PMC3712038 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Excess fructose intake causes hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic insulin resistance in sedentary humans. Since exercise improves insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant patients, we hypothesized that it would also prevent fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the effects of exercise on circulating lipids in healthy subjects fed a weight-maintenance, high-fructose diet. Eight healthy males were studied on three occasions after 4 days of 1) a diet low in fructose and no exercise (C), 2) a diet with 30% fructose and no exercise (HFr), or 3) a diet with 30% fructose and moderate aerobic exercise (HFrEx). On all three occasions, a 9-h oral [(13)C]-labeled fructose loading test was performed on the fifth day to measure [(13)C]palmitate in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL)-triglycerides (TG). Compared with C, HFr significantly increased fasting glucose, total TG, TRL-TG concentrations, and apolipoprotein (apo)B48 concentrations as well as postfructose glucose, total TG, TRL-TG, and [(13)C]palmitate in TRL-TG. HFrEx completely normalized fasting and postfructose TG, TRL-TG, and [(13)C]palmitate concentration in TRL-TG and apoB48 concentrations. In addition, it increased lipid oxidation and plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations compared with HFr. These data indicate that exercise prevents the dyslipidemia induced by high fructose intake independently of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léonie Egli
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virgile Lecoultre
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Theytaz
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Campos
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Bruce W. Patterson
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Barbara A. Fielding
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
| | - Philipp A. Gerber
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vittorio Giusti
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar Berneis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luc Tappy
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author: Luc Tappy,
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Abstract
This review examines the effect of prior exercise on postprandial triacylglycerol (pTAG) concentrations, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Numerous studies have shown that a single bout of exercise reduces pTAG concentrations; however, several modulators such as exercise energy expenditure/deficit, mode of exercise (aerobic/resistance/high intensity/intermittent exercise or combinations), type of meal (moderate or high fat), time frame between exercise and meal and target group may individually or in conjunction influence this effect. On the other hand, at least for aerobic exercise, training reduces pTAG concentrations transiently (~2 days); therefore, exercise sessions should be frequent enough to maintain this clinically significant improvement. For the healthy population, it seems that a subject's preference and ability determine which type of exercise to undertake to attenuate pTAG concentrations; an energy expenditure of ~30 kJ/kg of body mass (or ~2-2.5 MJ) not combined with a corresponding increase in energy intake is required; for resistance or intermittent exercise, for those following a moderate rather than a high-fat diet, and for those with obesity (expressed as kJ/kg of body mass), a smaller energy expenditure is probably sufficient. More studies are needed to investigate dose-response/plateau effects, as well as the threshold of energy expenditure in those with diabetes mellitus and other high-risk populations. Finally, investigation of the underlying mechanisms may be clinically helpful in individualizing the appropriate intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Maraki
- Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Labros S. Sidossis
- Laboratory of Nutrition & Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sealy Center on Aging, Institute for Translational Sciences and Shriners Hospital for Children, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, USA
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Reeds DN, Mohammed BS, Klein S, Boswell CB, Young VL. Metabolic and structural effects of phosphatidylcholine and deoxycholate injections on subcutaneous fat: a randomized, controlled trial. Aesthet Surg J 2013; 33:400-8. [PMID: 23439063 PMCID: PMC3667691 DOI: 10.1177/1090820x13478630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatidylcholine and deoxycholate (PC-DC) injections are a popular nonsurgical method to eliminate unwanted fat. The safety and efficacy of this approach is uncertain. OBJECTIVE The authors evaluate the effects of PC-DC treatments on body composition, adipocyte function, and mechanisms responsible for fat loss. METHODS This randomized, open-label study enrolled 13 women with a body mass index (BMI) ≤30 kg/m(2) and lower abdominal subcutaneous fat suitable for small-volume liposuction. Patients were randomized by the final digit of their Social Security numbers and received between 2 and 4 PC-DC treatments, spaced 8 weeks apart. One side below the umbilicus was injected with PC-DC. The contralateral, control side received no treatment. Adipose tissue biopsies were performed on the treated side at baseline, 1 week after the first treatment, and 8 weeks after the final treatment. The primary outcome was change in adipose tissue thickness at baseline and 8 weeks after the final treatment. RESULTS Seven women completed the study. Treatment with PC-DC significantly reduced the thickness of the anterior subcutaneous abdominal fat (P = .004). Adipose tissue showed rapid increases in crown-like structures, macrophage infiltration, and reduced expression of leptin, hormone-sensitive lipase, adipose tissue triglyceride lipase, and CD36. Plasma C-reactive protein, lipid profile, and plasma glucose concentrations were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS PC-DC injections can effectively reduce abdominal fat volume and thickness by inducing adipocyte necrosis. These treatments do not appear to increase circulating markers of inflammation or affect glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic N Reeds
