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Abdalla MMI. Insulin resistance as the molecular link between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:1430-1447. [DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i7.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two major health concerns that have seen a rising prevalence worldwide. Recent studies have indicated a possible link between DM and an increased risk of developing AD. Insulin, while primarily known for its role in regulating blood sugar, also plays a vital role in protecting brain functions. Insulin resistance (IR), especially prevalent in type 2 diabetes, is believed to play a significant role in AD's development. When insulin signalling becomes dysfunctional, it can negatively affect various brain functions, making individuals more susceptible to AD's defining features, such as the buildup of beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles. Emerging research suggests that addressing insulin-related issues might help reduce or even reverse the brain changes linked to AD. This review aims to explore the rela-tionship between DM and AD, with a focus on the role of IR. It also explores the molecular mechanisms by which IR might lead to brain changes and assesses current treatments that target IR. Understanding IR's role in the connection between DM and AD offers new possibilities for treatments and highlights the importance of continued research in this interdisciplinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mohamed Ibrahim Abdalla
- Department of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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2
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Thillainadesan S, Lambert A, Cooke KC, Stöckli J, Yau B, Masson SWC, Howell A, Potter M, Fuller OK, Jiang YL, Kebede MA, Morahan G, James DE, Madsen S, Hocking SL. The metabolic consequences of 'yo-yo' dieting are markedly influenced by genetic diversity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01542-2. [PMID: 38961153 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss can improve the metabolic complications of obesity. However, it is unclear whether insulin resistance persists despite weight loss and whether any protective benefits are preserved following weight regain (weight cycling). The impact of genetic background on weight cycling is undocumented. We aimed to investigate the effects of weight loss and weight cycling on metabolic outcomes and sought to clarify the role of genetics in this relationship. METHOD Both C57BL/6 J and genetically heterogeneous Diversity Outbred Australia (DOz) mice were alternately fed high fat Western-style diet (WD) and a chow diet at 8-week intervals. Metabolic measures including body composition, glucose tolerance, pancreatic beta cell activity, liver lipid levels and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity were determined. RESULTS After diet switch from WD (8-week) to chow (8-week), C57BL/6 J mice displayed a rapid normalisation of body weight, adiposity, hyperinsulinemia, liver lipid levels and glucose uptake into adipose tissue comparable to chow-fed controls. In response to the same dietary intervention, genetically diverse DOz mice conversely maintained significantly higher fat mass and insulin levels compared to chow-fed controls and exhibited much more profound interindividual variability than C57BL/6 J mice. Weight cycled (WC) animals were re-exposed to WD (8-week) and compared to age-matched controls fed 8-week WD for the first time (LOb). In C57BL/6 J but not DOz mice, WC animals had significantly higher blood insulin levels than LOb controls. All WC animals exhibited significantly greater beta cell activity than LOb controls despite similar fat mass, glucose tolerance, liver lipid levels and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Following weight loss, metabolic outcomes return to baseline in C57BL/6 J mice with obesity. However, genetic diversity significantly impacts this response. A period of weight loss does not provide lasting benefits after weight regain, and weight cycling is detrimental and associated with hyperinsulinemia and elevated basal insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Thillainadesan
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Aaron Lambert
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kristen C Cooke
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Stöckli
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Belinda Yau
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Stewart W C Masson
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Anna Howell
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Meg Potter
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Oliver K Fuller
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Yi Lin Jiang
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Melkam A Kebede
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Grant Morahan
- Australian Centre for Advancing Diabetes Innovations, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Søren Madsen
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Samantha L Hocking
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
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Ou Y, Guo Y, Wang H, Guo Z, Zheng B. Porphyra haitanensis glycoprotein regulates glucose homeostasis: targeting the liver. Food Funct 2024. [PMID: 38916282 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01544d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of glycoprotein (PG)-mediated regulation of Porphyra haitanensis on liver glucose metabolism in hyperglycemic mouse models, and sought to establish the underlying mechanism, as determined by the changes in liver gene expression and metabolic profiles. The results showed that 30-300 mg kg-1 PG upregulated the expression of the liver genes Ins1, Ins2, Insr, Gys2, Gpi1, Gck, and downregulated the expression of G6pc, G6pc2, and G6pc3, in a concentration-dependent manner. 300 mg kg-1 PG downregulated the concentrations of glucose-related metabolites in the liver, but upregulated lactic acid, 2-aminoacetic acid, and glucose-1-phosphate concentrations. It was assumed that PG regulated liver glucose metabolism by enriching insulin secretion, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and the AMPK signaling pathway, and promoting insulin secretion, glycogen synthesis, and glycolysis. Our findings supported the development of P. haitanensis and its glycoproteins as novel natural antidiabetic compounds that regulated blood glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Ou
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuehong Guo
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zebin Guo
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Baodong Zheng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Kabeer SW, Sharma S, Sriramdasu S, Tikoo K. MicroRNA-721 regulates gluconeogenesis via KDM2A-mediated epigenetic modulation in diet-induced insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice. Biol Res 2024; 57:27. [PMID: 38745315 PMCID: PMC11092102 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant gluconeogenesis is considered among primary drivers of hyperglycemia under insulin resistant conditions, with multiple studies pointing towards epigenetic dysregulation. Here we examine the role of miR-721 and effect of epigenetic modulator laccaic acid on the regulation of gluconeogenesis under high fat diet induced insulin resistance. RESULTS Reanalysis of miRNA profiling data of high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant mice model, GEO dataset (GSE94799) revealed a significant upregulation of miR-721, which was further validated in invivo insulin resistance in mice and invitro insulin resistance in Hepa 1-6 cells. Interestingly, miR-721 mimic increased glucose production in Hepa 1-6 cells via activation of FOXO1 regulated gluconeogenic program. Concomitantly, inhibition of miR-721 reduced glucose production in palmitate induced insulin resistant Hepa 1-6 cells by blunting the FOXO1 induced gluconeogenesis. Intriguingly, at epigenetic level, enrichment of the transcriptional activation mark H3K36me2 got decreased around the FOXO1 promoter. Additionally, identifying targets of miR-721 using miRDB.org showed H3K36me2 demethylase KDM2A as a potential target. Notably, miR-721 inhibitor enhanced KDM2A expression which correlated with H3K36me2 enrichment around FOXO1 promoter and the downstream activation of the gluconeogenic pathway. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-721 in high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant mice resulted in restoration of KDM2A levels, concomitantly reducing FOXO1, PCK1, and G6PC expression, attenuating gluconeogenesis, hyperglycemia, and improving glucose tolerance. Interestingly, the epigenetic modulator laccaic acid also reduced the hepatic miR-721 expression and improved KDM2A expression, supporting our earlier report that laccaic acid attenuates insulin resistance by reducing gluconeogenesis. CONCLUSION Our study unveils the role of miR-721 in regulating gluconeogenesis through KDM2A and FOXO1 under insulin resistance, pointing towards significant clinical and therapeutic implications for metabolic disorders. Moreover, the promising impact of laccaic acid highlights its potential as a valuable intervention in managing insulin resistance-associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Wasil Kabeer
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Shivam Sharma
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Shalemraju Sriramdasu
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Kulbhushan Tikoo
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India.
