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Wee J, Chen J, Wei GW. Preventing future zoonosis: SARS-CoV-2 mutations enhance human-animal cross-transmission. Comput Biol Med 2024; 182:109101. [PMID: 39243518 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has driven substantial evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, yielding subvariants that exhibit enhanced infectiousness in humans. However, this adaptive advantage may not universally extend to zoonotic transmission. In this work, we hypothesize that viral adaptations favoring animal hosts do not necessarily correlate with increased human infectivity. In addition, we consider the potential for gain-of-function mutations that could facilitate the virus's rapid evolution in humans following adaptation in animal hosts. Specifically, we identify the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) mutations that enhance human-animal cross-transmission. To this end, we construct a multitask deep learning model, MT-TopLap trained on multiple deep mutational scanning datasets, to accurately predict the binding free energy changes upon mutation for the RBD to ACE2 of various species, including humans, cats, bats, deer, and hamsters. By analyzing these changes, we identified key RBD mutations such as Q498H in SARS-CoV-2 and R493K in the BA.2 variant that are likely to increase the potential for human-animal cross-transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunJie Wee
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Guo-Wei Wei
- Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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2
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Rentner TL, Alsulaiman SA. "Not me!": Optimistic bias and college students' perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and self-efficacy in following COVID-19 preventive guidelines. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:1428-1437. [PMID: 35623064 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2079950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective The COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented challenges for university administrators and health professionals to keep doors open and students safe. Optimistic bias and the Health Belief Model serve as foundations for understanding students' perceived susceptibility and severity for contracting the virus and their perceived benefits and self-efficacy for following prevention recommendations. Participants: A total of 1,773 undergraduate and graduate students from a large mid-western university participated. Methods: Students were emailed an online survey examining their perceptions and knowledge of COVID-19 and their adherence to recommended preventive measures. Results: Almost one-half of students do not think they will get COVID-19 but said their friends are at risk. The majority are following most Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations and understand the perceived benefits of doing so. Conclusions: Results could aid university officials in developing effective COVID-19 messages that could lead to reductions in cases numbers, deaths, and spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Rentner
- School of Media and Communication, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Saud A Alsulaiman
- Mass Communication Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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3
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Abay Z, Sadikaliyeva S, Nurpeisova A, Jekebekov K, Shorayeva K, Yespembetov B, Nurabayev S, Kerimbayev A, Khairullin B, Yoo H, Kutumbetov L, Kassenov M, Zakarya K. Breaking the Barrier: SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Wild and Companion Animals and Their Implications for Public Health. Viruses 2024; 16:956. [PMID: 38932248 PMCID: PMC11209598 DOI: 10.3390/v16060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has led to significant interest in its potential transmission between animals and humans, especially pets. This review article summarises the literature on coronavirus infections in domestic animals, emphasising epidemiology, transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, and public health implications. This article highlights current understandings of the relationship between infections in companion animals and humans, identifies research gaps, and suggests directions for future research. Cases of disease in cats, dogs, and other domestic animals, often occurring through close contact with infected owners, are reviewed, raising concerns about possible zoonotic and reverse zoonotic transmission. Precautions and recommendations for pet owners and healthcare workers are also discussed. The scientific evidence presented in the article highlights the need for a One Health approach that considers the health of people, animals, and the environment to combat future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandos Abay
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Ainur Nurpeisova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Kuanysh Jekebekov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Kamshat Shorayeva
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Bolat Yespembetov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Sergazy Nurabayev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Aslan Kerimbayev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Berik Khairullin
- MVA Group Scientific-Research Production Center Ltd., Almaty 050046, Kazakhstan
| | - Hansang Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Lespek Kutumbetov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Markhabat Kassenov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Kunsulu Zakarya
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Guardeyskiy uts 080409, Kazakhstan
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4
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Denis-Robichaud J, Millar N, Hongoh V, Carabin H, Richard L, Aenishaenslin C. Professional characteristics, attitudes, and practices associated with stress and quality of life among Canadian animal health workers. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2023; 64:854-863. [PMID: 37663029 PMCID: PMC10426241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective To describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19 of Canadian companion animal health workers (AHW); to measure their perceived stress and quality of life (QoL); and to explore professional risk factors associated with stress and QoL. Sample We sampled 436 companion animal veterinarians and technicians. Procedure The study had cross-sectional and cohort components. It was conducted online in August to December 2020, and repeated in May to July 2021, using a questionnaire assessing the respondents' professional characteristics, COVID-19 KAP, perceived stress, and QoL. Results Overall, AHW had sufficient knowledge of COVID-19 transmission, and reported having adopted good preventive practices. Since the beginning of the pandemic, participants reported increases in new clients (76%), in refusal of new clients (53%), and in pet euthanasia (24%). Increased client refusal and pet euthanasia were associated with greater stress and poorer professional QoL, whereas perceived susceptibility to and adoption of measures against COVID-19 were associated with lower stress and better QoL. Conclusion and clinical relevance For AHW, professional characteristics were associated with stress and professional QoL. This information is important for developing strategies to cope with the ongoing shortage of AHW and with future public health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Denis-Robichaud
- Independent researcher, Amqui, Québec G5J 2N5 (Denis-Robichaud); Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire de l'Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Millar, Hongoh, Carabin, Aenishaenslin); Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9 (Carabin); Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université de Montréal, 2375 chemin de la Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1A8 (Richard); Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9 (Millar, Carabin, Richard, Aenishaenslin); Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique, 3190 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M1 (Denis-Robichaud, Millar, Hongoh, Carabin, Aenishaenslin)
| | - Nikky Millar
- Independent researcher, Amqui, Québec G5J 2N5 (Denis-Robichaud); Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire de l'Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Millar, Hongoh, Carabin, Aenishaenslin); Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9 (Carabin); Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université de Montréal, 2375 chemin de la Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1A8 (Richard); Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9 (Millar, Carabin, Richard, Aenishaenslin); Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique, 3190 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M1 (Denis-Robichaud, Millar, Hongoh, Carabin, Aenishaenslin)
| | - Valérie Hongoh
- Independent researcher, Amqui, Québec G5J 2N5 (Denis-Robichaud); Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire de l'Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Millar, Hongoh, Carabin, Aenishaenslin); Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9 (Carabin); Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université de Montréal, 2375 chemin de la Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1A8 (Richard); Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9 (Millar, Carabin, Richard, Aenishaenslin); Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique, 3190 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M1 (Denis-Robichaud, Millar, Hongoh, Carabin, Aenishaenslin)
| | - Hélène Carabin
- Independent researcher, Amqui, Québec G5J 2N5 (Denis-Robichaud); Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire de l'Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Millar, Hongoh, Carabin, Aenishaenslin); Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9 (Carabin); Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université de Montréal, 2375 chemin de la Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1A8 (Richard); Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9 (Millar, Carabin, Richard, Aenishaenslin); Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique, 3190 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M1 (Denis-Robichaud, Millar, Hongoh, Carabin, Aenishaenslin)
| | - Lucie Richard
- Independent researcher, Amqui, Québec G5J 2N5 (Denis-Robichaud); Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire de l'Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Millar, Hongoh, Carabin, Aenishaenslin); Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9 (Carabin); Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université de Montréal, 2375 chemin de la Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1A8 (Richard); Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9 (Millar, Carabin, Richard, Aenishaenslin); Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique, 3190 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M1 (Denis-Robichaud, Millar, Hongoh, Carabin, Aenishaenslin)
| | - Cécile Aenishaenslin
- Independent researcher, Amqui, Québec G5J 2N5 (Denis-Robichaud); Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire de l'Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 (Millar, Hongoh, Carabin, Aenishaenslin); Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9 (Carabin); Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université de Montréal, 2375 chemin de la Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, Québec H3T 1A8 (Richard); Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9 (Millar, Carabin, Richard, Aenishaenslin); Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique, 3190 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M1 (Denis-Robichaud, Millar, Hongoh, Carabin, Aenishaenslin)
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5
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Jaramillo Hernández DA, Chacón MC, Velásquez MA, Vásquez-Trujillo A, Sánchez AP, Salazar Garces LF, García GL, Velasco-Santamaría YM, Pedraza LN, Lesmes-Rodríguez LC. Seroprevalence of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in domestic dogs and cats and its relationship with COVID-19 cases in the city of Villavicencio, Colombia. F1000Res 2023; 11:1184. [PMID: 37965037 PMCID: PMC10643872 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.125780.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Since the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, different animal species have been implicated as possible intermediate hosts that could facilitate the transmission of the virus between species. The detection of these hosts has intensified, reporting wild, zoo, farm, and pet animals. The goal of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins (IgG) in domestic dogs and cats and its epidemiological association with the frequency of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in Villavicencio, Colombia. Methods: 300 dogs and 135 cats were randomly selected in a two-stage distribution by clusters according to COVID-19 cases (positive RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2) within the human population distributed within the eight communes of Villavicencio. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was applied in order to determine anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in sera samples. Kernel density estimation was used to compare the prevalence of COVID-19 cases with the seropositivity of dogs and cats. Results: The overall seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG was 4.6% (95% CI=3.2-7.4). In canines, 3.67% (95% CI=2.1-6.4) and felines 6.67% (95% CI=3.6-12.18). Kernel density estimation indicated that seropositive cases were concentrated in the southwest region of the city. There was a positive association between SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in pet animals and their habitat in Commune 2 (adjusted OR=5.84; 95% CI=1.1-30.88). Spearman's correlation coefficients were weakly positive ( p=0.32) between the ratio of COVID-19 cases in November 2020 and the results for domestic dogs and cats from the eight communes of Villavicencio. Conclusions: In the present research cats were more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection than dogs. This study provides the first positive results of anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA serological tests in domestic dogs and cats in Colombia with information about the virus transmission dynamics in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Clara Chacón
- Programa de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, 1745, Colombia
| | - María Alejandra Velásquez
