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Ye J, Guo K, Li J, Li X, Zhou Z, Yang L. Estimating the effect of lipid-lowering agents on novel subtypes of adult-onset diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2024; 40:e3793. [PMID: 38661109 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of the present study were to assess the effects of lipid-lowering drugs [HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, and Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) inhibitors] on novel subtypes of adult-onset diabetes through a Mendelian randomisation study. MATERIALS AND METHODS We first inferred causal associations between lipid-related traits [including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), apolipoproteins A-I, and apolipoproteins B] and novel subtypes of adult-onset diabetes. The expression quantitative trait loci of drug target genes for three classes of lipid-lowering drugs, as well as genetic variants within or nearby drug target genes associated with LDL-C, were then utilised as proxies for the exposure of lipid-lowering drugs. Mendelian randomisation analysis was performed using summary data from genome-wide association studies of LDL-C, severe autoimmune diabetes, severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD), severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD), mild obesity-related diabetes (MOD), and mild age-related diabetes. RESULTS There was an association between HMGCR-mediated LDL-C and the risk of SIRD [odds ratio (OR) = 0.305, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.129-0.723; p = 0.007], and there was an association of PCSK9-mediated LDL-C with the risk of SIDD (OR = 0.253, 95% CI = 0.120-0.532; p < 0.001) and MOD (OR = 0.345, 95% CI = 0.171-0.696; p = 0.003). Moreover, NPC1L1-mediated LDL-C (OR = 0.109, 95% CI = 0.019-0.613; p = 0.012) and the increased expression of NPC1L1 gene in blood (OR = 0.727, 95% CI = 0.541-0.977; p = 0.034) both showed a significant association with SIRD. These results were further confirmed by sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the different lipid-lowering medications have a specific effect on the increased risk of different novel subtypes of adult-onset diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Ye
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Keyu Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Heida A, van Dijk T, Smit M, Koehorst M, Koster M, Kloosterhuis N, Havinga R, Bloks VW, Wolters JC, de Bruin A, Kuivenhoven JA, de Boer JF, Kuipers F, van de Sluis B. Changes in bile acid composition are correlated with reduced intestinal cholesterol uptake in intestine-specific WASH-deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159445. [PMID: 38086439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and SCAR homolog (WASH) complex is a pentameric protein complex localized at endosomes, where it facilitates the transport of numerous receptors from endosomes toward the plasma membrane. Recent studies have shown that the WASH complex plays an essential role in cholesterol and glucose homeostasis in humans and mice. To investigate the physiological importance of intestinal WASH, we ablated the WASH component WASHC1 specifically in murine enterocytes. Male and female intestine-specific WASHC1-deficient mice (Washc1IKO) were challenged with either a standard chow diet or a high-cholesterol (1.25 %) diet (HCD). Washc1IKO mice fed a standard diet did not present any apparent phenotype, but when fed an HCD, their hepatic cholesterol levels were ~ 50 % lower compared to those observed in control mice. The intestinal cholesterol absorption was almost 2-fold decreased in Washc1IKO mice, which translated into increased fecal neutral sterol loss. The intestinal expression of cholesterogenic genes, such as Hmgcs1, Hmgcr, and Ldlr, was significantly higher in Washc1IKO mice than in control mice and correlated with increased whole-body de novo cholesterol synthesis, likely to compensate for impaired intestinal cholesterol absorption. Unexpectedly, the ratio of biliary 12α-/non-12α-hydroxylated bile acids (BAs) was decreased in Washc1IKO mice and reversing this reduced ratio by feeding the mice with the HCD supplemented with 0.5 % (w/w) sodium cholate normalized the improvement of hepatic cholesterol levels in Washc1IKO mice. Our data indicate that the intestinal WASH complex plays an important role in intestinal cholesterol absorption, likely by modulating biliary BA composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries Heida
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Theo van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Koster
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Li H, Herrmann T, Seeßle J, Liebisch G, Merle U, Stremmel W, Chamulitrat W. Role of fatty acid transport protein 4 in metabolic tissues: insights into obesity and fatty liver disease. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20211854. [PMID: 35583196 PMCID: PMC9160530 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) metabolism is a series of processes that provide structural substances, signalling molecules and energy. Ample evidence has shown that FA uptake is mediated by plasma membrane transporters including FA transport proteins (FATPs), caveolin-1, fatty-acid translocase (FAT)/CD36, and fatty-acid binding proteins. Unlike other FA transporters, the functions of FATPs have been controversial because they contain both motifs of FA transport and fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS). The widely distributed FATP4 is not a direct FA transporter but plays a predominant function as an ACS. FATP4 deficiency causes ichthyosis premature syndrome in mice and humans associated with suppression of polar lipids but an increase in neutral lipids including triglycerides (TGs). Such a shift has been extensively characterized in enterocyte-, hepatocyte-, and adipocyte-specific Fatp4-deficient mice. The mutants under obese and non-obese fatty livers induced by different diets persistently show an increase in blood non-esterified free fatty acids and glycerol indicating the lipolysis of TGs. This review also focuses on FATP4 role on regulatory networks and factors that modulate FATP4 expression in metabolic tissues including intestine, liver, muscle, and adipose tissues. Metabolic disorders especially regarding blood lipids by FATP4 deficiency in different cell types are herein discussed. Our results may be applicable to not only patients with FATP4 mutations but also represent a model of dysregulated lipid homeostasis, thus providing mechanistic insights into obesity and development of fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Li
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Westkuesten Hospital, Esmarchstraße 50, 25746 Heide, Germany
| | - Jessica Seeßle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walee Chamulitrat
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Cho Y, Rhee H, Kim YE, Lee M, Lee BW, Kang ES, Cha BS, Choi JY, Lee YH. Ezetimibe combination therapy with statin for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an open-label randomized controlled trial (ESSENTIAL study). BMC Med 2022; 20:93. [PMID: 35307033 PMCID: PMC8935785 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of ezetimibe, Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 inhibitor, on liver fat is not clearly elucidated. Our primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of ezetimibe plus rosuvastatin versus rosuvastatin monotherapy to reduce liver fat using magnetic resonance imaging-derived proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS A randomized controlled, open-label trial of 70 participants with NAFLD confirmed by ultrasound who were assigned to receive either ezetimibe 10 mg plus rosuvastatin 5 mg daily or rosuvastatin 5 mg for up to 24 weeks. The liver fat change was measured as average values in each of nine liver segments by MRI-PDFF. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) was used to measure liver fibrosis change. RESULTS Combination therapy significantly reduced liver fat compared with monotherapy by MRI-PDFF (mean difference: 3.2%; p = 0.020). There were significant reductions from baseline to study completion by MRI-PDFF for both the combination and monotherapy groups, respectively (18.1 to 12.3%; p < 0.001 and 15.0 to 12.4%; p = 0.003). Individuals with higher body mass index, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and severe liver fibrosis were likely to be good responders to treatment with ezetimibe. MRE-derived change in liver fibrosis was not significantly different (both groups, p > 0.05). Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) by transient elastography was significantly reduced in the combination group (321 to 287 dB/m; p = 0.018), but not in the monotherapy group (323 to 311 dB/m; p = 0.104). CONCLUSIONS Ezetimibe and rosuvastatin were found to be safe to treat participants with NAFLD. Furthermore, ezetimibe combined with rosuvastatin significantly reduced liver fat in this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (registration number: NCT03434613 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongin Cho
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjin Rhee
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Wan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seok Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Choi
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Systems Biology, Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Jia L, Ma Y, Haywood J, Jiang L, Xue B, Shi H, Dawson PA, Yu L. NPC1L1 Deficiency Suppresses Ileal Fibroblast Growth Factor 15 Expression and Increases Bile Acid Pool Size in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice. Cells 2021; 10:3468. [PMID: 34943976 PMCID: PMC8700447 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) mediates intestinal uptake of dietary and biliary cholesterol and is the target of ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor used to treat hypercholesterolemia. Genetic deletion of NPC1L1 or ezetimibe treatment protects mice from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for this therapeutic benefit remain unknown. A major metabolic fate of cholesterol is its conversion to bile acids. We found that NPC1L1 knockout (L1-KO) mice fed an HFD had increased energy expenditure, bile acid pool size, and fecal bile acid excretion rates. The elevated bile acid pool in the HFD-fed L1-KO mice was enriched with tauro-β-muricholic acid. These changes in the L1-KO mice were associated with reduced ileal mRNA expression of fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) and increased hepatic mRNA expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7A1) and mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (Cyp27A1). In addition, mRNA expression of the membrane bile acid receptor Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) and type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2) were elevated in brown adipose tissue of L1-KO mice, which is known to promote energy expenditure. Thus, altered bile acid homeostasis and signaling may play a role in protecting L1-KO mice against HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jia
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.J.); (Y.M.); (J.H.); (P.A.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W, Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Yinyan Ma
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.J.); (Y.M.); (J.H.); (P.A.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jamie Haywood
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.J.); (Y.M.); (J.H.); (P.A.D.)