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Rosenstock J, Juneja R, Beals JM, Moyers JS, Ilag L, McCrimmon RJ. The Basis for Weekly Insulin Therapy: Evolving Evidence With Insulin Icodec and Insulin Efsitora Alfa. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:379-413. [PMID: 38224978 PMCID: PMC11091825 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Basal insulin continues to be a vital part of therapy for many people with diabetes. First attempts to prolong the duration of insulin formulations were through the development of suspensions that required homogenization prior to injection. These insulins, which required once- or twice-daily injections, introduced wide variations in insulin exposure contributing to unpredictable effects on glycemia. Advances over the last 2 decades have resulted in long-acting, soluble basal insulin analogues with prolonged and less variable pharmacokinetic exposure, improving their efficacy and safety, notably by reducing nocturnal hypoglycemia. However, adherence and persistence with once-daily basal insulin treatment remains low for many reasons including hypoglycemia concerns and treatment burden. A soluble basal insulin with a longer and flatter exposure profile could reduce pharmacodynamic variability, potentially reducing hypoglycemia, have similar efficacy to once-daily basal insulins, simplify dosing regimens, and improve treatment adherence. Insulin icodec (Novo Nordisk) and insulin efsitora alfa (basal insulin Fc [BIF], Eli Lilly and Company) are 2 such insulins designed for once-weekly administration, which have the potential to provide a further advance in basal insulin replacement. Icodec and efsitora phase 2 clinical trials, as well as data from the phase 3 icodec program indicate that once-weekly insulins provide comparable glycemic control to once-daily analogues, with a similar risk of hypoglycemia. This manuscript details the technology used in the development of once-weekly basal insulins. It highlights the clinical rationale and potential benefits of these weekly insulins while also discussing the limitations and challenges these molecules could pose in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Rosenstock
- Velocity Clinical Research at Medical City,
Dallas, TX 75230, USA
| | - Rattan Juneja
- Lilly Diabetes and Obesity, Eli Lilly and Company,
Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - John M Beals
- Lilly Diabetes and Obesity, Eli Lilly and Company,
Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - Julie S Moyers
- Lilly Diabetes and Obesity, Eli Lilly and Company,
Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - Liza Ilag
- Lilly Diabetes and Obesity, Eli Lilly and Company,
Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - Rory J McCrimmon
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee
DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
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6
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Fang H, Li Q, Wang H, Ren Y, Zhang L, Yang L. Maternal nutrient metabolism in the liver during pregnancy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1295677. [PMID: 38572473 PMCID: PMC10987773 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1295677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The liver plays pivotal roles in nutrient metabolism, and correct hepatic adaptations are required in maternal nutrient metabolism during pregnancy. In this review, hepatic nutrient metabolism, including glucose metabolism, lipid and cholesterol metabolism, and protein and amino acid metabolism, is first addressed. In addition, recent progress on maternal hepatic adaptations in nutrient metabolism during pregnancy is discussed. Finally, the factors that regulate hepatic nutrient metabolism during pregnancy are highlighted, and the factors include follicle-stimulating hormone, estrogen, progesterone, insulin-like growth factor 1, prostaglandins fibroblast growth factor 21, serotonin, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, melatonin, adrenal hormone, leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, insulin glucagon and thyroid hormone. Our vision is that more attention should be paid to liver nutrient metabolism during pregnancy, which will be helpful for utilizing nutrient appropriately and efficiently, and avoiding liver diseases during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Fang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Qingyang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Ying Ren
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Leying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
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7
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Monsalve FA, Delgado-López F, Fernández-Tapia B, González DR. Adipose Tissue, Non-Communicable Diseases, and Physical Exercise: An Imperfect Triangle. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17168. [PMID: 38138997 PMCID: PMC10743187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of adipose tissue has received considerable attention due to its importance not just in maintaining body energy homeostasis but also in playing a role in a number of other physiological processes. Beyond storing energy, adipose tissue is important in endocrine, immunological, and neuromodulatory functions, secreting hormones that participate in the regulation of energy homeostasis. An imbalance of these functions will generate structural and functional changes in the adipose tissue, favoring the secretion of deleterious adipocytokines that induce a pro-inflammatory state, allowing the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and even some types of cancer. A common theme worldwide has been the development of professional guidelines for the control and treatment of obesity, with emphasis on hypocaloric diets and exercise. The aim of this review is to examine the pathophysiological mechanisms of obesity, considering the relationship among adipose tissue and two aspects that contribute positively or negatively to keeping a healthy body homeostasis, namely, exercise and noninfectious diseases. We conclude that the relationship of these aspects does not have homogeneous effects among individuals. Nevertheless, it is possible to establish some common mechanisms, like a decrease in pro-inflammatory markers in the case of exercise, and an increase in chronic inflammation in non-communicable diseases. An accurate diagnosis might consider the particular variables of a patient, namely their molecular profile and how it affects its metabolism, routines, and lifestyle; their underling health conditions; and probably even the constitution of their microbiome. We foresee that the development and accessibility of omics approaches and precision medicine will greatly improve the diagnosis, treatment, and successful outcomes for obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A. Monsalve
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile;
| | - Fernando Delgado-López
- Laboratories of Biomedical Research, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile;
| | | | - Daniel R. González
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile;
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Young GM, Jacobs PG, Tyler NS, Nguyen TTP, Castle JR, Wilson LM, Branigan D, Gabo V, Guillot FH, Riddell MC, El Youssef J. Quantifying insulin-mediated and noninsulin-mediated changes in glucose dynamics during resistance exercise in type 1 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E192-E206. [PMID: 37436961 PMCID: PMC10511169 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00298.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Exercise can cause dangerous fluctuations in blood glucose in people living with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Aerobic exercise, for example, can cause acute hypoglycemia secondary to increased insulin-mediated and noninsulin-mediated glucose utilization. Less is known about how resistance exercise (RE) impacts glucose dynamics. Twenty-five people with T1D underwent three sessions of either moderate or high-intensity RE at three insulin infusion rates during a glucose tracer clamp. We calculated time-varying rates of endogenous glucose production (EGP) and glucose disposal (Rd) across all sessions and used linear regression and extrapolation to estimate insulin- and noninsulin-mediated components of glucose utilization. Blood glucose did not change on average during exercise. The area under the curve (AUC) for EGP increased by 1.04 mM during RE (95% CI: 0.65-1.43, P < 0.001) and decreased proportionally to insulin infusion rate (0.003 mM per percent above basal rate, 95% CI: 0.001-0.006, P = 0.003). The AUC for Rd rose by 1.26 mM during RE (95% CI: 0.41-2.10, P = 0.004) and increased proportionally with insulin infusion rate (0.04 mM per percent above basal rate, CI: 0.03-0.04, P < 0.001). No differences were observed between the moderate and high resistance groups. Noninsulin-mediated glucose utilization rose significantly during exercise before returning to baseline roughly 30-min postexercise. Insulin-mediated glucose utilization remained unchanged during exercise sessions. Circulating catecholamines and lactate rose during exercise despite relatively small changes observed in Rd. Results provide an explanation of why RE may pose a lower overall risk for hypoglycemia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aerobic exercise is known to cause decreases in blood glucose secondary to increased glucose utilization in people living with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, less is known about how resistance-type exercise impacts glucose dynamics. Twenty-five participants with T1D performed in-clinic weight-bearing exercises under a glucose clamp. Mathematical modeling of infused glucose tracer allowed for quantification of the rate of hepatic glucose production as well as rates of insulin-mediated and noninsulin-mediated glucose uptake experienced during resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin M Young
- Artificial Intelligence for Medical Systems (AIMS) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Peter G Jacobs
- Artificial Intelligence for Medical Systems (AIMS) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Nichole S Tyler
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Thanh-Tin P Nguyen
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Jessica R Castle
- Division of Endocrinology, Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Leah M Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology, Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Deborah Branigan
- Division of Endocrinology, Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Virginia Gabo
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Florian H Guillot
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Michael C Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph El Youssef
- Division of Endocrinology, Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Kwiendacz H, Nabrdalik K, Czupryniak L, Klupa T, Małecki M, Myśliwiec M, Strojek K, Gumprecht J. The Wedding Bells Sound Really Good! iGlarLixi Fixed-Ratio Combination in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review. Adv Ther 2023; 40:3395-3409. [PMID: 37326901 PMCID: PMC10329951 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-023-02567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
iGlarLixi is a fixed-ratio combination of insulin glargine 100 U/mL and lixisenatide used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. iGlarLixi has proven clinical benefits in terms of glycemia, weight control, and safety, defined by the risk of hypoglycemia. It simultaneously targets many pathophysiologic abnormalities which are at the root of type 2 diabetes and thus presents a complementary mode of action. Finally, it may also address diabetes treatment burden, and, by decreasing the complexity of treatment, it may improve patient adherence and persistence and fight against clinical inertia. This article reviews the results of major randomized controlled trials in people with type 2 diabetes that compared iGlarLixi to other therapeutic regimens, representing different intensification strategies, such as basal supported oral therapy, oral antidiabetic drugs, and a combination of the latter with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists. Moreover, as a supplement to randomized trials, data from real-world evidence have also been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kwiendacz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, 3 Maja Str. 41-800, Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Nabrdalik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, 3 Maja Str. 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Leszek Czupryniak
- Diabetology and Internal Medicine Department, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klupa
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Małecki
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Myśliwiec
- Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology and Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Strojek
- Department of Internal Diseases, Diabetology and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Janusz Gumprecht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, 3 Maja Str. 41-800, Zabrze, Poland
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santoro
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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11
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Cui C, Wang X, Li L, Wei H, Peng J. Multifaceted involvements of Paneth cells in various diseases within intestine and systemically. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1115552. [PMID: 36993974 PMCID: PMC10040535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1115552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Serving as the guardians of small intestine, Paneth cells (PCs) play an important role in intestinal homeostasis maintenance. Although PCs uniquely exist in intestine under homeostasis, the dysfunction of PCs is involved in various diseases not only in intestine but also in extraintestinal organs, suggesting the systemic importance of PCs. The mechanisms under the participation of PCs in these diseases are multiple as well. The involvements of PCs are mostly characterized by limiting intestinal bacterial translocation in necrotizing enterocolitis, liver disease, acute pancreatitis and graft-vs-host disease. Risk genes in PCs render intestine susceptible to Crohn’s disease. In intestinal infection, different pathogens induce varied responses in PCs, and toll-like receptor ligands on bacterial surface trigger the degranulation of PCs. The increased level of bile acid dramatically impairs PCs in obesity. PCs can inhibit virus entry and promote intestinal regeneration to alleviate COVID-19. On the contrary, abundant IL-17A in PCs aggravates multi-organ injury in ischemia/reperfusion. The pro-angiogenic effect of PCs aggravates the severity of portal hypertension. Therapeutic strategies targeting PCs mainly include PC protection, PC-derived inflammatory cytokine elimination, and substituting AMP treatment. In this review, we discuss the influence and importance of Paneth cells in both intestinal and extraintestinal diseases as reported so far, as well as the potential therapeutic strategies targeting PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbin Cui