- Programa de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, 1745, Colombia
| | - Adolfo Vásquez-Trujillo
- Escuela de Ciencias Animales, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, 1745, Colombia
| | - Ana Patricia Sánchez
- Secretaria de Salud Municipal, Alcaldía de Villavicencio, Villavicencio, Meta, 110221, Colombia
| | - Luis Fabian Salazar Garces
- Research and Development Department (DIDE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Technical University of Ambato, Ambato, Ambato, Av. Colombia and Chile s/n, Ecuador
| | - Gina Lorena García
- Escuela de Ciencias Animales, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, 1745, Colombia
| | | | - Luz Natalia Pedraza
- Escuela de Ciencias Animales, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, 1745, Colombia
| | - Lida Carolina Lesmes-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología & Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, 1745, Colombia
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Kaczorek-Łukowska E, Wernike K, Beer M, Blank A, Małaczewska J, Blank M, Jałonicka A, Siwicki AK. No indication for SARS-CoV-2 transmission to pet ferrets, in five cities in Poland, 2021 - antibody testing among ferrets living with owners infected with SARS-CoV-2 or free of infection. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:9. [PMID: 36855124 PMCID: PMC9974054 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in China by the end of 2019 and was responsible for a pandemic in the human population that resulted in millions of deaths worldwide. Since the beginning of the pandemic, the role of animals as spill-over or reservoir hosts was discussed. In addition to cats and dogs, ferrets are becoming increasingly popular as companion animals. Under experimental conditions, ferrets are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and it appears that they can also be infected through contact with a SARS-CoV-2 positive owner. However, there is still little information available regarding these natural infections. Here, we serologically tested samples collected from pet ferrets (n = 45) from Poland between June and September 2021. Of the ferrets that were included in the study, 29% (13/45) had contact with owners with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nevertheless, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies could not be detected in any of the animals, independent of the infection status of the owner. The obtained results suggest that ferrets cannot be readily infected with SARS-CoV-2 under natural conditions, even after prolonged contact with infected humans. However, due to the rapid mutation rate of this virus, it is important to include ferrets in future monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Kaczorek-Łukowska
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alicja Blank
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Małaczewska
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mirosława Blank
- Association of Friends of Ferrets, Mickiewicza 18a/4, 01-517, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Jałonicka
- PULSVET Specialist Veterinary Clinic, Alternatywy 7/U8, 02-775, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Krzysztof Siwicki
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
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7
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Panzera Y, Mirazo S, Baz M, Techera C, Grecco S, Cancela F, Fuques E, Condon E, Calleros L, Camilo N, Fregossi A, Vaz I, Pessina P, Deshpande N, Pérez R, Benech A. Detection and genome characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 P.6 lineage in dogs and cats living with Uruguayan COVID-19 patients. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 117:e220177. [PMID: 36651456 PMCID: PMC9870267 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in domestic animals have occurred from the beginning of the pandemic to the present time. Therefore, from the perspective of One Health, investigating this topic is of global scientific and public interest. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to determine the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals whose owners had coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS Nasopharyngeal and faecal samples were collected in Uruguay. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), we analysed the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Complete genomes were obtained using ARTIC enrichment and Illumina sequencing. Sera samples were used for virus neutralisation assays. FINDINGS SARS-CoV-2 was detected in an asymptomatic dog and a cat. Viral genomes were identical and belonged to the P.6 Uruguayan SARS-CoV-2 lineage. Only antiserum from the infected cat contained neutralising antibodies against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain and showed cross-reactivity against the Delta but not against the B.A.1 Omicron variant. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Domestic animals and the human SARS-CoV-2 P.6 variant comparison evidence a close relationship and gene flow between them. Different SARS-CoV-2 lineages infect dogs and cats, and no specific variants are adapted to domestic animals. This first record of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic animals from Uruguay supports regular surveillance of animals close to human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Panzera
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay,+ Corresponding author:
| | - Santiago Mirazo
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección Virología, Montevideo, Uruguay,Universidad de la República, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Higiene, Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Baz
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claudia Techera
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Grecco
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Cancela
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección Virología, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eddie Fuques
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Emma Condon
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Calleros
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Camilo
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Veterinaria, Unidad de Clínica y Hospital Veterinario, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrea Fregossi
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Veterinaria, Unidad de Clínica y Hospital Veterinario, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inés Vaz
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Veterinaria, Unidad de Clínica y Hospital Veterinario, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paula Pessina
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Veterinaria, Laboratorio Clínico del Hospital Veterinario, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nikita Deshpande
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Biología Animal, Sección Genética Evolutiva, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandro Benech
- Universidad de la República, Facultad de Veterinaria, Unidad de Clínica y Hospital Veterinario, Montevideo, Uruguay
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8
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Zhou C, Wu A, Ye S, Zhou Z, Zhang H, Zhao X, Wang Y, Wu H, Ruan D, Chen S, Tang W, Xu S, Li Q, Su K. Possible transmission of COVID-19 epidemic by a dog as a passive mechanical carrier of SARS-CoV-2, Chongqing, China, 2022. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28408. [PMID: 36519594 PMCID: PMC9877642 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in Yongchuan district of Chongqing, China in March 2022, while the source was unknown. We aimed to investigate the origin and transmission route of the virus in the outbreak. We conducted field investigations for all cases and collected their epidemiological and clinical data. We performed gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for the cases, and draw the epidemic curve and the case relationship chart to analyze interactions and possible transmission mode of the outbreak. A total of 11 cases of COVID-19, including 5 patients and 6 asymptomatic cases were laboratory-confirmed in the outbreak. The branch of the virus was Omicron BA.2 which was introduced into Yongchuan district by a traveler in early March. Patient F and asymptomatic case G had never contact with other positive-infected individuals, but close contact with their pet dog that sniffed the discarded cigarette butts and stepped on the sputum of patient B. Laboratory test results showed that the dog hair and kennel were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the 10 isolates were highly homologous to an epidemic strain in a province of China. The investigation suggested that the contaminated dog by SARS-CoV-2 can act as a passive mechanical carrier of the virus and might transmit the virus to humans through close contact. Our findings suggest that during the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing hygiene measures and hand washing after close contact with pets is essential to minimize the risk of community spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbei Zhou
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina,Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Ailin Wu
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina
| | - Sheng Ye
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic MicrobesChongqingChina
| | - Zongliang Zhou
- Yongchuan District Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Yongchuan District Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina
| | - Xiyou Zhao
- Community Health Service Center of Zhongshan Road, Yongchuan DistrictChongqingChina
| | - Ya Wang
- Yongchuan District Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina
| | - Huan Wu
- Yongchuan District Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina
| | - Dandan Ruan
- Yongchuan District Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina
| | - Shuang Chen
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic MicrobesChongqingChina
| | - Wenge Tang
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina
| | - Shibin Xu
- Yongchuan District Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina
| | - Qin Li
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina
| | - Kun Su
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and PreventionChongqingChina,School of Public Health and ManagementChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina,Chongqing Public Health Medical CenterChongqingChina
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9
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Imanishi I, Asahina R, Hayashi S, Uchiyama J, Hisasue M, Yamasaki M, Murata Y, Morikawa S, Mizutani T, Sakaguchi M. Guest edited collection serological study of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in japanese cats using protein-A/G-based ELISA. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:443. [PMID: 36539820 PMCID: PMC9767852 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the epidemic status of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in cats in Japan due to insufficiently reliable seroepidemiological analysis methods that are easy to use in cats. RESULTS We developed a protein-A/G-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in cats. The assay was standardized using positive rabbit antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The ELISA results were consistent with those of a conventional anti-feline-immunoglobulin-G (IgG)-based ELISA. To test the protein-A/G-based ELISA, we collected blood samples from 1,969 cats that had been taken to veterinary clinics in Japan from June to July 2020 and determined the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Nine cats were found to have SARS-CoV-2 S1-specific IgG, of which 4 had recombinant receptor-binding domain-specific IgG. Of those 9 samples, one showed neutralizing activity. Based on these findings, we estimated that the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in cats in Japan was 0.05% (1/1,969 samples). This prevalence was consistent with the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in humans in Japan according to research conducted at that time. CONCLUSIONS Protein-A/G-based ELISA has the potential to be a standardized method for measuring anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cats. The infection status of SARS-CoV-2 in cats in Japan might be linked to that in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Imanishi
- grid.410786.c0000 0000 9206 2938Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Ryota Asahina
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunji Hayashi
- grid.410786.c0000 0000 9206 2938Department of Microbiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Jumpei Uchiyama
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hisasue
- grid.252643.40000 0001 0029 6233Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamasaki
- grid.411792.80000 0001 0018 0409Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Murata
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan ,Murata Animal Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- grid.444568.f0000 0001 0672 2184Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- grid.136594.c0000 0001 0689 5974Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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A one-year extensive molecular survey on SARS-CoV-2 in companion animals of Turkey shows a lack of evidence for viral circulation in pet dogs and cats. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 19:100280. [PMID: 36582670 PMCID: PMC9792910 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence have now demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infects a wide array of mammalian animals; however, the full range of hosts and the viral circulation in companion animals remains to be clarified. In this context, as no such evidenced cases have been reported from Turkey, we aimed to screen for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in housed dogs and cats clinically evaluated for respiratory symptoms and reared in different locations of Samsun province in the black sea region of Turkey from July 2020 to July 2021. Nasal swabs were collected from a total of 415 pets (65 cats and 350 dogs) aged between 1 and 9 years old. All the specimens were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA presence by real-time RT-PCR targeting two genomic regions of SARS-CoV-2, but none showed positive results. Our findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 does not circulate in local pets and is not responsible for respiratory symptoms. However, further comprehensive molecular and serological surveys are required to have a better picture of the zoonotic, reverse zoonotic and pathogenic consequences of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey.