| | - Long Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
- Internal Medicine Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Paul A. Dawson
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.J.); (Y.M.); (J.H.); (P.A.D.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Liqing Yu
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.J.); (Y.M.); (J.H.); (P.A.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
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6
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Alizadeh-Fanalou S, Nazarizadeh A, Alian F, Faraji P, Sorori B, Khosravi M. Small dense low-density lipoprotein-lowering agents. Biol Chem 2021; 401:1101-1121. [PMID: 32427116 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, as well as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), particularly atherosclerosis, are still leading causes of death worldwide. Plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are currently being considered as a critical risk factor for the diseases mentioned above, especially atherosclerosis. Because of the heterogeneous nature of LDL, many studies have already been conducted on its subclasses, especially small dense LDL (sdLDL). According to available evidence, sdLDL levels can be considered as an ideal alternative to LDL levels for monitoring CVD and early diagnosis of atherosclerosis. Recently, several researchers have focused on factors that are able to decrease sdLDL levels and improve health quality. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe the production process of sdLDL particles and review the effects of pharmaceutical and dietary agents as well as lifestyle on sdLDL plasma levels. In brief, their mechanisms of action are discussed. Apparently, cholesterol and LDL-lowering compounds are also effective in the reduction of sdLDL levels. In addition, improving lipid profile, especially the reduction of triglyceride levels, appropriate regimen, and lifestyle can decrease sdLDL levels. Therefore, all the aforementioned parameters should be taken into consideration simultaneously in sdLDL levels reducing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Alizadeh-Fanalou
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran1449614535,Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ali Nazarizadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran1449614535,Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Fatemeh Alian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran131451365,Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Parisa Faraji
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran131451365,Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Bahareh Sorori
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohsen Khosravi
- Department of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch, Qom3714668669,Islamic Republic of Iran
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7
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Prashanth G, Vastrad B, Tengli A, Vastrad C, Kotturshetti I. Investigation of candidate genes and mechanisms underlying obesity associated type 2 diabetes mellitus using bioinformatics analysis and screening of small drug molecules. BMC Endocr Disord 2021; 21:80. [PMID: 33902539 PMCID: PMC8074411 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity associated type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder ; however, the etiology of obesity associated type 2 diabetes mellitus remains largely unknown. There is an urgent need to further broaden the understanding of the molecular mechanism associated in obesity associated type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS To screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that might play essential roles in obesity associated type 2 diabetes mellitus, the publicly available expression profiling by high throughput sequencing data (GSE143319) was downloaded and screened for DEGs. Then, Gene Ontology (GO) and REACTOME pathway enrichment analysis were performed. The protein - protein interaction network, miRNA - target genes regulatory network and TF-target gene regulatory network were constructed and analyzed for identification of hub and target genes. The hub genes were validated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and RT- PCR analysis. Finally, a molecular docking study was performed on over expressed proteins to predict the target small drug molecules. RESULTS A total of 820 DEGs were identified between healthy obese and metabolically unhealthy obese, among 409 up regulated and 411 down regulated genes. The GO enrichment analysis results showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in ion transmembrane transport, intrinsic component of plasma membrane, transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups, cell adhesion, integral component of plasma membrane and signaling receptor binding, whereas, the REACTOME pathway enrichment analysis results showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in integration of energy metabolism and extracellular matrix organization. The hub genes CEBPD, TP73, ESR2, TAB1, MAP 3K5, FN1, UBD, RUNX1, PIK3R2 and TNF, which might play an essential role in obesity associated type 2 diabetes mellitus was further screened. CONCLUSIONS The present study could deepen the understanding of the molecular mechanism of obesity associated type 2 diabetes mellitus, which could be useful in developing therapeutic targets for obesity associated type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Prashanth
- Department of General Medicine, Basaveshwara Medical College, Chitradurga, Karnataka, 577501, India
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Biochemistry, Basaveshwar College of Pharmacy, Gadag, Karnataka, 582103, India
| | - Anandkumar Tengli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570015, India
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580001, India.
| | - Iranna Kotturshetti
- Department of Ayurveda, Rajiv Gandhi Education Society`s Ayurvedic Medical College, Ron, Karnataka, 582209, India
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8
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Ghosh SS, Wang J, Yannie PJ, Cooper RC, Sandhu YK, Kakiyama G, Korzun WJ, Ghosh S. Over-Expression of Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Attenuates Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2021; 128:1646-1659. [PMID: 33834851 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha S Ghosh
- Internal Medicine (S.S.G., J.W., Y.K.S., G.K., S.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Jing Wang
- Internal Medicine (S.S.G., J.W., Y.K.S., G.K., S.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Paul J Yannie
- Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond (P.J.Y., G.K., S.G.)
| | | | - Yashnoor K Sandhu
- Internal Medicine (S.S.G., J.W., Y.K.S., G.K., S.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Internal Medicine (S.S.G., J.W., Y.K.S., G.K., S.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Medical Center, Richmond, VA.,Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond (P.J.Y., G.K., S.G.)
| | - William J Korzun
- Clinical and Laboratory Sciences (W.J.K.), Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Internal Medicine (S.S.G., J.W., Y.K.S., G.K., S.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Medical Center, Richmond, VA.,Hunter Homes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond (P.J.Y., G.K., S.G.)
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9
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Kim JJ, Wilbon SS, Fornoni A. Podocyte Lipotoxicity in CKD. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:755-762. [PMID: 35373048 PMCID: PMC8791311 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0006152020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CKD represents the ninth most common cause of death in the United States but, despite this large health burden, treatment options for affected patients remain limited. To remedy this, several relevant pathways have been identified that may lead to novel therapeutic options. Among them, altered renal lipid metabolism, first described in 1982, has been recognized as a common pathway in clinical and experimental CKD of both metabolic and nonmetabolic origin. This observation has led many researchers to investigate the cause of this renal parenchyma lipid accumulation and its downstream effect on renal structure and function. Among key cellular components of the kidney parenchyma, podocytes are terminally differentiated cells that cannot be easily replaced when lost. Clinical and experimental evidence supports a role of reduced podocyte number in the progression of CKD. Given the importance of the podocytes in the maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier and the accumulation of TG and cholesterol-rich lipid droplets in the podocyte and glomerulus in kidney diseases that cause CKD, understanding the upstream cause and downstream consequences of lipid accumulation in podocytes may lead to novel therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we hope to consolidate our understanding of the causes and consequences of dysregulated renal lipid metabolism in CKD development and progression, with a major focus on podocytes.
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Inverse correlation between fatty acid transport protein 4 and vision in Leber congenital amaurosis associated with RPE65 mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32114-32123. [PMID: 33257550 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012623117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4), a transmembrane protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is a recently identified negative regulator of the ER-associated retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)65 isomerase necessary for recycling 11-cis-retinal, the light-sensitive chromophore of both rod and cone opsin visual pigments. The role of FATP4 in the disease progression of retinal dystrophies associated with RPE65 mutations is completely unknown. Here we show that FATP4-deficiency in the RPE results in 2.8-fold and 1.7-fold increase of 11-cis- and 9-cis-retinals, respectively, improving dark-adaptation rates as well as survival and function of rods in the Rpe65 R91W knockin (KI) mouse model of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). Degradation of S-opsin in the proteasomes, but not in the lysosomes, was remarkably reduced in the KI mouse retinas lacking FATP4. FATP4-deficiency also significantly rescued S-opsin trafficking and M-opsin solubility in the KI retinas. The number of S-cones in the inferior retinas of 4- or 6-mo-old KI;Fatp4 -/- mice was 7.6- or 13.5-fold greater than those in age-matched KI mice. Degeneration rates of S- and M-cones are negatively correlated with expression levels of FATP4 in the RPE of the KI, KI;Fatp4 +/- , and KI;Fatp4 -/- mice. Moreover, the visual function of S- and M-cones is markedly preserved in the KI;Fatp4 -/- mice, displaying an inverse correlation with the FATP4 expression levels in the RPE of the three mutant lines. These findings establish FATP4 as a promising therapeutic target to improve the visual cycle, as well as survival and function of cones and rods in patients with RPE65 mutations.