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lindeng Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Peng,
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12
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Wang Y, Han J, Luo L, Kasim V, Wu S. Salidroside facilitates therapeutic angiogenesis in diabetic hindlimb ischemia by inhibiting ferroptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114245. [PMID: 36638593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hindlimb ischemia (HLI), in which blood perfusion to the hindlimb is obstructed, is one of the major complications of diabetes. Skeletal muscle cells are crucial for revascularization as they can secrete various angiogenic factors; however, hyperglycemia impairs their viability and subsequently their angiogenic potential. Salidroside can promote skeletal muscle cell viability under hyperglycemia; however, the molecular mechanism is still poorly understood. Here we revealed that salidroside could suppress hyperglycemia-induced ferroptosis in skeletal muscle cells by promoting GPX4 expression, thereby restoring their viability and paracrine functions. These in turn promoted the proliferation and migration potentials of blood vessel-forming cells. Furthermore, we showed that salidroside/GPX4-mediated ferroptosis inhibition is crucial for promoting angiogenesis and blood perfusion recovery in diabetic HLI mice. Together, we reveal a novel molecular mechanism of salidroside in enhancing skeletal muscle cells-mediated revascularization and blood perfusion recovery in diabetic HLI mice, further highlighting it as a potential compound for treating diabetic HLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jingxuan Han
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lailiu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Vivi Kasim
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Shourong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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13
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Kraft G, Coate KC, Smith M, Farmer B, Scott M, Hastings J, Cherrington AD, Edgerton DS. Profound Sensitivity of the Liver to the Direct Effect of Insulin Allows Peripheral Insulin Delivery to Normalize Hepatic but Not Muscle Glucose Uptake in the Healthy Dog. Diabetes 2023; 72:196-209. [PMID: 36280227 PMCID: PMC9871195 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous insulin secretion is a key regulator of postprandial hepatic glucose metabolism, but this process is dysregulated in diabetes. Subcutaneous insulin delivery alters normal insulin distribution, causing relative hepatic insulin deficiency and peripheral hyperinsulinemia, a major risk factor for metabolic disease. Our aim was to determine whether insulin's direct effect on the liver is preeminent even when insulin is given into a peripheral vein. Postprandial-like conditions were created (hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and a positive portal vein to arterial glucose gradient) in healthy dogs. Peripheral (leg vein) insulin infusion elevated arterial and hepatic levels 8.0-fold and 2.8-fold, respectively. In one group, insulin's full effects were allowed. In another, insulin's indirect hepatic effects were blocked with the infusion of triglyceride, glucagon, and inhibitors of brain insulin action (intracerebroventricular) to prevent decreases in plasma free fatty acids and glucagon, while blocking increased hypothalamic insulin signaling. Despite peripheral insulin delivery the liver retained its full ability to store glucose, even when insulin's peripheral effects were blocked, whereas muscle glucose uptake markedly increased, creating an aberrant distribution of glucose disposal between liver and muscle. Thus, the healthy liver's striking sensitivity to direct insulin action can overcome the effect of relative hepatic insulin deficiency, whereas excess insulin in the periphery produces metabolic abnormalities in nonhepatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dale S. Edgerton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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14
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Edgerton DS, Kraft G, Smith M, Farmer B, Williams P, Cherrington AD. A physiologic increase in brain glucagon action alters the hepatic gluconeogenic/glycogenolytic ratio but not glucagon's overall effect on glucose production. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 324:E199-E208. [PMID: 36652399 PMCID: PMC9925168 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00304.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that brain glucagon action inhibits glucagon-stimulated hepatic glucose production (HGP), which may explain, at least in part, why glucagon's effect on HGP is transient. However, the pharmacologic off-target effects of glucagon in the brain may have been responsible for previously observed effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if central glucagon action plays a physiologic role in the regulation of HGP. Insulin was maintained at baseline while glucagon was either infused into the carotid and vertebral arteries or into a peripheral (leg) vein at rates designed to increase glucagon in the head in one group, while keeping glucagon at the liver matched between groups. The extraction rate of glucagon across the head was high (double that of the liver), and hypothalamic cAMP increased twofold, in proportion to the exposure of the brain to increased glucagon, but HGP was not reduced by the increase in brain glucagon signaling, as had been suggested previously (the areas under the curve for HGP were 840 ± 14 vs. 871 ± 36 mg/kg/240 min in head vs. peripheral infusion groups, respectively). Central nervous system glucagon action reduced circulating free fatty acids and glycerol, and this was associated with a modest reduction in net hepatic gluconeogenic flux. However, offsetting autoregulation by the liver (i.e., a reciprocal increase in net hepatic glycogenolysis) prevented a change in HGP. Thus, while physiologic engagement of the brain by glucagon can alter hepatic carbon flux, it does not appear to be responsible for the transient fall in HGP that occurs following the stimulation of HGP during a square wave rise in glucagon.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Glucagon stimulates hepatic glucose production through its direct effects on the liver but may indirectly inhibit this process by acting on the brain. This was tested by delivering glucagon via the cerebral circulatory system. Central nervous system glucagon action reduced liver gluconeogenic flux, but glycogenolysis increased, resulting in no net change in hepatic glucose production. Surprisingly, brain glucagon also appeared to suppress lipolysis (plasma free fatty acid and glycerol levels were reduced).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale S Edgerton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Guillaume Kraft
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Marta Smith
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Ben Farmer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Phillip Williams
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Alan D Cherrington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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15
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Yudhani RD, Sari Y, Nugrahaningsih DAA, Sholikhah EN, Rochmanti M, Purba AKR, Khotimah H, Nugrahenny D, Mustofa M. In Vitro Insulin Resistance Model: A Recent Update. J Obes 2023; 2023:1964732. [PMID: 36714242 PMCID: PMC9876677 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1964732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance, which affects insulin-sensitive tissues, including adipose tissues, skeletal muscle, and the liver, is the central pathophysiological mechanism underlying type 2 diabetes progression. Decreased glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive tissues disrupts insulin signaling pathways, particularly the PI3K/Akt pathway. An in vitro model is appropriate for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance because it is easy to maintain and the results can be easily reproduced. The application of cell-based models for exploring the pathogenesis of diabetes and insulin resistance as well as for developing drugs for these conditions is well known. However, a comprehensive review of in vitro insulin resistance models is lacking. Therefore, this review was conducted to provide a comprehensive overview and summary of the latest in vitro insulin resistance models, particularly 3T3-L1 (preadipocyte), C2C12 (skeletal muscle), and HepG2 (liver) cell lines induced with palmitic acid, high glucose, or chronic exposure to insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratih D. Yudhani
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126, Indonesia
| | - Yulia Sari
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126, Indonesia
| | - Dwi A. A. Nugrahaningsih
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Farmako, Sekip Utara, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Eti N. Sholikhah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Farmako, Sekip Utara, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Maftuchah Rochmanti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo 47, Surabaya, East Java 60131, Indonesia
| | - Abdul K. R. Purba
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl Mayjen Prof. Dr. Moestopo 47, Surabaya, East Java 60131, Indonesia
| | - Husnul Khotimah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
| | - Dian Nugrahenny
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Mustofa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Farmako, Sekip Utara, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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16
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Rodgers RL. A reappraisal of the role of cyclic AMP in the physiological action of glucagon. Peptides 2023; 159:170906. [PMID: 36396082 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effects of the metabolic hormone glucagon can be physiological or supraphysiological, based on agonist concentration and the mediating cellular signal. The threshold concentration (TC) for activating the AC/cAMP signal pathway in liver is ≥ 100 pM. By contrast, mean plasma concentrations are around 20-45 pM, depending on the vascular bed. Accordingly, effects produced at TCs below 100 pM are physiological and mediated by cellular signal pathways other than AC/cAMP. Effects generated at concentrations above 100 pM are supraphysiological, often mediated by simultaneous activation of cAMP-independent and -dependent pathways. Physiological responses, and their established or implicated signal pathways, include stimulation of: glucose mobilization, fatty acid oxidation, and urea synthesis in liver (PLC/IP3/Ca2+/CaM); lipolysis in white and brown adipose tissue and oxygen consumption in brown adipose of the rat but not in humans (PLC/IP3/Ca2+/CaM); renal potassium and phosphate excretion in rodents and GFR in humans (signal undetermined); and glucose utilization in rat heart (PI3K/akt). Supraphysiological responses involve the AC/cAMP pathway and include: enhanced stimulation of glucose mobilization and stimulation of urea synthesis in liver; further stimulation of white and brown adipose lipolysis and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue; stimulation of renal Cl- transport; and increased rat heart contractility. The AC/cAMP pathway is likely recruited when plasma glucagon rises above 100 pM during periods of elevated metabolic stress and systemic glucose demand, such as in the early neonate or strenuously exercising adult. The current cAMP-centered model should therefore be reconsidered and replaced with one that places more emphasis on cAMP-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Rodgers
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02935, USA.
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17
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Magkos F, Reeds DN, Mittendorfer B. Evolution of the diagnostic value of "the sugar of the blood": hitting the sweet spot to identify alterations in glucose dynamics. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:7-30. [PMID: 35635320 PMCID: PMC9576168 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we provide an overview of the evolution of the definition of hyperglycemia during the past century and the alterations in glucose dynamics that cause fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia. We discuss how extensive mechanistic, physiological research into the factors and pathways that regulate the appearance of glucose in the circulation and its uptake and metabolism by tissues and organs has contributed knowledge that has advanced our understanding of different types of hyperglycemia, namely prediabetes and diabetes and their subtypes (impaired fasting plasma glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, combined impaired fasting plasma glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus), their relationships with medical complications, and how to prevent and treat hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Dominic N Reeds
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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18