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11
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Ammam I, Brunet CD, Boukenaoui-Ferrouk N, Peyroux J, Berthier S, Boutonnat J, Rahal K, Bitam I, Maurin M. Francisella tularensis PCR detection in Cape hares (Lepus capensis) and wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Algeria. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21451. [PMID: 36509808 PMCID: PMC9743112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tularemia is a zoonosis caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. Leporids are primary sources of human infections in the northern hemisphere. Africa is classically considered free of tularemia, but recent data indicate that this dogma might be wrong. We assessed the presence of this disease in wild leporids in Algeria. Between 2014 and 2018, we collected 74 leporids carcasses from spontaneously dead or hunted animals. Francisella tularensis DNA was detected by specific real-time PCR tests in 7/36 (19.44%) Cape hares (Lepus capensis) and 5/38 (13.15%) wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Known tularemia arthropod vectors infested half of the PCR-positive animals. At necropsy, F. tularensis-infected animals presented with an enlarged spleen (n = 12), enlarged adrenal glands (12), liver discoloration (12), hemorrhages (11), and pneumonia (11). Immunohistological examination of liver tissue from one animal was compatible with the presence of F. tularensis. Our study demonstrates the existence of tularemia in lagomorphs in Algeria. It should encourage investigations to detect this disease among the human population of this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imene Ammam
- grid.32139.3a0000 0004 0633 7931Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Blida 1, Blida, Algeria ,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment: Interactions, Genome, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumedienne, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Camille D. Brunet
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nouria Boukenaoui-Ferrouk
- grid.32139.3a0000 0004 0633 7931Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Blida 1, Blida, Algeria ,grid.420190.e0000 0001 2293 1293Laboratory of Research on Arid Zones Lands (LRZA), Faculty of Biological Sciences (FSB), Houari Boumediene University of Science and Technology (USTHB), BP 32, 16111 Bab Ezzouar, Algiers Algeria
| | - Julien Peyroux
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvie Berthier
- grid.410529.b0000 0001 0792 4829Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean Boutonnat
- grid.410529.b0000 0001 0792 4829Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Karim Rahal
- grid.32139.3a0000 0004 0633 7931Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | - Idir Bitam
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment: Interactions, Genome, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumedienne, Algiers, Algeria ,Superior School of Food Sciences and Food Industries of Algiers, El Harrach, Algeria
| | - Max Maurin
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France ,grid.410529.b0000 0001 0792 4829Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, 38000 Grenoble, France
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12
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Meisner J, Baszler TV, Kuehl KE, Ramirez V, Baines A, Frisbie LA, Lofgren ET, de Avila DM, Wolking RM, Bradway DS, Wilson HR, Lipton B, Kawakami V, Rabinowitz PM. Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from Humans to Pets, Washington and Idaho, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2425-2434. [PMID: 36288573 PMCID: PMC9707573 DOI: 10.3201/eid2812.220215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 likely emerged from an animal reservoir. However, the frequency of and risk factors for interspecies transmission remain unclear. We conducted a community-based study in Idaho, USA, of pets in households that had >1 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans. Among 119 dogs and 57 cats, clinical signs consistent with SARS-CoV-2 were reported for 20 dogs (21%) and 19 cats (39%). Of 81 dogs and 32 cats sampled, 40% of dogs and 43% of cats were seropositive, and 5% of dogs and 8% of cats were PCR positive. This discordance might be caused by delays in sampling. Respondents commonly reported close human‒animal contact and willingness to take measures to prevent transmission to their pets. Reported preventive measures showed a slightly protective but nonsignificant trend for both illness and seropositivity in pets. Sharing of beds and bowls had slight harmful effects, reaching statistical significance for sharing bowls and seropositivity.
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13
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Islam A, Ferdous J, Islam S, Sayeed MA, Rahman MK, Saha O, Hassan MM, Shirin T. Transmission dynamics and susceptibility patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic, farmed and wild animals: Sustainable One Health surveillance for conservation and public health to prevent future epidemics and pandemics. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:2523-2543. [PMID: 34694705 PMCID: PMC8662162 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The exact origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and source of introduction into humans has not been established yet, though it might be originated from animals. Therefore, we conducted a study to understand the putative reservoirs, transmission dynamics, and susceptibility patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in animals. Rhinolophus bats are presumed to be natural progenitors of SARS-CoV-2-related viruses. Initially, pangolin was thought to be the source of spillover to humans, but they might be infected by human or other animal species. So, the virus spillover pathways to humans remain unknown. Human-to-animal transmission has been testified in pet, farmed, zoo and free-ranging wild animals. Infected animals can transmit the virus to other animals in natural settings like mink-to-mink and mink-to-cat transmission. Animal-to-human transmission is not a persistent pathway, while mink-to-human transmission continues to be illuminated. Multiple companions and captive wild animals were infected by an emerging alpha variant of concern (B.1.1.7 lineage) whereas Asiatic lions were infected by delta variant, (B.1.617.2). To date, multiple animal species - cat, ferrets, non-human primates, hamsters and bats - showed high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 in the experimental condition, while swine, poultry, cattle showed no susceptibility. The founding of SARS-CoV-2 in wild animal reservoirs can confront the control of the virus in humans and might carry a risk to the welfare and conservation of wildlife as well. We suggest vaccinating pets and captive animals to stop spillovers and spillback events. We recommend sustainable One Health surveillance at the animal-human-environmental interface to detect and prevent future epidemics and pandemics by Disease X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental ScienceDeakin UniversityVictoriaAustralia
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Sayeed
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Md. Kaisar Rahman
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Otun Saha
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineChattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChattogramBangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
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14
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Cass K, Bocklage C, Sulkowski T, Graves C, Ghaltakhchyan N, Rapolla A, Jackson T, Divaris K, Wiesen C, Strauman T, Jacox L. Patient and Caregiver Perceptions of Animal Assisted Activity in Orthodontics. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1862. [PMID: 35883412 PMCID: PMC9312150 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental anxiety affects up to 21% of children and 80% of adults and is associated with lifelong dental avoidance. Animal assisted activity (AAA) is widely used to reduce anxiety and pain in medical settings and has promise in dentistry. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate caregiver and patient perceptions of canine AAA in orthodontics. A cross-sectional survey consisting of pre-tested and validated questions was conducted (n = 800) including orthodontic patients (n = 352 minors, n = 204 adults) and parents/caregivers (n = 244) attending university orthodontic clinics. In this study, AAA and dog therapy were not used or tested for dental anxiety management. More than a third of orthodontic patients (37%) had moderate or greater anxiety related to care. Participants believed that therapy animals would make dental experiences more enjoyable (75%) and reduce anxiety (82%). There was little to no concern expressed regarding cleanliness (83%), allergies (81%), and safety (89%) with a therapy animal in dental settings. Almost half of the participants would preferentially select an orthodontic office offering AAA. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, we assessed whether perceptions of AAA changed before and after the shutdown of dental offices, with no significant differences. Across patients and caregivers, the responses support the use of AAA in orthodontic settings with minimal concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Cass
- Orthodontics Group, Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, 270 Brauer Hall, CB #270, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.C.); (C.B.); (T.S.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (T.J.)
- Summers Orthodontics, 4207 E North St, Greenville, SC 29615, USA
| | - Clare Bocklage
- Orthodontics Group, Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, 270 Brauer Hall, CB #270, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.C.); (C.B.); (T.S.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (T.J.)
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, 385 S Columbia St, CB #7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Taylor Sulkowski
- Orthodontics Group, Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, 270 Brauer Hall, CB #270, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.C.); (C.B.); (T.S.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (T.J.)
| | - Christina Graves
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, 385 S Columbia St, CB #7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Nare Ghaltakhchyan
- Orthodontics Group, Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, 270 Brauer Hall, CB #270, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.C.); (C.B.); (T.S.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (T.J.)
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, 385 S Columbia St, CB #7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Allen Rapolla
- Orthodontics Group, Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, 270 Brauer Hall, CB #270, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.C.); (C.B.); (T.S.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (T.J.)
| | - Tate Jackson
- Orthodontics Group, Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, 270 Brauer Hall, CB #270, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.C.); (C.B.); (T.S.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (T.J.)
| | - Kimon Divaris
- Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, 385 S Columbia St, CB #7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Chris Wiesen
- Howard W. Odum Institute for Research in Social Science, Davis Library, University of North Carolina, 208 Raleigh St, CB #3355, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA;
| | - Timothy Strauman
- Psychology and Neuroscience Department, Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, 417 Chapel Dr, CB #90086, Durham, NC 27514, USA;
| | - Laura Jacox
- Orthodontics Group, Division of Craniofacial and Surgical Care, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, 270 Brauer Hall, CB #270, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (K.C.); (C.B.); (T.S.); (N.G.); (A.R.); (T.J.)