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11
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Cho Y, Kim RH, Park H, Wang HJ, Lee H, Kang ES. Effect of Ezetimibe on Glucose Metabolism and Inflammatory Markers in Adipose Tissue. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110512. [PMID: 33217950 PMCID: PMC7698625 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous studies, the effects of ezetimibe on glucose metabolism are poorly understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of ezetimibe on glucose metabolism and the expression of inflammatory markers. Thirteen rats were randomly assigned to an ezetimibe (n = 6) or control group (n = 7). The control group received a high fat diet (HFD; 60 Kcal%), whereas the ezetimibe group received an HFD (60 Kcal%) containing 160 mg/kg of ezetimibe. After 14 weeks, adipose and liver tissues, along with plasma, were collected and comparatively analyzed. The effects of combination therapy with ezetimibe and statins on glucose metabolism were investigated over a 1-year period using data from patients with hyperlipidemia. Several indices of glucose metabolism partially improved in the ezetimibe group. The sizes of adipocytes and the accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines were reduced in the ezetimibe group. Ezetimibe treatment induced anti-inflammatory cytokines and fatty acid oxidation in adipocytes and reduced serum levels of free fatty acids. Clinical data analysis revealed that statin monotherapy significantly increased insulin resistance. However, combination therapy with ezetimibe and statins did not increase insulin resistance. In conclusion, ezetimibe was found to reduce the sizes of adipocytes in visceral fat and serum levels of free fatty acids, to induce fatty acid oxidation, to improve adipocytic inflammation, and to partially improve glycemic index values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongin Cho
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 22332, Korea;
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ryeong-Hyeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (R.-H.K.); (H.J.W.)
| | - Hyunki Park
- Biobehavioral Research Center, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Nursing, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Hye Jin Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (R.-H.K.); (H.J.W.)
| | - Hyangkyu Lee
- Biobehavioral Research Center, Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Nursing, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.P.); (H.L.)
| | - Eun Seok Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (R.-H.K.); (H.J.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-1968; Fax: +82-2-393-6884
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12
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Juntanapum W, Bunchasak C, Poeikhampha T, Rakangthong C, Poungpong K. The Effects of Supplementing Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in the Diet on Production Performance, Fat Digestibility, Blood Lipid Profile, and Gene Expression Related to Nutrients Transport in Small Intestine of Laying Hens. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/127689/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Tavares TB, Santos IB, de Bem GF, Ognibene DT, da Rocha APM, de Moura RS, Resende ADC, Daleprane JB, da Costa CA. Therapeutic effects of açaí seed extract on hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-induced obesity in male mice: a comparative effect with rosuvastatin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1921-1932. [PMID: 32856322 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity is considered a risk factor for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the açai seed (ASE), rich in proanthocyanidins, has been shown a potential body weight regulator with antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of ASE in obesity-associated NAFLD and compare it with Rosuvastatin. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice received a high-fat diet or standard diet for 12 weeks. The treatments with ASE (300 mg/kg per day) or rosuvastatin (20 mg/kg per day) began in the eighth week until the 12th week. KEY FINDINGS Our data show that the treatments with ASE and rosuvastatin reduced body weight and hyperglycaemia, improved lipid profile and attenuated hepatic steatosis in HFD mice. ASE and Rosuvastatin reduced HMGCoA-Reductase and SREBP-1C and increased ABGC8 and pAMPK expressions in the liver. Additionally, ASE, but not Rosuvastatin, reduced NPC1L1 and increased ABCG5 and PPAR-α expressions. ASE and rosuvastatin increased SIRT-1 expression and antioxidant defence, although only ASE was able to decrease the oxidative damage in hepatic tissue. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic effect of ASE was similar to that of rosuvastatin in reducing dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis but was better in reducing oxidative damage and hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamires Barros Tavares
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Izabelle Barcellos Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Graziele Freitas de Bem
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dayane Teixeira Ognibene
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Soares de Moura
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angela de Castro Resende
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julio Beltrame Daleprane
- Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Aguiar da Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Hyun MH, Jang JW, Choi BG, Na JO, Choi CU, Kim JW, Kim EJ, Rha S, Park CG, Lee E, Seo HS. Risk of insulin resistance with statin therapy in individuals without dyslipidemia: A propensity‐matched analysis in a registry population. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:947-954. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myung Han Hyun
- Department of Internal Medicine Korea University Guro Hospital Seoul Korea
| | - Jae Won Jang
- Department of Biostatistics Korea University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Byoung Geol Choi
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Korea University Guro Hospital Seoul Korea
| | - Jin Oh Na
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Korea University Guro Hospital Seoul Korea
| | - Cheol Ung Choi
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Korea University Guro Hospital Seoul Korea
| | - Jin Won Kim
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Korea University Guro Hospital Seoul Korea
| | - Eung Ju Kim
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Korea University Guro Hospital Seoul Korea
| | - Seung‐Woon Rha
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Korea University Guro Hospital Seoul Korea
| | - Chang Gyu Park
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Korea University Guro Hospital Seoul Korea
| | - Eunmi Lee
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital Gyeonggi‐do Korea
| | - Hong Seog Seo
- Division of Cardiology Department of Internal Medicine Korea University Guro Hospital Seoul Korea
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15
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Ioannou GN, Feld JJ. What Are the Benefits of a Sustained Virologic Response to Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection? Gastroenterology 2019; 156:446-460.e2. [PMID: 30367836 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens are safe and effective at eradicating hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Unfortunately, DAAs remain expensive, so treatment of all HCV-infected patients would substantially affect health care costs. It is therefore important to continue to assess the hepatic and extrahepatic benefits of a DAA-induced sustained virologic response (SVR). A DAA-induced SVR reduces a patient's risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and extrahepatic manifestations of HCV infection; there are also data to indicate that an SVR can reduce mortality. SVR is a relevant clinical end point, but further analyses are required to confirm its importance among diverse HCV-infected populations and to document the public health benefits of HCV elimination at the population level. We review the evidence for the benefits associated with SVRs in different clinical settings and challenges to data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N Ioannou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Ioannou GN, Green P, Lowy E, Mun EJ, Berry K. Differences in hepatocellular carcinoma risk, predictors and trends over time according to etiology of cirrhosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204412. [PMID: 30260995 PMCID: PMC6160079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk is high in cirrhosis. We sought to describe differences in HCC risk, predictors and trends over time according to etiology of cirrhosis. Methods We identified 116,404 patients with cirrhosis diagnosed between 2001–2014 in the VA healthcare system and determined incident HCC cases occurring from the date of cirrhosis diagnosis until 01/31/2017. Patients were divided by cirrhosis etiology into hepatitis C virus (HCV, n = 52,671), alcoholic liver disease (ALD, n = 35,730), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD, n = 17,354), or OTHER (n = 10,649). Results During a mean follow-up of 4.3 years, 10,042 new HCC cases were diagnosed. Patients with HCV had >3 times higher incidence of HCC (3.3 per 100 patient-years) than patients with ALD (0.86/100 patient-years), NAFLD (0.90/100 patient-years) or OTHER (1.0/100 patient-years), an association that persisted after adjusting for baseline characteristics. HCC incidence was 1.6 times higher in patients with cirrhosis diagnosed in 2008–2014 (2.47/100 patient-years) than in 2001–2007 (1.55/100 patient-years). Independent predictors of HCC among all cirrhosis etiologies included: age, male sex, Hispanic ethnicity, high serum alpha fetoprotein, alkaline phosphatase and AST/√ALT ratio and low serum albumin and platelet count. Diabetes was associated with HCC in ALD-cirrhosis and NAFLD-cirrhosis, and BMI in ALD-cirrhosis. Conclusions HCC risk is 3 times greater in cirrhotic patients with HCV than ALD or NAFLD. HCC risk continues to increase over time in analyses extending to 2017 in cirrhosis of all etiologies. Multiple readily available risk factors for HCC were identified that were influenced by cirrhosis etiology and could be used to develop HCC risk estimation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N. Ioannou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Health Services Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Pamela Green
- Health Services Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elliott Lowy
- Health Services Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elijah J. Mun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristin Berry
- Health Services Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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17
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Yamanashi Y, Takada T, Suzuki H. Associations between Lifestyle-Related Diseases and Transporters Involved in Intestinal Absorption and Biliary Excretion of Cholesterol. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:1-10. [PMID: 29311470 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Westernization of dietary habits leads to an increase in lipid intake and is thought to be responsible for an increase in patients with dyslipidemia. It is a well-known fact that the impaired cholesterol homeostasis is closely related to the development of various lifestyle-related diseases such as fatty liver, diabetes, and gallstone as well as dyslipidemia leading to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke. Therefore, appropriate management of cholesterol levels in the body is considered important in prevention and treatments of these lifestyle-related diseases and in addition, molecular mechanisms controlling plasma (and/or hepatic) cholesterol levels have been intensively studied. Due to its hydrophobicity, cholesterol was long believed to pass through cell membranes by passive diffusion. However, recent studies have identified a number of plasma membrane transporters that are responsible for the cellular uptake or efflux of cholesterol and involved in developments of lifestyle-related diseases. In this review, we focus on Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) and a heterodimer of ATP-binding cassette transporter G5 and G8 (ABCG5/G8), both of which are responsible for intestinal cholesterol absorption and biliary cholesterol secretion, and discuss the relationship between these cholesterol transporters and lifestyle-related diseases. In addition, we also discuss the related uncertainties that need to be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Yamanashi
- Department of Pharmacy, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
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Transcriptional control of intestinal cholesterol absorption, adipose energy expenditure and lipid handling by Sortilin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9006. [PMID: 29899496 PMCID: PMC5998044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sorting receptor Sortilin functions in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Dysfunctional lipid uptake, storage, and metabolism contribute to several major human diseases including atherosclerosis and obesity. Sortilin associates with cardiovascular disease; however, the role of Sortilin in adipose tissue and lipid metabolism remains unclear. Here we show that in the low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr−/−) atherosclerosis model, Sortilin deficiency (Sort1−/−) in female mice suppresses Niemann-Pick type C1-Like 1 (Npc1l1) mRNA levels, reduces body and white adipose tissue weight, and improves brown adipose tissue function partially via transcriptional downregulation of Krüppel-like factor 4 and Liver X receptor. Female Ldlr−/−Sort1−/− mice on a high-fat/cholesterol diet had elevated plasma Fibroblast growth factor 21 and Adiponectin, an adipokine that when reduced is associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease-related factors. Additionally, Sort1 deficiency suppressed cholesterol absorption in both female mice ex vivo intestinal tissue and human colon Caco-2 cells in a similar manner to treatment with the NPC1L1 inhibitor ezetimibe. Together our findings support a novel role of Sortilin in energy regulation and lipid homeostasis in female mice, which may be a potential therapeutic target for obesity and cardiovascular disease.