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Vasileva A, Marx T, Beaudry JL, Stern JH. Glucagon receptor signaling at white adipose tissue does not regulate lipolysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E389-E401. [PMID: 36002172 PMCID: PMC9576180 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00078.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the physiological role of glucagon receptor signaling in the liver is well defined, the impact of glucagon receptor (Gcgr) signaling on white adipose tissue (WAT) continues to be debated. Although numerous studies propose that glucagon stimulates WAT lipolysis, we lack evidence that physiological concentrations of glucagon regulate WAT lipolysis. In turn, we performed studies in both wild-type and WAT Gcgr knockout mice to determine if glucagon regulates lipolysis at WAT in the mouse. We assessed the effects of fasting and acute exogenous glucagon administration in wild-type C57BL/6J and GcgrAdipocyte+/+ versus GcgrAdipocyte-/- mice. Using an ex vivo lipolysis protocol, we further examined the direct effects of glucagon on physiologically (fasted) and pharmacologically stimulated lipolysis. We found that adipocyte Gcgr expression did not affect fasting-induced lipolysis or hepatic lipid accumulation in lean or diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Acute glucagon administration did not affect serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), leptin, or adiponectin concentration, but did increase serum glucose and FGF21, regardless of genotype. Glucagon did not affect ex vivo lipolysis in explants from either GcgrAdipocyte+/+ or GcgrAdipocyte-/- mice. Gcgr expression did not affect fasting-induced or isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis from WAT explants. Moreover, glucagon receptor signaling at WAT did not affect body weight or glucose homeostasis in lean or DIO mice. Our studies have established that physiological levels of glucagon do not regulate WAT lipolysis, either directly or indirectly. Given that glucagon receptor agonism can improve dyslipidemia and decrease hepatic lipid accumulation, it is critical to understand the tissue-specific effects of glucagon receptor action. Unlike the crucial role of hepatic glucagon receptor signaling in maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis, we observed no metabolic consequence of WAT glucagon receptor deletion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY It has been postulated that glucagon stimulates lipolysis and fatty acid release from white adipose tissue. We observed no metabolic effects of eliminating or activating glucagon receptor signaling at white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Vasileva
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tyler Marx
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jacqueline L Beaudry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer H Stern
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
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19
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Luo LL, Han JX, Wu SR, Kasim V. Intramuscular injection of sotagliflozin promotes neovascularization in diabetic mice through enhancing skeletal muscle cells paracrine function. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2636-2650. [PMID: 35292769 PMCID: PMC9525294 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with series of macrovascular and microvascular pathological changes that cause a wide range of complications. Diabetic patients are highly susceptible to hindlimb ischemia (HLI), which remains incurable. Evidence shows that skeletal muscle cells secrete a number of angiogenic factors to promote neovascularization and restore blood perfusion, this paracrine function is crucial for therapeutic angiogenesis in diabetic HLI. In this study we investigated whether sotagliflozin, an anti-hyperglycemia SGLT2 inhibitor, exerted therapeutic angiogenesis effects in diabetic HLI in vitro and in vivo. In C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, we showed that high glucose (HG, 25 mM) under hypoxia markedly inhibited cell viability, proliferation and migration potentials, which were dose-dependently reversed by pretreatment with sotagliflozin (5-20 μM). Sotagliflozin pretreatment enhanced expression levels of angiogenic factors HIF-1α, VEGF-A and PDGF-BB in HG-treated C2C12 cells under hypoxia as well as secreted amounts of VEGF-A and PDGF-BB in the medium; pretreatment with the HIF-1α inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME2, 10 μM) or HIF-1α knockdown abrogated sotagliflozin-induced increases in VEGF-A and PDGF-BB expression, as well as sotagliflozin-stimulated cell proliferation and migration potentials. Furthermore, the conditioned media from sotagliflozin-treated C2C12 cells in HG medium enhanced the migration and proliferation capabilities of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, two types of cells necessary for forming functional blood vessels. In vivo study was conducted in diabetic mice subjected to excising the femoral artery of the left limb. After the surgery, sotagliflozin (10 mg/kg) was directly injected into gastrocnemius muscle of the left hindlimb once every 3 days for 3 weeks. We showed that intramuscular injection of sotagliflozin effectively promoted the formation of functional blood vessels, leading to significant recovery of blood perfusion in diabetic HLI mice. Together, our results highlight a new indication of SGLT2 inhibitor sotagliflozin as a potential therapeutic angiogenesis agent for diabetic HLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Liu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Jing-Xuan Han
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shou-Rong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Vivi Kasim
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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20
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Hidalgo-Lozada GM, Villarruel-López A, Martínez-Abundis E, Vázquez-Paulino O, González-Ortiz M, Pérez-Rubio KG. Ellagic Acid Effect on the Components of Metabolic Syndrome, Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195741. [PMID: 36233611 PMCID: PMC9572658 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, usually with a common pathophysiological origin in insulin resistance and abdominal obesity. Considering the reported effects of ellagic acid (EA) on insulin resistance and abdominal obesity, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of EA on the components of MetS, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion by conducting a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial with 32 volunteers diagnosed with MetS. Sixteen patients were randomly allocated, received 500 mg of EA orally twice a day for 12 weeks, and the other 16 received a placebo. Clinical and laboratory determinations were obtained at baseline and at the end of the study. After EA administration, patients reduced their waist circumference (females: 102.2 ± 4.2 to 99.5 ± 3.2 cm (p < 0.05); males: 99.8 ± 6.7 to 96.0 ± 4.7 cm (p < 0.01)), systolic blood pressure (118.1 ± 10.1 to 113.7 ± 7.8 mmHg (p < 0.01)), diastolic blood pressure (118.1 ± 10.1 to 113.7 ± 7.8 mmHg (p < 0.01)), triglycerides (2.8 ± 1.1 to 2.1 ± 0.7 mmol/L (p < 0.01)), fasting plasma glucose (6.5 ± 0.5 to 5.7 ± 0.6 mmol/L (p < 0.01)), fasting plasma insulin (p < 0.01), and insulin secretion (p < 0.05), with an increase of insulin sensitivity (p < 0.01). In male patients, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, EA improved the components of MetS, reduced hyperinsulinemia, and improved insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Maribel Hidalgo-Lozada
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajar 44340, Mexico
| | - Angélica Villarruel-López
- Department of Pharmacobiology, University Center for Exact and Engineering Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.V.-L.); (K.G.P.-R.)
| | - Esperanza Martínez-Abundis
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajar 44340, Mexico
- Health Biomedical Research Center, Guadalajara 44140, Mexico
| | - Olga Vázquez-Paulino
- Department of Pharmacobiology, University Center for Exact and Engineering Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
| | | | - Karina Griselda Pérez-Rubio
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajar 44340, Mexico
- Health Biomedical Research Center, Guadalajara 44140, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.V.-L.); (K.G.P.-R.)
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21
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Weinstock RS, Bode BW, Garg SK, Klonoff DC, El Sanadi C, Geho WB, Muchmore DB, Penn MS. Reduced hypoglycaemia using liver-targeted insulin in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:1762-1769. [PMID: 35546449 PMCID: PMC9546184 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether an increased bolus: basal insulin ratio (BBR) with liver-targeted bolus insulin (BoI) would increase BoI use and decrease hypoglycaemic events (HEv). PATIENT POPULATION AND METHODS We enrolled 52 persons (HbA1c 6.9% ± 0.12%, mean ± SEM) with type 1 diabetes using multiple daily injections. Hepatic-directed vesicle (HDV) was used to deliver 1% of peripheral injected BoI to the liver. A 90-day run-in period was used to introduce subjects to unblinded continuous glucose monitoring and optimize standard basal insulin (BaI) (degludec) and BoI (lispro) dosing. At 90 days, BoI was changed to HDV-insulin lispro and subjects were randomized to an immediate 10% or 40% decrease in BaI dose. RESULTS At 90 days postrandomization, total insulin dosing was increased by ~7% in both cohorts. The -10% and -40% BaI cohorts were on 7.7% and 13% greater BoI with 6.9% and 30% (P = .02) increases in BBR, respectively. Compared with baseline at randomization, nocturnal level 2 HEv were reduced by 21% and 43%, with 54% and 59% reductions in patient-reported HEv in the -10% and -40% BaI cohorts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that liver-targeted BoI safely decreases HEv and symptoms without compromising glucose control. We further show that with initiation of liver-targeted BoI, the BBR can be safely increased by significantly lowering BaI dosing, leading to greater BoI usage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Satish K. Garg
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood DiabetesUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColorado
| | | | | | | | | | - Marc S. Penn
- Diasome Pharmaceuticals, Inc.ClevelandOhio
- Summa HealthAkronOhio
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22
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Kleiboeker B, Lodhi IJ. Peroxisomal regulation of energy homeostasis: Effect on obesity and related metabolic disorders. Mol Metab 2022; 65:101577. [PMID: 35988716 PMCID: PMC9442330 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisomes are single membrane-bound organelles named for their role in hydrogen peroxide production and catabolism. However, their cellular functions extend well beyond reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and include fatty acid oxidation of unique substrates that cannot be catabolized in mitochondria, and synthesis of ether lipids and bile acids. Metabolic functions of peroxisomes involve crosstalk with other organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets and lysosomes. Emerging studies suggest that peroxisomes are important regulators of energy homeostasis and that disruption of peroxisomal functions influences the risk for obesity and the associated metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and hepatic steatosis. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we focus on the role of peroxisomes in ether lipid synthesis, β-oxidation and ROS metabolism, given that these functions have been most widely studied and have physiologically relevant implications in systemic metabolism and obesity. Efforts are made to mechanistically link these cellular and systemic processes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Circulating plasmalogens, a form of ether lipids, have been identified as inversely correlated biomarkers of obesity. Ether lipids influence metabolic homeostasis through multiple mechanisms, including regulation of mitochondrial morphology and respiration affecting brown fat-mediated thermogenesis, and through regulation of adipose tissue development. Peroxisomal β-oxidation also affects metabolic homeostasis through generation of signaling molecules, such as acetyl-CoA and ROS that inhibit hydrolysis of stored lipids, contributing to development of hepatic steatosis. Oxidative stress resulting from increased peroxisomal β-oxidation-generated ROS in the context of obesity mediates β-cell lipotoxicity. A better understanding of the roles peroxisomes play in regulating and responding to obesity and its complications will provide new opportunities for their treatment.
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Stefanovski D, Robinson MA, Van Eps A. Effect of a GLP-1 mimetic on the insulin response to oral sugar testing in horses. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:294. [PMID: 35906619 PMCID: PMC9336084 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin dysregulation (ID) is the most important risk factor for the development of laminitis in horses and therapies to control it are needed. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of a single dose of the synthetic GLP-1 analog exenatide on postprandial insulin dynamics. We hypothesized that exenatide would improve insulin sensitivity and lower postprandial blood insulin concentrations. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, crossover, experimental study. ANIMALS Six horses (3 mares, 3 geldings; 2 with normal insulin regulation [NIR] and 4 with mild ID). METHODS Horses completed both study arms: subcutaneous administration of exenatide (or no treatment) 30 min before an oral sugar test (0.15 ml/kg of Karo Syrup). Blood samples obtained over 240 min were assayed for glucose, insulin, lactate, c-peptide and total GLP-1. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using the trapezoidal rule. Insulin sensitivity (SI) was estimated using a mathematical model. RESULTS Exenatide resulted in a postprandial decrease of 20% (effect size: 2673 µU·min/ml; 95% CI: 900 - 4446 µU·min/ml; P = 0.003) in AUC of plasma insulin (control; mean AUC insulin: 11,989 µU·min/ml; 95% CI: 9673 - 14,305 µU·min/ml, exenatide; mean AUC insulin: 9316 µU·min/ml; 95% CI: 7430 - 11,202 µU·min/ml). Exenatide resulted in an approximately threefold increase (effect size: 5.56 10-4· µU/ml-1·min-1; 95% CI: 0.95 - 10.1 10-4· µU/ml-1·min-1; P = 0.02) in estimated insulin sensitivity (control mean SI: 1.93 10-4· µU/ml-1·min-1; 95% CI: 0.005 - 3.86 10-4·µU/ml-1·min-1 vs. exenatide mean SI: 7.49 10-4· µU/ml-1·min-1; 95% CI: 3.46 - 11.52 10-4· µU/ml-1·min-1). CONCLUSIONS The decrease in insulin response to carbohydrates was due to an increase in whole-body insulin sensitivity. GLP-1 agonists may have therapeutic potential for ID in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA.