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, 385 S Columbia St, CB #7455, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
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15
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Goletic S, Goletic T, Softic A, Zahirovic A, Rukavina D, Kavazovic A, Omeragic J, Umihanic S, Hukic M. The Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Human-to-Pets Transmission in Household Settings in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Front Genet 2022; 13:839205. [PMID: 35559041 PMCID: PMC9086552 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.839205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus in cats and dogs raised issue of human-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic pets in close contacts with their owners. Our study was designed to research this in the framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Using ELISA, AFIAS fluorescent immunoassay, RT-qPCR and WGS on Nanopore MinION platform with ARTIC Network Amplicon sequencing protocol for SARS-CoV-2, we showed that three out of thirteen dogs and one out of five cats from the households with confirmed human cases of COVID-19 in Bosnia-Herzegovina were infected with SARS-CoV-2. The high viral RNA load was detected in samples collected from a 4-year-old male Havanese (Ct = 12.52), a 6-year-old German Shepherd (Ct = 21.36) and a 9-year-old female American Staffordshire terrier (Ct = 25.74). The antibody response in dogs and one cat was observed. The viral genetic sequences from dogs were identical to the sequences detected in the owners suggesting the human-to-animal transmission of the virus. These findings, especially the low initial Ct values detected, from the public health perspective additionally stress the need for precautionary measures to protect both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejla Goletic
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Teufik Goletic
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Adis Softic
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amir Zahirovic
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dunja Rukavina
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Aida Kavazovic
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jasmin Omeragic
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sekib Umihanic
- Medical Faculty, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Clinic for Ear, Nose, Throat Disease, Head Neck Surgery, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mirsada Hukic
- The Academy of Science and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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16
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Palombieri A, Di Profio F, Fruci P, Sarchese V, Martella V, Marsilio F, Di Martino B. Emerging Respiratory Viruses of Cats. Viruses 2022; 14:663. [PMID: 35458393 PMCID: PMC9030917 DOI: 10.3390/v14040663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, advances in diagnostics and deep sequencing technologies have led to the identification and characterization of novel viruses in cats as protoparviruses and chaphamaparvoviruses, unveiling the diversity of the feline virome in the respiratory tract. Observational, epidemiological and experimental data are necessary to demonstrate firmly if some viruses are able to cause disease, as this information may be confounded by virus- or host-related factors. Also, in recent years, researchers were able to monitor multiple examples of transmission to felids of viruses with high pathogenic potential, such as the influenza virus strains H5N1, H1N1, H7N2, H5N6 and H3N2, and in the late 2019, the human hypervirulent coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. These findings suggest that the study of viral infections always requires a multi-disciplinary approach inspired by the One Health vision. By reviewing the literature, we provide herewith an update on the emerging viruses identified in cats and their potential association with respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Palombieri
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.P.); (F.D.P.); (P.F.); (V.S.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.P.); (F.D.P.); (P.F.); (V.S.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Paola Fruci
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.P.); (F.D.P.); (P.F.); (V.S.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Vittorio Sarchese
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.P.); (F.D.P.); (P.F.); (V.S.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Vito Martella
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.P.); (F.D.P.); (P.F.); (V.S.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Barbara Di Martino
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.P.); (F.D.P.); (P.F.); (V.S.); (B.D.M.)
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17
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Meisner J, Baszler TV, Kuehl KH, Ramirez V, Baines A, Frisbie LA, Lofgren ET, DeAvila DM, Wolking RM, Bradway DS, Wilson H, Lipton B, Kawakami V, Rabinowitz PM. Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to pets in Washington and Idaho: burden and risk factors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2021.04.24.440952. [PMID: 35233573 PMCID: PMC8887074 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.24.440952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is believed to have emerged from an animal reservoir; however, the frequency of and risk factors for inter-species transmission remain unclear. We carried out a community-based study of pets in households with one or more confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Among 119 dogs and 57 cats with completed surveys, clinical signs consistent with SARS-CoV-2 were reported in 20 dogs (21%) and 19 cats (39%). Out of 81 dogs and 32 cats sampled for testing, 40% of dogs and 43% of cats were seropositive, and 5% of dogs and 8% of cats were PCR positive; this discordance may be due to delays in sampling. Respondents commonly reported close human-animal contact and willingness to take measures to prevent transmission to their pets. Reported preventative measures showed a slightly protective trend for both illness and seropositivity in pets, while sharing of beds and bowls had slight harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy V Baszler
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kathryn H Kuehl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eric T Lofgren
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - David M DeAvila
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca M Wolking
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Dan S Bradway
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Hannah Wilson
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Beth Lipton
- Public Health - Seattle & King County, Seattle, WA, USA
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18
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Vučinić M, Nenadović K, Vučićević M. Kinds of pet chosen and manner of pet acquisition during COVID 19 in Serbia. J Vet Behav 2022; 48:49-55. [PMID: 34924895 PMCID: PMC8669690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In mid-March 2020, a state of emergency was declared in Serbia in order to prevent the spread of COVID 19. Many activities of Serbian citizens were limited or completely stopped. Citizens had to spend most of their time confined in their homes. However, some still wanted and managed to acquire pets. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine which kinds of pets (dogs, cats and non-traditional animals) the residents of Serbia acquired during the first year of the COVID 19 pandemic and in which manner (purchase, adoption or gift). If the pets were acquired by adoption, the participants were asked from what sources they adopted them. Finally, how the characteristics of the owner and their household influenced the adoption of pets was examined. A total of 566 pet owners who acquired pets in the pre-COVID 19 and COVID 19 periods participated in the research. The COVID pandemic reduced the number of pet owners 2.7-fold in 2020 compared to 2019. Dogs were the most favourite pets acquired before (43%) and during (43%) the pandemic. During the pandemic, 61% of pets were acquired by adoption and the percentage of dogs, cats and non-traditional pets adopted directly from previous owners increased by 32%, 13% and 12%, respectively. The probability of acquiring pets by adoption was significantly increased by the presence of people older than 65 in the household (OR=2.56; P=0.02), the absence of children up to 5 years of age (OR=0.17; P<0.001) in the household, lower monthly incomes (OR=0.47; P<0.001), the greater available free time of the owner (OR=2.09; P<0.001), and the period of adoption (OR=2.42; P<0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Vučinić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Hygiene, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Nenadović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Hygiene, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Vučićević
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine, Small Animal, Poultry and Wild Animal Diseases, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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19
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Mohebali M, Hassanpour G, Zainali M, Gouya MM, Khayatzadeh S, Parsaei M, Sarafraz N, Hassanzadeh M, Azarm A, Salehi-Vaziri M, Sasani F, Heidari Z, Jalali T, Pouriayevali MH, Shoja Z, Ahmadi Z, Sadjadi M, Tavakoli M, Azad-Manjiri S, Karami C, Zarei Z. SARS-CoV-2 in domestic cats (Felis catus) in the northwest of Iran: Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 circulating between human and cats. Virus Res 2022; 310:198673. [PMID: 34998863 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of COVID-19 in domestic cats, focusing on the disease in the northwest of Iran and then showing the natural transmission of SARS-COV-2 circulating between domestic cats and humans. After receiving ethic codes from Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR.TUMS.VCR.REC.1399.303) and confirmed by the Center of Communicable Diseases Control (CDC) of Iran, 124 domestic cats were collected from the homes and only one hospital of Meshkin -Shahr district from northwestern Iran where SARS-CoV-2 patients were hospitalized and quarantined during 2020. Samples were prepared from fluid materials of oropharynx and nasopharynx. All samples were tested by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) using specific genes N and ORF1ab in Pasteur Institute of Iran, and then partial sequence analyses of S gene were performed. All collected cats were kept in separated cages until SARS-COV-2 infection was confirmed with the RT-PCR. RT- PCR Ct values of 123 collected cats were ≥40; thus, all of them showed negative results, but one of the collected cats with close contact with its owner, whom confirmed SARS-CoV-2 showed positive results with gene N(Ct=30) and gene ORF1ab (Ct=32). Furthermore, the positive pet cat showed respiratory and gastro-intestinal clinical manifestations, and its owner was infected with SARS-CoV-2 two weeks ago. Cats are susceptible animals to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Epidemiological evidence showed that SARS-COV-2 is able to transmit to healthy cats due to having close contact with its owner as a reverse zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanpour
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zainali
- Department of Zoonoses, Center of Communicable Diseases Management, Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Gouya
- Center of Communicable diseases management, Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Khayatzadeh
- Province Health Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Parsaei
- Province Health Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Sarafraz
- Province Health Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hassanzadeh
- Province Health Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amrollah Azarm
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farhang Sasani
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Jalali
- COVID-19 National Refernce Laboratoty, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zabihollah Shoja
- COVID-19 National Refernce Laboratoty, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ahmadi
- COVID-19 National Refernce Laboratoty, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sadjadi
- COVID-19 National Refernce Laboratoty, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Tavakoli
- COVID-19 National Refernce Laboratoty, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanam Azad-Manjiri
- COVID-19 National Refernce Laboratoty, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chiman Karami
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Zarei
- Meshkin-Shahr Research Station, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Karakoc H, Aksoy A, Aydin M, Ozcan S, Zengin G, Yasar H. Outcome of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia treated with high-dose corticosteroid pulse therapy: A retrospective study. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.343881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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21
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Islam A, Ferdous J, Sayeed MA, Islam S, Kaisar Rahman M, Abedin J, Saha O, Hassan MM, Shirin T. Spatial epidemiology and genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses in domestic and wild animals. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260635. [PMID: 34910734 PMCID: PMC8673647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) showed susceptibility to diverse animal species. We conducted this study to understand the spatial epidemiology, genetic diversity, and statistically significant genetic similarity along with per-gene recombination events of SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses (SC2r-CoVs) in animals globally. We collected a number of different animal species infected with SARS-CoV-2 and its related viruses. Then, we retrieved genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 and SC2r-CoVs from GISAID and NCBI GenBank for genomic and mutational analysis. Although the evolutionary origin of SARS-CoV-2 remains elusive, the diverse SC2r-CoV have been detected in multiple Rhinolophus bat species and in Malayan pangolin. To date, human-to-animal spillover events have been reported in cat, dog, tiger, lion, gorilla, leopard, ferret, puma, cougar, otter, and mink in 25 countries. Phylogeny and genetic recombination events of SC2r-CoVs showed higher similarity to the bat coronavirus RaTG13 and BANAL-103 for most of the genes and to some Malayan pangolin coronavirus (CoV) strains for the N protein from bats and pangolin showed close resemblance to SARS-CoV-2. The clustering of animal and human strains from the same geographical area has proved human-to-animal transmission of the virus. The Alpha, Delta and Mu-variant of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in dog, gorilla, lion, tiger, otter, and cat in the USA, India, Czech Republic, Belgium, and France with momentous genetic similarity with human SARS-CoV-2 sequences. The mink variant mutation (spike_Y453F) was detected in both humans and domestic cats. Moreover, the dog was affected mostly by clade O (66.7%), whereas cat and American mink were affected by clade GR (31.6 and 49.7%, respectively). The α-variant was detected as 2.6% in cat, 4.8% in dog, 14.3% in tiger, 66.7% in gorilla, and 77.3% in lion. The highest mutations observed in mink where the substitution of D614G in spike (95.2%) and P323L in NSP12 (95.2%) protein. In dog, cat, gorilla, lion, and tiger, Y505H and Y453F were the common mutations followed by Y145del, Y144del, and V70I in S protein. We recommend vaccine provision for pet and zoo animals to reduce the chance of transmission in animals. Besides, continuous epidemiological and genomic surveillance of coronaviruses in animal host is crucial to find out the immediate ancestor of SARS-CoV-2 and to prevent future CoVs threats to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Sayeed
