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Clemen R, Miebach L, Singer D, Freund E, von Woedtke T, Weltmann K, Bekeschus S. Oxidized Melanoma Antigens Promote Activation and Proliferation of Cytotoxic T-Cell Subpopulations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2404131. [PMID: 38958560 PMCID: PMC11434111 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in regulating antitumor immune effects and immunosuppression. RONS modify biomolecules and induce oxidative post-translational modifications (oxPTM) on proteins that can alarm phagocytes. However, it is unclear if and how protein oxidation by technical means could be a strategy to foster antitumor immunity and therapy. To this end, cold gas plasma technology producing various RONS simultaneously to oxidize the two melanoma-associated antigens MART and PMEL is utilized. Cold plasma-oxidized MART (oxMART) and PMEL (oxPMEL) are heavily decorated with oxPTMs as determined by mass spectrometry. Immunization with oxidized MART or PMEL vaccines prior to challenge with viable melanoma cells correlated with significant changes in cytokine secretion and altered T-cell differentiation of tumor-infiltrated leukocytes (TILs). oxMART promoted the activity of cytotoxic central memory T-cells, while oxPMEL led to increased proliferation of cytotoxic effector T-cells. Similar T-cell results are observed after incubating splenocytes of tumor-bearing mice with B16F10 melanoma cells. This study, for the first time, provides evidence of the importance of oxidative modifications of two melanoma-associated antigens in eliciting anticancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Clemen
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 217489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Lea Miebach
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 217489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Debora Singer
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 217489GreifswaldGermany
- Department of Dermatology and VenerologyRostock University Medical CenterStrempelstr. 1318057RostockGermany
| | - Eric Freund
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 217489GreifswaldGermany
- Department of NeurosurgeryWien University Medical CenterVienna1090Austria
| | - Thomas von Woedtke
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 217489GreifswaldGermany
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental MedicineGreifswald University Medical CenterFerdinand‐Sauerbruch‐Str.17475GreifswaldGermany
| | - Klaus‐Dieter Weltmann
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 217489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK plasmatisLeibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP)Felix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 217489GreifswaldGermany
- Department of Dermatology and VenerologyRostock University Medical CenterStrempelstr. 1318057RostockGermany
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2
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de Weger LA, Verbeek C, Markey E, O'Connor DJ, Gosling WD. Greater difference between airborne and flower pollen chemistry, than between pollen collected across a pollution gradient in the Netherlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:172963. [PMID: 38705300 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence in allergic diseases has increased considerably in the past decades. An important trigger of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis (hay fever) is the pollen of wind-pollinating plants. This pollen is developed by plants and is released into the air where it gets exposed to environmental influences and air pollution. We investigated the chemical changes to pollen that occur after release from the flower in a rural (Veluwe) and an urban (Amsterdam) site in the Netherlands using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. During the spring/summer of 2020 (during the COVID pandemic) the pollen of nine taxa (Alnus, Betula, Fagus, Fraxinus, Pinus, Plantago, Poaceae, Quercus and Salix) were collected directly from flowers and the air (using a mobile sampler). FTIR spectra were obtained for multiple individual pollen grains for each taxa. The spectra obtained from airborne pollen collected at the rural vs. urban sites did not show any statistical difference. This is possibly a result of a reduced difference in pollutant concentrations between the two sites due to the COVID-19-lockdown measures were in place. However, consistent differences in the FTIR spectra recovered from airborne vs. flower pollen were recorded for all pollen taxa. After the release from the flower the chemical composition of the pollen changed: (i) polysaccharides are converted to monosaccharides; (ii) protein concentration and/or nitration/oxidation level is altered; (iii) lipids are modified and/or reduced in concentration. These changes may alter the allergenicity of the pollen and suggest that further work on the allergenic nature of airborne pollen is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letty A de Weger
- Leiden University Medical Center Department of Pulmonology and Department of Pulmonology and Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Cas Verbeek
- Institute for Biodiversity & Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Emma Markey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J O'Connor
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William D Gosling
- Institute for Biodiversity & Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Li A, Qiu X, Jiang X, Shi X, Liu J, Cheng Z, Chai Q, Zhu T. Alteration of the health effects of bioaerosols by chemical modification in the atmosphere: A review. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 4:463-470. [PMID: 38933216 PMCID: PMC11197536 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioaerosols are a subset of important airborne particulates that present a substantial human health hazard due to their allergenicity and infectivity. Chemical reactions in atmospheric processes can significantly influence the health hazard presented by bioaerosols; however, few studies have summarized such alterations to bioaerosols and the mechanisms involved. In this paper, we systematically review the chemical modifications of bioaerosols and the impact on their health effects, mainly focusing on the exacerbation of allergic diseases such as asthma, rhinitis, and bronchitis. Oxidation, nitration, and oligomerization induced by hydroxyl radicals, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide are the major chemical modifications affecting bioaerosols, all of which can aggravate allergenicity mainly through immunoglobulin E pathways. Such processes can even interact with climate change including the greenhouse effect, suggesting the importance of bioaerosols in the future implementation of carbon neutralization strategies. In summary, the chemical modification of bioaerosols and the subsequent impact on health hazards indicate that the combined management of both chemical and biological components is required to mitigate the health hazards of particulate air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xing Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaodi Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qianqian Chai
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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4
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Grewling Ł, Ribeiro H, Antunes C, Apangu GP, Çelenk S, Costa A, Eguiluz-Gracia I, Galveias A, Gonzalez Roldan N, Lika M, Magyar D, Martinez-Bracero M, Ørby P, O'Connor D, Penha AM, Pereira S, Pérez-Badia R, Rodinkova V, Xhetani M, Šauliene I, Skjøth CA. Outdoor airborne allergens: Characterization, behavior and monitoring in Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167042. [PMID: 37709071 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Aeroallergens or inhalant allergens, are proteins dispersed through the air and have the potential to induce allergic conditions such as rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma. Outdoor aeroallergens are found predominantly in pollen grains and fungal spores, which are allergen carriers. Aeroallergens from pollen and fungi have seasonal emission patterns that correlate with plant pollination and fungal sporulation and are strongly associated with atmospheric weather conditions. They are released when allergen carriers come in contact with the respiratory system, e.g. the nasal mucosa. In addition, due to the rupture of allergen carriers, airborne allergen molecules may be released directly into the air in the form of micronic and submicronic particles (cytoplasmic debris, cell wall fragments, droplets etc.) or adhered onto other airborne particulate matter. Therefore, aeroallergen detection strategies must consider, in addition to the allergen carriers, the allergen molecules themselves. This review article aims to present the current knowledge on inhalant allergens in the outdoor environment, their structure, localization, and factors affecting their production, transformation, release or degradation. In addition, methods for collecting and quantifying aeroallergens are listed and thoroughly discussed. Finally, the knowledge gaps, challenges and implications associated with aeroallergen analysis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Grewling
- Laboratory of Aerobiology, Department of Systematic and Environmental Botany, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Helena Ribeiro
- Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto and Earth Sciences Institute (ICT), Portugal
| | - Celia Antunes
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development & ICT-Institute of Earth Sciences, IIFA, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | | | - Sevcan Çelenk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ana Costa
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development & ICT-Institute of Earth Sciences, IIFA, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Ibon Eguiluz-Gracia
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga, Malaga 29010, Spain
| | - Ana Galveias
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development & ICT-Institute of Earth Sciences, IIFA, University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Nestor Gonzalez Roldan
- Group of Biofunctional Metabolites and Structures, Priority Research Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Borstel, Germany; Pollen Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mirela Lika
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Donát Magyar
- National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Pia Ørby
- Department of Environmental Science, Danish Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA) Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin D09 E432, Ireland
| | - Alexandra Marchã Penha
- Water Laboratory, School of Sciences and Technology, ICT-Institute of Earth Sciences, IIFA, University of Évora. 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Sónia Pereira
- Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto and Earth Sciences Institute (ICT), Portugal
| | - Rosa Pérez-Badia
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Merita Xhetani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
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Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Bothen N, Backes AT, Weller MG, Pöschl U. Oligomerization and tyrosine nitration enhance the allergenic potential of the birch and grass pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Phl p 5. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1303943. [PMID: 38125293 PMCID: PMC10732249 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1303943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein modifications such as oligomerization and tyrosine nitration alter the immune response to allergens and may contribute to the increasing prevalence of allergic diseases. In this mini-review, we summarize and discuss relevant findings for the major birch and grass pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Phl p 5 modified with tetranitromethane (laboratory studies), peroxynitrite (physiological processes), and ozone and nitrogen dioxide (environmental conditions). We focus on tyrosine nitration and the formation of protein dimers and higher oligomers via dityrosine cross-linking and the immunological effects studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadine Bothen
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna T. Backes
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael G. Weller
- Division 1.5 - Protein Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
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Tian J, Yang F. Site-specific tyrosine nitration of group 1 allergens of house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae (der f 1) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (der p 1) in indoor dusts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121716. [PMID: 37142204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitration can enhance the allergenicity of proteins. The nitration status of house dust mite (HDM) allergens in indoor dusts, however, remains to be elucidated. In the study, site-specific tyrosine nitration degrees of the two important HDM allergens Der f 1 and Der p 1 in indoor dust samples were investigated by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The measured concentrations of native and nitrated allergens in the dusts were in the range of 0.86-29 μg g-1 for Der f 1 and from below the detection limit to 29 μg g-1 for Der p 1. Site-specific analysis revealed that all ten tyrosine residues in Der f 1 and Der p 1 were nitrated to different degrees in the investigated samples. The preferred nitration sites were Y56 in Der f 1 and Y37 in Der p 1 with the nitration degrees of 7.6-84% and 17-96% among the detected tyrosine residues, respectively. The measurements reveal high site-specific nitration degrees for tyrosine in Der f 1 and Der p 1 detected in the indoor dust samples. Further investigations are required to find out if the nitration really aggravates the health effects of HDM allergens and if the effects are tyrosine site-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangxing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
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7
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Ogino N, Ogino K, Eitoku M, Suganuma N, Nagaoka K. Filter blot method: A simple method for measuring 3-nitrotyrosine in proteins of atmospheric particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121677. [PMID: 37085106 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM), have been epidemiologically reported to contribute to the onset and exacerbation of asthma. We have previously shown that several proteins in atmospheric PM are allergenic in mouse asthma models and that these proteins are nitrated by atmospheric NO2 and O3 in chemical reactions. Based on these results, the amount of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in atmospheric PM could be an air pollution marker integrating NO2, O3, and PM. We established a method to measure 3-NT by high-performance liquid chromatography electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). Although this method is accurate, it requires a filter treatment process, which is time-consuming and costly for an environmental monitoring tool, in which many samples are measured simultaneously. Therefore, in this study, we investigated a simple immunoblotting method in which atmospheric PM proteins were directly transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane and measured using an anti-3-NT antibody (the filter blot method). The 3-NT value obtained from this method was significantly correlated (r = 0.809, p < 0.001) with that of the HPLC-ECD method, with a detection power of 0.1 μg/mL for tyrosine nitrated bovine serum albumin equivalents. Multiple regression analysis using the filter blot method showed that the amount of 3-NT in atmospheric PM was significantly associated with the published environmental measurements of O3 and PM in the region. Therefore, the filter blot method may be useful for the environmental monitoring of 3-NT in atmospheric PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Ogino
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nangoku, Japan
| | - Keiki Ogino
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nangoku, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Eitoku
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nangoku, Japan
| | - Narufumi Suganuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kochi University, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nangoku, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, 790-8578, Ehime, Japan.