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19
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Zou J, Zhang S, Li P, Zheng X, Feng D. Supplementation with curcumin inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption and prevents atherosclerosis in high-fat diet-fed apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Nutr Res 2018; 56:32-40. [PMID: 30055772 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of cardiovascular disease caused by high cholesterol. Reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption has been shown to exert strong cholesterol-lowering and antiatherogenic effects. Previously, we reported that curcumin reduced cholesterol absorption in high-fat diet-fed hamster by downregulating the intestinal expression of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1. Here, we tested the hypothesis that supplementation with curcumin can also reduce intestinal cholesterol absorption in high-fat diet-fed apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice and prevent atherosclerosis development. ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with or without curcumin (0.1% w/w) for 16 weeks. Aortic sinus sections revealed that curcumin supplementation reduced the extent of atherosclerotic lesions by 45%. Curcumin treatment also reduced cholesterol accumulation in the aortas by 56% and lowered plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Moreover, the antiatherogenic and cholesterol-lowering effects of curcumin coincided with a significant decrease in intestinal cholesterol absorption. It was reduced by nearly 51%, and the decreased cholesterol absorption was modulated by inhibiting the intestinal expression of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1, predominantly in the duodenal and jejunal segments of the small intestine. These findings support the hypothesis that curcumin supplementation reduces intestinal cholesterol absorption and prevents atherosclerosis in high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice. Curcumin affords a potent antiatherogenic action by inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated NanHai Hospital of Southern Medical University, 528200, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, China
| | - Peiyang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, China
| | - Xiumei Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, China.
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Cifarelli V, Abumrad NA. Intestinal CD36 and Other Key Proteins of Lipid Utilization: Role in Absorption and Gut Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:493-507. [PMID: 29687890 PMCID: PMC6247794 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several proteins have been implicated in fatty acid (FA) transport by enterocytes including the scavenger receptor CD36 (SR-B2), the scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) a member of the CD36 family and the FA transport protein 4 (FATP4). Here, we review the regulation of enterocyte FA uptake and its function in lipid absorption including prechylomicron formation, assembly and transport. Emphasis is given to CD36, which is abundantly expressed along the digestive tract of rodents and humans and has been the most studied. We also address the pleiotropic functions of CD36 that go beyond lipid absorption and metabolism to include recent evidence of its impact on intestinal homeostasis and barrier maintenance. Areas of progress involving contribution of membrane phospholipid remodeling and of cytosolic FA-binding proteins, FABP1 and FABP2 to fat absorption will be covered. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:493-507, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Cifarelli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nada A. Abumrad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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21
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Yang F, Chen G, Ma M, Qiu N, Zhu L, Li J. Fatty acids modulate the expression levels of key proteins for cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 monolayer. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:32. [PMID: 29463265 PMCID: PMC5819267 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acids have been shown to modulate intestinal cholesterol absorption in cells and animals, a process that is mediated by several transporter proteins. Of these proteins, Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) is a major contributor to this process. The current study investigates the unknown mechanism by which fatty acids modulate cholesterol absorption. METHODS We evaluated the effects of six fatty acids palmitic acid (PAM), oleic acid (OLA), linoleic acid (LNA), arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on cholesterol uptake and transport in human enterocytes Caco-2 cells, and on the mRNA expression levels of NPC1L1, others proteins (ABCG5, ABCG8, ABCA1, ACAT2, MTP, Caveolin 1, Annexin-2) involved in cholesterol absorption, and SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 that are responsible for lipid metabolism. RESULTS The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially for EPA and DHA, dose-dependently inhibited cholesterol uptake and transport in Caco-2 monolayer, while saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) had no inhibitory effects. EPA and DHA inhibited cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 monolayer might be caused by down-regulating NPC1L1 mRNA and protein levels, which were associated with inhibition of SREBP-1/- 2 mRNA expression levels. CONCLUSION Results from this study indicate that functional food containing high PUFAs may have potential therapeutic benefit to reduce cholesterol absorption. Further studies on this topic may provide approaches to control lipid metabolism and to promote health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Meihu Ma
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning Qiu
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjiao Zhu
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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22
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Yang F, Chen G, Ma M, Qiu N, Zhu L, Li J. Egg-Yolk Sphingomyelin and Phosphatidylcholine Attenuate Cholesterol Absorption in Caco-2 Cells. Lipids 2018; 53:217-233. [PMID: 29569242 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids have been shown to modulate intestinal cholesterol absorption in cells and animals, a process that is regulated by several transporter proteins. Of these proteins, Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) is a major contributor to this process. The mechanism by which phospholipids modulate cholesterol absorption remains unknown. Here, we evaluate the effects of egg-yolk phospholipids on cholesterol absorption and transport in human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2 cells) and on the expression of NPC1L1 and others proteins associated with cholesterol absorption (ABCG5, ABCG8, ABCA1, ACAT2, MTP, CAV-1, ANX-2). The roles of SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 in this process were also investigated. The results show that egg-yolk sphingomyelin (CerPCho) and phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) inhibit cholesterol transport in the Caco-2 monolayer in a dose-dependent manner. These might be due to the decrease of the cholesterol solubility in micelles as well as to the increases in the micellar sizes and the bile acid-binding capacity. Furthermore, the treatments with egg-yolk CerPCho or PtdCho at 1.2 mmol/L reduced the expression levels of NPC1L1 protein to 21 or 22%, respectively, and its mRNA to 9 or 31% of that in the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was a general inhibitory effect of egg-yolk PtdCho and CerPCho on the mRNA levels of SREBP-1, and SREBP-2. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of egg-yolk CerPCho and PtdCho on cholesterol transport might be due to their interference with the physicochemical properties of micelles and their regulations on the expression of the NPC1L1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Meihu Ma
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ning Qiu
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lingjiao Zhu
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Li
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Chuang JC, Lopez AM, Turley SD. Quantitation of the rates of hepatic and intestinal cholesterol synthesis in lysosomal acid lipase-deficient mice before and during treatment with ezetimibe. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 135:116-125. [PMID: 28322747 PMCID: PMC5489310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Esterified cholesterol (EC) and triglycerides, contained within lipoproteins taken up by cells, are hydrolysed by lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) in the late endosomal/lysosomal (E/L) compartment. The resulting unesterified cholesterol (UC) is transported via Niemann-Pick type C2 and C1 into the cytosolic compartment where it enters a putative pool of metabolically active cholesterol that is utilized in accordance with cellular needs. Loss-of-function mutations in LIPA, the gene encoding LAL, result in dramatic increases in tissue concentrations of EC, a hallmark feature of Wolman disease and cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD). The lysosomal sequestration of EC causes cells to respond to a perceived deficit of sterol by increasing their rate of cholesterol synthesis, particularly in the liver. A similar compensatory response occurs with treatments that disrupt the enterohepatic movement of cholesterol or bile acids. Here we measured rates of cholesterol synthesis in vivo in the liver and small intestine of a mouse model for CESD given the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe from weaning until early adulthood. Consistent with previous findings, this treatment significantly reduced the amount of EC sequestered in the liver (from 132.43±7.35 to 70.07±6.04mg/organ) and small intestine (from 2.78±0.21 to 1.34±0.09mg/organ) in the LAL-deficient mice even though their rates of hepatic and intestinal cholesterol synthesis were either comparable to, or exceeded those in matching untreated Lal-/- mice. These data reveal the role of intestinal cholesterol absorption in driving the expansion of tissue EC content and disease progression in LAL deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Adam M Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Stephen D Turley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, United States.