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kaisar Rahman
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Josefina Abedin
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Otun Saha
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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22
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Laidoudi Y, Sereme Y, Medkour H, Watier-Grillot S, Scandola P, Ginesta J, Andréo V, Labarde C, Comtet L, Pourquier P, Raoult D, Marié JL, Davoust B. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies seroprevalence in dogs from France using ELISA and an automated western blotting assay. One Health 2021; 13:100293. [PMID: 34377760 PMCID: PMC8327341 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are occasionally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, developing few or no clinical signs. Epidemiological surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in dogs requires testing to distinguish it from other canine coronaviruses. In the last year, significant advances have been made in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, allowing its surveillance in both human and animal populations. Here, using ELISA and automated western blotting (AWB) assays, we performed a longitudinal study on 809 apparently healthy dogs from different regions of France to investigate anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. There were three main groups: (i) 356 dogs sampled once before the pandemic, (ii) 235 dogs sampled once during the pandemic, and (iii) 218 dogs, including 82 dogs sampled twice (before and during the pandemic), 125 dogs sampled twice during the pandemic and 11 dogs sampled three times (once before and twice during the pandemic). Using ELISA, seroprevalence was significantly higher during the pandemic [5.5% (25/453)] than during the pre-pandemic period [1.1% (5/449)]. Among the 218 dogs sampled twice, at least 8 ELISA-seroconversions were observed. ELISA positive pre-pandemic sera were not confirmed in serial tests by AWB, indicating possible ELISA cross-reactivity, probably with other canine coronaviruses. A significant difference was observed between these two serological tests (Q = 88, p = 0.008). A clear correlation was observed between SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in dogs and the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human population from the same area. AWB could be used as a second line assay to confirm the doubtful and discrepant ELISA results in dogs. Our results confirm the previous experimental models regarding the susceptibility of dogs to SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that viral transmission from and between dogs is weak or absent. However, the new variants with multiple mutations could adapt to dogs; this hypothesis cannot be ruled out in the absence of genomic data on SARS-CoV-2 from dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Laidoudi
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Youssouf Sereme
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hacène Medkour
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Watier-Grillot
- French Military Health Service, Animal Epidemiology Expert Group, Tours, France
- French Army Center for Epidemiology and Public Health, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Scandola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- French Military Health Service, Animal Epidemiology Expert Group, Tours, France
- 1 Veterinary Group, Toulon, France
| | | | | | - Claire Labarde
- French Military Health Service, Animal Epidemiology Expert Group, Tours, France
- 1 Veterinary Group, Toulon, France
| | | | | | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Lou Marié
- French Military Health Service, Animal Epidemiology Expert Group, Tours, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- French Military Health Service, Animal Epidemiology Expert Group, Tours, France
- 1 Veterinary Group, Toulon, France
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23
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Assessment of the Impact of COVID-19 on Operations of Local Businesses and Level of Enforcement of Public Health Safety Measure within Business Premises: A Quantitative Study of Businesses in Huye-Rwanda. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132313013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The impact of COVID-19 has been felt across all sectors, from transportation, education, and public works to the daily operations of businesses like selling, retailing, and so forth. The business sector is among those badly affected, especially micro, small, and medium enterprises. The understanding of ground prevailing conditions is key in driving informed policies that would have meaningful impact on society with regard to overcoming the effects of the virus. Hence, this work is an attempt to report the real ground statistics and necessity of technological support with the goal of submitting a report of recommended policies to the concerned authorities. In this direction, this work presents the outcome of a survey conducted to assess the impact of COVID-19 on operations of micro, small, and medium enterprises and also to find out the interventions put in place around business environments so as to enforce adherence to COVID-19 health safety measures. The survey was part of a study to develop automated IoT-powered technological solutions that would help to enforce proper mask wearing in indoor environments and also observance of social distance requirements within business premises. A customized questionnaire was designed to capture data on various aspects central to the focus of the study. The study was carried out in the month of May 2021, in the Huye district of Rwanda. According to the survey findings, the major challenges faced by businesses due to COVID-19 include failure by clients to settle bills, reduced ability to expand investment, difficulty in accessing inputs domestically, lower domestic sales to consumers, and lower domestic sales to businesses. The results also reveal some positive points that most businesses were found to have: hand washing points, hand sanitizer dispensers, and mechanisms to enforce social distance between customer and customer and also customer and front desk worker. In a nutshell, this work is unique in terms of (1) the customized questionnaire about Rwanda’s needs, (2) field visit-based data collection for accurate data, and (3) including an assessment of the importance of technological intervention for better handling of public safety, especially in the MSME business sector.
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Dubin RJ, Angliss G, Eng C, Cisneros T, Griffon D. Veterinarians' perceptions of COVID-19 pandemic-related influences on veterinary telehealth and on pet owners' attitudes toward cats and dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:1140-1147. [PMID: 34727081 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.04.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gather and evaluate veterinarians' perspectives about the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of veterinary telehealth and on cat owners' versus dog owners' attitudes toward transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from their pets. SAMPLE 93 respondent veterinarians (47 in primary care practice and 46 in specialty practice). PROCEDURES An online survey was conducted between June 15 and July 15, 2020, and included 21 questions concerning demographics, use of telehealth before and after the onset of the pandemic (before March 15, 2020, and between March 15 and June 15, 2020, respectively), changes in caseloads, and perception of clients' concerns about potential for transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from pets. Reported zip codes informed the collection of census data. RESULTS The level of poverty was significantly lower in zip code areas for respondents who reported telehealth services were (vs were not) offered before the pandemic. The percentage of respondents who reported their practice offered telehealth services increased from 12% (11/93) before the pandemic to 38% (35/93) between March 15 and June 15, 2020. Although most respondents reported owner-expressed concerns over SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission from their pets, most also reported increased caseloads, seeing newly adopted pets, and few discussions of surrender of pets for reasons related to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings indicated that caseloads increased and telehealth services expanded during the pandemic but that there was no evidence of differences in respondent-reported owner concern for SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission from cats versus dogs.
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Suharsono H, Mukti AG, Suryana K, Tenaya IWM, Pradana DK, Daly G, Pujasakti MP. Preliminary study of coronavirus disease 2019 on pets in pandemic in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Vet World 2021; 14:2979-2983. [PMID: 35017847 PMCID: PMC8743777 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2979-2983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has spread rapidly globally, resulting in a pandemic. In humans, the main routes of transmission are respiratory droplets and close contact with infected individuals or through contact with an object infected with the virus, followed by touching mouth, nose, or eyes. It is assumed that SARS-CoV-2 was originated in wild animals and was then transmitted to humans. Although some wildlife and domestic animals can be naturally or experimentally infected with the virus, the intermediate hosts that transmitted it to humans are still unknown. Understanding the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 associated with possible zoonotic transmission of intermediate hosts is considered critical. Reportedly, cats or dogs living with COVID-19-positive humans tested positive for the disease, suggesting that the virus was transmitted to the animals from humans. Information regarding the epidemiological investigation and comprehensive studies is limited. Therefore, it is still unclear how high is the correlation of infection in humans and pet animals, especially those living together. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pets of patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized at the Wangaya hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of seven clinically asymptomatic pets (six dogs of different races and sexes and a cat [age, 360-2920 days]) were included in this study. These animals belonged to patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from August to November 2020. Nasal swab and nasopharyngeal samples were collected from the pets individually under anesthetic condition and were collected 6-12 days after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in owners and hospitalization at the Wangaya Hospital. The swab samples were then processed for RNA isolation and tested using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2, in accordance with the World Health Organization manual 2020. RESULTS RT-PCR results for all seven RNA samples, prepared from the swab samples, were negative. For the samples, all PCR products were below the threshold limit, suggesting no genetic material belonging to the samples tested. CONCLUSION This was the first preliminary study of COVID-19 on pets in pandemic using RT-PCR. The study tested a very limited quantity of samples, and all of them were negative. However, the way in which the samples were prepared was considered appropriate. Therefore, in further studies, testing of more samples of pets of more individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamong Suharsono
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, Udayana University of Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ali Ghufron Mukti
- Research and Innovation Consortium for COVID-19, Ministry of Research and Technology/National Agency of Research and Innovation, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ketut Suryana
- Department of Internal Medicine at Wangaya Hospital in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Guy Daly
- Coventry University, Priory St, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - Mochamad Panji Pujasakti
- International Coordinating Research, Ministry of Research and Technology/National Agency of Research and Innovation, Jakarta, Indonesia
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K Garg
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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27
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Li X, Zhang L, Chen S, Ji W, Li C, Ren L. Recent progress on the mutations of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and suggestions for prevention and controlling of the pandemic. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 93:104971. [PMID: 34146731 PMCID: PMC8213438 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused a global pandemic in the past year, which poses continuing threat to human beings. To date, more than 3561 mutations in the viral spike protein were identified, including 2434 mutations that cause amino acid changes with 343 amino acids located in the viral receptor-binding domain (RBD). Among these mutations, the most representative ones are substitution mutations such as D614G, N501Y, Y453F, N439K/R, P681H, K417N/T, and E484K, and deletion mutations of ΔH69/V70 and Δ242-244, which confer the virus with enhanced infectivity, transmissibility, and resistance to neutralization. In this review, we discussed the recent findings of SARS-CoV-2 for highlighting mutations and variants on virus transmissibility and pathogenicity. Moreover, several suggestions for prevention and controlling the pandemic are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi' An Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi' An Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Si Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi' An Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Weilong Ji
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi' An Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chang Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi' An Road, Changchun 130062, China.