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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Thompson D, Karpe F, Lafontan M, Frayn K. Physical activity and exercise in the regulation of human adipose tissue physiology. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:157-91. [PMID: 22298655 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and exercise are key components of energy expenditure and therefore of energy balance. Changes in energy balance alter fat mass. It is therefore reasonable to ask: What are the links between physical activity and adipose tissue function? There are many complexities. Physical activity is a multifaceted behavior of which exercise is just one component. Physical activity influences adipose tissue both acutely and in the longer term. A single bout of exercise stimulates adipose tissue blood flow and fat mobilization, resulting in delivery of fatty acids to skeletal muscles at a rate well-matched to metabolic requirements, except perhaps in vigorous intensity exercise. The stimuli include adrenergic and other circulating factors. There is a period following an exercise bout when fatty acids are directed away from adipose tissue to other tissues such as skeletal muscle, reducing dietary fat storage in adipose. With chronic exercise (training), there are changes in adipose tissue physiology, particularly an enhanced fat mobilization during acute exercise. It is difficult, however, to distinguish chronic "structural" changes from those associated with the last exercise bout. In addition, it is difficult to distinguish between the effects of training per se and negative energy balance. Epidemiological observations support the idea that physically active people have relatively low fat mass, and intervention studies tend to show that exercise training reduces fat mass. A much-discussed effect of exercise versus calorie restriction in preferentially reducing visceral fat is not borne out by meta-analyses. We conclude that, in addition to the regulation of fat mass, physical activity may contribute to metabolic health through beneficial dynamic changes within adipose tissue in response to each activity bout.
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Freese EC, Levine AS, Chapman DP, Hausman DB, Cureton KJ. Effects of acute sprint interval cycling and energy replacement on postprandial lipemia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1584-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00416.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
High postprandial blood triglyceride (TG) levels increase cardiovascular disease risk. Exercise interventions may be effective in reducing postprandial blood TG. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of sprint interval cycling (SIC), with and without replacement of the energy deficit, on postprandial lipemia. In a repeated-measures crossover design, six men and six women participated in three trials, each taking place over 2 days. On the evening of the first day of each trial, the participants either did SIC without replacing the energy deficit (Ex-Def), did SIC and replaced the energy deficit (Ex-Bal), or did not exercise (control). SIC was performed on a cycle ergometer and involved four 30-s all-out sprints with 4-min active recovery. In the morning of day 2, responses to a high-fat meal were measured. Venous blood samples were collected in the fasted state and at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min postprandial. There was a trend toward a reduction with treatment in fasting TG ( P = 0.068), but no significant treatment effect for fasting insulin, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, or betahydroxybutryrate ( P > 0.05). The postprandial area under the curve (mmol·l−1·3 h−1) TG response was significantly lower in Ex-Def (21%, P = 0.006) and Ex-Bal (10%, P = 0.044) than in control, and significantly lower in Ex-Def (12%, P = 0.032) than in Ex-Bal. There was no treatment effect ( P > 0.05) observed for area under the curve responses of insulin, glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, or betahydroxybutryrate. SIC reduces postprandial lipemia, but the energy deficit alone does not fully explain the decrease observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Freese
- Metabolism and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ari S. Levine
- Metabolism and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Donald P. Chapman
- Metabolism and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Dorothy B. Hausman
- Metabolism and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kirk J. Cureton
- Metabolism and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Lipoprotein lipase as a candidate target for cancer prevention/therapy. Biochem Res Int 2011; 2012:398697. [PMID: 22028972 PMCID: PMC3199119 DOI: 10.1155/2012/398697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that serum triglyceride (TG) levels are linked with risk of development of cancer, including colorectal and pancreatic cancers, and their precancerous lesions. Thus, it is assumed that serum TG plays an important role in carcinogenesis, and the key enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of plasma TG, may therefore be involved. Dysregulation of LPL has been reported to contribute to many human diseases, such as atherosclerosis, chylomicronaemia, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Recently, it has been reported that LPL gene deficiency, such as due to chromosome 8p22 loss, LPL gene polymorphism, and epigenetic changes in its promoter region gene, increases cancer risk, especially in the prostate. In animal experiments, high serum TG levels seem to promote sporadic/carcinogen-induced genesis of colorectal and pancreatic cancers. Interestingly, tumor suppressive effects of LPL inducers, such as PPAR ligands, NO-1886, and indomethacin, have been demonstrated in animal models. Moreover, recent evidence that LPL plays important roles in inflammation and obesity implies that it is an appropriate general target for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents.
