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Thangavel H, Dhanyalayam D, Kim M, Lizardo K, Sidrat T, Lopez JG, Wang X, Bansal S, Nagajyothi JF. Adipocyte-released adipomes in Chagas cardiomyopathy: Impact on cardiac metabolic and immune regulation. iScience 2024; 27:109672. [PMID: 38660407 PMCID: PMC11039351 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection leads to Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM), with varying manifestations such as inflammatory hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, and dilated cardiomyopathy. The factors responsible for the increasing risk of progression to CCM are not fully understood. Previous studies link adipocyte loss to CCM progression, but the mechanism triggering CCM pathogenesis remains unexplored. Our study uncovers that T. cruzi infection triggers adipocyte apoptosis, leading to the release of extracellular vesicles named "adipomes". We developed an innovative method to isolate intact adipomes from infected mice's adipose tissue and plasma, showing they carry unique lipid cargoes. Large and Small adipomes, particularly plasma-derived infection-associated L-adipomes (P-ILA), regulate immunometabolic signaling and induce cardiomyopathy. P-ILA treatment induces hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in wild-type mice and worsens cardiomyopathy severity in post-acute-infected mice by regulating adipogenic/lipogenic and mitochondrial functions. These findings highlight adipomes' pivotal role in promoting inflammation and impairing myocardial function during cardiac remodeling in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariprasad Thangavel
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Dhanya Dhanyalayam
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Michelle Kim
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Kezia Lizardo
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Tabinda Sidrat
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | | | - Xiang Wang
- Rutgers University Molecular Imaging Core (RUMIC), Rutgers Translational Sciences, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Shivani Bansal
- Departnment of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jyothi F. Nagajyothi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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Ewald S, Nasuhidehnavi A, Feng TY, Lesani M, McCall LI. The intersection of host in vivo metabolism and immune responses to infection with kinetoplastid and apicomplexan parasites. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0016422. [PMID: 38299836 PMCID: PMC10966954 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00164-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYProtozoan parasite infection dramatically alters host metabolism, driven by immunological demand and parasite manipulation strategies. Immunometabolic checkpoints are often exploited by kinetoplastid and protozoan parasites to establish chronic infection, which can significantly impair host metabolic homeostasis. The recent growth of tools to analyze metabolism is expanding our understanding of these questions. Here, we review and contrast host metabolic alterations that occur in vivo during infection with Leishmania, trypanosomes, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, and Cryptosporidium. Although genetically divergent, there are commonalities among these pathogens in terms of metabolic needs, induction of the type I immune responses required for clearance, and the potential for sustained host metabolic dysbiosis. Comparing these pathogens provides an opportunity to explore how transmission strategy, nutritional demand, and host cell and tissue tropism drive similarities and unique aspects in host response and infection outcome and to design new strategies to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ewald
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology at the Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Azadeh Nasuhidehnavi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Tzu-Yu Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology at the Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mahbobeh Lesani
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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Lv N, Wang L, Zeng M, Wang Y, Yu B, Zeng W, Jiang X, Suo Y. Saponins as therapeutic candidates for atherosclerosis. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1651-1680. [PMID: 38299680 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Drug development for atherosclerosis, the underlying pathological state of ischemic cardiovascular diseases, has posed a longstanding challenge. Saponins, classified as steroid or triterpenoid glycosides, have shown promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Through an exhaustive examination of scientific literature spanning from May 2013 to May 2023, we identified 82 references evaluating 37 types of saponins in terms of their prospective impacts on atherosclerosis. These studies suggest that saponins have the potential to ameliorate atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism, inhibiting inflammation, suppressing apoptosis, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, as well as regulating gut microbiota, autophagy, endothelial senescence, and angiogenesis. Notably, ginsenosides exhibit significant potential and manifest essential pharmacological attributes, including lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-oxidative stress effects. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the pharmacological attributes of saponins in atherosclerosis, with particular emphasis on their role in the regulation of lipid metabolism regulation and anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, saponins may warrant further investigation as a potential therapy for atherosclerosis. However, due to various reasons such as low oral bioavailability, the clinical application of saponins in the treatment of atherosclerosis still needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuan Lv
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Luming Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Miao Zeng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- School of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyun Zeng
- Oncology Department, Ganzhou people's hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanrong Suo
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Ganzhou people's hospital, Ganzhou, China