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8
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Reinmuth-Selzle K, Bellinghausen I, Leifke AL, Backes AT, Bothen N, Ziegler K, Weller MG, Saloga J, Schuppan D, Lucas K, Pöschl U, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J. Chemical modification by peroxynitrite enhances TLR4 activation of the grass pollen allergen Phl p 5. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1066392. [PMID: 36873048 PMCID: PMC9975604 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1066392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical modification of aeroallergens by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) may contribute to the growing prevalence of respiratory allergies in industrialized countries. Post-translational modifications can alter the immunological properties of proteins, but the underlying mechanisms and effects are not well understood. In this study, we investigate the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation of the major birch and grass pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Phl p 5, and how the physiological oxidant peroxynitrite (ONOO-) changes the TLR4 activation through protein nitration and the formation of protein dimers and higher oligomers. Of the two allergens, Bet v 1 exhibited no TLR4 activation, but we found TLR4 activation of Phl p 5, which increased after modification with ONOO- and may play a role in the sensitization against this grass pollen allergen. We attribute the TLR4 activation mainly to the two-domain structure of Phl p 5 which may promote TLR4 dimerization and activation. The enhanced TLR4 signaling of the modified allergen indicates that the ONOO--induced modifications affect relevant protein-receptor interactions. This may lead to increased sensitization to the grass pollen allergen and thus contribute to the increasing prevalence of allergies in the Anthropocene, the present era of globally pervasive anthropogenic influence on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Bellinghausen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Leifke
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna T. Backes
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Bothen
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kira Ziegler
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael G. Weller
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Saloga
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
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9
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Ceulemans T, Verscheure P, Shadouh C, Van Acker K, Devleesschauwer B, Linard C, Dendoncker N, Speybroeck N, Bruffaerts N, Honnay O, Schrijvers R, Aerts R. Environmental degradation and the increasing burden of allergic disease: The need to determine the impact of nitrogen pollution. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1063982. [PMID: 36819832 PMCID: PMC9932044 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1063982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ceulemans
- Department Biology, UAntwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium,Division Ecology, Evolution, and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paulien Verscheure
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Shadouh
- Institut de Recherche Santé et Societé, UC Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Kasper Van Acker
- Division Ecology, Evolution, and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium,Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology, and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Niko Speybroeck
- Institut de Recherche Santé et Societé, UC Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Olivier Honnay
- Division Ecology, Evolution, and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Schrijvers
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raf Aerts
- Division Ecology, Evolution, and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium,Correspondence: Raf Aerts
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10
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Xu F, Tian J, Yang F. House dust mite allergens and nitrated products: Identification and risk assessment in indoor dust. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:198-204. [PMID: 36182131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants can potentially lead to nitration of allergic proteins, thus promoting sensitization of these allergens. However, little is currently known about the nitration status of house dust mite (HDM) allergens. We identified the occurrence of nitrated products of two major HDM allergens Der f 1 and Der p 1 in dust samples collected from college dormitories in eastern China and assessed their associated health risk. The results showed that both non-nitrated and nitrated forms of the two allergens were detected in the dust in the range of non-detected (ND)-10.6, 1.44-15.4, ND-22.4, ND-7.28 µg/g for non-nitrated Der f 1, nitrated Der f 1, non-nitrated Der p 1 and nitrated Der p 1, respectively. The median rates of nitration were determined as 74.0% for Der f 1 and 20.4% for Der p 1 at consideration of one nitration site. Further analysis reveals that the levels of HDM allergens and their nitrated products were found to be generally higher during winter, in dormitories of lower altitude and with female occupants. Furthermore, the calculated risk indexes were at considerably high levels. Our findings suggest that nitrated HDM allergens have already accumulated in the environment at such significant levels and their associated health risk calls for our immediate attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingyi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fangxing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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11
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Impact of Reactive Species on Amino Acids-Biological Relevance in Proteins and Induced Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214049. [PMID: 36430532 PMCID: PMC9692786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the impact of reactive species RS (of oxygen ROS, nitrogen RNS and halogens RHS) on various amino acids, analyzed from a reactive point of view of how during these reactions, the molecules are hydroxylated, nitrated, or halogenated such that they can lose their capacity to form part of the proteins or peptides, and can lose their function. The reactions of the RS with several amino acids are described, and an attempt was made to review and explain the chemical mechanisms of the formation of the hydroxylated, nitrated, and halogenated derivatives. One aim of this work is to provide a theoretical analysis of the amino acids and derivatives compounds in the possible positions. Tyrosine, methionine, cysteine, and tryptophan can react with the harmful peroxynitrite or •OH and •NO2 radicals and glycine, serine, alanine, valine, arginine, lysine, tyrosine, histidine, cysteine, methionine, cystine, tryptophan, glutamine and asparagine can react with hypochlorous acid HOCl. These theoretical results may help to explain the loss of function of proteins subjected to these three types of reactive stresses. We hope that this work can help to assess the potential damage that reactive species can cause to free amino acids or the corresponding residues when they are part of peptides and proteins.