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Long YC, Kostovski E, Boon H, Hjeltnes N, Krook A, Widegren U. Differential expression of metabolic genes essential for glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle from spinal cord injured subjects. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:1204-10. [PMID: 21393466 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00686.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis; therefore, the ability of skeletal muscle to adapt and alter metabolic gene expression in response to changes in physiological demands is critical for energy balance. Individuals with cervical spinal cord lesions are characterized by tetraplegia, impaired thermoregulation, and altered skeletal muscle morphology. We characterized skeletal muscle metabolic gene expression patterns, as well as protein content, in these individuals to assess the impact of spinal cord injury on critical determinants of skeletal muscle metabolism. Our results demonstrate that mRNA levels and protein expression of skeletal muscle genes essential for glucose storage are reduced, whereas expression of glycolytic genes is reciprocally increased in individuals with spinal cord injury. Furthermore, expression of genes essential for lipid oxidation is coordinately reduced in spinal cord injured subjects, consistent with a marked reduction of mitochondrial proteins. Thus spinal cord injury resulted in a profound and tightly coordinated change in skeletal muscle metabolic gene expression program that is associated with the aberrant metabolic features of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chau Long
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section for Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tessier S, Riesco É, Lacaille M, Pérusse F, Weisnagel J, Doré J, Mauriège P. Impact of walking on adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity and expression in pre- and postmenopausal women. Obes Facts 2010; 3:191-9. [PMID: 20616609 PMCID: PMC6516142 DOI: 10.1159/000314611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine regional variation in adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (AT-LPL) activity and expression in pre-and postmenopausal women, before and after training, once differences in chronological age or obesity degree are taken into account. METHODS Sixteen late pre- and 14 early postmenopausal (49 +/- 2 vs. 52 +/- 2 years; p < 0.001) moderately obese women (body mass index 29-35 kg/m(2)) were subjected to a 16-week walking program (3 sessions/week of 45 min at 60% heart rate reserve). Abdominal and femoral AT-LPL activity and expression, fasting lipid-lipoprotein profile, body composition, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were measured before and after our intervention. Statistical analyses were performed using covariance analysis for age differences. RESULTS AT-LPL activity and expression, lipid-lipoprotein metabolism, body fatness, and CRF were similar at baseline, irrespective of the group considered. Slight reductions in plasma cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, fat mass and waist girth reductions, CRF increases as well as femoral AT-LPL activity and expression decreases after our intervention were comparable, regardless of menopausal status (0.0001 < p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Lipid storage is decreased in the femoral depot after walking, regardless of menopausal status. Reduction in AT-LPL activity or expression does not lead to a more deleterious lipid-lipoprotein profile, despite the modest decrease noted in HDL cholesterol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Tessier
- Division of Kinesiology, Laval University, QC, Canada
- Laval Hospital Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - John Weisnagel
- Division of Kinesiology, Laval University, QC, Canada
- Diabetes Research Unit, CHUL Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Doré
- Division of Kinesiology, Laval University, QC, Canada
| | - Pascale Mauriège
- Division of Kinesiology, Laval University, QC, Canada
- Laval Hospital Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- *Pascale Mauriège, Ph.D. Division of Kinesiology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine Laval University PEPS, local 0216, G1V 0A6, Québec, QC, Canada Tel. +1 418 656-2131, Fax -2441
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Miyashita M, Eto M, Sasai H, Tsujimoto T, Nomata Y, Tanaka K. Twelve-Week Jogging Training Increases Pre-Heparin Serum Lipoprotein Lipase Concentrations in Overweight/Obese Middle-Aged Men. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 17:21-9. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Smith IJ, Huffman KM, Durheim MT, Duscha BD, Kraus WE. Sex-specific alterations in mRNA level of key lipid metabolism enzymes in skeletal muscle of overweight and obese subjects following endurance exercise. Physiol Genomics 2008; 36:149-57. [PMID: 19033545 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90216.