| | - Mary A Robinson
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA.,PA Equine Toxicology & Research Laboratory, 220 East Rosedale Avenue, West Chester, PA, 19382, USA
| | - Andrew Van Eps
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
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24
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Cheng Z, Zhang C, Mi Y. IL-6 gene rs1800795 polymorphism and diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive analysis involving 42,150 participants from a meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:95. [PMID: 35840989 PMCID: PMC9283852 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past two decades, several studies have focused on the association between a common polymorphism (rs1800795) from interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) risk. However, the results remain ambiguous and indefinite. METHODS A comprehensive analysis was performed to explore this relationship. A search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, Chinese (CNKI and Wanfang), and GWAS Catalog databases, covering all publications until February 10, 2022. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to evaluate the strength of the association. Publication bias was assessed using both Begg and Egger tests. RESULTS Overall, 34 case-control studies with 7257 T2DM patients and 15,598 controls, and 12 case-control studies (10,264 T1DM patients and 9031 health controls) were included in the analysis. A significantly lower association was observed between the rs1800795 polymorphism and T2DM risk in Asians, mixed population, and hospital-based (HB) subgroups (C-allele vs. G-allele: OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.58-0.99, P = 0.039 for Asians; CG vs. GG: OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.58-0.94, P = 0.014 for mixed population; CC vs. GG: OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.41-0.90, P = 0.014 for HB). However, increased associations were found from total, mixed population, and HB subgroups between rs1800795 polymorphism and T1DM susceptibility (CG vs. GG: OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.01-1.74, P = 0.043 for total population, CC vs. GG: OR = 2.45, 95% CI 1.18-5.07, P = 0.016 for mixed individuals; C-allele vs. G-allele: OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.07-1.56, P = 0.0009 for HB subgroup). CONCLUSIONS In summary, there is definite evidence to confirm that IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to decreased T2DM and increased T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Cheng
- General Practice, DeltaHealth Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmin Zhang
- Xinqiao Town Community Health Service Center, Songjiang District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Mi
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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25
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Stefanovski D, Vajravelu ME, Givler S, De León DD. Exendin-(9-39) Effects on Glucose and Insulin in Children With Congenital Hyperinsulinism During Fasting and During a Meal and a Protein Challenge. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:1381-1390. [PMID: 35416981 PMCID: PMC9210867 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess whether exendin-(9-39) will increase fasting and postprandial plasma glucose and decrease the incidence of hypoglycemia in children with hyperinsulinism (HI). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was an open-label, four-period crossover study. In periods 1 and 2, the effect of three different dosing regimens of exendin-(9-39) (group 1, 0.28 mg/kg; group 2, 0.44 mg/kg; group 3, 0.6 mg/kg) versus vehicle on fasting glucose was assessed in 16 children with HI. In periods 3 and 4, a subset of eight subjects received either vehicle or exendin-(9-39) (0.6 mg/kg) during a mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) and an oral protein tolerance test (OPTT). RESULTS Treatment group 2 showed 20% (P = 0.037) increase in the area under the curve (AUC) of fasting glucose. A significant increase in AUC of glucose was also observed during the MMTT and OPTT; treatment with exendin-(9-39) resulted in 28% (P ≤ 0.001) and 30% (P = 0.01) increase in AUC of glucose, respectively. Fasting AUC of insulin decreased by 57% (P = 0.009) in group 3. In contrast, AUC of insulin was unchanged during the MMTT and almost twofold higher (P = 0.004) during the OPTT with exendin-(9-39) treatment. In comparison with vehicle, infusion of exendin-(9-39) resulted in significant reduction in likelihood of hypoglycemia in group 2, by 76% (P = 0.009), and in group 3, by 84% (P = 0.014). Administration of exendin-(9-39) during the OPTT resulted in 82% (P = 0.007) reduction in the likelihood of hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS These results support a therapeutic potential of exendin-(9-39) to prevent fasting and protein-induced hypoglycemia in children with HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Stefanovski
- School of Veterinarian Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mary E Vajravelu
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stephanie Givler
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Diva D De León
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Norton L, Shannon C, Gastaldelli A, DeFronzo RA. Insulin: The master regulator of glucose metabolism. Metabolism 2022; 129:155142. [PMID: 35066003 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is the master regulator of glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Following ingestion of an oral glucose load or mixed meal, the plasma glucose concentration rises, insulin secretion by the beta cells is stimulated and the hyperinsulinemia, working in concert with hyperglycemia, causes: (i) suppression of endogenous (primarily reflects hepatic) glucose production, (ii) stimulation of glucose uptake by muscle, liver, and adipocytes, (iii) inhibition of lipolysis leading to a decline in plasma FFA concentration which contributes to the suppression of hepatic glucose production and augmentation of muscle glucose uptake, and (iv) vasodilation in muscle, which contributes to enhanced muscle glucose disposal. Herein, the integrated physiologic impact of insulin to maintain normal glucose homeostasis is reviewed and the molecular basis of insulin's diverse actions in muscle, liver, adipocytes, and vasculature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Norton
- Diabetes Division, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Chris Shannon
- Diabetes Division, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Diabetes Division, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, United States of America; Cardiometabolic Risk Unit Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, United States of America.
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27
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The Other Face of Insulin—Overdose and Its Effects. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030123. [PMID: 35324747 PMCID: PMC8955302 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is the most effective glycemic-lowering drug, and for people suffering from type 1 diabetes it is a life-saving drug. Its self-dosing by patients may be associated with a higher risk of overdose, both accidental and deliberate. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia causes up to 100,000 emergency department calls per year. Cases of suicide attempts using insulin have been described in the literature since its introduction into therapy, and one of the important factors in their occurrence is the very fact of chronic disease. Up to 90% of patients who go to toxicology wards overdose insulin consciously. Patients with diabetes are burdened with a 2–3 times higher risk of developing depression compared to the general population. For this reason, it is necessary to develop an effective system for detecting a predisposition to overdose, including the assessment of the first symptoms of depression in patients with diabetes. A key role is played by a risk-conscious therapeutic team, as well as education. Further post-mortem testing is also needed for material collection and storage, as well as standardization of analytical methods and interpretation of results, which would allow for more effective detection and analysis of intentional overdose—both by the patient and for criminal purposes.
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Đorđević MM, Tolić A, Rajić J, Mihailović M, Arambašić Jovanović J, Uskoković A, Grdović N, Đorđević MB, Mišić D, Šiler B, Vidaković M, Dinić S. Centaurium erythraea methanol extract improves the functionality of diabetic liver and kidney by mitigating hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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29
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Zhou Z, Ye F, Lei L, Zhou S, Zhao G. Fabricating low glycaemic index foods: Enlightened by the impacts of soluble dietary fibre on starch digestibility. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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30
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Lee SJ, Chandrasekran P, Mazucanti CH, O’Connell JF, Egan JM, Kim Y. Dietary curcumin restores insulin homeostasis in diet-induced obese aged mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:225-239. [PMID: 35017319 PMCID: PMC8791219 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although aging is a physiological process to which all organisms are subject, the presence of obesity and type 2 diabetes accelerates biological aging. Recent studies have demonstrated the causal relationships between dietary interventions suppressing obesity and type 2 diabetes and delaying the onset of age-related endocrine changes. Curcumin, a natural antioxidant, has putative therapeutic properties such as improving insulin sensitivity in obese mice. However, how curcumin contributes to maintaining insulin homeostasis in aged organisms largely remains unclear. Thus, the objective of this study is to examine the pleiotropic effect of dietary curcumin on insulin homeostasis in a diet-induced obese (DIO) aged mouse model. Aged (18-20 months old) male mice given a high-fat high-sugar diet supplemented with 0.4% (w/w) curcumin (equivalent to 2 g/day for a 60 kg adult) displayed a different metabolic phenotype compared to mice given a high-fat high-sugar diet alone. Furthermore, curcumin supplementation altered hepatic gene expression profiling, especially insulin signaling and senescence pathways. We then mechanistically investigated how curcumin functions to fine-tune insulin sensitivity. We found that curcumin supplementation increased hepatic insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) expression levels and preserved islet integrity, both outcomes that are beneficial to preserving good health with age. Our findings suggest that the multifaceted therapeutic potential of curcumin can be used as a protective agent for age-induced metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jeong Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Prabha Chandrasekran
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging (NIA), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Caio Henrique Mazucanti
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging (NIA), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jennifer F. O’Connell
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging (NIA), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Josephine M. Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging (NIA), Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yoo Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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31
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Gonzalez-Rellan MJ, Fondevila MF, Dieguez C, Nogueiras R. O-GlcNAcylation: A Sweet Hub in the Regulation of Glucose Metabolism in Health and Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:873513. [PMID: 35527999 PMCID: PMC9072661 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.873513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a posttranslational modification ruled by the activity of a single pair of enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). These two enzymes carry out the dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAcylation on a wide range of cytosolic, nuclear, and mitochondrial proteins in a nutrient- and stress-responsive manner. To maintain proper glucose homeostasis, a precise mechanism to sense blood glucose levels is required, to adapt cell physiology to fluctuations in nutrient intake to maintain glycemia within a narrow range. Disruptions in glucose homeostasis generates metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. In this review we will discuss and summarize emerging findings that points O-GlcNAcylation as a hub in the control of systemic glucose homeostasis, and its involvement in the generation of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Gonzalez-Rellan
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Maria J. Gonzalez-Rellan, ; Marcos F. Fondevila,
| | - Marcos F. Fondevila
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Maria J. Gonzalez-Rellan, ; Marcos F. Fondevila,
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Pánico P, Velasco M, Salazar AM, Picones A, Ortiz-Huidobro RI, Guerrero-Palomo G, Salgado-Bernabé ME, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Hiriart M. Is Arsenic Exposure a Risk Factor for Metabolic Syndrome? A Review of the Potential Mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:878280. [PMID: 35651975 PMCID: PMC9150370 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.878280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to arsenic in drinking water is a worldwide health problem. This pollutant is associated with increased risk of developing chronic diseases, including metabolic diseases. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex pathology that results from the interaction between environmental and genetic factors. This condition increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The MS includes at least three of the following signs, central obesity, impaired fasting glucose, insulin resistance, dyslipidemias, and hypertension. Here, we summarize the existing evidence of the multiple mechanisms triggered by arsenic to developing the cardinal signs of MS, showing that this pollutant could contribute to the multifactorial origin of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Pánico
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Myrian Velasco
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana María Salazar
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Picones
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa Isela Ortiz-Huidobro
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Guerrero-Palomo
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manuel Eduardo Salgado-Bernabé
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcia Hiriart
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Marcia Hiriart,