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Liu SH, Kazemi S, Karrer G, Bellaire A, Weckwerth W, Damkjaer J, Hoffmann O, Epstein MM. Influence of the environment on ragweed pollen and their sensitizing capacity in a mouse model of allergic lung inflammation. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:854038. [PMID: 35991309 PMCID: PMC9390857 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.854038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) is an invasive plant with allergenic pollen. Due to environmental changes, ragweed pollen (RWP) airborne concentrations are predicted to quadruple in Europe by 2050 and more than double allergic sensitization of Europeans by 2060. We developed an experimental RWP model of allergy in BALB/c mice to evaluate how the number of RWP and how RWP collected from different geographical environments influence disease. We administered RWP six times over 3 weeks intranasally to the mice and then evaluated disease parameters 72 h later or allowed the mice to recover for at least 90 days before rechallenging them with RWP to elicit a disease relapse. Doses over 300 pollen grains induced lung eosinophilia. Higher doses of 3,000 and 30,000 pollen grains increased both eosinophils and neutrophils and induced disease relapses. RWP harvested from diverse geographical regions induced a spectrum of allergic lung disease from mild inflammation to moderate eosinophilic and severe mixed eosinophilic-neutrophilic lung infiltrates. After a recovery period, mice rechallenged with pollen developed a robust disease relapse. We found no correlation between Amb a 1 content, the major immunodominant allergen, endotoxin content, or RWP structure with disease severity. These results demonstrate that there is an environmental impact on RWP with clinical consequences that may underlie the increasing sensitization rates and the severity of pollen-induced disease exacerbation in patients. The multitude of diverse environmental factors governing distinctive patterns of disease induced by RWP remains unclear. Further studies are necessary to elucidate how the environment influences the complex interaction between RWP and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Liu
- Laboratory of Experimental Allergy, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sahar Kazemi
- Laboratory of Experimental Allergy, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Karrer
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anke Bellaire
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Molecular Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Oskar Hoffmann
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michelle M. Epstein
- Laboratory of Experimental Allergy, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Michelle M. Epstein
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Reinmuth-Selzle K, Tchipilov T, Backes AT, Tscheuschner G, Tang K, Ziegler K, Lucas K, Pöschl U, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Weller MG. Determination of the protein content of complex samples by aromatic amino acid analysis, liquid chromatography-UV absorbance, and colorimetry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4457-4470. [PMID: 35320366 PMCID: PMC9142416 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fast and accurate determination of the protein content of a sample is an important and non-trivial task of many biochemical, biomedical, food chemical, pharmaceutical, and environmental research activities. Different methods of total protein determination are used for a wide range of proteins with highly variable properties in complex matrices. These methods usually work reasonably well for proteins under controlled conditions, but the results for non-standard and complex samples are often questionable. Here, we compare new and well-established methods, including traditional amino acid analysis (AAA), aromatic amino acid analysis (AAAA) based on the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, reversed-phase liquid chromatography of intact proteins with UV absorbance measurements at 220 and 280 nm (LC-220, LC-280), and colorimetric assays like Coomassie Blue G-250 dye-binding assay (Bradford) and bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. We investigated different samples, including proteins with challenging properties, chemical modifications, mixtures, and complex matrices like air particulate matter and pollen extracts. All methods yielded accurate and precise results for the protein and matrix used for calibration. AAA, AAAA with fluorescence detection, and the LC-220 method yielded robust results even under more challenging conditions (variable analytes and matrices). These methods turned out to be well-suited for reliable determination of the protein content in a wide range of samples, such as air particulate matter and pollen. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teodor Tchipilov
- Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna T. Backes
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Georg Tscheuschner
- Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Tang
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kira Ziegler
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Michael G. Weller
- Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Davey RL, Mattson EJ, Huffman JA. Heterogeneous nitration reaction of BSA protein with urban air: improvements in experimental methodology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4347-4358. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhu F, Jiao J, Zhuang P, Huang M, Zhang Y. Association of exposures to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate with allergic symptoms: A population-based nationwide cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117068. [PMID: 33892368 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases have been one of the leading causes of chronic disorders in the United States. Animal studies have suggested that exposures to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate could induce allergic inflammation. However, the associations have not been examined among general populations. Here, we investigated data of 7030 participants aged ≥6 years from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2006. Urinary levels of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate were measured by ion chromatography combined with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Information on allergic symptoms (hay fever, allergy, rash, sneeze, wheeze, eczema, and current asthma) was collected by questionnaire. Allergic sensitization was defined by a concentration ≥150 kU/L for total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. The associations were estimated using multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models. A positive association was observed for urinary nitrate and eczema (p < 0.001 for the trend). Compared with quartile 1 (lowest quartile), the odds ratios of eczema with 95% confidence intervals [ORs (95% CIs)] from quartiles 2 to 4 were 1.72 (95% CI, 1.41, 2.09), 1.94 (1.53, 2.47) and 2.10 (1.49, 2.97) for urinary nitrate. In addition, urinary thiocyanate was positively related to sneeze (ORQ4 vs. Q1: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.55; p = 0.015 for the trend). However, urinary perchlorate was not correlated with any allergic-related outcome. Additionally, the associations were different among subgroups in a four-level polytomous model. Thus, our results suggested that exposures to nitrate and thiocyanate may be associated with allergic symptoms. Further investigations are warranted to concentrate on the practical strategies to monitor exposure levels and the latent mechanisms of the relationship between exposure and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghuan Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Zhuang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Oligomerization and Nitration of the Grass Pollen Allergen Phl p 5 by Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Peroxynitrite: Reaction Products, Kinetics, and Health Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147616. [PMID: 34299235 PMCID: PMC8303544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The allergenic and inflammatory potential of proteins can be enhanced by chemical modification upon exposure to atmospheric or physiological oxidants. The molecular mechanisms and kinetics of such modifications, however, have not yet been fully resolved. We investigated the oligomerization and nitration of the grass pollen allergen Phl p 5 by ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Within several hours of exposure to atmospherically relevant concentration levels of O3 and NO2, up to 50% of Phl p 5 were converted into protein oligomers, likely by formation of dityrosine cross-links. Assuming that tyrosine residues are the preferential site of nitration, up to 10% of the 12 tyrosine residues per protein monomer were nitrated. For the reaction with peroxynitrite, the largest oligomer mass fractions (up to 50%) were found for equimolar concentrations of peroxynitrite over tyrosine residues. With excess peroxynitrite, the nitration degrees increased up to 40% whereas the oligomer mass fractions decreased to 20%. Our results suggest that protein oligomerization and nitration are competing processes, which is consistent with a two-step mechanism involving a reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI), as observed for other proteins. The modified proteins can promote pro-inflammatory cellular signaling that may contribute to chronic inflammation and allergies in response to air pollution.
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Ziegler K, Kunert AT, Reinmuth-Selzle K, Leifke AL, Widera D, Weller MG, Schuppan D, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Lucas K, Pöschl U. Chemical modification of pro-inflammatory proteins by peroxynitrite increases activation of TLR4 and NF-κB: Implications for the health effects of air pollution and oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101581. [PMID: 32739154 PMCID: PMC7767743 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants like fine particulate matter can cause adverse health effects through oxidative stress and inflammation. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) such as peroxynitrite can chemically modify proteins, but the effects of such modifications on the immune system and human health are not well understood. In the course of inflammatory processes, the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) can sense damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Here, we investigate how the TLR4 response and pro-inflammatory potential of the proteinous DAMPs α-Synuclein (α-Syn), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), and high-mobility-group box 1 protein (HMGB1), which are relevant in neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, changes upon chemical modification with peroxynitrite. For the peroxynitrite-modified proteins, we found a strongly enhanced activation of TLR4 and the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB in stable reporter cell lines as well as increased mRNA expression and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 in human monocytes (THP-1). This enhanced activation of innate immunity via TLR4 is mediated by covalent chemical modifications of the studied DAMPs. Our results show that proteinous DAMPs modified by peroxynitrite more potently amplify inflammation via TLR4 activation than the native DAMPs, and provide first evidence that such modifications can directly enhance innate immune responses via a defined receptor. These findings suggest that environmental pollutants and related ROS/RNS may play a role in promoting acute and chronic inflammatory disorders by structurally modifying the body's own DAMPs. This may have important consequences for chronic neurodegenerative, cardiovascular or gastrointestinal diseases that are prevalent in modern societies, and calls for action, to improve air quality and climate in the Anthropocene. Pollutants and oxidative stress can cause protein nitration and oligomerization. Peroxynitrite amplifies inflammatory potential of disease-related proteins in vitro. Chemical modification of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Positive feedback of modified DAMPs via pattern recognition receptor (TLR4). Air pollution may promote inflammatory disorders in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Ziegler
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna T Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Anna Lena Leifke
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Darius Widera
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, RG6 6AP, Reading, UK
| | - Michael G Weller
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Kurt Lucas
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Xu Y, Xiao H, Wu D, Long C. Abiotic and Biological Degradation of Atmospheric Proteinaceous Matter Can Contribute Significantly to Dissolved Amino Acids in Wet Deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6551-6561. [PMID: 32391688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric proteinaceous matter is characterized by ubiquity and potential bioavailability. However, little is known about the origins, secondary production processes, and biogeochemical role of proteinaceous matter in wet deposition. Precipitation samples were collected in suburban Guiyang (southwestern China) over a 1 year period to investigate their chemical components, mainly including dissolved combined amino acids (DCAAs), dissolved free AAs (DFAAs), and nonleachable particulate AAs (PAAs). Glycine was most abundant in the DFAAs, while the dominant species in DCAAs and PAAs was glutamic acid (including deaminated glutamine). The total DCAA, DFAA, and PAA concentrations peaked on average in spring (min. in summer). On average, the contribution of DCAA-nitrogen (median of 3.44%) to dissolved organic nitrogen was 5-fold higher than that of DFAA-nitrogen (median of 0.60%). Correlation analyses of AAs with ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and the quantitative degradation index suggest that DC(/F)AAs are linked with both abiotic and biological degradation of proteinaceous matter. Moreover, the high FAA scavenging ratios indicate the presence of postdepositional degradation of atmospheric proteinaceous matter. Further, the positive matrix factorization results suggest that the degradation of atmospheric proteinaceous matter markedly contributes to DCAAs and DFAAs in precipitation. Overall, the results suggest that the secondary processes involved in the degradation of atmospheric proteinaceous matter significantly promote direct bioavailability of AA-nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Resource, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daishe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Resource, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chaojun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99, Linchengxi Road, Guiyang 550081, China
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Chen Y, Han L, Zhou Y, Yang L, Guo YS. Artemisia Pollen Extracts Exposed to Diesel Exhaust Enhance Airway Inflammation and Immunological Imbalance in Asthmatic Mice Model. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2020; 181:342-352. [PMID: 32062653 DOI: 10.1159/000505747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vehicle-induced air pollution may increase the prevalence and severity of asthma. Pollens are important sources of outdoor allergens associated with asthma. Outdoor pollution may influence the structure of pollen grains, resulting in enhanced immune reactions. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the impact that artemisia pollen extracts exposed to diesel emissions (APEDE) may induce - allergic airway inflammation, pulmonary pathology and immune imbalance - in mice. METHODS Sixty male Balb/c mice were equally randomized into 5 groups, sensitized with 30 μL artemisia pollen extracts (APE) or APEDE adsorbed on 2 mg aluminum hydroxide gel by intraperitoneal injection on day 0, 7, 14, and 22, and challenged intranasally once per day with 30 μL APE or APEDE from day 29 to 36. The controlling group used phosphate-buffered saline as control. RESULTS In mice immunized and challenged by APEDE, the clinical phenotype of eosinophils, neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), tracheal wall thickness, airway smooth muscle thickness and airway resistance increased significantly. Pathophysiological parameters such as interleukin (IL)-17A and tumour necrosis factor-α production in BALF and serum, and the ratio of Th17/Treg cells in CD4+ cells increased significantly, while IL-10 in BALF and serum and the ratio of Treg cells decreased significantly. It was further found that the expression of oxidative stress marker 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were significantly increased. The correlation analysis showed that the expression of 3-NT was positively correlated with the activation of NF-κB. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that pollens exposed to diesel exhaust enhance allergic responses, which may contribute to an increased prevalence of allergic diseases in urban environments with serious exhaust emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,