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise (EE) leads to beneficial alterations in skeletal muscle lipid metabolism in overweight and obese individuals; however, the mechanisms of these improvements are poorly understood. The primary goal of the current investigation was to test the hypothesis that long-term EE training (6 mo) leads to alterations in the mRNA abundance of key lipid metabolism enzymes in skeletal muscle of overweight and obese middle-aged women and men. A secondary aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that exercise-mediated adaptations in mRNA levels differ between women and men. The mRNA abundance of representative lipogenic and lipolytic genes from major lipid metabolism pathways, as well as representative lipogenic and lipolytic transcription factors, were determined by real-time PCR from skeletal muscle biopsies collected before and approximately 24 h after the final bout of 6 mo of EE. Six months of EE led to increases in muscle lipoprotein lipase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 beta, diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1, and acid ceramidase mRNA in women, but not men. In contrast, in men, EE led to reductions in the mRNA content of the lipogenic factors sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c and serine palmitoyl transferase. These data suggest that EE-mediated alterations in the abundance of the lipid metabolism genes studied here are fundamentally different between overweight and obese middle-aged women and men. Future studies should determine whether these adaptations in mRNA levels translate into changes in protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira J Smith
- Center for the Study of Aging, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Hoene M, Lehmann R, Hennige AM, Pohl AK, Häring HU, Schleicher ED, Weigert C. Acute regulation of metabolic genes and insulin receptor substrates in the liver of mice by one single bout of treadmill exercise. J Physiol 2008; 587:241-52. [PMID: 19001047 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.160275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise performance represents a major metabolic challenge for the skeletal muscle, but also for the liver as the most important source of energy. However the molecular adaptation of the liver to one single bout of exercise is largely unknown. C57BL/6 mice performed a 60 min treadmill run at high aerobic intensity. Liver, soleus and white gastrocnemius muscle were removed immediately after exercise. The single bout of exercise resulted in a very rapid and pronounced induction of hepatic metabolic enzymes and regulators of metabolism or transcription: glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase; 3-fold), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4; 4.8-fold), angiopoietin-like 4 (2.1-fold), insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 (5.1-fold), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha; 3-fold). In soleus and white gastrocnemius muscle the up-regulation of IRS-2 and PDK4 was less pronounced compared with the liver and no significant induction of PGC-1alpha could be detected at this early time point. Activation of AMPK was found in both liver and white gastrocnemius muscle as phosphorylation of Thr-172. The induction of endogenous insulin secretion by a glucose load directly after the exercise bout resulted in a significantly higher PKB/Akt phosphorylation in the liver of exercised mice. The markedly enhanced IRS-2 protein amount, and presumably reduced serine/threonine phosphorylation of the IRS proteins induced by the acute exercise could be responsible for this enhanced action of insulin. In conclusion, acute exercise induced a rapid and pronounced transcriptional adaptation in the liver, and regulated hepatic IRS proteins leading to improved cellular insulin signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hoene
- Division of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 10, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Long YC, Zierath JR. Influence of AMP-activated protein kinase and calcineurin on metabolic networks in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E545-52. [PMID: 18544643 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90259.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers differ considerably in their metabolic and physiological properties. Skeletal muscle displays a high degree of metabolic flexibility, which allows the myofibers to adapt to various physiological demands by shifting energy substrate utilization. Transcriptional events play a pivotal role in the metabolic adaptations of skeletal muscle. The expression of genes essential for skeletal muscle glucose and lipid metabolism is tightly coordinated in support of a shift in substrate utilization. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and calcineurin (a calcium-regulated serine/threonine protein phosphatase) regulate skeletal muscle metabolic gene expression programs in response to changes in the energy status and levels of neuronal input, respectively. AMPK and calcineurin activate transcriptional regulators such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha and myocyte enhancer factor as well as increase skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and mitochondrial gene expression. Activation of either the AMPK or calcineurin pathway can also enhance the glycogen storage capacity and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. Characterization of pathways governing skeletal muscle metabolism offers insight into physiological and pharmacological strategies to prevent or ameliorate peripheral insulin resistance associated with metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chau Long