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van der Veen JN, Lingrell S, Gao X, Takawale A, Kassiri Z, Vance DE, Jacobs RL. Fenofibrate, but not ezetimibe, prevents fatty liver disease in mice lacking phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:656-667. [PMID: 28159867 PMCID: PMC5392742 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) are protected from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and insulin resistance. However, these mice develop severe nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) when fed the HFD, which is mainly due to inadequate secretion of VLDL particles. Our aim was to prevent NAFLD development in mice lacking PEMT. We treated Pemt−/− mice with either ezetimibe or fenofibrate to see if either could ameliorate liver disease in these mice. Ezetimibe treatment did not reduce fat accumulation in Pemt−/− livers, nor did it reduce markers for hepatic inflammation or fibrosis. Fenofibrate, conversely, completely prevented the development of NAFLD in Pemt−/− mice: hepatic lipid levels, as well as markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, in fenofibrate-treated Pemt−/− mice were similar to those in Pemt+/+ mice. Importantly, Pemt−/− mice were still protected against HFD-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Moreover, fenofibrate partially reversed hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in Pemt−/− mice when treatment was initiated after NAFLD had already been established. Increasing hepatic fatty acid oxidation can compensate for the lower VLDL-triacylglycerol secretion rate and prevent/reverse fatty liver disease in mice lacking PEMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelske N van der Veen
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susanne Lingrell
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xia Gao
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abhijit Takawale
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis E Vance
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - René L Jacobs
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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25
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Lotta LA, Sharp SJ, Burgess S, Perry JRB, Stewart ID, Willems SM, Luan J, Ardanaz E, Arriola L, Balkau B, Boeing H, Deloukas P, Forouhi NG, Franks PW, Grioni S, Kaaks R, Key TJ, Navarro C, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Quirós JR, Riboli E, Rolandsson O, Sacerdote C, Salamanca EC, Slimani N, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, van der A DL, van der Schouw YT, McCarthy MI, Barroso I, O’Rahilly S, Savage DB, Sattar N, Langenberg C, Scott RA, Wareham NJ. Association Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol-Lowering Genetic Variants and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis. JAMA 2016; 316:1383-1391. [PMID: 27701660 PMCID: PMC5386134 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering alleles in or near NPC1L1 or HMGCR, encoding the respective molecular targets of ezetimibe and statins, have previously been used as proxies to study the efficacy of these lipid-lowering drugs. Alleles near HMGCR are associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, similar to the increased incidence of new-onset diabetes associated with statin treatment in randomized clinical trials. It is unknown whether alleles near NPC1L1 are associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Objective To investigate whether LDL-C-lowering alleles in or near NPC1L1 and other genes encoding current or prospective molecular targets of lipid-lowering therapy (ie, HMGCR, PCSK9, ABCG5/G8, LDLR) are associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Design, Setting, and Participants The associations with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease of LDL-C-lowering genetic variants were investigated in meta-analyses of genetic association studies. Meta-analyses included 50 775 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 270 269 controls and 60 801 individuals with coronary artery disease and 123 504 controls. Data collection took place in Europe and the United States between 1991 and 2016. Exposures Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering alleles in or near NPC1L1, HMGCR, PCSK9, ABCG5/G8, and LDLR. Main Outcomes and Measures Odds ratios (ORs) for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Results Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering genetic variants at NPC1L1 were inversely associated with coronary artery disease (OR for a genetically predicted 1-mmol/L [38.7-mg/dL] reduction in LDL-C of 0.61 [95% CI, 0.42-0.88]; P = .008) and directly associated with type 2 diabetes (OR for a genetically predicted 1-mmol/L reduction in LDL-C of 2.42 [95% CI, 1.70-3.43]; P < .001). For PCSK9 genetic variants, the OR for type 2 diabetes per 1-mmol/L genetically predicted reduction in LDL-C was 1.19 (95% CI, 1.02-1.38; P = .03). For a given reduction in LDL-C, genetic variants were associated with a similar reduction in coronary artery disease risk (I2 = 0% for heterogeneity in genetic associations; P = .93). However, associations with type 2 diabetes were heterogeneous (I2 = 77.2%; P = .002), indicating gene-specific associations with metabolic risk of LDL-C-lowering alleles. Conclusions and Relevance In this meta-analysis, exposure to LDL-C-lowering genetic variants in or near NPC1L1 and other genes was associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. These data provide insights into potential adverse effects of LDL-C-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca A. Lotta
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen. J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John R. B. Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel. D Stewart
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sara M. Willems
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- Navarre Public Health Institute (ISPN), Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Larraitz Arriola
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain
- Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Panos Deloukas
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W Franks
- Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Carmen Navarro
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Unit of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza Hospital-University of Turin and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Torino, Italy
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy
| | - Elena C Salamanca
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Granada.ibs), Granada, Spain
| | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Daphne L van der A
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Inês Barroso
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - David. B Savage
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert. A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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In vitro evidence in rainbow trout supporting glucosensing mediated by sweet taste receptor, LXR, and mitochondrial activity in Brockmann bodies, and sweet taste receptor in liver. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 200:6-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adipose tissue is a critical endocrine and immunological organ that regulates systemic energy homeostasis. During the pathogenesis of obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy is accompanied by adipose tissue inflammation, impeding insulin sensitivity and endocrine function of adipose tissue and other tissues. Adipocyte cholesterol accumulates in proportion to triglyceride as adipocytes undergo hypertrophy. Recent studies suggest that dietary cholesterol contributes to increased adipocyte cholesterol. However, how dietary cholesterol accumulates in adipocytes and its metabolic consequences are poorly understood. This review summarizes recent advances in knowledge of adipocyte cholesterol balance and highlights the emerging role of dietary cholesterol in adipose tissue cholesterol balance, inflammation, and systemic energy metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Perturbation of cholesterol balance in adipocytes alters intracellular cholesterol distribution and modulates adipocyte insulin and proinflammatory signaling. Adipocyte cholesterol levels are maintained by a balance between dietary cholesterol uptake from triglyceride-enriched lipoproteins and cellular cholesterol efflux to HDL. Recent animal studies established a critical role for dietary cholesterol in promoting adipose tissue inflammation, thereby worsening obesity-mediated metabolic complications. SUMMARY Recent studies identified high dietary cholesterol as a potentiator of adipose tissue inflammation and dysfunction. Reducing excessive dietary cholesterol intake is suggested as a simple, but novel, way to attenuate obesity-associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonkyu Chung
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68516
| | - John S. Parks
- Department of Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
- Corresponding author: John S. Parks; Department of Internal Medicine/Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 phone: 336-716-2145 fax: 336-716-6279
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Abstract
Inhibitors of cholesterol absorption have been sought for decades as a means to treat and prevent cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) associated with hypercholesterolemia. Ezetimibe is the one clear success story in this regard, and other compounds with similar efficacy continue to be sought. In the last decade, the laboratory mouse, with all its genetic power, has become the premier experimental model for discovering the mechanisms underlying cholesterol absorption and has become a critical tool for preclinical testing of potential pharmaceutical entities. This chapter briefly reviews the history of cholesterol absorption research and the various gene candidates that have come under consideration as drug targets. The most common and versatile method of measuring cholesterol absorption is described in detail along with important considerations when interpreting results, and an alternative method is also presented. In recent years, reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) has become an area of intense new interest for drug discovery since this process is now considered another key to reducing CVD risk. The ultimate measure of RCT is sterol excretion and a detailed description is given for measuring neutral and acidic fecal sterols and interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Howles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, 2120 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA.
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Koh KK, Oh PC, Sakuma I, Kim EY, Lee Y, Hayashi T, Han SH, Park YM, Shin EK. Vascular and metabolic effects of ezetimibe combined with simvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Int J Cardiol 2015; 199:126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Common single nucleotide polymorphisms at the NPC1L1 gene locus significantly predict cardiovascular risk in coronary patients. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:340-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kurano M, Hara M, Satoh H, Tsukamoto K. Hepatic NPC1L1 overexpression ameliorates glucose metabolism in diabetic mice via suppression of gluconeogenesis. Metabolism 2015; 64:588-96. [PMID: 25660144 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhibition of intestinal NPC1L1 by ezetimibe has been demonstrated to improve glucose metabolism in rodent models; however, the role of hepatic NPC1L1 in glucose metabolism has not been elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the effects of hepatic NPC1L1 on glucose metabolism. MATERIAL AND METHODS We overexpressed NPC1L1 in the livers of lean wild type mice, diet-induced obesity mice and db/db mice with adenoviral gene transfer. RESULTS We found that in all three mouse models, hepatic NPC1L1 overexpression lowered fasting blood glucose levels as well as blood glucose levels on ad libitum; in db/db mice, hepatic NPC1L1 overexpression improved blood glucose levels to almost the same as those found in lean wild type mice. A pyruvate tolerance test revealed that gluconeogenesis was suppressed by hepatic NPC1L1 overexpression. Further analyses revealed that hepatic NPC1L1 overexpression decreased the expression of FoxO1, resulting in the reduced expression of G6Pase and PEPCK, key enzymes in gluconeogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that hepatic NPC1L1 might have distinct properties of suppressing gluconeogenesis via inhibition of FoxO1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masumi Hara