| | - Yin-Shi Guo
- Department of Allergy, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Samadi N, Klems M, Heiden D, Bauer R, Kitzmüller C, Weidmann E, Ret D, Ondracek AS, Duschl A, Horejs‐Hoeck J, Untersmayr E. Nitrated food proteins induce a regulatory immune response associated with allergy prevention after oral exposure in a Balb/c mouse food allergy model. Allergy 2020; 75:412-422. [PMID: 31444907 PMCID: PMC7064937 DOI: 10.1111/all.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy is associated with a high personal health and economic burden. For immunomodulation toward tolerance, food compounds could be chemically modified, for example, by posttranslational protein nitration, which also occurs via diet-derived nitrating agents in the gastrointestinal tract. OBJECTIVE We sought to analyze the effect of pretreatment with nitrated food proteins on the immune response in a mouse food allergy model and on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) and PBMCs. METHODS The model allergen ovalbumin (OVA) was nitrated in different nitration degrees, and the secondary structures of proteins were determined by circular dichroism (CD). Allergy-preventive treatment with OVA, nitrated OVA (nOVA), and maximally nitrated OVA (nOVAmax) were performed before mice were immunized with or without gastric acid-suppression medication. Antibody levels, regulatory T-cell (Treg) numbers, and cytokine levels were evaluated. Human moDCs or PBMCs were incubated with proteins and evaluated for expression of surface markers, cytokine production, and proliferation of Th2 as well as Tregs. RESULTS In contrast to OVA and nOVA, the conformation of nOVAmax was substantially changed. nOVAmax pretreated mice had decreased IgE as well as IgG1 and IgG2a levels and Treg numbers were significantly elevated, while cytokine levels remained at baseline level. nOVAmax induced a regulatory DC phenotype evidenced by a decrease of the activation marker CD86 and an increase in IL-10 production and was associated with a higher proliferation of memory Tregs. CONCLUSION Oral pretreatment with highly nitrated proteins induces a tolerogenic immune response in the food allergy model and in human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Samadi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Martina Klems
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Denise Heiden
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Renate Bauer
- Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Claudia Kitzmüller
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Eleonore Weidmann
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Davide Ret
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Anna S. Ondracek
- Anna Spiegel Research Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | | | - Eva Untersmayr
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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Immune Effects of the Nitrated Food Allergen Beta-Lactoglobulin in an Experimental Food Allergy Model. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102463. [PMID: 31618852 PMCID: PMC6835712 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food proteins may get nitrated by various exogenous or endogenous mechanisms. As individuals might get recurrently exposed to nitrated proteins via daily diet, we aimed to investigate the effect of repeatedly ingested nitrated food proteins on the subsequent immune response in non-allergic and allergic mice using the milk allergen beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) as model food protein in a mouse model. Evaluating the presence of nitrated proteins in food, we could detect 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in extracts of different foods and in stomach content extracts of non-allergic mice under physiological conditions. Chemically nitrated BLG (BLGn) exhibited enhanced susceptibility to degradation in simulated gastric fluid experiments compared to untreated BLG (BLGu). Gavage of BLGn to non-allergic animals increased interferon-γ and interleukin-10 release of stimulated spleen cells and led to the formation of BLG-specific serum IgA. Allergic mice receiving three oral gavages of BLGn had higher levels of mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) compared to allergic mice receiving BLGu. Regardless of the preceding immune status, non-allergic or allergic, repeatedly ingested nitrated food proteins seem to considerably influence the subsequent immune response.
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Nagaoka K, Ogino K, Ogino N, Ito T, Takemoto K, Ogino S, Seki Y, Hamada H, Fujikura Y. Human albumin augmented airway inflammation induced by PM2.5 in NC/Nga mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:836-843. [PMID: 30953400 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The synergic allergic inflammatory effects of particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and human albumin were investigated in NC/Nga mice, which are hypersensitive to mite allergens. PM2.5 or PM2.5 plus human albumin with aluminum oxide was injected twice intraperitoneally for sensitization. After 7 days, PM2.5 or PM2.5 plus human albumin was administered five times intranasally to mice for further sensitization. Subsequently, PM2.5 was administered as a challenge on the 11th day. On the 12th day, mice were examined for airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell count, mRNA expression of Th1 , Th2 cytokines, chemokines, and mucus proteins (MUC5AC and MUC5B) in the lung tissue and histopathology. Although PM2.5 or human albumin alone did not induce allergic airway inflammation, simultaneous inoculation of PM2.5 and human albumin-induced airway inflammation showing increase in AHR, total BALF cell numbers, mRNA levels of IL-13, eotaxin 1, eotaxin 2, and MUC5AC, and anti-IG against human serum albumin. Inflammation was observed around the bronchus in PM2.5 plus human albumin-induced lungs. These results demonstrate that PM2.5 can induce allergic airway inflammation through the synergistic action with human albumin in NC/Nga mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Nagaoka
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiki Ogino
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Ogino
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ito
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kei Takemoto
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shihona Ogino
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yuka Seki
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hamada
- Department of Life Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Fujikura
- Division of Morphological Analysis, Department of Anatomy, Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
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Neumann J, Ziegler K, Gelléri M, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Liu F, Bellinghausen I, Schuppan D, Birk U, Pöschl U, Cremer C, Lucas K. Nanoscale distribution of TLR4 on primary human macrophages stimulated with LPS and ATI. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9769-9779. [PMID: 31066732 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00943d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a crucial role in the recognition of invading pathogens. Upon activation by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), TLR4 is recruited into specific membrane domains and dimerizes. In addition to LPS, TLR4 can be stimulated by wheat amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATI). ATI are proteins associated with gluten containing grains, whose ingestion promotes intestinal and extraintestinal inflammation. However, the effect of ATI vs. LPS on the membrane distribution of TLR4 at the nanoscale has not been analyzed. In this study, we investigated the effect of LPS and ATI stimulation on the membrane distribution of TLR4 in primary human macrophages using single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). We found that in unstimulated macrophages the majority of TLR4 molecules are located in clusters, but with donor-dependent variations from ∼51% to ∼75%. Depending on pre-clustering, we found pronounced variations in the fraction of clustered molecules and density of clusters on the membrane upon LPS and ATI stimulation. Although clustering differed greatly among the human donors, we found an almost constant cluster diameter of ∼44 nm for all donors, independent of treatment. Together, our results show donor-dependent but comparable effects between ATI and LPS stimulation on the membrane distribution of TLR4. This may indicate a general mechanism of TLR4 activation in primary human macrophages. Furthermore, our methodology visualizes TLR4 receptor clustering and underlines its functional role as a signaling platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Neumann
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Mousavi F, Shahali Y, Pourpak Z, Majd A, Ghahremaninejad F. Year-to-year variation of the elemental and allergenic contents of Ailanthus altissima pollen grains: an allergomic study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:362. [PMID: 31079225 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Ailanthus altissima pollen (AAP) has been reported as an emerging aeroallergen worldwide. This paper aims at examining the allergen pattern and the elemental composition of A. altissima pollen collected during two consecutive seasons (2014 and 2015). A gel-based allergomic study and SEM coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis have been carried out in order to evaluate the allergenic and elemental composition of AAP in two consecutive years. The IgE reactive patterns of 2014 and 2015 AAP PBS extracts were compared using the serum of a 31-year-old woman suffering from severe pollinosis symptoms to AAP. The EDX analysis revealed an important year-to-year variation in the ratios of some polluting elements such as nickel, sulfur, aluminum, lead, and copper. Gel alignments and comparative immunoproteomic analyses showed differential protein expression and IgE reactive patterns between AAPs collected in 2014 and 2015 pollinating seasons. From 20 distinct IgE-reactive spots detected in AAP extracts, 13 proteins showed higher expression in 2014 sample, while 7 allergen candidates exhibited an increased expression in AAP collected in 2015. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-MS/MS analyses led to the identification of 13 IgE-binding proteins with confidence, all belonging to well-known allergenic protein families, i.e., enolase, calreticulin, and pectate lyase. Overall, the 2014 AAP showed higher concentrations of urban polluting elements as well as an increased expression of allergenic pectate lyase isoforms of about 52 kDa. This study demonstrates that the implementation of allergomic tools for the safety assessment of newly introduced and invasive plant species would help to the comprehensive monitoring of proteomic and transcriptomic alterations involving environmental allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Mousavi
- Space Biology and Environment center, Aerospace Research Institute, Ministry of Science Research and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Youcef Shahali
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension organization (AREEO), Hessarak, Karaj, 31975/148, Iran.
| | - Zahra Pourpak
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Majd
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farrokh Ghahremaninejad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Smiljanic K, Prodic I, Apostolovic D, Cvetkovic A, Veljovic D, Mutic J, van Hage M, Burazer L, Cirkovic Velickovic T. In-depth quantitative profiling of post-translational modifications of Timothy grass pollen allergome in relation to environmental oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 126:644-658. [PMID: 30856452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An association between pollution (e.g., from traffic emissions) and the increased prevalence of respiratory allergies has been observed. Field-realistic exposure studies provide the most relevant assessment of the effects of the intensity and diversity of urban and industrial contamination on pollen structure and allergenicity. The significance of in-depth post-translational modification (PTM) studies of pollen proteomes, when compared with studies on other aspects of pollution and altered pollen allergenicity, has not yet been determined; hence, little progress has been made within this field. We undertook a comprehensive comparative analysis of multiple polluted and environmentally preserved Phleum pratense (Timothy grass) pollen samples using scanning electron microscopy, in-depth PTM profiling, determination of organic and inorganic pollutants, analysis of the release of sub-pollen particles and phenols/proteins, and analysis of proteome expression using high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, we used quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) immunoblotting. An increased phenolic content and release of sub-pollen particles was found in pollen samples from the polluted area, including a significantly higher content of mercury, cadmium, and manganese, with irregular long spines on pollen grain surface structures. Antioxidative defense-related enzymes were significantly upregulated and seven oxidative PTMs were significantly increased (methionine, histidine, lysine, and proline oxidation; tyrosine glycosylation, lysine 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal adduct, and lysine carbamylation) in pollen exposed to the chemical plant and road traffic pollution sources. Oxidative modifications affected several Timothy pollen allergens; Phl p 6, in particular, exhibited several different oxidative modifications. The expression of Phl p 6, 12, and 13 allergens were downregulated in polluted pollen, and IgE binding to pollen extract was substantially lower in the 18 patients studied, as measured by quantitative ELISA. Quantitative, unrestricted, and detailed PTM searches using an enrichment-free approach pointed to modification of Timothy pollen allergens and suggested that heavy metals are primarily responsible for oxidative stress effects observed in pollen proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Smiljanic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Prodic
- Innovation Center Ltd, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Anka Cvetkovic
- Institute of Public Health of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djordje Veljovic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Mutic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia; Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Marianne van Hage
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lidija Burazer
- Institute of Immunology, Virology and Sera Production, Torlak Institut, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia; Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea; Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent, Belgium; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia.