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept. of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, von Eulers väg 4, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Durheim MT, Slentz CA, Bateman LA, Mabe SK, Kraus WE. Relationships between exercise-induced reductions in thigh intermuscular adipose tissue, changes in lipoprotein particle size, and visceral adiposity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E407-12. [PMID: 18544640 PMCID: PMC2519750 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90397.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Small LDL and HDL particle size are characteristic of a proatherogenic lipoprotein profile. Aerobic exercise increases these particle sizes. Although visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has been strongly linked with dyslipidemia, the importance of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) to dyslipidemia and exercise responses is less well understood. We measured exercise-associated changes in thigh IMAT and VAT and examined their relationships with changes in LDL and HDL particle size. Sedentary, dyslipidemic, overweight subjects (n = 73) completed 8-9 mo of aerobic training. Linear regression models were used to compare the power of IMAT change and VAT change to predict lipoprotein size changes. In men alone (n = 40), IMAT change correlated inversely with both HDL size change (r = -0.42, P = 0.007) and LDL size change (r = -0.52, P < 0.001). That is, reduction of IMAT was associated with a shift toward larger, less atherogenic lipoprotein particles. No significant correlations were observed in women. After adding VAT change to the model, IMAT change was the only significant predictor of either HDL size change (P = 0.034 for IMAT vs. 0.162 for VAT) or LDL size change (P = 0.004 for IMAT vs. 0.189 for VAT) in men. In conclusion, in overweight dyslipidemic men, exercise-associated change in thigh IMAT was inversely correlated with both HDL and LDL size change and was more predictive of these lipoprotein changes than was change in VAT. Reducing IMAT through aerobic exercise may be functionally related to some improvements in atherogenic dyslipidemia in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Durheim
- Duke University Medical Center, 1300 Morreene Rd., Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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Zhang JQ, Ji LL, Fogt DL, Fretwell VS. Effect of exercise duration on postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in men with metabolic syndrome. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:1339-45. [PMID: 17641215 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00181.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of exercise on postprandial hypertriglyceridemia (PHTG) and insulin resistance in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Subjects were 10 hypertriglyceridemic men with insulin resistance [age = 35.0 ± 1.8 yr, body weight = 90.7 ± 3.3 kg, fasting triglyceride (TG) = 2.6 ± 0.4 mmol/l, peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak) = 36.0 ± 1.3 ml−1·kg−1·min−1, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)= 3.1 ± 0.3]. Each participant performed a control trial (Ctr; no exercise) and three exercise trials at 60% of their V̇o2peakfor 30 min (30 min-Ex), 45 min (45 min-Ex) and 60 min (60 min-Ex). All subjects had a fat meal in each trial. In the exercise trials, the subject jogged on a treadmill for a designated duration of 12 h before ingestion of a fat meal. Blood samples were taken at 0 h (before the meal) and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after the meal. The plasma TG, area score under TG concentration curve over an 8-h period (TG AUC) after the meal, and HOMA-IR were analyzed. The TG AUC scores in both the 45 min-Ex and 60 min-Ex were 31 and 33% lower, respectively, than Ctr ( P < 0.02). There were no significant differences in TG AUC scores between the 30 min-Ex and the Ctr ( P > 0.05). There were no trial differences in the fasting plasma glucose concentration ( P > 0.05). HOMA-IR values in the 30 min-Ex, 45 min-Ex, and 60 min-Ex trials were lower than the Ctr ( P < 0.03), but no significant differences were found in HOMA-IR among the exercise trials. The results suggest that for physically inactive individuals with metabolic syndrome, exercising at moderate intensity for 45 min effectively attenuates PHTG while exercise for 30 min is sufficient to improve insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Q Zhang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, University of Texas--San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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Bergouignan A, Schoeller DA, Normand S, Gauquelin-Koch G, Laville M, Shriver T, Desage M, Maho YL, Ohshima H, Gharib C, Blanc S. Effect of physical inactivity on the oxidation of saturated and monounsaturated dietary Fatty acids: results of a randomized trial. PLOS CLINICAL TRIALS 2006; 1:e27. [PMID: 17016547 PMCID: PMC1584255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pctr.0010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Changes in the way dietary fat is metabolized can be considered causative in obesity. The role of sedentary behavior in this defect has not been determined. We hypothesized that physical inactivity partitions dietary fats toward storage and that a resistance exercise training program mitigates storage. DESIGN We used bed rest, with randomization to resistance training, as a