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Satoh
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
| | - Kazuhisa Tsukamoto
- Department of Metabolism, Diabetes and Nephrology, Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
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Saito I, Azuma K, Kakikawa T, Oshima N, Hanson ME, Tershakovec AM. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effect of ezetimibe on glucose metabolism in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:40. [PMID: 25929253 PMCID: PMC4450465 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent evidence points to an increased incidence of new-onset diabetes and a negative impact on glucose parameters with statin use. This study examined the safety of ezetimibe vs placebo for change from baseline to week 24 in HbA1c (primary endpoint), glycoalbumin, and fasting plasma glucose (secondary endpoints) in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Methods This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multi-site trial. Adults with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia whose LDL-C measured <140 mg/dl (subjects receiving lipid-lowering drugs) or <160 mg/dl (subjects not receiving lipid-lowering drugs) at the start of the screening phase, were randomized after a 5-week wash-out period to ezetimibe 10 mg or placebo (1:1) for 24 weeks. Changes in HbA1c, glycoalbumin and fasting plasma glucose from baseline to week 24 were evaluated. The non-inferiority margin was set at 0.5% for HbA1c. Results Overall, 152 subjects were randomized (75 to ezetimibe and 77 to placebo). From baseline to 24 weeks, HbA1c significantly increased in both the ezetimibe and placebo groups (between-treatment difference 0.08 [95% CI: −0.07 to 0.23]). Ezetimibe was statistically non-inferior to placebo. At 24 weeks, the mean change from baseline in glycoalbumin levels (between-treatment differences 0.00 [95% CI: −0.47, 0.47]) and fasting plasma glucose (between-treatment differences −4.8 [95% CI: −12.1, 2.1]) were similar in both treatment groups. Conclusions These results suggest that ezetimibe 10 mg does not result in dysregulation of glucose metabolism in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia over 24 weeks of treatment. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01611883. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0036-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itori Saito
- MSD KK, Japan development, Clinical research, Kitanomaru Square, 1-13-12 Kudan-kita, Chiyoda-ku, 102-8667, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kyoichi Azuma
- MSD KK, Japan development, Clinical research, Kitanomaru Square, 1-13-12 Kudan-kita, Chiyoda-ku, 102-8667, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Taro Kakikawa
- MSD KK, Japan development, Clinical research, Kitanomaru Square, 1-13-12 Kudan-kita, Chiyoda-ku, 102-8667, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Oshima
- MSD KK, Japan development, Clinical research, Kitanomaru Square, 1-13-12 Kudan-kita, Chiyoda-ku, 102-8667, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sugiyama S, Jinnouchi H, Hieshima K, Kurinami N, Suzuki T, Miyamoto F, Kajiwara K, Matsui K, Jinnouchi T. A pilot study of ezetimibe vs. atorvastatin for improving peripheral microvascular endothelial function in stable patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:37. [PMID: 25903215 PMCID: PMC4417230 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated cholesterol in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) can cause endothelial dysfunction. An effective clinical therapy to improve endothelial dysfunction remains to be established. Different cardiovascular actions between treatments for the inhibition of cholesterol absorption and the suppression of cholesterol synthesis for achieving improvement in endothelial function are unknown in DM. METHODS Stable patients with type 2 DM and mildly elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were enrolled. We evaluated peripheral microvascular endothelial function using reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT) examination and calculated a natural logarithmic transformed value for the RH-PAT index (LnRHI). We randomly assigned 33 patients to each monotherapy: cholesterol synthesis suppression using atorvastatin (5 mg/day, n=16) or cholesterol absorption inhibition using ezetimibe (10 mg/day, n=17). Patients were prospectively followed for 6 months. Serum lipids and LnRHI were repeatedly examined before and after each therapy. RESULTS LDL significantly decreased in both groups, but the percent changes of LDL showed a greater decrease in the atorvastatin group compared with the ezetimibe group (-34.5±7.8% vs. -21.9±9.6%, p<0.01). Serum levels of non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFA) significantly decreased in the ezetimibe group but not in the atorvastatin group (ezetimibe group: 561.1±236.8 to 429.7±195.9, p<0.01; atorvastatin group: 538.8±319.5 to 520.2±227.3, p=0.75). The percent decrease in NEFA was significantly greater in the ezetimibe group compared with the atorvastatin group (-19.9±27.4% vs. 11.3±44.1%, p<0.05). LnRHI showed a significant increase in the ezetimibe group but not in the atorvastatin group (ezetimibe group: 0.471±0.157 to 0.678±0.187, p<0.01; atorvastatin group: 0.552±0.084 to 0.558±0.202, p=0.64). The percent changes in LnRHI were significantly greater in the ezetimibe group compared with the atorvastatin group (63.3±89.2% vs. 7.4±41.2%, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 DM, ezetimibe monotherapy significantly reduced LDL and NEFA, and improved peripheral microvascular endothelial dysfunction. Ezetimibe could potentially exhibit beneficial effects on lipid disorders and microvascular endothelial dysfunction in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Sugiyama
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, 6-2-3 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan. .,Diabetes Care Center, Cardiovascular Division, Jinnouchi Hospital, 6-2-3 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan. .,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-8556, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Jinnouchi
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, 6-2-3 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan. .,Diabetes Care Center, Cardiovascular Division, Jinnouchi Hospital, 6-2-3 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan. .,Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-8556, Japan.
| | - Kunio Hieshima
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, 6-2-3 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan.
| | - Noboru Kurinami
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, 6-2-3 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Suzuki
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, 6-2-3 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan.
| | - Fumio Miyamoto
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, 6-2-3 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan.
| | - Keizo Kajiwara
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, 6-2-3 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan. .,Diabetes Care Center, Cardiovascular Division, Jinnouchi Hospital, 6-2-3 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan.
| | - Kunihiko Matsui
- Department of Community Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-8556, Japan.
| | - Tomio Jinnouchi
- Diabetes Care Center, Jinnouchi Hospital, 6-2-3 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan. .,Diabetes Care Center, Cardiovascular Division, Jinnouchi Hospital, 6-2-3 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan.
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Mohammadi A, Vafaei SA, Nabi Moradi M, Ahmadi M, Pourjafar M, Abbasi Oshaghi E. Combination of Ezetimibe and Garlic Reduces Serum Lipids and Intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 Expression More Effectively in Hypercholesterolemic Mice. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/ajmb-23205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Xu C, Liu Y, Gong Y, Duan X, Tang X, Zhang M, Pang D, Yu L, Wei H, Ouyang H. Overexpression of NPC1L1 in the livers of transgenic Bama miniature pigs accelerates lipid peroxidation. Genes Genomics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Xie P, Zhu H, Jia L, Ma Y, Tang W, Wang Y, Xue B, Shi H, Yu L. Genetic demonstration of intestinal NPC1L1 as a major determinant of hepatic cholesterol and blood atherogenic lipoprotein levels. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:609-17. [PMID: 25463095 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The correlation between intestinal cholesterol absorption values and plasma low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels remains controversial. Niemann-Pick-C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) is essential for intestinal cholesterol absorption, and is the target of ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor. However, studies with NPC1L1 knockout mice or ezetimibe cannot definitively clarify this correlation because NPC1L1 expression is not restricted to intestine in humans and mice. In this study we sought to genetically address this issue. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed a mouse model that lacks endogenous (NPC1L1) and LDL receptor (LDLR) (DKO), but transgenically expresses human NPC1L1 in gastrointestinal tract only (DKO/L1(IntOnly) mice). Our novel model eliminated potential effects of non-intestinal NPC1L1 on cholesterol homeostasis. We found that human NPC1L1 was localized at the intestinal brush border membrane of DKO/L1(IntOnly) mice. Cholesterol feeding induced formation of NPC1L1-positive vesicles beneath this membrane in an ezetimibe-sensitive manner. Compared to DKO mice, DKO/L1(IntOnly) mice showed significant increases in cholesterol absorption and blood/hepatic/biliary cholesterol. Increased blood cholesterol was restricted to very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL fractions, which was associated with increased secretion and plasma levels of apolipoproteins B100 and B48. Additionally, DKO/L1(IntOnly) mice displayed decreased fecal cholesterol excretion and hepatic/intestinal expression of cholesterologenic genes. Ezetimibe treatment virtually reversed all of the transgene-related phenotypes in DKO/L1(IntOnly) mice. CONCLUSION Our findings from DKO/L1(IntOnly) mice clearly demonstrate that NPC1L1-mediated cholesterol absorption is a major determinant of blood levels of apolipoprotein B-containing atherogenic lipoproteins, at least in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Department of Pathology Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongling Zhu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Pathology Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Yinyan Ma
- Department of Pathology Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Weiqing Tang
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Youlin Wang
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Liqing Yu
- Department of Pathology Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Add-on ezetimibe reduces small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels without affecting absorption of eicosapentaenoic acid in patients with coronary artery disease: a pilot study. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2014; 14:387-92. [PMID: 24915983 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-014-0082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residual risk of cardiovascular disease from increased small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL)-cholesterol levels and low n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels is a considerable therapeutic issue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ezetimibe as an add-on to statins and supplemental eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on sdLDL cholesterol and absorption of EPA in patients with coronary artery disease. METHODS The study population consisted of ten male patients who were concurrently receiving statins and EPA 1,800 mg/day. Serum lipids and PUFAs, including EPA and arachidonic acid, were measured in blood samples collected before ezetimibe (baseline), 4 weeks after starting 10-mg/day ezetimibe, and 4 weeks after discontinuing ezetimibe. RESULTS Ezetimibe significantly decreased sdLDL-cholesterol levels after 4 weeks of treatment (baseline 35 ± 13 mg/dl; treatment 27 ± 9 mg/dl), but the levels returned to baseline after discontinuation of ezetimibe (37 ± 13 mg/dl). The concentration of EPA did not significantly change during the study. CONCLUSION Ezetimibe shows great promise as an add-on therapy to statins to reduce sdLDL-cholesterol-related residual risk of cardiovascular disease without affecting absorption of supplemental EPA in patients with coronary artery disease.