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26
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Lucas JA, Gutierrez-Albanchez E, Alfaya T, Feo-Brito F, Gutiérrez-Mañero FJ. Oxidative stress in ryegrass growing under different air pollution levels and its likely effects on pollen allergenicity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:331-340. [PMID: 30599310 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, for the first time in the literature, the relationship between the degree of air pollution, the physiological state of the plants and the allergenic capacity of the pollen they produce has been studied. The physiological state of Lolium perenne plants growing in two cities with a high degree of traffic, but with different levels of air pollution, Madrid and Ciudad Real, have been explored. The photosynthetic efficiency of the plants through the emission of fluorescence of PSII, the degree of oxidative stress (enzymatic activities related to the ascorbate-glutathione cycle), the redox state (reduced and oxidized forms of ascorbate and glutathione) and the concentration of malondialdehyde have been evaluated. During the development period of the plants, Madrid had higher levels of NO2 and SO2 than Ciudad Real. The greater degree of air pollution suffered by Madrid plants was reflected on a lower photosynthetic efficiency and a greater degree of oxidative stress. In addition, NADPH oxidase activity and H2O2 levels in pollen from Madrid were significantly higher, suggesting a likely higher allergenic capacity of this pollen associated to a higher air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Lucas
- Plant Physiology, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU Universities, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain.
| | - Enrique Gutierrez-Albanchez
- Plant Physiology, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU Universities, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain.
| | - Teresa Alfaya
- Allergy Section, General Hospital, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | | | - Francisco Javier Gutiérrez-Mañero
- Plant Physiology, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU Universities, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain.
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27
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Ziegler K, Neumann J, Liu F, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Cremer C, Saloga J, Reinmuth-Selzle K, Pöschl U, Schuppan D, Bellinghausen I, Lucas K. Nitration of Wheat Amylase Trypsin Inhibitors Increases Their Innate and Adaptive Immunostimulatory Potential in vitro. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3174. [PMID: 30740114 PMCID: PMC6357940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATI) can be found in all gluten containing cereals and are, therefore, ingredient of basic foods like bread or pasta. In the gut ATI can mediate innate immunity via activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on immune cells residing in the lamina propria, promoting intestinal, as well as extra-intestinal, inflammation. Inflammatory conditions can induce formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and, thereby, endogenous protein nitration in the body. Moreover, air pollutants like ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can cause exogenous protein nitration in the environment. Both reaction pathways may lead to the nitration of ATI. To investigate if and how nitration modulates the immunostimulatory properties of ATI, they were chemically modified by three different methods simulating endogenous and exogenous protein nitration and tested in vitro. Here we show that ATI nitration was achieved by all three methods and lead to increased immune reactions. We found that ATI nitrated by tetranitromethane (TNM) or ONOO- lead to a significantly enhanced TLR4 activation. Furthermore, in human primary immune cells, TNM nitrated ATI induced a significantly higher T cell proliferation and release of Th1 and Th2 cytokines compared to unmodified ATI. Our findings implicate a causative chain between nitration, enhanced TLR4 stimulation, and adaptive immune responses, providing major implications for public health, as nitrated ATI may strongly promote inhalative wheat allergies (baker's asthma), non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS), other allergies, and autoimmune diseases. This underlines the importance of future work analyzing the relationship between endo- and exogenous protein nitration, and the rise in incidence of ATI-related and other food hypersensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Ziegler
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Neumann
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fobang Liu
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Cremer
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Saloga
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Iris Bellinghausen
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
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28
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Ito T, Ogino K, Nagaoka K, Takemoto K. Relationship of particulate matter and ozone with 3-nitrotyrosine in the atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:948-952. [PMID: 29129430 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased in the past few decades. Bio-aerosol proteins and their chemical modifications, such as 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), in the atmosphere have been attracting attention due to their promotive effects on allergies. 3-NT is generated from the amino acid, tyrosine, through a reaction with ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated in detail. Therefore, we measured 3-NT and evaluated the relationships among 3-NT and various pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), NOx (NO + NO2), ozone (O3), PM7, total suspended particulate matter (TSP) containing proteins, humidity, and temperature. 3-NT positively correlated with O3, SO2, humidity, and temperature, and negatively correlated with NOx. A multiple regression analysis showed that 3-NT positively associated with O3, humidity, and PM7. O3 positively associated with 3-NT and PM7, and negatively associated with NOx and humidity. These results suggest that 3-NT is generated from PM proteins through a reaction with O3 under high humidity conditions, and that the measurement of 3-NT is important and useful for the research of O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Ito
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiki Ogino
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Kenjiro Nagaoka
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kei Takemoto
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
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29
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Shahali Y, Dadar M. Plant food allergy: Influence of chemicals on plant allergens. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:365-374. [PMID: 29580820 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived foods are the most common allergenic sources in adulthood. Owing to the rapidly increasing prevalence of plant food allergies in industrialized countries, the environmental factors are suspected to play a key role in development of allergic sensitization. The present article provides an overview of ways by which chemicals may influence the development and severity of allergic reactions to plant foods, with especial focus on plant allergens up-regulated under chemical stress. In plants, a substantial part of allergens have defense-related function and their expression is highly influenced by environmental stress and diseases. Pathogenesis-related proteins (PR) account for about 25% of plant food allergens and some are responsible for extensive cross-reactions between plant-derived foods, pollen and latex allergens. Chemicals released by anthropogenic sources such as agriculture, industrial activities and traffic-related air pollutants are potential drivers of the increasing sensitization to allergenic PRs by elevating their expression and by altering their immunogenicity through post-translational modifications. In addition, some orally-taken chemicals may act as immune adjuvants or directly trigger non-IgE mediated food allergy. Taken together, the current literature provides an overwhelming body of evidence supporting the fact that plant chemical exposure and chemicals in diet may enhance the allergenic properties of certain plant-derived foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcef Shahali
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
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30
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Hong Q, Zhou S, Zhao H, Peng J, Li Y, Shang Y, Wu M, Zhang W, Lu S, Li S, Yu S, Wang W, Wang Q. Allergenicity of recombinant Humulus japonicus pollen allergen 1 after combined exposure to ozone and nitrogen dioxide. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:707-715. [PMID: 29241157 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are thought to play primary roles in aggravating air pollution-induced health problems. However, the effects of joint O3/NO2 on the allergenicity of pollen allergens are unclear. Humulus japonicus pollen allergen 1 (Hum j1) is a profilin protein that causes widespread pollinosis in eastern Asia. In order to study the effects of combined O3/NO2 on the allergenicity of Hum j1, tandem six-histidine peptide tag (His6)-fused recombinant Hum j1 (rHum j1) was expressed in a prokaryotic system and purified through His6 affinity chromatography. The purified rHum j1 was used to immunize SD rats. Rat sera with high titers of IgG and IgE antibodies against rHum j1 were used for allergenicity quantification. The rHum j1 was exposed to O3/NO2, and changes in allergenicity of the exposed rHum j1 were assayed using the immunized rat antibodies. Tandem LC-MS/LC (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer/liquid chromatography spectrometer) chromatography and UV and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were used to study the structural changes in rHum j1. Our data demonstrated that a novel disulfide bond between the sulfhydryl groups of two neighboring cysteine molecules was formed after the rHum j1 exposure to joint O3/NO2, and therefore IgE-binding affinity was increased and the allergenicity was reinforced. Our results provided clues to elucidate the mechanism behind air pollution-induced increase in pollinosis prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Hong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shumin Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiaxian Peng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Minghong Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Senlin Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Shuijun Li
- Shanghai Xuhui Center Hospital, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shen Yu
- Shanghai Xuhui Center Hospital, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weiqian Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Qingyue Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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31
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Shiraiwa M, Ueda K, Pozzer A, Lammel G, Kampf CJ, Fushimi A, Enami S, Arangio AM, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Fujitani Y, Furuyama A, Lakey PSJ, Lelieveld J, Lucas K, Morino Y, Pöschl U, Takahama S, Takami A, Tong H, Weber B, Yoshino A, Sato K. Aerosol Health Effects from Molecular to Global Scales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13545-13567. [PMID: 29111690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poor air quality is globally the largest environmental health risk. Epidemiological studies have uncovered clear relationships of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter (PM) with adverse health outcomes, including mortality by cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Studies of health impacts by aerosols are highly multidisciplinary with a broad range of scales in space and time. We assess recent advances and future challenges regarding aerosol effects on health from molecular to global scales through epidemiological studies, field measurements, health-related properties of PM, and multiphase interactions of oxidants and PM upon respiratory deposition. Global modeling combined with epidemiological exposure-response functions indicates that ambient air pollution causes more than four million premature deaths per year. Epidemiological studies usually refer to PM mass concentrations, but some health effects may relate to specific constituents such as bioaerosols, polycyclic aromatic compounds, and transition metals. Various analytical techniques and cellular and molecular assays are applied to assess the redox activity of PM and the formation of reactive oxygen species. Multiphase chemical interactions of lung antioxidants with atmospheric pollutants are crucial to the mechanistic and molecular understanding of oxidative stress upon respiratory deposition. The role of distinct PM components in health impacts and mortality needs to be clarified by integrated research on various spatiotemporal scales for better evaluation and mitigation of aerosol effects on public health in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Gerhard Lammel
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University , 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher J Kampf
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University , 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akihiro Fushimi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Andrea M Arangio
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Yuji Fujitani
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Akiko Furuyama
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | | | - Yu Morino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Takahama
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Akinori Takami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | | | | | - Ayako Yoshino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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32