model of physical inactivity. SETTING The trial took place at the Space Clinic (Toulouse, France). PARTICIPANTS A total of 18 healthy male volunteers, of mean age +/- standard deviation 32.6 +/- 4.0 y and body mass index 23.6 +/- 0.7 kg/m(2), were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS An initial 15 d of baseline data collection were followed by 3 mo of strict bed-rest alone (control group, n = 9) or with the addition of supine resistance exercise training every 3 d (exercise group, n = 9). OUTCOME MEASURES Oxidation of labeled [d(31)]palmitate (the main saturated fatty acid of human diet) and [1-(13)C]oleate (the main monounsaturated fatty acid), body composition, net substrate use, and plasma hormones and metabolites were measured. RESULTS Between-group comparisons showed that exercise training did not affect oxidation of both oleate (mean difference 5.6%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], -3.3% to 14.5%; p = 0.20) and palmitate (mean difference -0.2%; 95% CI, -4.1% to 3.6%; p = 0.89). Within-group comparisons, however, showed that inactivity changed oxidation of palmitate in the control group by -11.0% (95% CI, -19.0% to -2.9%; p = 0.01) and in the exercise group by -11.3% (95% CI, -18.4% to -4.2%; p = 0.008). In contrast, bed rest did not significantly affect oleate oxidation within groups. In the control group, the mean difference in oleate oxidation was 3.2% (95% CI, -4.2% to 10.5%; p = 0.34) and 6.8% (95% CI, -1.2% to 14.7%; p = 0.08) in the exercise group. CONCLUSIONS Independent of changes in energy balance (intake and/or output), physical inactivity decreased the oxidation of saturated but not monounsaturated dietary fat. The effect is apparently not compensated by resistance exercise training. These results suggest that Mediterranean diets should be recommended in sedentary subjects and recumbent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bergouignan
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Département d'Ecologie, Physiologie, et Ethologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dale A Schoeller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sylvie Normand
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, Lyon, France
| | | | - Martine Laville
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, Lyon, France
| | - Timothy Shriver
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michel Desage
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, Lyon, France
| | - Yvon Le Maho
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Département d'Ecologie, Physiologie, et Ethologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hiroshi Ohshima
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba Space Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Claude Gharib
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Environnement, Faculté de Médecine Grange Blanche, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Département d'Ecologie, Physiologie, et Ethologie, Strasbourg, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Magkos F, Wright DC, Patterson BW, Mohammed BS, Mittendorfer B. Lipid metabolism response to a single, prolonged bout of endurance exercise in healthy young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E355-62. [PMID: 16219668 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00259.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To discover the alterations in lipid metabolism linked to postexercise hypotriglyceridemia, we measured lipid kinetics, lipoprotein subclass distribution and lipid transfer enzymes in seven healthy, lean, young men the day after 2 h of cycling and rest. Compared with rest, exercise increased fatty acid rate of appearance and whole body fatty acid oxidation by approximately 65 and 40%, respectively (P < 0.05); exercise had no effect on VLDL-triglyceride (TG) secretion rate, increased VLDL-TG plasma clearance rate by 40 +/- 8%, and reduced VLDL-TG mean residence time by approximately 40 min and VLDL-apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) secretion rate by 24 +/- 8% (all P < 0.05). Exercise also reduced the number of VLDL but almost doubled the number of IDL particles in plasma (P < 0.05). Muscle lipoprotein lipase content was not different after exercise and rest, but plasma lipoprotein lipase concentration increased by approximately 20% after exercise (P < 0.05). Plasma hepatic lipase and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase concentrations were not affected by exercise, whereas cholesterol ester transfer protein concentration was approximately 10% lower after exercise than after rest (P = 0.052). We conclude that 1) greater fatty acid availability after exercise does not stimulate VLDL-TG secretion, probably because of the increase in fatty acid oxidation and possibly also fatty acid use for restoration of tissue TG stores; 2) reduced secretion of VLDL-apoB-100 lowers plasma VLDL particle concentration; and 3) increased VLDL-TG plasma clearance maintains low plasma TG concentration but is not accompanied by similar increases in subsequent steps of the delipidation cascade. Acutely, therefore, the cardioprotective lowering of plasma TG and VLDL concentrations by exercise is counteracted by a proatherogenic increase in IDL concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Washington Univ. School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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