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Lee CY. Adenosine protects Sprague Dawley rats from high-fat diet and repeated acute restraint stress-induced intestinal inflammation and altered expression of nutrient transporters. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:317-25. [PMID: 25196093 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of repeated acute restraint stress and high-fat diet (HFD) on intestinal expression of nutrient transporters, concomitant to intestinal inflammation. The ability of adenosine to reverse any change was examined. Six-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into eight groups: control or non-stressed (C), rats exposed to restraint stress for 6 h per day for 14 days (S), control rats fed with HFD (CHF) and restraint-stressed rats fed with HFD (SHF); four additional groups received the same treatments and were also given 50 mg/l adenosine dissolved in drinking water. Fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, adiponectin and corticosterone were measured. Intestinal expression of SLC5A1, SLC2A2, NPC1L1 and TNF-α was analysed. Histological evaluation was conducted to observe for morphological and anatomical changes in the intestinal tissues. Results showed that HFD feeding increased glucose and insulin levels, and repeated acute restraint stress raised the corticosterone level by 22%. Exposure to both stress and HFD caused a further increase in corticosterone to 41%, while decreasing plasma adiponectin level. Restraint stress altered intestinal expression of SLC5A1, SLC2A2 and NPC1L1. These changes were enhanced in SHF rats. Adenosine was found to alleviate HFD-induced increase in glucose and insulin levels, suppress elevation of corticosterone in S rats and improve the altered nutrient transporters expression profiles. It also prevented upregulation of TNF-α in the intestine of SHF rats. In summary, a combination of stress and HFD exaggerated stress- and HFD-induced pathophysiological changes in the intestine, and biochemical parameters related to obesity. Adenosine attenuated the elevation of corticosterone and altered expression of SLC5A1, NPC1L1 and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Sugizaki T, Watanabe M, Horai Y, Kaneko-Iwasaki N, Arita E, Miyazaki T, Morimoto K, Honda A, Irie J, Itoh H. The Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) inhibitor ezetimibe improves metabolic disease via decreased liver X receptor (LXR) activity in liver of obese male mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2810-9. [PMID: 24773344 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemic patients with diabetes mellitus, including metabolic syndrome, are at increased risk of coronary heart disease. It has been reported that ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, improves metabolic diseases in mice and humans. However, the underlying mechanism has been unclear. Here we explored the effects of ezetimibe on lipid and glucose homeostasis. Male KK-A(y) mice were fed a high-fat diet, which is the mouse model of metabolic syndrome, with or without ezetimibe for 14 weeks. Ezetimibe improved dyslipidemia, steatosis, and insulin resistance. Ezetimibe decreased hepatic oxysterols, which are endogenous agonists of liver X receptor (LXR), to decrease hepatic lipogenic gene expressions, especially in stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), leading to a remarkable reduction of hepatic oleate content that would contribute to the improvement of steatosis by reducing triglycerides and cholesterol esters. Simultaneously, hepatic β-oxidation, NADPH oxidase and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) were reduced, and thus reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines were also decreased. Consistent with these changes, ezetimibe diminished c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and improved insulin signaling in the liver. In vitro study using primary hepatocytes obtained from male SD rats, treated with oleate and LXR agonist, showed excess lipid accumulation, increased oxidative stress and impaired insulin signaling. Therefore, in obese subjects, ezetimibe reduces hepatic LXR activity by reducing hepatic oxysterols to lower hepatic oleate content. This improves steatosis and reduces oxidative stress, and this reduction improves insulin signaling in the liver. These results provide insight into pathogenesis and strategies for treatment of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Sugizaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine (T.S., M.W., Y.H., N.K.I., E.A., K.M., J.I., H.I.), Health Science Laboratory, and Graduate School of Media and Governance (M.W.), Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan; and Center for Collaborative Research (T.M., A.H.), Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, 300-0332 Japan
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Lipid-lowering Therapies, Glucose Control and Incident Diabetes: Evidence, Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2014; 28:361-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-014-6534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ezetimibe markedly attenuates hepatic cholesterol accumulation and improves liver function in the lysosomal acid lipase-deficient mouse, a model for cholesteryl ester storage disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:1073-7. [PMID: 24370824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) plays a critical role in the intracellular handling of lipids by hydrolyzing cholesteryl esters (CE) and triacylglycerols (TAG) contained in newly internalized lipoproteins. In humans, mutations in the LAL gene result in cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD), or in Wolman disease (WD) when the mutations cause complete loss of LAL activity. A rat model for WD and a mouse model for CESD have been described. In these studies we used LAL-deficient mice to investigate how modulating the amount of intestinally-derived cholesterol reaching the liver might impact its mass, cholesterol content, and function in this model. The main experiment tested if ezetimibe, a potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor, had any effect on CE accumulation in mice lacking LAL. In male Lal(-/-) mice given ezetimibe in their diet (20 mg/day/kg bw) for 4 weeks starting at 21 days of age, both liver mass and hepatic cholesterol concentration (mg/g) were reduced to the extent that whole-liver cholesterol content (mg/organ) in the treated mice (74.3±3.4) was only 56% of that in those not given ezetimibe (133.5±6.7). There was also a marked improvement in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity. Thus, minimizing cholesterol absorption has a favorable impact on the liver in CESD.
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Wang TY, Liu M, Portincasa P, Wang DQH. New insights into the molecular mechanism of intestinal fatty acid absorption. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:1203-23. [PMID: 24102389 PMCID: PMC3996833 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fat is one of the most important energy sources of all the nutrients. Fatty acids, stored as triacylglycerols (also called triglycerides) in the body, are an important reservoir of stored energy and derived primarily from animal fats and vegetable oils. DESIGN Although the molecular mechanisms for the transport of water-insoluble amphipathic fatty acids across cell membranes have been debated for many years, it is now believed that the dominant means for intestinal fatty acid uptake is via membrane-associated fatty acid-binding proteins, that is, fatty acid transporters on the apical membrane of enterocytes. RESULTS These findings indicate that intestinal fatty acid absorption is a multistep process that is regulated by multiple genes at the enterocyte level, and intestinal fatty acid absorption efficiency could be determined by factors influencing intraluminal fatty acid molecules across the brush border membrane of enterocytes. To facilitate research on intestinal, hepatic and plasma triacylglycerol metabolism, it is imperative to establish standard protocols for precisely and accurately measuring the efficiency of intestinal fatty acid absorption in humans and animal models. In this review, we will discuss the chemical structure and nomenclature of fatty acids and summarize recent progress in investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the intestinal absorption of fatty acids, with a particular emphasis on the physical chemistry of intestinal lipids and the molecular physiology of intestinal fatty acid transporters. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of the molecular mechanism of intestinal fatty acid absorption should lead to novel approaches to the treatment and the prevention of fatty acid-related metabolic diseases that are prevalent worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Y Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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McKimmie RL, Easter L, Weinberg RB. Acyl chain length, saturation, and hydrophobicity modulate the efficiency of dietary fatty acid absorption in adult humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G620-7. [PMID: 24008359 PMCID: PMC3840238 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00258.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal fat absorption is known to be, overall, a highly efficient process, but much less is known about the efficiency with which individual dietary fatty acids (FA) are absorbed by the adult small intestine. We therefore measured the absorption efficiency of the major dietary FA using sucrose polybehenate (SPB) as a nonabsorbable marker and analyzed how it is modulated by acyl chain physicochemical properties and polymorphisms of proteins involved in chylomicron assembly. Dietary FA absorption efficiency was measured in 44 healthy subjects fed a standard diet containing 35% fat and 5% SPB. FA and behenic acid (BA) were measured in homogenized diets and stool samples by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, and coefficients of absorption for each FA were calculated as 1 - [(FA/BA)feces/(FA/BA)diet]. Absorption coefficients for saturated FA decreased with increasing chain length and hydrophobicity (mean ± SE) and ranged from 0.95 ± 0.02 for myristate (14:0), 0.80 ± 0.03 for stearate (18:0), to 0.26 ± 0.02 for arachidate (20:0). Absorption coefficients for unsaturated FA increased with increasing desaturation from 0.79 ± 0.03 for elaidic acid (18:1t), 0.96 ± 0.01 for linoleate (18:2), to near complete absorption for eicosapentaenoic (20:5) and docosahexaenoic (22:6) acids. Of several common genetic polymorphisms in key proteins involved in the chylomicron assembly pathway, only the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein-2 A54T allele (rs1799883) had any impact on FA absorption. We conclude that acyl chain length, saturation, and hydrophobicity are the major determinants of the efficiency with which dietary FA are absorbed by the adult small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. McKimmie
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina;
| | - Linda Easter
- 2Translational Science Institute, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina; and
| | - Richard B. Weinberg
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina; ,2Translational Science Institute, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina; and ,3Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