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Ribeiro H, Costa C, Abreu I, Esteves da Silva JCG. Effect of O 3 and NO 2 atmospheric pollutants on Platanus x acerifolia pollen: Immunochemical and spectroscopic analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:291-297. [PMID: 28477486 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of two important oxidizing atmospheric pollutants (O3 and NO2) on the allergenic properties and chemical composition of Platanus x acerifolia pollen were studied. Pollen samples were subjected to O3 and/or NO2 under in vitro conditions for 6h at atmospheric concentration levels (O3: 0.061ppm; NO2: 0.025ppm and the mixture of O3 and NO2: 0.060 and 0.031ppm respectively). Immunoblotting (using Pla a 1 and Pla a 2 antibodies), infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques were used. Immunochemical analysis showed that pollen allergenicity changes were different according to the pollutant tested (gas or mixture of gasses) and that the same pollutant gas may interact in a different manner with each specific allergen. The spectroscopy results showed modifications in the FTIR spectral features of bands assigned to proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides of the pollen exposed to the pollutants, as well as in the XPS spectra high-resolution components C 1s, N 1s, and O 1s. This indicates that while airborne, the pollen wall suffers further modifications of its components induced by air pollution, which can compromise the pollen function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Ribeiro
- Earth Sciences Institute, Pole of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Célia Costa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ilda Abreu
- Earth Sciences Institute, Pole of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C G Esteves da Silva
- Earth Sciences Institute, Pole of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centre of Investigation in Chemistry (CIQ-UP), University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Song T, Wang S, Zhang Y, Song J, Liu F, Fu P, Shiraiwa M, Xie Z, Yue D, Zhong L, Zheng J, Lai S. Proteins and Amino Acids in Fine Particulate Matter in Rural Guangzhou, Southern China: Seasonal Cycles, Sources, and Atmospheric Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6773-6781. [PMID: 28505430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble proteinaceous matter including proteins and free amino acids (FAAs) as well as some other chemical components was analyzed in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples collected over a period of one year in rural Guangzhou. Annual averaged protein and total FAAs concentrations were 0.79 ± 0.47 μg m-3 and 0.13 ± 0.05 μg m-3, accounting for 1.9 ± 0.7% and 0.3 ± 0.1% of PM2.5, respectively. Among FAAs, glycine was the most abundant species (19.9%), followed by valine (18.5%), methionine (16.1%), and phenylalanine (13.5%). Both proteins and FAAs exhibited distinct seasonal variations with higher concentrations in autumn and winter than those in spring and summer. Correlation analysis suggests that aerosol proteinaceous matter was mainly derived from intensive agricultural activities, biomass burning, and fugitive dust/soil resuspension. Significant correlations between proteins/FAAs and atmospheric oxidant (O3) indicate that proteins/FAAs may be involved in O3 related atmospheric processes. Our observation confirms that ambient FAAs could be degraded from proteins under the influence of O3, and the stoichiometric coefficients of the reactions were estimated for FAAs and glycine. This finding provides a possible pathway for the production of aerosol FAAs in the atmosphere, which will improve the current understanding on atmospheric processes of proteinaceous matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fobang Liu
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Pingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research , Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Dingli Yue
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring , Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Liuju Zhong
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring , Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006, China
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Reinmuth-Selzle K, Kampf CJ, Lucas K, Lang-Yona N, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Shiraiwa M, Lakey PSJ, Lai S, Liu F, Kunert AT, Ziegler K, Shen F, Sgarbanti R, Weber B, Bellinghausen I, Saloga J, Weller MG, Duschl A, Schuppan D, Pöschl U. Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Allergies in the Anthropocene: Abundance, Interaction, and Modification of Allergens and Adjuvants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4119-4141. [PMID: 28326768 PMCID: PMC5453620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution and climate change are potential drivers for the increasing burden of allergic diseases. The molecular mechanisms by which air pollutants and climate parameters may influence allergic diseases, however, are complex and elusive. This article provides an overview of physical, chemical and biological interactions between air pollution, climate change, allergens, adjuvants and the immune system, addressing how these interactions may promote the development of allergies. We reviewed and synthesized key findings from atmospheric, climate, and biomedical research. The current state of knowledge, open questions, and future research perspectives are outlined and discussed. The Anthropocene, as the present era of globally pervasive anthropogenic influence on planet Earth and, thus, on the human environment, is characterized by a strong increase of carbon dioxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides, and combustion- or traffic-related particulate matter in the atmosphere. These environmental factors can enhance the abundance and induce chemical modifications of allergens, increase oxidative stress in the human body, and skew the immune system toward allergic reactions. In particular, air pollutants can act as adjuvants and alter the immunogenicity of allergenic proteins, while climate change affects the atmospheric abundance and human exposure to bioaerosols and aeroallergens. To fully understand and effectively mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution and climate change on allergic diseases, several challenges remain to be resolved. Among these are the identification and quantification of immunochemical reaction pathways involving allergens and adjuvants under relevant environmental and physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher J. Kampf
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes
Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Naama Lang-Yona
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | | | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Pascale S. J. Lakey
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Senchao Lai
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- South
China University of Technology, School of
Environment and Energy, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fobang Liu
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Anna T. Kunert
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Kira Ziegler
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Fangxia Shen
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Rossella Sgarbanti
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Bettina Weber
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Iris Bellinghausen
- Department
of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Joachim Saloga
- Department
of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Michael G. Weller
- Division
1.5 Protein Analysis, Federal Institute
for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, 12489, Germany
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department
of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute
of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy,
Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55131 Germany
- Division
of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
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35
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Ng NL, Brown SS, Archibald AT, Atlas E, Cohen RC, Crowley JN, Day DA, Donahue NM, Fry JL, Fuchs H, Griffin RJ, Guzman MI, Herrmann H, Hodzic A, Iinuma Y, Jimenez JL, Kiendler-Scharr A, Lee BH, Luecken DJ, Mao J, McLaren R, Mutzel A, Osthoff HD, Ouyang B, Picquet-Varrault B, Platt U, Pye HOT, Rudich Y, Schwantes RH, Shiraiwa M, Stutz J, Thornton JA, Tilgner A, Williams BJ, Zaveri RA. Nitrate radicals and biogenic volatile organic compounds: oxidation, mechanisms, and organic aerosol. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:2103-2162. [PMID: 30147712 PMCID: PMC6104845 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-2103-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) by the nitrate radical (NO3) represents one of the important interactions between anthropogenic emissions related to combustion and natural emissions from the biosphere. This interaction has been recognized for more than 3 decades, during which time a large body of research has emerged from laboratory, field, and modeling studies. NO3-BVOC reactions influence air quality, climate and visibility through regional and global budgets for reactive nitrogen (particularly organic nitrates), ozone, and organic aerosol. Despite its long history of research and the significance of this topic in atmospheric chemistry, a number of important uncertainties remain. These include an incomplete understanding of the rates, mechanisms, and organic aerosol yields for NO3-BVOC reactions, lack of constraints on the role of heterogeneous oxidative processes associated with the NO3 radical, the difficulty of characterizing the spatial distributions of BVOC and NO3 within the poorly mixed nocturnal atmosphere, and the challenge of constructing appropriate boundary layer schemes and non-photochemical mechanisms for use in state-of-the-art chemical transport and chemistry-climate models. This review is the result of a workshop of the same title held at the Georgia Institute of Technology in June 2015. The first half of the review summarizes the current literature on NO3-BVOC chemistry, with a particular focus on recent advances in instrumentation and models, and in organic nitrate and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation chemistry. Building on this current understanding, the second half of the review outlines impacts of NO3-BVOC chemistry on air quality and climate, and suggests critical research needs to better constrain this interaction to improve the predictive capabilities of atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Elliot Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John N. Crowley
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Douglas A. Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juliane L. Fry
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung: Troposphäre (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alma Hodzic
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
- Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung: Troposphäre (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ben H. Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah J. Luecken
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jingqiu Mao
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Robert McLaren
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans D. Osthoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benedicte Picquet-Varrault
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systemes Atmospheriques (LISA), CNRS, Universities of Paris-Est Créteil and ì Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Ulrich Platt
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rebecca H. Schwantes
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brent J. Williams
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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36
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Ghiani A, Bruschi M, Citterio S, Bolzacchini E, Ferrero L, Sangiorgi G, Asero R, Perrone MG. Nitration of pollen aeroallergens by nitrate ion in conditions simulating the liquid water phase of atmospheric particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:1589-1597. [PMID: 27639783 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Pollen aeroallergens are present in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) where they can be found in coarse biological particles such as pollen grains (aerodynamic diameter dae>10μm), as well as fragments in the finest respirable particles (PM2.5; dae<2.5μm). Nitration of tyrosine residues in pollen allergenic proteins can occur in polluted air, and inhalation and deposition of these nitrated proteins in the human respiratory tract may lead to adverse health effects by enhancing the allergic response in population. Previous studies investigated protein nitration by atmospheric gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and ozone. In this work we report, for the first time, a study on protein nitration by nitrate ion in aqueous solution, at nitrate concentrations and pH conditions simulating those occurring in the atmospheric aerosol liquid water phase. Experiments have been carried out on the Bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein and the recombinant Phleum pratense allergen (Phl p 2) both in the dark and under UV-A irradiation (range 4-90Wm-2) to take into account thermal and/or photochemical nitration processes. For the latter protein, modifications in the allergic response after treatment with nitrate solutions have been evaluated by immunoblot analyses using sera from grass-allergic patients. Experimental results in bulk solutions showed that protein nitration in the dark occurs only in dilute nitrate solutions and under very acidic conditions (pH<3 for BSA; pH<2.2 for Phl p 2), while nitration is always observed (at pH0.5-5) under UV-A irradiation, both in dilute and concentrated nitrate solutions, being significantly enhanced at the lowest pH values. In some cases, protein nitration resulted in an increase of the allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ghiani
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Bruschi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Citterio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Ezio Bolzacchini
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrero
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Sangiorgi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Asero
- Ambulatorio di Allergologia, Clinica San Carlo, Paderno Dugnano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Perrone
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy.