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Cai Z, Deng X, Jia J, Wang D, Yuan G. Ectodysplasin A/Ectodysplasin A Receptor System and Their Roles in Multiple Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:788411. [PMID: 34938205 PMCID: PMC8685516 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.788411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectodysplasin A (EDA) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of ligands that was initially reported to induce the formation of various ectodermal derivatives during normal prenatal development. EDA exerts its biological activity as two splice variants, namely, EDA-A1 and EDA-A2. The former binds to the EDA receptor (EDAR), resulting in the recruitment of the intracellular EDAR-associated death domain (EDARADD) adapter protein and the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, while the latter binds to a different receptor, EDA2R, also known as X-linked ectodermal dysplasia receptor (XEDAR). Inactivation mutation of the EDA gene or the genes coding for its receptors can result in hypohidrosis ectodermal dysplasia (HED), a condition that is characterized by oligotrichosis, edentulosis or oligodontia, and oligohidrosis or anhidrosis. Recently, as a new liver factor, EDA is gradually known and endowed with some new functions. EDA levels were observed to be upregulated in several metabolic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, and insulin resistance. In addition, EDA and its receptors have been implicated in tumor pathogenesis through the regulation of tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and migration. Here, we first review the role of EDA and its two-receptor system in various signaling pathways and then discuss the physiological and pathological roles of EDA and its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jue Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Tanataweethum N, Trang A, Lee C, Mehta J, Patel N, Cohen RN, Bhushan A. Investigation of insulin resistance through a multiorgan microfluidic organ-on-chip. Biomed Mater 2021; 17. [PMID: 34942604 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of hepatic insulin resistance (IR) is a critical factor in developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), where insulin fails to inhibit hepatic glucose production but retains its capacity to promote hepatic lipogenesis. Improving insulin sensitivity can be effective in preventing and treating T2D. However, selective control of glucose and lipid synthesis has been difficult. It is known that excess white adipose tissue is detrimental to insulin sensitivity, whereas brown adipose tissue transplantation can restore it in diabetic mice. However, challenges remain in our understanding of liver-adipose communication because the confounding effects of hypothalamic regulation of metabolic function cannot be ruled out in previous studies. There is a lack of in vitro models that use primary cells to study cellular-crosstalk under insulin resistant conditions. Building upon our previous work on the microfluidic primary liver and adipose organ-on-chips, we report for the first time the development of integrated insulin resistant liver-adipose (white and brown) organ-on-chip. The design of the microfluidic device was carried out using computational fluid dynamics; the experimental studies were conducted by carrying out detailed biochemical analysis RNA-seq analysis on both cell types. Further, we tested the hypothesis that brown adipocytes regulated both hepatic insulin sensitivity and lipogenesis. Our results show effective co-modulation of hepatic glucose and lipid synthesis through a platform for identifying potential therapeutics for IR and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Tanataweethum
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, 3255 South dearborn street, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60616-3717, UNITED STATES
| | - Allyson Trang
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, 3255 South Dearborn Street Wishnick Hall, Suite 314, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60616-3717, UNITED STATES
| | - Chaeeun Lee
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, 3255 South Dearborn Street Wishnick Hall, Suite 314, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60616-3717, UNITED STATES
| | - Jhalak Mehta
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, 3255 South dearborn street, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60616-3717, UNITED STATES
| | - Neha Patel
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Dept of Biomedical Engineering, 3255 South dearborn street, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60616-3717, UNITED STATES
| | - Ronald N Cohen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 1027, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637-1476, UNITED STATES
| | - Abhinav Bhushan
- Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 S Dearborn St, Wishnick 314, Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60616-3717, UNITED STATES
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Eldor R, Neutel J, Homer K, Kidron M. Efficacy and safety of 28-day treatment with oral insulin (ORMD-0801) in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:2529-2538. [PMID: 34310011 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the safety and efficacy of oral insulin (ORMD-0801) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). MATERIALS AND METHODS After a 2-week washout of other medications, adult metformin-treated patients with T2D were randomized to receive placebo or 16 or 24 mg ORMD-0801, once daily, at bedtime, for 28 days. The mean change from baseline weighted mean night-time glucose levels was determined from 2 nights of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) recordings during the placebo run-in and last week of treatment. RESULTS In total, 188 patients (HbA1c: 7.82% ± 0.88% [placebo] and 8.08% ± 1.11% [pooled ORMD-0801 group]) were enrolled. In the placebo group, mean night-time CGM increased from baseline by 13.7 ± 26.1 mg/dL, whereas the increase was significantly smaller in the pooled ORMD-0801 group (1.7 ± 23.5 mg/dL, P = .0120). Glycaemic control variables (24-hour, fasting and daytime CGM glucose) also displayed smaller increases with ORMD-0801 versus placebo. Change from baseline HbA1c was -0.01% in the pooled ORMD-0801 group versus +0.20% in the placebo group (P = .0149). ORMD-0801 was well tolerated, with similar adverse event and hypoglycaemia rates as placebo. CONCLUSIONS In patients with T2D, bedtime ORMD-0801 curbed increases in night-time glycaemia, 24-hour glycaemia and HbA1c, without increasing the risk of hypoglycaemia or safety events compared with the control arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Eldor
- Diabetes Unit, Institute for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Joel Neutel
- Orange County Research Center, Tustin, California, USA
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Okan A, Doğanyiğit Z, Eroğlu E, Akyüz E, Demir N. Immunoreactive definition of TNF- α, HIF-1 α, Kir6.2, Kir3.1 and M2 muscarinic receptor for cardiac and pancreatic tissues in a mouse model for type 1 diabetes. Life Sci 2021; 284:119886. [PMID: 34389402 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Okan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey
| | - Züleyha Doğanyiğit
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey
| | - Ece Eroğlu
- School of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey
| | - Enes Akyüz
- Department of Biophysics, School of International Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Necdet Demir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey.
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Infante M, Baidal DA, Rickels MR, Fabbri A, Skyler JS, Alejandro R, Ricordi C. Dual-hormone artificial pancreas for management of type 1 diabetes: Recent progress and future directions. Artif Organs 2021; 45:968-986. [PMID: 34263961 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, technological advances have led to tremendous improvement in the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Artificial pancreas systems have been shown to improve glucose control compared with conventional insulin pump therapy. However, clinically significant hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic episodes still occur with the artificial pancreas. Postprandial glucose excursions and exercise-induced hypoglycemia represent major hurdles in improving glucose control and glucose variability in many patients with T1D. In this regard, dual-hormone artificial pancreas systems delivering other hormones in addition to insulin (glucagon or amylin) may better reproduce the physiology of the endocrine pancreas and have been suggested as an alternative tool to overcome these limitations in clinical practice. In addition, novel ultra-rapid-acting insulin analogs with a more physiological time-action profile are currently under investigation for use in artificial pancreas devices, aiming to address the unmet need for further improvements in postprandial glucose control. This review article aims to discuss the current progress and future outlook in the development of novel ultra-rapid insulin analogs and dual-hormone closed-loop systems, which offer the next steps to fully closing the loop in the artificial pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Infante
- Clinical Cell Transplant Program, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, Diabetes Research Institute Federation, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - David A Baidal
- Clinical Cell Transplant Program, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael R Rickels
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, Diabetes Research Institute Federation, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Jay S Skyler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rodolfo Alejandro
- Clinical Cell Transplant Program, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Clinical Cell Transplant Program, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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38
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Agrawal R, Reno CM, Sharma S, Christensen C, Huang Y, Fisher SJ. Insulin action in the brain regulates both central and peripheral functions. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E156-E163. [PMID: 34056920 PMCID: PMC8321819 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00642.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The brain has been traditionally thought to be insensitive to insulin, primarily because insulin does not stimulate glucose uptake/metabolism in the brain (as it does in classic insulin-sensitive tissues such as muscle, liver, and fat). However, over the past 20 years, research in this field has identified unique actions of insulin in the brain. There is accumulating evidence that insulin crosses into the brain and regulates central nervous system functions such as feeding, depression, and cognitive behavior. In addition, insulin acts in the brain to regulate systemic functions such as hepatic glucose production, lipolysis, lipogenesis, reproductive competence, and the sympathoadrenal response to hypoglycemia. Decrements in brain insulin action (or brain insulin resistance) can be observed in obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), aging, and Alzheimer's disease (AD), indicating a possible link between metabolic and cognitive health. Here, we describe recent findings on the pleiotropic actions of insulin in the brain and highlight the precise sites, specific neuronal population, and roles for supportive astrocytic cells through which insulin acts in the brain. In addition, we also discuss how boosting brain insulin action could be a therapeutic option for people at an increased risk of developing metabolic and cognitive diseases such as AD and T2DM. Overall, this perspective article serves to highlight some of these key scientific findings, identify unresolved issues, and indicate future directions of research in this field that would serve to improve the lives of people with metabolic and cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Agrawal
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Candace M Reno
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sunny Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Camille Christensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Yiqing Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Simon J Fisher
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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39
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Kerry RG, Mahapatra GP, Maurya GK, Patra S, Mahari S, Das G, Patra JK, Sahoo S. Molecular prospect of type-2 diabetes: Nanotechnology based diagnostics and therapeutic intervention. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:421-451. [PMID: 33052523 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
About ninety percent of all diabetic conditions account for T2D caused due to abnormal insulin secretion/ action or increased hepatic glucose production. Factors that contribute towards the aetiology of T2D could be well explained through biochemical, molecular, and cellular aspects. In this review, we attempt to explain the recent evolving molecular and cellular advancement associated with T2D pathophysiology. Current progress fabricated in T2D research concerning intracellular signaling cascade, inflammasome, autophagy, genetic and epigenetics changes is discretely explained in simple terms. Present available anti-diabetic therapeutic strategies commercialized and their limitations which are needed to be acknowledged are addressed in the current review. In particular, the pre-eminence of nanotechnology-based approaches to nullify the inadequacy of conventional anti-diabetic therapeutics and heterogeneous nanoparticulated systems exploited in diabetic researches are also discretely mentioned and are also listed in a tabular format in the review. Additionally, as a future prospect of nanotechnology, the review presents several strategic hypotheses to ameliorate the austerity of T2D by an engineered smart targeted nano-delivery system. In detail, an effort has been made to hypothesize novel nanotechnological based therapeutic strategies, which exploits previously described inflammasome, autophagic target points. Utilizing graphical description it is explained how a smart targeted nano-delivery system could promote β-cell growth and development by inducing the Wnt signaling pathway (inhibiting Gsk3β), inhibiting inflammasome (inhibiting NLRP3), and activating autophagic target points (protecting Atg3/Atg7 complex from oxidative stress) thereby might ameliorate the severity of T2D. Additionally, several targeting molecules associated with autophagic and epigenetic factors are also highlighted, which can be exploited in future diabetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rout George Kerry
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751004, India
| | | | - Ganesh Kumar Maurya
- Zoology Section, Mahila MahaVidyalya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sushmita Patra
- Department of Biotechnology, North Odissa University, Takatpur, Baripada, Odisha, 757003, India
| | - Subhasis Mahari
- DBT- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sabuj Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751004, India.