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Rudd JM, Tamil Selvan M, Cowan S, Kao YF, Midkiff CC, Narayanan S, Ramachandran A, Ritchey JW, Miller CA. Clinical and Histopathologic Features of a Feline SARS-CoV-2 Infection Model Are Analogous to Acute COVID-19 in Humans. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081550. [PMID: 34452415 PMCID: PMC8402899 DOI: 10.3390/v13081550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and ensuing dominance of COVID-19 on the world stage has emphasized the urgency of efficient animal models for the development of therapeutics for and assessment of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Shortcomings of current animal models for SARS-CoV-2 include limited lower respiratory disease, divergence from clinical COVID-19 disease, and requirements for host genetic modifications to permit infection. In this study, n = 12 specific-pathogen-free domestic cats were infected intratracheally with SARS-CoV-2 to evaluate clinical disease, histopathologic lesions, and viral infection kinetics at 4 and 8 days post-inoculation; n = 6 sham-inoculated cats served as controls. Intratracheal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 produced a significant degree of clinical disease (lethargy, fever, dyspnea, and dry cough) consistent with that observed in the early exudative phase of COVID-19. Pulmonary lesions such as diffuse alveolar damage, hyaline membrane formation, fibrin deposition, and proteinaceous exudates were also observed with SARS-CoV-2 infection, replicating lesions identified in people hospitalized with ARDS from COVID-19. A significant correlation was observed between the degree of clinical disease identified in infected cats and pulmonary lesions. Viral loads and ACE2 expression were also quantified in nasal turbinates, distal trachea, lungs, and other organs. Results of this study validate a feline model for SARS-CoV-2 infection that results in clinical disease and histopathologic lesions consistent with acute COVID-19 in humans, thus encouraging its use for future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Rudd
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
| | - Miruthula Tamil Selvan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
| | - Shannon Cowan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
| | - Yun-Fan Kao
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
| | - Cecily C. Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Sai Narayanan
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (S.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Akhilesh Ramachandran
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (S.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Jerry W. Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
| | - Craig A. Miller
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Hockenhull J, Squibb K, Cameron A. How Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected the Way We Access and Interact with the Countryside and the Animals within It? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082281. [PMID: 34438739 PMCID: PMC8388493 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In March 2020, the UK entered its first mandatory lockdown to reduce the spread of COVID-19. The restrictions associated with the lockdown led to changes in human behaviour, particularly in relation to exercise and accessing the outdoors. This study used an online survey of UK residents to explore these changes and to understand how people interacted with the natural world while they were outside, including interactions with wildlife and domestic animals. There was an increase in how often respondents went for walks outside during lockdown, compared to pre-lockdown levels, and this increase lasted beyond the end of the first lockdown. Interacting with animals was a common feature of walks. This most commonly involved watching wildlife or domestic animals, such as livestock or horses, but sometimes also involved physically interacting with them and/or feeding them which may have implications for their welfare, for example, if inappropriate food is provided. There is also a risk of humans transferring disease between the animals they have contact with or zoonotic disease transmission between the humans and animals. While is it positive that people are interacting with the natural world, it is important that this does not compromise animal wellbeing. Abstract There is growing evidence that the changes in human behaviour resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic have had positive and negative impacts on the natural world. This study used an online survey to explore how the first UK lockdown affected human exercising behaviour, with particular focus on the role of wild and domestic animals. The survey was completed by 308 respondents. There was a significant increase in the frequency that respondents went for walks outdoors during lockdown, in comparison to pre-lockdown levels (p ≤ 0.001), and this was sustained (albeit to a lesser extent) once lockdown ended (p = 0.005). Engaging with the natural world was an important feature of walks outside for 81% of respondents. A small proportion of respondents reported physically interacting with the animals they encountered and/or feeding them, which may have implications for their welfare. The findings suggest that those who value animal encounters during their time outside always seek these interactions, while those who do not, did not tend to change this behaviour following lockdown. Should the changes in human exercising behaviour be sustained, it is important to balance the benefits of walking outdoors for human health and wellbeing with the health and welfare of the animals they encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Hockenhull
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Amelia Cameron
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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Jezierski T, Camerlink I, Peden RSE, Chou JY, Marchewka J. Changes in the health and behaviour of pet dogs during the COVID-19 pandemic as reported by the owners. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021; 241:105395. [PMID: 36540328 PMCID: PMC9755637 DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic affects human health, movement and behaviour, and this may consequently influence the behaviour and health of their pets. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pet dogs' behaviour, as reported by their owners, as well as the owners' experience in relation to their dogs. We hypothesized that dog owners who underwent lockdown or quarantine would indicate more behavioural changes in their dogs and experience support in having a dog during the pandemic. An international online survey asked dog owners questions regarding their household, the dog, and dog-related changes during the pandemic. A total of 688 surveys, collected May-June 2020, were analysed. Respondents were from across Europe (87 %), the Americas (9%), and Asia and Australia (together 4%). Data were analysed in GLMM models with a binary distribution and country included as random variable. The main predictor variable was whether the respondent experienced lockdown (300 respondents, 44 %), quarantine (76 respondents, 11 %) or no restrictions (312 respondents, 45 %). Respondents who underwent lockdown or quarantine were 1.8 times more likely to report behavioural changes in their dogs (p = 0.02), with more negative behavioural changes in the dogs reported by respondents in lockdown than expected by chance. However, overall behavioural changes were more often positive (30 %) than negative (24 %). Respondents in lockdown were 2.6 times more likely to report health changes in their dogs (p = 0.02). The dog was perceived as a source of support during the pandemic: 65 % of the respondents indicated reduced tension due to their dog and 47 % indicated that the ability to walk the dog outside was another benefit. Advantages were reported more by respondents in lockdown and quarantine as compared to respondents who did not face these restrictions (p < 0.001). Difficulties in dog care were increased for respondents who experienced lockdown or quarantine (p < 0.01) and those who had no garden as compared to those who did (p < 0.001). One-third of the respondents took dog-related measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus, and this was associated with more behavioural changes and more difficulties. In conclusion, lockdown, and to a lesser extent quarantine, may influence the dogs' behaviour and health, or the owners' awareness of it, and can contribute to a perceived tension-reduction in the owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Jezierski
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Animal Behaviour and Welfare, ul. Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552, Poland
| | - Irene Camerlink
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Animal Behaviour and Welfare, ul. Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552, Poland
| | - Rachel S E Peden
- Newcastle University, School of Natural and Environmental Science, Agriculture Building, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jen-Yun Chou
- Swine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Joanna Marchewka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Animal Behaviour and Welfare, ul. Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552, Poland
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Srivastava SP, Srivastava R, Chand S, Goodwin JE. Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 and Diabetic Kidney Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:751. [PMID: 34451848 PMCID: PMC8398861 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review describes COVID-19 severity in diabetes and diabetic kidney disease. We discuss the crucial effect of COVID-19-associated cytokine storm and linked injuries and associated severe mesenchymal activation in tubular epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages that influence neighboring cell homeostasis, resulting in severe proteinuria and organ fibrosis in diabetes. Altered microRNA expression disrupts cellular homeostasis and the renin-angiotensin-system, targets reno-protective signaling proteins, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and MAS1 receptor (MAS), and facilitates viral entry and replication in kidney cells. COVID-19-associated endotheliopathy that interacts with other cell types, such as neutrophils, platelets, and macrophages, is one factor that accelerates prethrombotic reactions and thrombus formation, resulting in organ failures in diabetes. Apart from targeting vital signaling through ACE2 and MAS, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections are also associated with higher profibrotic dipeptidyl transferase-4 (DPP-4)-mediated mechanisms and suppression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in kidney cells. Lowered DPP-4 levels and restoration of AMPK levels are organ-protective, suggesting a pathogenic role of DPP-4 and a protective role of AMPK in diabetic COVID-19 patients. In addition to standard care provided to COVID-19 patients, we urgently need novel drug therapies that support the stability and function of both organs and cell types in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayam Prakash Srivastava
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Department of Endocrinology, Nephrology Services, Hadassah Hebrew-University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91905, Israel;
| | - Subhash Chand
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Julie E. Goodwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Lauzi S, Stranieri A, Giordano A, Lelli D, Elia G, Desario C, Ratti G, Decaro N, Paltrinieri S. Do Dogs and Cats Passively Carry SARS-CoV-2 on Hair and Pads? Viruses 2021; 13:1357. [PMID: 34372563 PMCID: PMC8310179 DOI: 10.3390/v13071357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological role of domestic animals in the spread and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to humans has been investigated in recent reports, but some aspects need to be further clarified. To date, only in rare cases have dogs and cats living with COVID-19 patients been found to harbour SARS-CoV-2, with no evidence of pet-to-human transmission. The aim of the present study was to verify whether dogs and cats act as passive mechanical carriers of SARS-CoV-2 when they live in close contact with COVID-19 patients. Cutaneous and interdigital swabs collected from 48 dogs and 15 cats owned by COVID-19 patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by qRT-PCR. The time elapsed between owner swab positivity and sample collection from pets ranged from 1 to 72 days, with a median time of 23 days for dogs and 39 days for cats. All samples tested negative, suggesting that pets do not passively carry SARS-CoV-2 on their hair and pads, and thus they likely do not play an important role in the virus transmission to humans. This data may contribute to confirming that the direct contact with the hair and pads of pets does not represent a route for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.L.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Angelica Stranieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.L.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.L.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy; (G.E.); (C.D.); (N.D.)
| | - Costantina Desario
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy; (G.E.); (C.D.); (N.D.)
| | - Gabriele Ratti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.L.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy; (G.E.); (C.D.); (N.D.)