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37
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Estillore AD, Trueblood JV, Grassian VH. Atmospheric chemistry of bioaerosols: heterogeneous and multiphase reactions with atmospheric oxidants and other trace gases. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6604-6616. [PMID: 28567251 PMCID: PMC5450524 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02353c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Once airborne, biologically-derived aerosol particles are prone to reaction with various atmospheric oxidants such as OH, NO3, and O3.
Advances in analytical techniques and instrumentation have now established methods for detecting, quantifying, and identifying the chemical and microbial constituents of particulate matter in the atmosphere. For example, recent cryo-TEM studies of sea spray have identified whole bacteria and viruses ejected from ocean seawater into air. A focal point of this perspective is directed towards the reactivity of aerosol particles of biological origin with oxidants (OH, NO3, and O3) present in the atmosphere. Complementary information on the reactivity of aerosol particles is obtained from field investigations and laboratory studies. Laboratory studies of different types of biologically-derived particles offer important information related to their impacts on the local and global environment. These studies can also unravel a range of different chemistries and reactivity afforded by the complexity and diversity of the chemical make-up of these particles. Laboratory experiments as the ones reviewed herein can elucidate the chemistry of biological aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando D Estillore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1-858-534-2499
| | - Jonathan V Trueblood
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1-858-534-2499
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , USA . ; ; Tel: +1-858-534-2499.,Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Nanoengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , USA
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38
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Ghiani A, Ciappetta S, Gentili R, Asero R, Citterio S. Is ragweed pollen allergenicity governed by environmental conditions during plant growth and flowering? Sci Rep 2016; 6:30438. [PMID: 27457754 PMCID: PMC4960655 DOI: 10.1038/srep30438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollen allergenicity is one of the main factors influencing the prevalence and/or severity of allergic diseases. However, how genotype and environment contribute to ragweed pollen allergenicity has still to be established. To throw some light on the factors governing allergenicity, in this work 180 ragweed plants from three Regions (Canada, France, Italy) were grown in both controlled (constant) and standard environmental conditions (seasonal changes in temperature, relative humidity and light). Pollen from single plants was characterized for its allergenic potency and for the underlying regulation mechanisms by studying the qualitative and quantitative variations of the main isoforms of the major ragweed allergen Amb a 1. Results showed a statistically higher variability in allergenicity of pollen from standard conditions than from controlled conditions growing plants. This variability was due to differences among single plants, regardless of their origin, and was not ascribed to differences in the expression and IgE reactivity of individual Amb a 1 isoforms but rather to quantitative differences involving all the studied isoforms. It suggests that the allergenic potency of ragweed pollen and thus the severity of ragweed pollinosis mainly depends on environmental conditions during plant growth and flowering, which regulate the total Amb a 1 content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ghiani
- Dipartimento di Science Ambientali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Ciappetta
- Dipartimento di Science Ambientali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Gentili
- Dipartimento di Science Ambientali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Asero
- Ambulatorio di Allergologia, Clinica San Carlo, Paderno Dugnano (MI), Italy
| | - Sandra Citterio
- Dipartimento di Science Ambientali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
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39
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Metaproteomic analysis of atmospheric aerosol samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6337-48. [PMID: 27411545 PMCID: PMC5009178 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Metaproteomic analysis of air particulate matter provides information about the abundance and properties of bioaerosols in the atmosphere and their influence on climate and public health. We developed and applied efficient methods for the extraction and analysis of proteins from glass fiber filter samples of total, coarse, and fine particulate matter. Size exclusion chromatography was applied to remove matrix components, and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was applied for protein fractionation according to molecular size, followed by in-gel digestion and LC-MS/MS analysis of peptides using a hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap MS. Maxquant software and the Swiss-Prot database were used for protein identification. In samples collected at a suburban location in central Europe, we found proteins that originated mainly from plants, fungi, and bacteria, which constitute a major fraction of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) in the atmosphere. Allergenic proteins were found in coarse and fine particle samples, and indications for atmospheric degradation of proteins were observed. Workflow for the metaproteomic analysis of atmospheric aerosol samples ![]()
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40
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Frank U, Ernst D. Effects of NO2 and Ozone on Pollen Allergenicity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:91. [PMID: 26870080 PMCID: PMC4740364 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review summarizes the available data of the air pollutants NO2 and ozone on allergenic pollen from different plant species, focusing on potentially allergenic components of the pollen, such as allergen content, protein release, IgE-binding, or protein modification. Various in vivo and in vitro studies on allergenic pollen are shown and discussed.
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41
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Lang-Yona N, Shuster-Meiseles T, Mazar Y, Yarden O, Rudich Y. Impact of urban air pollution on the allergenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia: Outdoor exposure study supported by laboratory experiments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:365-371. [PMID: 26410711 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the chemical interactions of common allergens in urban environments may help to decipher the general increase in susceptibility to allergies observed in recent decades. In this study, asexual conidia of the allergenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus were exposed to air pollution under natural (ambient) and controlled (laboratory) conditions. The allergenic activity was measured using two immunoassays and supported by a protein mass spectrometry analysis. The allergenicity of the conidia was found to increase by 2-5 fold compared to the control for short exposure times of up to 12h (accumulated exposure of about 50 ppb NO2 and 750 ppb O3), possibly due to nitration. At higher exposure times, the allergenicity increase lessened due to protein deamidation. These results indicate that during the first 12h of exposure, the allergenic potency of the fungal allergen A. fumigatus in polluted urban environments is expected to increase. Additional work is needed in order to determine if this behavior occurs for other allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Lang-Yona
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Timor Shuster-Meiseles
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Mazar
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Oded Yarden
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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42
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Zhao F, Elkelish A, Durner J, Lindermayr C, Winkler JB, Ruёff F, Behrendt H, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Holzinger A, Kofler W, Braun P, von Toerne C, Hauck SM, Ernst D, Frank U. Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.): allergenicity and molecular characterization of pollen after plant exposure to elevated NO2. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:147-64. [PMID: 26177592 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ragweed pollen is the main cause of allergenic diseases in Northern America, and the weed has become a spreading neophyte in Europe. Climate change and air pollution are speculated to affect the allergenic potential of pollen. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of NO2 , a major air pollutant, under controlled conditions, on the allergenicity of ragweed pollen. Ragweed was exposed to different levels of NO2 throughout the entire growing season, and its pollen further analysed. Spectroscopic analysis showed increased outer cell wall polymers and decreased amounts of pectin. Proteome studies using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry indicated increased amounts of several Amb a 1 isoforms and of another allergen with great homology to enolase Hev b 9 from rubber tree. Analysis of protein S-nitrosylation identified nitrosylated proteins in pollen from both conditions, including Amb a 1 isoforms. However, elevated NO2 significantly enhanced the overall nitrosylation. Finally, we demonstrated increased overall pollen allergenicity by immunoblotting using ragweed antisera, showing a significantly higher allergenicity for Amb a 1. The data highlight a direct influence of elevated NO2 on the increased allergenicity of ragweed pollen and a direct correlation with an increased risk for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Biochemical Plant Pathology, Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Freising, 85350, Germany
| | - Christian Lindermayr
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - J Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Franziska Ruёff
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Dermatology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, 80337, Germany
| | - Heidrun Behrendt
- Center of Allergy & Environment München (ZAUM), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, 80802, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, 7265, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, 7265, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, Technische Universität München, Augsburg, 86156, Germany
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Institute for Botany, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Werner Kofler
- Institute for Botany, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Paula Braun
- Department of Applied Sciences and Mechanotronics, University of Applied Science Munich, Munich, 80335, Germany
| | - Christine von Toerne
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Dieter Ernst
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, 7265, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Frank
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- CK-CARE, Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, 7265, Switzerland
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Sénéchal H, Visez N, Charpin D, Shahali Y, Peltre G, Biolley JP, Lhuissier F, Couderc R, Yamada O, Malrat-Domenge A, Pham-Thi N, Poncet P, Sutra JP. A Review of the Effects of Major Atmospheric Pollutants on Pollen Grains, Pollen Content, and Allergenicity. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:940243. [PMID: 26819967 PMCID: PMC4706970 DOI: 10.1155/2015/940243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the available data related to the effects of air pollution on pollen grains from different plant species. Several studies carried out either on in situ harvested pollen or on pollen exposed in different places more or less polluted are presented and discussed. The different experimental procedures used to monitor the impact of pollution on pollen grains and on various produced external or internal subparticles are listed. Physicochemical and biological effects of artificial pollution (gaseous and particulate) on pollen from different plants, in different laboratory conditions, are considered. The effects of polluted pollen grains, subparticles, and derived aeroallergens in animal models, in in vitro cell culture, on healthy human and allergic patients are described. Combined effects of atmospheric pollutants and pollen grains-derived biological material on allergic population are specifically discussed. Within the notion of "polluen," some methodological biases are underlined and research tracks in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sénéchal
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Visez
- Physical Chemistry of Combustion and Atmosphere Processes (PC2A), UMR CNRS 8522, University of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Denis Charpin
- Pneumo-Allergology Department, North Hospital, 265 chemin des Bourrely, 13915 Marseille 20, France
| | - Youcef Shahali