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40
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Kraft G, Coate KC, Smith M, Farmer B, Scott M, Cherrington AD, Edgerton DS. The Importance of the Mechanisms by Which Insulin Regulates Meal-Associated Liver Glucose Uptake in the Dog. Diabetes 2021; 70:1292-1302. [PMID: 33757993 PMCID: PMC8275892 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic glucose uptake (HGU) is critical for maintaining normal postprandial glucose metabolism. Insulin is clearly a key regulator of HGU, but the physiologic mechanisms by which it acts have yet to be established. This study sought to determine the mechanisms by which insulin regulates liver glucose uptake under postprandial-like conditions (hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and a positive portal vein-to-arterial glucose gradient). Portal vein insulin infusion increased hepatic insulin levels fivefold in healthy dogs. In one group (n = 7), the physiologic response was allowed to fully occur, while in another (n = 7), insulin's indirect hepatic effects, occurring secondary to its actions on adipose tissue, pancreas, and brain, were blocked. This was accomplished by infusing triglyceride (intravenous), glucagon (portal vein), and inhibitors of brain insulin action (intracerebroventricular) to prevent decreases in plasma free fatty acids or glucagon, while blocking increased hypothalamic insulin signaling for 4 h. In contrast to the indirect hepatic effects of insulin, which were previously shown capable of independently generating a half-maximal stimulation of HGU, direct hepatic insulin action was by itself able to fully stimulate HGU. This suggests that under hyperinsulinemic/hyperglycemic conditions insulin's indirect effects are redundant to direct engagement of hepatocyte insulin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Kraft
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Katie C Coate
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Marta Smith
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Ben Farmer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Melanie Scott
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Alan D Cherrington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Dale S Edgerton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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41
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Edgerton DS, Moore MC, Gregory JM, Kraft G, Cherrington AD. Importance of the route of insulin delivery to its control of glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E891-E897. [PMID: 33813879 PMCID: PMC8238128 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00628.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic insulin secretion produces an insulin gradient at the liver compared with the rest of the body (approximately 3:1). This physiological distribution is lost when insulin is injected subcutaneously, causing impaired regulation of hepatic glucose production and whole body glucose uptake, as well as arterial hyperinsulinemia. Thus, the hepatoportal insulin gradient is essential to the normal control of glucose metabolism during both fasting and feeding. Insulin can regulate hepatic glucose production and uptake through multiple mechanisms, but its direct effects on the liver are dominant under physiological conditions. Given the complications associated with iatrogenic hyperinsulinemia in patients treated with insulin, insulin designed to preferentially target the liver may have therapeutic advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale S Edgerton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mary C Moore
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Justin M Gregory
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Guillaume Kraft
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alan D Cherrington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Abstract
On this 100th anniversary of the discovery of insulin, we recognize the critical role that adipocytes, which are exquisitely responsive to insulin, have played in determining the mechanisms for insulin action at the cellular level. Our understanding of adipose tissue biology has evolved greatly, and it is now clear that adipocytes are far more complicated than simple storage depots for fat. A growing body of evidence documents how adipocytes, in response to insulin, contribute to the control of whole-body nutrient homeostasis. These advances highlight adipocyte plasticity, heterogeneity, and endocrine function, unique features that connect adipocyte metabolism to the regulation of other tissues important for metabolic homeostasis (e.g., liver, muscle, pancreas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santoro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy E McGraw
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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43
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Lewis GF, Carpentier AC, Pereira S, Hahn M, Giacca A. Direct and indirect control of hepatic glucose production by insulin. Cell Metab 2021; 33:709-720. [PMID: 33765416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is general agreement that the acute suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin is mediated by both a direct and an indirect effect on the liver. There is, however, no consensus regarding the relative magnitude of these effects under physiological conditions. Extensive research over the past three decades in humans and animal models has provided discordant results between these two modes of insulin action. Here, we review the field to make the case that physiologically direct hepatic insulin action dominates acute suppression of glucose production, but that there is also a delayed, second order regulation of this process via extrahepatic effects. We further provide our views regarding the timing, dominance, and physiological relevance of these effects and discuss novel concepts regarding insulin regulation of adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism and central nervous system (CNS) signaling to the liver, as regulators of insulin's extrahepatic effects on glucose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Lewis
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Andre C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sandra Pereira
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Fryk E, Olausson J, Mossberg K, Strindberg L, Schmelz M, Brogren H, Gan LM, Piazza S, Provenzani A, Becattini B, Lind L, Solinas G, Jansson PA. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in the obese may develop as part of a homeostatic response to elevated free fatty acids: A mechanistic case-control and a population-based cohort study. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103264. [PMID: 33712379 PMCID: PMC7992078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is commonly accepted that in obesity free fatty acids (FFA) cause insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, which drives hyperinsulinemia. However, hyperinsulinemia is observed in subjects with normoglycaemia and thus the paradigm above should be reevaluated. Methods We describe two studies: MD-Lipolysis, a case control study investigating the mechanisms of obesity-driven insulin resistance by a systemic metabolic analysis, measurements of adipose tissue lipolysis by microdialysis, and adipose tissue genomics; and POEM, a cohort study used for validating differences in circulating metabolites in relation to adiposity and insulin resistance observed in the MD-Lipolysis study. Findings In insulin-resistant obese with normal glycaemia from the MD-Lipolysis study, hyperinsulinemia was associated with elevated FFA. Lipolysis, assessed by glycerol release per adipose tissue mass or adipocyte surface, was similar between obese and lean individuals. Adipose tissue from obese subjects showed reduced expression of genes mediating catecholamine-driven lipolysis, lipid storage, and increased expression of genes driving hyperplastic growth. In the POEM study, FFA levels were specifically elevated in obese-overweight subjects with normal fasting glucose and high fasting levels of insulin and C-peptide. Interpretation In obese subjects with normal glycaemia elevated circulating levels of FFA at fasting are the major metabolic derangement candidate driving fasting hyperinsulinemia. Elevated FFA in obese with normal glycaemia were better explained by increased fat mass rather than by adipose tissue insulin resistance. These results support the idea that hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance may develop as part of a homeostatic adaptive response to increased adiposity and FFA. Funding Swedish-Research-Council (2016-02660); Diabetesfonden (DIA2017-250; DIA2018-384; DIA2020-564); Novo-Nordisk-Foundation (NNF17OC0027458; NNF19OC0057174); Cancerfonden (CAN2017/472; 200840PjF); Swedish-ALF-agreement (2018-74560).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Fryk
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josefin Olausson
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Mossberg
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Strindberg
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Schmelz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg Germany
| | - Helén Brogren
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Li-Ming Gan
- Department of Cardiology Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Silvano Piazza
- Centre for Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento Italy; Computational Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ICGEB, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Becattini
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Dep of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Solinas
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Per-Anders Jansson
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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45
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Shannon CE, Ragavan M, Palavicini JP, Fourcaudot M, Bakewell TM, Valdez IA, Ayala I, Jin ES, Madesh M, Han X, Merritt ME, Norton L. Insulin resistance is mechanistically linked to hepatic mitochondrial remodeling in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2021; 45:101154. [PMID: 33359401 PMCID: PMC7811046 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance and altered hepatic mitochondrial function are central features of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the etiological role of these processes in disease progression remains unclear. Here we investigated the molecular links between insulin resistance, mitochondrial remodeling, and hepatic lipid accumulation. METHODS Hepatic insulin sensitivity, endogenous glucose production, and mitochondrial metabolic fluxes were determined in wild-type, obese (ob/ob) and pioglitazone-treatment obese mice using a combination of radiolabeled tracer and stable isotope NMR approaches. Mechanistic studies of pioglitazone action were performed in isolated primary hepatocytes, whilst molecular hepatic lipid species were profiled using shotgun lipidomics. RESULTS Livers from obese, insulin-resistant mice displayed augmented mitochondrial content and increased tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activities. Insulin sensitization with pioglitazone mitigated pyruvate-driven TCA cycle activity and PDH activation via both allosteric (intracellular pyruvate availability) and covalent (PDK4 and PDP2) mechanisms that were dependent on PPARγ activity in isolated primary hepatocytes. Improved mitochondrial function following pioglitazone treatment was entirely dissociated from changes in hepatic triglycerides, diacylglycerides, or fatty acids. Instead, we highlight a role for the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin, which underwent pathological remodeling in livers from obese mice that was reversed by insulin sensitization. CONCLUSION Our findings identify targetable mitochondrial features of T2D and NAFLD and highlight the benefit of insulin sensitization in managing the clinical burden of obesity-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris E Shannon
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mukundan Ragavan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Palavicini
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marcel Fourcaudot
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Terry M Bakewell
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ivan A Valdez
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Iriscilla Ayala
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Eunsook S Jin
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Matthew E Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Luke Norton
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Miyamoto JÉ, Reginato A, Portovedo M, Dos Santos RM, Stahl MA, Le Stunff H, Latorraca MQ, de Barros Reis MA, Arantes VC, Doneda DL, Ignacio-Souza LM, Torsoni AS, Grimaldi R, Ribeiro APB, Torsoni MA, Milanski M. Interesterified palm oil impairs glucose homeostasis and induces deleterious effects in liver of Swiss mice. Metabolism 2020; 112:154350. [PMID: 32910938 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interesterified fats have largely replaced the partially hydrogenated oils which are the main dietary source of trans fat in industrialized food. This process promotes a random rearrangement of the native fatty acids and the results are different triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules without generating trans isomers. The role of interesterified fats in metabolism remains unclear. We evaluated metabolic parameters, glucose homeostasis and inflammatory markers in mice fed with normocaloric and normolipidic diets or hypercaloric and high-fat diet enriched with interesterified palm oil. METHODS Male Swiss mice were randomly divided into four experimental groups and submitted to either normolipidic palm oil diet (PO), normolipidic interesterified palm oil diet (IPO), palm oil high-fat diet (POHF) or interesterified palm oil high-fat diet (IPOHF) during an 8 weeks period. RESULTS When compared to the PO group, IPO group presented higher body mass, hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, evidence of insulin resistance and greater production of glucose in basal state during pyruvate in situ assay. We also observed higher protein content of hepatic PEPCK and increased cytokine mRNA expression in the IPO group when compared to PO. Interestingly, IPO group showed similar parameters to POHF and IPOHF groups. CONCLUSION The results indicate that substitution of palm oil for interesterified palm oil even on normocaloric and normolipidic diet could negatively modulate metabolic parameters and glucose homeostasis as well as cytokine gene expression in the liver and white adipose tissue. This data support concerns about the effects of interesterified fats on health and could promote further discussions about the safety of the utilization of this unnatural fat by food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Érica Miyamoto
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andressa Reginato
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mariana Portovedo
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Raísa Magno Dos Santos
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | | | | | - Diego Luiz Doneda
- Physiology Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Leticia Martins Ignacio-Souza
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Adriana Souza Torsoni
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Renato Grimaldi
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Alberto Torsoni
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.