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Kurisu S, Shimonaga T, Iwasaki T, Ishibashi K, Mitsuba N, Dohi Y, Kihara Y. Effects of ezetimibe on serum polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with coronary artery disease. Int Heart J 2013; 54:254-7. [PMID: 24097212 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.54.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Residual risk of cardiovascular disease might stem, at least partially, from low serum concentrations of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ezetimibe on serum lipids and PU-FAs in patients with coronary artery disease who were intolerant of new or high-dose statin therapy. The study population consisted of 13 patients who were intolerant of new statin therapy and 10 patients who were intolerant of high-dose statin therapy for the treatment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Patients who were intolerant of high-dose statin therapy continued taking a statin, but at a lower dose during the study period. Blood samples were collected before and 12 weeks after ezetimibe (10 mg). We measured serum lipids and PUFAs including dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid. Ezetimibe significantly decreased LDL cholesterol (138 ± 19 mg/dL to 97 ± 34 mg/dL, P < 0.01), but did not significantly affect high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, or any of the PUFAs measured during the follow-up period. Consequently, it did not affect the ratio of EPA to AA (0.40 ± 0.17 to 0.43 ± 0.18, P = ns) or the ratio of n-3 PUFA to n-6 PUFA (1.10 ± 0.39 to 1.09 ± 0.36, P = ns) during the follow-up period. Ezetimibe in combination with a low-dose statin, or as monotherapy in statin-intolerant patients, decreased LDL cholesterol, but did not significantly affect serum PUFA concentrations in patients with coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kurisu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
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Torimoto K, Okada Y, Mori H, Hajime M, Tanaka K, Kurozumi A, Narisawa M, Yamamoto S, Arao T, Matsuoka H, Inokuchi N, Tanaka Y. Efficacy of combination of Ezetimibe 10 mg and rosuvastatin 2.5 mg versus rosuvastatin 5 mg monotherapy for hypercholesterolemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:137. [PMID: 24053480 PMCID: PMC3849617 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are used to treat hypercholesterolemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but many of these patients fail to achieve the target LDL-C level. Recent reports have suggested that a synergistic effect can be obtained by concomitant administration of the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe and a statin. However, in patients with type 2 diabetes who are already being treated with satins, it remains unclear whether it is more effective to add ezetimibe or to increase the statin dose. Therefore, this study was performed to examine the effects of these two regimens on LDL-C and lipoproteins. METHODS The subjects were type 2 diabetic patients under treatment with rosuvastatin (2.5 mg daily), who had LDL-C levels ≥80 mg/dL. They were randomly allocated to a group that received add-on therapy with ezetimibe at 10 mg/day (combination group, n = 40) or an increase of the rosuvastatin dose to 5 mg/day (dose escalation group, n = 39). These two groups were compared at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS The percent change of LDL-C was -31% in the combination group and -12% in the dose escalation group. Both groups showed a significant decrease, but the decrease was greater in the combination group. In both groups, there was a significant decrease in the levels of small dense LDL-C, oxidized LDL and remnant-like lipoprotein cholesterol. For all of these parameters, the percent changes were greater in the combination group. Only the combination group showed a significant decrease of triglycerides. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with reaching an LDL-C level <80 mg/dL. As a result, add-on therapy with ezetimibe was extracted as a factor related to improvement of LDL-C. CONCLUSIONS Compared with increasing the dose of rosuvastatin, the combination of rosuvastatin and ezetimibe not only achieves quantitative but also qualitative improvement of serum lipid levels in type 2 diabetic patients, suggesting that this combination could suppress the progression of atherosclerosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN000011005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Torimoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushyu-shi 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yosuke Okada
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushyu-shi 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroko Mori
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushyu-shi 807-8555, Japan
| | - Maiko Hajime
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushyu-shi 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushyu-shi 807-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Kurozumi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushyu-shi 807-8555, Japan
| | - Manabu Narisawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushyu-shi 807-8555, Japan
| | - Sunao Yamamoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushyu-shi 807-8555, Japan
| | - Tadashi Arao
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushyu-shi 807-8555, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushyu-shi 807-8555, Japan
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Anderson CM, Stahl A. SLC27 fatty acid transport proteins. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:516-28. [PMID: 23506886 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The uptake and metabolism of long chain fatty acids (LCFA) are critical to many physiological and cellular processes. Aberrant accumulation or depletion of LCFA underlie the pathology of numerous metabolic diseases. Protein-mediated transport of LCFA has been proposed as the major mode of LCFA uptake and activation. Several proteins have been identified to be involved in LCFA uptake. This review focuses on the SLC27 family of fatty acid transport proteins, also known as FATPs, with an emphasis on the gain- and loss-of-function animal models that elucidate the functions of FATPs in vivo and how these transport proteins play a role in physiological and pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Anderson
- Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
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Gouni-Berthold I, Berthold HK, Huh JY, Berman R, Spenrath N, Krone W, Mantzoros CS. Effects of lipid-lowering drugs on irisin in human subjects in vivo and in human skeletal muscle cells ex vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72858. [PMID: 24023786 PMCID: PMC3759413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Context and Objective The myokine irisin has been proposed to regulate energy homeostasis. Little is known about its association with metabolic parameters and especially with parameters influencing pathways of lipid metabolism. In the context of a clinical trial, an exploratory post hoc analysis has been performed in healthy subjects to determine whether simvastatin and/or ezetimibe influence serum irisin levels. The direct effects of simvastatin on irisin were also examined in primary human skeletal muscle cells (HSKMCs). Design and Participants A randomized, parallel 3-group study was performed in 72 men with mild hypercholesterolemia and without apparent cardiovascular disease. Each group of 24 subjects received a 14-day treatment with either simvastatin 40 mg, ezetimibe 10 mg, or their combination. Results Baseline irisin concentrations were not significantly correlated with age, BMI, estimated GFR, thyroid parameters, glucose, insulin, lipoproteins, non-cholesterol sterols, adipokines, inflammation markers and various molecular markers of cholesterol metabolism. Circulating irisin increased significantly in simvastatin-treated but not in ezetimibe-treated subjects. The changes were independent of changes in LDL-cholesterol and were not correlated with changes in creatine kinase levels. In HSKMCs, simvastatin significantly increased irisin secretion as well as mRNA expression of its parent peptide hormone FNDC5. Simvastatin significantly induced cellular reactive oxygen species levels along with expression of pro- and anti-oxidative genes such as Nox2, and MnSOD and catalase, respectively. Markers of cellular stress such as atrogin-1 mRNA and Bax protein expression were also induced by simvastatin. Decreased cell viability and increased irisin secretion by simvastatin was reversed by antioxidant mito-TEMPO, implying in part that irisin is secreted as a result of increased mitochondrial oxidative stress and subsequent myocyte damage. Conclusions Simvastatin increases irisin concentrations in vivo and in vitro. It remains to be determined whether this increase is a result of muscle damage or a protective mechanism against simvastatin-induced cellular stress. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00317993 NCT00317993.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Gouni-Berthold
- University of Cologne, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Heiner K. Berthold
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Evangelical Geriatrics Center Berlin (EGZB) and Virchow Clinic Campus, Lipid Clinic at the Interdisciplinary Metabolism Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joo Young Huh
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Reena Berman
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nadine Spenrath
- University of Cologne, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Krone
- University of Cologne, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christos S. Mantzoros
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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49
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Abstract
Polytopic transmembrane protein, Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) is localized at the apical membrane of enterocytes and the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. It mediates intestinal cholesterol absorption and prevents extensive loss of cholesterol by transporting biliary cholesterol into hepatocytes. NPC1L1 is a molecular target of ezetimibe, an agent for hypercholesterolemia. Recently, NPC1L1 inhibition has been shown to prevent metabolic disorders such as fatty liver disease, obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. In this review, the identification and characterization of NPC1L1, NPC1L1-dependent cholesterol transport, the relationship with pathogenesis of metabolic disease and its newly introduced function for virus entry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Woo Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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50
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Ushio M, Nishio Y, Sekine O, Nagai Y, Maeno Y, Ugi S, Yoshizaki T, Morino K, Kume S, Kashiwagi A, Maegawa H. Ezetimibe prevents hepatic steatosis induced by a high-fat but not a high-fructose diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E293-304. [PMID: 23715726 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00442.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most frequent liver disease. Ezetimibe, an inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol absorption, has been reported to ameliorate hepatic steatosis in human and animal models. To explore how ezetimibe reduces hepatic steatosis, we investigated the effects of ezetimibe on the expression of lipogenic enzymes and intestinal lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat or a high-fructose diet. CBA/JN mice were fed a high-fat diet or a high-fructose diet for 8 wk with or without ezetimibe. High-fat diet induced hepatic steatosis accompanied by hyperinsulinemia. Treatment with ezetimibe reduced hepatic steatosis, insulin levels, and glucose production from pyruvate in mice fed the high-fat diet, suggesting a reduction of insulin resistance in the liver. In the intestinal analysis, ezetimibe reduced the expression of fatty acid transfer protein-4 and apoB-48 in mice fed the high-fat diet. However, treatment with ezetimibe did not prevent hepatic steatosis, hyperinsulinemia, and intestinal apoB-48 expression in mice fed the high-fructose diet. Ezetimibe decreased liver X receptor-α binding to the sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c promoter but not expression of carbohydrate response element-binding protein and fatty acid synthase in mice fed the high-fructose diet, suggesting that ezetimibe did not reduce hepatic lipogenesis induced by the high-fructose diet. Elevation of hepatic and intestinal lipogenesis in mice fed a high-fructose diet may partly explain the differences in the effect of ezetimibe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masateru Ushio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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