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
- Persiflore, 18 avenue du Parc, 91220 Le Plessis-Pâté, France
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Biolley
- SEVE Team, Ecology and Biology of Interactions (EBI), UMR-CNRS-UP 7267, University of Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | | | - Rémy Couderc
- Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris 12, France
| | - Ohri Yamada
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Audrey Malrat-Domenge
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nhân Pham-Thi
- Allergology Department, Pasteur Institute, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris 15, France
| | - Pascal Poncet
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
- Infections & Epidemiology Department, Pasteur Institute, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris 15, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Sutra
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
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Untersmayr E. The influence of gastric digestion on the development of food allergy. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE 2015; 55:444-447. [PMID: 28616101 DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy represents an increasing health concern worldwide. To identify mechanisms and risk factors associated with food allergy development major research efforts are ongoing. For a long time only food allergens that are resistant to gastric enzymes were accepted to harbor sensitizing capacity via the oral route. However, over the past years several studies reported that even important food allergens can be readily degraded by digestive enzymes. Interestingly, a number of in vitro experiments confirmed that impairment of physiological gastric digestion by elevating gastric pH levels was associated with protein resistance. Additionally, pharmacological gastric acid suppression was found to be a risk factor for food allergy induction. In contrast, protein modifications resulting in increased susceptibility to digestive enzymes were reported to decrease the sensitization capacity via the oral route. The here reviewed data highlight the important gate keeping function of physiological gastric digestion in food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Untersmayr
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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45
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Kampf CJ, Liu F, Reinmuth-Selzle K, Berkemeier T, Meusel H, Shiraiwa M, Pöschl U. Protein Cross-Linking and Oligomerization through Dityrosine Formation upon Exposure to Ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10859-66. [PMID: 26287571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a potential driver for the increasing prevalence of allergic disease, and post-translational modification by air pollutants can enhance the allergenic potential of proteins. Here, the kinetics and mechanism of protein oligomerization upon ozone (O3) exposure were studied in coated-wall flow tube experiments at environmentally relevant O3 concentrations, relative humidities and protein phase states (amorphous solid, semisolid, and liquid). We observed the formation of protein dimers, trimers, and higher oligomers, and attribute the cross-linking to the formation of covalent intermolecular dityrosine species. The oligomerization proceeds fast on the surface of protein films. In the bulk material, reaction rates are limited by diffusion depending on phase state and humidity. From the experimental data, we derive a chemical mechanism and rate equations for a kinetic multilayer model of surface and bulk reaction enabling the prediction of oligomer formation. Increasing levels of tropospheric O3 in the Anthropocene may promote the formation of protein oligomers with enhanced allergenicity and may thus contribute to the increasing prevalence of allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Kampf
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fobang Liu
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hannah Meusel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz, Germany
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46
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Ouyang Y, Xu Z, Fan E, Li Y, Zhang L. Effect of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide on viability and morphology of oak pollen. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2015; 6:95-100. [PMID: 26332319 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) generated by excessive coal combustion and motor vehicle emissions are major air pollutants in the large cities of China. The objective of our study was to determine the effects of the exposure of oak pollens (Quercusmongolica) to several concentrations of NO2 or SO2. METHODS Pollen grains were exposed to 0.5 ppm to 5.0 ppm NO2 or SO2 for 4 hours and assessed for morphological damage by field emission scanning electron microscopy and for viability using the trypan blue stain. Morphological changes in pollen grains were also examined after contact with acid solutions at pH 4.0 to pH 7.0. RESULTS Exposure to NO2 or SO2 significantly damaged pollen grains at all concentrations investigated, compared to exposure to air; with exposure to concentrations of 0.5 ppm to 2 ppm resulting in fissures or complete breaks in the exine and a concentration of 5 ppm resulting in complete breakdown and release of pollen cytoplasmic granules. Significantly greater amounts of pollen grain were damaged after exposure to SO2 (15.5-20.4%) than after exposure to NO2 (7.1-14.7%). Similarly, exposure to NO2 or SO2 significantly decreased the viability of pollen grains, compared with exposure to air; with SO2 being slightly more detrimental than NO2. Exposure to acid solutions also induced pollen damage, which appeared to be pH-dependent (from 24.6% at pH 6.0 to 55.8% at pH 4.0; compared to 3.8% at pH 7.0). CONCLUSION Short-term exposure of oak pollen to high concentrations of SO2 or NO2 significantly increases their fragility and disruption, leading to subsequent release of pollen cytoplasmic granules into the atmosphere. These results suggest that heightened air pollution during the oak pollen season may possibly increase the incidence of allergic airway disease in sensitized individuals by facilitating the bioavailability of airborne pollen allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Ouyang
- Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Allergy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojun Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Erzhong Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Allergy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
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47
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Tibbetts JH. Air quality and climate change: a delicate balance. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:A148-53. [PMID: 26030069 PMCID: PMC4455574 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.123-a148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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48
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Diesner SC, Schultz C, Ackaert C, Oostingh GJ, Ondracek A, Stremnitzer C, Singer J, Heiden D, Roth-Walter F, Fazekas J, Assmann VE, Jensen-Jarolim E, Stutz H, Duschl A, Untersmayr E. Nitration of β-Lactoglobulin but Not of Ovomucoid Enhances Anaphylactic Responses in Food Allergic Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126279. [PMID: 25955653 PMCID: PMC4425501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We revealed in previous studies that nitration of food proteins reduces the risk of de novo sensitization in a murine food allergy model. In contrast, in situations with preformed specific IgE antibodies, in vitro experiments suggested an increased capacity of effector cell activation by nitrated food proteins. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of protein nitration on the effector phase of food allergy. Design BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally (i.p.) with the milk allergen β-lactoglobulin (BLG) or the egg allergen ovomucoid (OVM), followed by intragastric (i.g.) gavages to induce a strong local inflammatory response and allergen-specific antibodies. Subsequently, naïve and allergic mice were intravenously (i.v.) challenged with untreated, sham-nitrated or nitrated BLG or OVM. Anaphylaxis was monitored by measuring core body temperature and determination of mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) levels in blood. Results A significant drop of body temperature accompanied with significantly elevated concentrations of the anaphylaxis marker mMCP-1 were only observed in BLG allergic animals challenged with nitrated BLG and not in OVM allergic mice challenged with nitrated OVM. SDS-PAGE and circular dichroism analysis of the differentially modified allergens revealed an effect of nitration on the secondary protein structure exclusively for BLG together with enhanced protein aggregation. Conclusion Our data suggest that nitration affects differently the food allergens BLG and OVM. In the case of BLG, structural changes favored dimerization possibly explaining the increased anaphylactic reactivity in BLG allergic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne C. Diesner
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Schultz
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chloé Ackaert
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gertie J. Oostingh
- Biomedical Sciences, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Puch/Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Ondracek
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Stremnitzer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Singer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Denise Heiden
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Roth-Walter
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judit Fazekas
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera E. Assmann
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanno Stutz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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49
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Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the anthropocene. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4440-75. [PMID: 25856774 DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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50
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Ackaert C, Kofler S, Horejs-Hoeck J, Zulehner N, Asam C, von Grafenstein S, Fuchs JE, Briza P, Liedl KR, Bohle B, Ferreira F, Brandstetter H, Oostingh GJ, Duschl A. The impact of nitration on the structure and immunogenicity of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1.0101. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104520. [PMID: 25126882 PMCID: PMC4134196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergy prevalence has increased in industrialized countries. One contributing factor could be pollution, which can cause nitration of allergens exogenously (in the air) or endogenously (in inflamed lung tissue). We investigated the impact of nitration on both the structural and immunological behavior of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1.0101 to determine whether nitration might be a factor in the increased incidence of allergy. Bet v 1.0101 was nitrated with tetranitromethane. Immune effects were assessed by measuring the proliferation of specific T-cell lines (TCLs) upon stimulation with different concentrations of nitrated and unmodified allergen, and by measurement of cytokine release of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) and primary DCs (primDCs) stimulated with nitrated versus unmodified allergen. HPLC-MS, crystallography, gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, size exclusion chromatography and molecular dynamics simulation were performed to characterize structural changes after nitration of the allergen. The proliferation of specific TCLs was higher upon stimulation with the nitrated allergen in comparison to the unmodified allergen. An important structural consequence of nitration was oligomerization. Moreover, analysis of the crystal structure of nitrated Bet v 1.0101 showed that amino acid residue Y83, located in the hydrophobic cavity, was nitrated to 100%. Both moDCs and primDCs showed decreased production of TH1-priming cytokines, thus favoring a TH2 response. These results implicate that nitration of Bet v 1.0101 might be a contributing factor to the observed increase in birch pollen allergy, and emphasize the importance of protein modifications in understanding the molecular basis of allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Ackaert
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Kofler
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Hoeck
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nora Zulehner
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research and the Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Asam
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanne von Grafenstein
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julian E. Fuchs
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research and the Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fátima Ferreira
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gertie J. Oostingh
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- * E-mail:
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