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47
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Staniek HZ, Król E, Wójciak RW. The Interactive Effect of High Doses of Chromium(III) and Different Iron(III) Levels on the Carbohydrate Status, Lipid Profile, and Selected Biochemical Parameters in Female Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103070. [PMID: 33050015 PMCID: PMC7599772 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the main and interactive effects of chromium(III) propionate complex (Cr3) supplementation and different iron supply on the carbohydrate metabolism, lipid profile and other selected biochemical parameters of rats. The experiment was carried out in a two-factor design, in which rats were fed a diet with different proportions of Fe(III) and Cr(III) for six weeks. Fifty-four healthy female Wistar rats were divided into nine experimental groups with different Fe(III) levels, i.e. adequate-control group (45 mg/kg)-100% recommended daily dietary dose of Fe for rodents, deficient (5 mg/kg) and oversupply (180 mg/kg-400%). At the same time they were supplemented with Cr(III) of doses 1 (adequate), 50 and 500 mg/kg of diet. The activity and concentrations of most biochemical parameters were measured with standard enzymatic, kinetic, and colorimetric methods. HOMA-IR and QUICKI indexes were calculated according to appropriate formulas. It was found that there was an interactive effect of high Cr(III) doses and different Fe(III) levels in the diet on the carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance indexes. The presented results suggested that iron deficient diet fed animals led to insulin resistance; however, an effect is attenuated by Cr(III) supplementation at high doses. There were no significant changes in the rats' lipid profile (except for the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level) and most of the other biochemical parameters, such as the leptin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), total protein (TP), creatinine (Crea) and the urea (BUN) concentrations. The study proved that the Cr(III) supplementation, independently and in combination with diversified Fe(III) content in the diet, affected the carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance indexes but did not affect lipid profile and most of the other biochemical parameters in healthy rats. The findings proved the role of Fe and Cr(III) and their interactions on disturbances carbohydrates metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Zofia Staniek
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(61)-8487334
| | - Ewelina Król
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Rafał Wojciech Wójciak
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland
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48
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Heise T, Linnebjerg H, Coutant D, LaBell E, Zijlstra E, Kapitza C, Bue‐Valleskey J, Zhang Q, Dellva MA, Leohr J. Ultra rapid lispro lowers postprandial glucose and more closely matches normal physiological glucose response compared to other rapid insulin analogues: A phase 1 randomized, crossover study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:1789-1798. [PMID: 32436641 PMCID: PMC7540588 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) and glucodynamic (GD) characteristics of ultra rapid lispro (URLi; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana), Fiasp® (Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark), Humalog® (Eli Lilly and Company) and NovoRapid® (Novo Nordisk), in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind, four-period, crossover study, conducted in 68 patients with T1D. Patients received the same individualized subcutaneous dose of each study drug immediately prior to a liquid test meal. For comparison, 12 healthy subjects received the same test meal. RESULTS URLi had a significantly faster insulin absorption compared to the other insulins tested. Early half-maximal drug concentration was reached 13 minutes after administration of URLi, which was 6 minutes faster than Fiasp, 13 minutes faster than Humalog, and 14 minutes faster than NovoRapid (all P <0.0001). Early insulin exposure was significantly greater and late insulin exposure was reduced after URLi compared to the other insulins. URLi achieved the greatest numerical reduction in postprandial glucose (PPG) at 2 hours post-meal (7 mg/dL vs Fiasp) and was significantly different from Humalog (21 mg/dL) and Novo Rapid (29 mg/dL). Additionally, glucose excursions over the first 3 hours post-meal with URLi were comparable to those in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS URLi demonstrated the fastest insulin absorption and the greatest numeric PPG-lowering effect compared to the other insulins tested. URLi more closely matched the early physiological glucose control observed in healthy subjects.
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Molinaro A, Becattini B, Solinas G. Insulin signaling and glucose metabolism in different hepatoma cell lines deviate from hepatocyte physiology toward a convergent aberrant phenotype. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12031. [PMID: 32694512 PMCID: PMC7374613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoma cell lines are widely used to model the hepatocyte for insulin signaling and fatty liver disease. However, a direct comparison of insulin action in primary hepatocytes and in hepatoma cell lines is needed to validate this model and to better understand liver cancer. Here we have investigated insulin signaling, gluconeogenic gene expression, glucose production, and fatty acid synthase abundance in primary hepatocytes and in HepG2, Hepa 1–6, and McARH7777 hepatoma cell lines. Differences in the electrophoretic profiles of protein extracts from human and mouse primary hepatocytes and the hepatoma cells lines are shown. Compared to primary hepatocytes, hepatoma cells showed high basal phosphorylation of AKT at Thr 308 and constitutively activated RAS-MAPK signaling, which were resistant to the dominant negative Ras mutant H-Ras17N. Hepatoma cell lines also showed defective expression of gluconeogenic enzymes, insulin unresponsive GSK phosphorylation, and marginal glucose production. Hepatoma cells also showed lower protein levels of fatty acid synthase and a largely distinct protein electrophoresis profile from hepatocytes but similar between different hepatoma lines. We conclude that hepatoma cell lines do not accurately model the hepatocyte for insulin action but may be valuable tools to investigate the proteomic changes conferring to hepatocellular carcinoma its peculiar metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Molinaro
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Barbara Becattini
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Solinas
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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50
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Opazo-Ríos L, Mas S, Marín-Royo G, Mezzano S, Gómez-Guerrero C, Moreno JA, Egido J. Lipotoxicity and Diabetic Nephropathy: Novel Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2632. [PMID: 32290082 PMCID: PMC7177360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipotoxicity is characterized by the ectopic accumulation of lipids in organs different from adipose tissue. Lipotoxicity is mainly associated with dysfunctional signaling and insulin resistance response in non-adipose tissue such as myocardium, pancreas, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney. Serum lipid abnormalities and renal ectopic lipid accumulation have been associated with the development of kidney diseases, in particular diabetic nephropathy. Chronic hyperinsulinemia, often seen in type 2 diabetes, plays a crucial role in blood and liver lipid metabolism abnormalities, thus resulting in increased non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Excessive lipid accumulation alters cellular homeostasis and activates lipogenic and glycogenic cell-signaling pathways. Recent evidences indicate that both quantity and quality of lipids are involved in renal damage associated to lipotoxicity by activating inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell-death. The pathological effects of lipotoxicity have been observed in renal cells, thus promoting podocyte injury, tubular damage, mesangial proliferation, endothelial activation, and formation of macrophage-derived foam cells. Therefore, this review examines the recent preclinical and clinical research about the potentially harmful effects of lipids in the kidney, metabolic markers associated with these mechanisms, major signaling pathways affected, the causes of excessive lipid accumulation, and the types of lipids involved, as well as offers a comprehensive update of therapeutic strategies targeting lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Opazo-Ríos
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-R.); (G.M.-R.); (C.G.-G.); (J.E.)
| | - Sebastián Mas
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-R.); (G.M.-R.); (C.G.-G.); (J.E.)
| | - Gema Marín-Royo
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-R.); (G.M.-R.); (C.G.-G.); (J.E.)
| | - Sergio Mezzano
- Laboratorio de Nefrología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile;
| | - Carmen Gómez-Guerrero
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-R.); (G.M.-R.); (C.G.-G.); (J.E.)
| | - Juan Antonio Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jesús Egido
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-R.); (G.M.-R.); (C.G.-G.); (J.E.)
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