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.L.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.)
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Humboldt-Dachroeden S. One Health practices across key agencies in Sweden - Uncovering barriers to cooperation, communication and coordination. Scand J Public Health 2021:14034948211024483. [PMID: 34187239 DOI: 10.1177/14034948211024483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study examined the barriers and opportunities in Sweden for integrating One Health practices. Sweden's long tradition of working with One Health was used as a case to analyse persistent barriers as well as opportunities. METHOD Thirteen semi-structured interviews with experts from the Swedish Veterinary Agency, Food Agency, Public Health Agency, and Environmental Protection Agency were carried out. A thematic content analysis was conducted on the interviews using inductive coding in NVivo. RESULTS The study revealed that while collaboration is the general aspiration across the Swedish agencies, barriers persist regarding the understanding of One Health, the integration of the environment sector and awareness of the different terminologies employed within the disciplines. There are legislative challenges and barriers to science to policy translation. Disease outbreak was identified as an opportunity for One Health integration. CONCLUSIONS A One Health strategy needs to be developed at agency level to define One Health and clarify the roles and responsibilities. To overcome practical challenges, experts need to be aware of different terminologies and practices when collaborating. Further prospects for One Health integration include employing policy entrepreneurs to push One Health onto the political agenda. Preparations for disease outbreaks need to focus on reducing barriers to effectively integrate One Health. Experiences of One Health projects must be disseminated, and to raise awareness, education programmes must integrate One Health into curricula.
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Muhamad SA, Ugusman A, Kumar J, Skiba D, Hamid AA, Aminuddin A. COVID-19 and Hypertension: The What, the Why, and the How. Front Physiol 2021; 12:665064. [PMID: 34012410 PMCID: PMC8126692 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.665064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been a year since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared pandemic and wreak havoc worldwide. Despite meticulous research has been done in this period, there are still much to be learn from this novel coronavirus. Globally, observational studies have seen that majority of the patients with COVID-19 have preexisting hypertension. This raises the question about the possible relationship between COVID-19 and hypertension. This review summarizes the current understanding of the link between hypertension and COVID-19 and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah-Abas Muhamad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dominik Skiba
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Adila A Hamid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amilia Aminuddin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Rudd JM, Selvan MT, Cowan S, Kao YF, Midkiff CC, Ritchey JW, Miller CA. Clinicopathologic features of a feline SARS-CoV-2 infection model parallel acute COVID-19 in humans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.04.14.439863. [PMID: 33880467 PMCID: PMC8057232 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.14.439863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and ensuing dominance of COVID-19 on the world stage has emphasized the urgency of efficient animal models for the development of therapeutics and assessment of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Shortcomings of current animal models for SARS-CoV-2 include limited lower respiratory disease, divergence from clinical COVID-19 disease, and requirements for host genetic modifications to permit infection. This study validates a feline model for SARS-CoV-2 infection that results in clinical disease and histopathologic lesions consistent with severe COVID-19 in humans. Intra-tracheal inoculation of concentrated SARS-CoV-2 caused infected cats to develop clinical disease consistent with that observed in the early exudative phase of COVID-19. A novel clinical scoring system for feline respiratory disease was developed and utilized, documenting a significant degree of lethargy, fever, dyspnea, and dry cough in infected cats. In addition, histopathologic pulmonary lesions such as diffuse alveolar damage, hyaline membrane formation, fibrin deposition, and proteinaceous exudates were observed due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, imitating lesions identified in people hospitalized with ARDS from COVID-19. A significant correlation exists between the degree of clinical disease identified in infected cats and pulmonary lesions. Viral loads and ACE2 expression were quantified in nasal turbinates, distal trachea, lung, and various other organs. Natural ACE2 expression, paired with clinicopathologic correlates between this feline model and human COVID-19, encourage use of this model for future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Rudd
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Miruthula Tamil Selvan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Shannon Cowan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Yun-Fan Kao
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Cecily C. Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, National Primate Research Center, Tulane University; Covington, LA, USA
| | - Jerry W. Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Craig A. Miller
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
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Wintachai P, Prathom K. Stability analysis of SEIR model related to efficiency of vaccines for COVID-19 situation. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06812. [PMID: 33880423 PMCID: PMC8048396 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This work is aimed to formulate and analyze a mathematical modeling, SEIR model, for COVID-19 with the main parameters of vaccination rate, effectiveness of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Global and local stability of the model are investigated and also numerical simulation. Local stability of equilibrium points are classified. A Lyapunov function is constructed to analyze global stability of the disease-free equilibrium. The simulation part is based on two situations, the US and India. In the US circumstance, the result shows that with the rate of vaccination 0.1% per day of the US population and at least 20% effectiveness of both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, the reproductive numbers R0 are reduced from 2.99 (no vaccine) to less than 1. The same result happens in India case where the maximum reproductive number R0 in this case is 3.38. To achieve the same infected level of both countries, the simulation shows that with the same vaccine's efficiency the US needs a higher vaccination rate per day. Without vaccines for this pandemic, the model shows that a few percentages of the populations will suffering from the disease in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phitchayapak Wintachai
- Division of Biology, School of Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Kiattisak Prathom
- Division of Mathematics and Statistics, School of Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Corresponding author.
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Michelitsch A, Wernike K, Ulrich L, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: From potential hosts to animal models. Adv Virus Res 2021; 110:59-102. [PMID: 34353482 PMCID: PMC8025072 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Within only one year after the first detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), nearly 100 million infections were reported in the human population globally, with more than two million fatal cases. While SARS-CoV-2 most likely originated from a natural wildlife reservoir, neither the immediate viral precursor nor the reservoir or intermediate hosts have been identified conclusively. Due to its zoonotic origin, SARS-CoV-2 may also be relevant to animals. Thus, to evaluate the host range of the virus and to assess the risk to act as potential animal reservoir, a large number of different animal species were experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2 or monitored in the field in the last months. In this review, we provide an update on studies describing permissive and resistant animal species. Using a scoring system based on viral genome detection subsequent to SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, seroconversion, the development of clinical signs and transmission to conspecifics or humans, the susceptibility of diverse animal species was classified on a semi-quantitative scale. While major livestock species such as pigs, cattle and poultry are mostly resistant, companion animals appear moderately susceptible, while several model animal species used in research, including several Cricetidae species and non-human primates, are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. By natural infections, it became obvious that American minks (Neovison vison) in fur farms, e.g., in the Netherlands and Denmark are highly susceptible resulting in local epidemics in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Lorenz Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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Aung S, Vittinghoff E, Nah G, Peyser ND, Pletcher MJ, Olgin JE, Marcus GM. Characteristics and Behaviors Associated with Prevalent SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:1063-1067. [PMID: 33790635 PMCID: PMC8006955 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s305990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), has been a serious threat to global health. Previous work has focused primarily on hospitalized patients or on identifying risk factors for disease severity and mortality once the infection has taken place. We sought to leverage the ubiquity of smartphones and mobile applications to study risk factors for Covid-19 infection in a large, geographically heterogenous cohort. Methods We analyzed data obtained from the Covid-19 Citizen Science (CCS) Study, a worldwide, mobile application-based cohort. After employing forward selection to identify variables with p values < 0.1, multivariable logistic regression models were utilized to identify independent risk factors associated with prevalent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results Among 36,041 participants in 113 countries and all 50 states in the US, 484 participants had prevalent SARS-CoV-2 infection. After multivariable adjustment, being a healthcare worker, living with at least one school-aged child, having pets at home, and having immunodeficiency were each associated with an increased odds of SARS-CoV-2. The association between pets and prevalent SARS-CoV-2 was driven by dog ownership. After adjustment for the same covariates, Asian or Pacific Islander race, receiving a flu shot within the past year, increased level of education, and smoking or vaping marijuana within the last 30 days were each associated with a lower odds of SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion We identified various characteristics and behaviors, many of which are potentially modifiable, associated with prevalent SARS-CoV-2 infection in a world-wide mobile application-based cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Aung
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Vittinghoff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Nah
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Noah D Peyser
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Pletcher
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Olgin
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregory M Marcus
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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39
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Njoga EO, Zakariya YF, Jaja IF, Okoli CE, Mshelbwala PP. Global epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 and lessons for effective control of this and future pandemics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.78-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Barely 1 year after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in China, the virus has infected approximately 120 million people, caused around 3 million deaths, and adversely affected the global economy. Despite stringent measures to flatten the epidemiologic curve of the pandemic, there have been spikes and waves of the infection in many countries, particularly in the American, European, and Asian continents. This review critically evaluated the global epidemiology of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to provide advice on other possible ways of managing the disease as various COVID-19 vaccines are being rolled out. To effectively control this and possible future epidemics/pandemics, there is a need to maintain a healthy balance between saving lives and livelihoods in the implementation of lockdowns. Unwarranted human exposures to animals, particularly pangolins, civet cats, bats, dromedary camels, and other wildlife known to be reservoirs and intermediate hosts of coronaviruses should be prevented. All the identified strains of SARS-CoV-2, including the highly infectious UK and South African variants, should be incorporated in COVID-19 vaccine production; to widen the protection spectrum. Some of the COVID-19 vaccines require primary inoculation, booster vaccination after 2-4 weeks and annual revaccination for adequate immunization against SARS-CoV-2. Survivors of COVID-19 may require only a single vaccine dozing and annual revaccination thereafter. Adoption of One Health approach and the development of globally coordinated active surveillance systems against emerging and reemerging zoonotic viruses are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf Feyisara Zakariya
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Chinwe Elizabeth Okoli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Philip Paul Mshelbwala
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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40
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Subedi S, Koirala S, Chai L. COVID-19 in Farm Animals: Host Susceptibility and Prevention Strategies. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:640. [PMID: 33670889 PMCID: PMC7997237 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 that belongings to the family of Coronaviridae, which has affected multiple species and demonstrated zoonotic potential. The COVID-19 infections have been reported on farm animals (e.g., minks) and pets, which were discussed and summarized in this study. Although the damage of COVID-19 has not been reported as serious as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) for poultry and African Swine Fever (ASF) for pigs on commercial farms so far, the transmission mechanism of COVID-19 among group animals/farms and its long-term impacts are still not clear. Prior to the marketing of efficient vaccines for livestock and animals, on-farm biosecurity measures (e.g., conventional disinfection strategies and innovated technologies) need to be considered or innovated in preventing the direct contact spread or the airborne transmission of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Subedi
- Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture & Forestry University, Chitwan 44200, Nepal; (S.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Sulove Koirala
- Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture & Forestry University, Chitwan 44200, Nepal; (S.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Lilong Chai
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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41
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Decaro N, Balboni A, Bertolotti L, Martino PA, Mazzei M, Mira F, Pagnini U. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Dogs and Cats: Facts and Speculations. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:619207. [PMID: 33644148 PMCID: PMC7902482 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.619207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Balboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Mazzei
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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42
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Hedman HD, Krawczyk E, Helmy YA, Zhang L, Varga C. Host Diversity and Potential Transmission Pathways of SARS-CoV-2 at the Human-Animal Interface. Pathogens 2021; 10:180. [PMID: 33567598 PMCID: PMC7915269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases present great risks to public health. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become an urgent public health issue of global concern. It is speculated that the virus first emerged through a zoonotic spillover. Basic research studies have suggested that bats are likely the ancestral reservoir host. Nonetheless, the evolutionary history and host susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear as a multitude of animals has been proposed as potential intermediate or dead-end hosts. SARS-CoV-2 has been isolated from domestic animals, both companion and livestock, as well as in captive wildlife that were in close contact with human COVID-19 cases. Currently, domestic mink is the only known animal that is susceptible to a natural infection, develop severe illness, and can also transmit SARS-CoV-2 to other minks and humans. To improve foundational knowledge of SARS-CoV-2, we are conducting a synthesis review of its host diversity and transmission pathways. To mitigate this COVID-19 pandemic, we strongly advocate for a systems-oriented scientific approach that comprehensively evaluates the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at the human and animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden D. Hedman
- Summit County Local Public Health Agency, Summit County, Frisco, CO 80443, USA;
| | - Eric Krawczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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43
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Zhao Y, Yang Y, Gao J, Huang K, Hu C, Hui X, He X, Li C, Gong W, Lv C, Zhang Y, Chen H, Zou Z, Zhang Q, Jin M. A serological survey of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in dogs in Wuhan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:591-597. [PMID: 33550715 PMCID: PMC8013665 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has resulted in an unprecedented public health crisis and economic losses. Although several cases of cats and dogs infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 have been reported during this outbreak, the prevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in dog and its transmission among other companion animals are still unknown. Here, we report an extensive serological study of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in dogs in Wuhan and analyse the infection rates at different stages of the pandemic outbreak. A total of 946 dogs serum samples were collected from Wuhan, of which 36 samples were obtained prior to the pandemic outbreak. Indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that 16 sera collected during the outbreak were detected as positive through the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of SARS‐CoV‐2. Of these 16 sera, 10 exhibited measurable SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific neutralizing antibodies whose titres ranged from 1/20 to 1/180. No serological cross‐reactivity was detected between SARS‐CoV‐2 and canine coronavirus (CCV). Furthermore, with the effective control of the outbreak, a decrease in the SARS‐CoV‐2 seropositive dog number was observed. Our results suggest that SARS‐CoV‐2 has infected companion dogs during the outbreak, and that COVID‐19 patient families have a higher risk of dog infection. Our findings deepen our understanding of the infection of SARS‐CoV‐2 in dogs and provide an important reference for prevention of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jindong Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianfeng Hui
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinglin He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengfei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxiao Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changjie Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
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44
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Romeyke T, Noehammer E, Stummer H. COVID-19 Patient with Severe Comorbidity in Multimodal Acute Care Setting with Non-Invasive Medical Ventilation: A Clinical Outcome Report. Clin Pract 2021; 11:81-91. [PMID: 33546107 PMCID: PMC7931068 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The virus that causes COVID-19 is rapidly spreading across the globe. Elderly patients with multiple pre-existing conditions are at a higher risk. This case study describes acute inpatient treatment of a COVID-19 patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, kidney complications, heart failure, chronic pain, depression, and other comorbidities in an isolation ward without mechanical ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Romeyke
- Institute for Management and Economics in Health Care, UMIT—University of Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria; (E.N.); (H.S.)
- Waldhausklinik, Acute Hospital for Internal Medicine, Pain Therapy, Complementary and Individualized Patient Centred Medicine, 86391 Deuringen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Noehammer
- Institute for Management and Economics in Health Care, UMIT—University of Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria; (E.N.); (H.S.)
| | - Harald Stummer
- Institute for Management and Economics in Health Care, UMIT—University of Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria; (E.N.); (H.S.)
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45
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Siddique F, Abbas RZ, Mansoor MK, Alghamdi ES, Saeed M, Ayaz MM, Rahman M, Mahmood MS, Iqbal A, Manzoor M, Abbas A, Javaid A, Hussain I. An Insight Into COVID-19: A 21st Century Disaster and Its Relation to Immunocompetence and Food Antioxidants. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:586637. [PMID: 33521076 PMCID: PMC7838355 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.586637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) ranks third in terms of fatal coronavirus diseases threatening public health, coming after SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus). SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2) causes COVID-19. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the current outbreak of COVID-19 is the sixth global health emergency. As of December 3, 2020, 64 million people worldwide have been affected by this malaise, and the global economy has experienced a loss of more than $1 trillion. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Betacoronavirus genus. The high nucleotide sequence identity of SARS-CoV-2 with the BatCoV RaTG13 genome has indicated that bats could be the possible host of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 penetrates the host cell via binding its spike protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is similar to the mechanisms of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. COVID-19 can spread from person to person via respiratory droplets and airborne and contaminated fomites. Moreover, it poses a significant risk to smokers, the elderly, immunocompromised people, and those with preexisting comorbidities. Two main approaches are used to control viral infections, namely, vaccination, and biosecurity. Studies to analyze the antigenicity and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates are underway, and few vaccines may be available in the near future. In the current situation, the Human Biosecurity Emergency (HBE) may be the only way to cope effectively with the novel SARS-CoV-2 strain. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the origin of COVID-19 as well as its epidemiological relationship with humans and animals, genomic resemblance, immunopathogenesis, clinical-laboratory signs, diagnosis, control and prevention, and treatment. Moreover, we discuss the interventional effects of various nutrients on COVID-19 in detail. However, multiple possibilities are explored to fight COVID-19, and the greatest efforts targeted toward finding an effective vaccine in the near future. Furthermore, antioxidants, polyphenols, and flavonoids, both synthetic and natural, could play a crucial role in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Siddique
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Etab Saleh Alghamdi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Poultry Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mazhar Ayaz
- Department of Parasitology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Moazur Rahman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Asif Iqbal
- Department of Parasitology, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maida Manzoor
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Abbas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asif Javaid
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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46
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Zhou B, Kojima S, Kawamoto A, Fukushima M. COVID-19 pathogenesis, prognostic factors, and treatment strategy: Urgent recommendations. J Med Virol 2021; 93:2694-2704. [PMID: 33368358 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is not yet close to being over, more than 8 months after the first cases, but researchers are making great progress in fighting the disease. We have conducted a brief review of the geographic differences in the prevalence of COVID-19, the updated pathological findings, prognostic factors, and treatments for disease prevention and improvement of prognosis. Although hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab have been recommended by some researchers, many clinical trials have failed to confirm any beneficial effect of these and other drugs on COVID-19, in terms of improved clinical status or reduced patient mortality. Currently, glucocorticoid is the only drug that reduces the mortality of COVID-19 in a randomized controlled trial; however, it is still necessary to establish the optimal timing of administration. It is also urgent to set up an international or national cohort to address the risk factors associated with infection, the natural history of COVID-19, including the disease type, surrogate markers for critically ill, long-term sequelae, and reinfection after exposure, identify responders to glucocorticoid, and establish optimal treatment strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Department of Medscience, Translational Research Center for Medical Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kojima
- Department of Medscience, Translational Research Center for Medical Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Kawamoto
- Department of Medscience, Translational Research Center for Medical Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masanori Fukushima
- Department of Medscience, Translational Research Center for Medical Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
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47
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Carro B. SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of action and impact on human organism, risk factors and potential treatments. An exhaustive survey. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1977186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Carro
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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48
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何 文, 陈 清. [Progress in source tracking of SARS-CoV-2]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1838-1842. [PMID: 33380405 PMCID: PMC7835685 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.12.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a total of 55 928 327 confirmed cases and 1 344 003 deaths as of November 19, 2020. But so far the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes this pandemic has remained undetermined. The purpose of this study is to review the current research of SARS-CoV-2 and the existing problems therein, which may provide inspiration for further researches. Existing evidence suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may be derived from bat coronavirus 40-70 years ago. During the evolution, this virus underwent extensive variations in the process of mutations and natural selection. Different genomic regions of SARS-CoV-2 may have different selection pressures, but all of which increase the difficulty of tracing the origin of this virus. A wide variety of animals have been considered as potential hosts of SARS-CoV-2, including cats, lions, tigers, dogs and minks. SARS-CoV-2 has a chance to transmit from humans to animals and can be transmitted among animals. Current research evidence has shown that China is not the original source of SARS-CoV-2. It is still unclear how the virus spreads to human, and efforts are still need to be made to explore the origin of SARS-CoV-2, its hosts and intermediate hosts, and the mechanism of its transmission across different species of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- 文巧 何
- />南方医科大学公共卫生学院流行病学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 清 陈
- />南方医科大学公共卫生学院流行病学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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