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Kwakye-Nuako G, Middleton CE, McCall LI. Small molecule mediators of host-T. cruzi-environment interactions in Chagas disease. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012012. [PMID: 38457443 PMCID: PMC10923493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Small molecules (less than 1,500 Da) include major biological signals that mediate host-pathogen-microbiome communication. They also include key intermediates of metabolism and critical cellular building blocks. Pathogens present with unique nutritional needs that restrict pathogen colonization or promote tissue damage. In parallel, parts of host metabolism are responsive to immune signaling and regulated by immune cascades. These interactions can trigger both adaptive and maladaptive metabolic changes in the host, with microbiome-derived signals also contributing to disease progression. In turn, targeting pathogen metabolic needs or maladaptive host metabolic changes is an important strategy to develop new treatments for infectious diseases. Trypanosoma cruzi is a single-celled eukaryotic pathogen and the causative agent of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease associated with cardiac and intestinal dysfunction. Here, we discuss the role of small molecules during T. cruzi infection in its vector and in the mammalian host. We integrate these findings to build a theoretical interpretation of how maladaptive metabolic changes drive Chagas disease and extrapolate on how these findings can guide drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Kwakye-Nuako
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Caitlyn E. Middleton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
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Li H, Dong Y, Han C, Xia L, Zhang Y, Chen T, Wang H, Xu G. Suramin, an antiparasitic drug, stimulates adipocyte differentiation and promotes adipogenesis. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:222. [PMID: 38093311 PMCID: PMC10717495 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01980-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies demonstrated that mast cells with their degranulated component heparin are the major endogenous factors that stimulate preadipocyte differentiation and promote fascial adipogenesis, and this effect is related to the structure of heparin. Regarding the structural and physiological properties of the negatively charged polymers, hexasulfonated suramin, a centuries-old medicine that is still used for treating African trypanosomiasis and onchocerciasis, is assumed to be a heparin-related analog or heparinoid. This investigation aims to elucidate the influence of suramin on the adipogenesis. METHODS To assess the influence exerted by suramin on adipogenic differentiation of primary white adipocytes in rats, this exploration was conducted both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, it was attempted to explore the role played by the sulfonic acid groups present in suramin in mediating this adipogenic process. RESULTS Suramin demonstrated a dose- and time-dependent propensity to stimulate the adipogenic differentiation of rat preadipocytes isolated from the superficial fascia tissue and from adult adipose tissue. This stimulation was concomitant with a notable upregulation in expression levels of pivotal adipogenic factors as the adipocyte differentiation process unfolded. Intraperitoneal injection of suramin into rats slightly increased adipogenesis in the superficial fascia and in the epididymal and inguinal fat depots. PPADS, NF023, and NF449 are suramin analogs respectively containing 2, 6, and 8 sulfonic acid groups, among which the last two moderately promoted lipid droplet formation and adipocyte differentiation. The number and position of sulfonate groups may be related to the adipogenic effect of suramin. CONCLUSIONS Suramin emerges as a noteworthy pharmaceutical agent with the unique capability to significantly induce adipocyte differentiation, thereby fostering adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyue Dong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmiao Han
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Lisha Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Tongsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional and Clinical Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, Xiamen Medical College, 361023, Xiamen, China
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Guoheng Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling,Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Elkan M, Kofman N, Minha S, Rappoport N, Zaidenstein R, Koren R. Does the "Obesity Paradox" Have an Expiration Date? A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6765. [PMID: 37959230 PMCID: PMC10647762 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The "obesity paradox" refers to a protective effect of higher body mass index (BMI) on mortality in acute infectious disease patients. However, the long-term impact of this paradox remains uncertain. (2) Methods: A retrospective study of patients diagnosed with community-acquired acute infectious diseases at Shamir Medical Center, Israel (2010-2020) was conducted. Patients were grouped by BMI: underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity classes I-III. Short- and long-term mortality rates were compared across these groups. (3) Results: Of the 25,226 patients, diverse demographics and comorbidities were observed across BMI categories. Short-term (90-day) and long-term (one-year) mortality rates were notably higher in underweight and normal-weight groups compared to others. Specifically, 90-day mortality was 22% and 13.2% for underweight and normal weight respectively, versus 7-9% for others (p < 0.001). Multivariate time series analysis revealed underweight individuals had a significantly higher 5-year mortality risk (HR 1.41 (95% CI 1.27-1.58, p < 0.001)), while overweight and obese categories had a reduced risk (overweight-HR 0.76 (95% CI 0.72-0.80, p < 0.001), obesity class I-HR 0.71 (95% CI 0.66-0.76, p < 0.001), obesity class II-HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.70-0.85, p < 0.001), and obesity class III-HR 0.79 (95% CI 0.67-0.92, p = 0.003)). (4) Conclusions: In this comprehensive study, obesity was independently associated with decreased short- and long-term mortality. These unexpected results prompt further exploration of this counterintuitive phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Elkan
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh), Zerifin 7030000, Israel (R.K.)
| | - Natalia Kofman
- Department of Cardiology, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh), Zerifin 7030000, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sa’ar Minha
- Department of Cardiology, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh), Zerifin 7030000, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Nadav Rappoport
- Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Division of Government Medical Centers, Israeli Ministry of Health, Jerusalem 9101002, Israel
| | - Ronit Zaidenstein
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh), Zerifin 7030000, Israel (R.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ronit Koren
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh), Zerifin 7030000, Israel (R.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Thangavel H, Dhanyalayam D, Lizardo K, Oswal N, Dolgov E, Perlin DS, Nagajyothi JF. Susceptibility of Fat Tissue to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Female hACE2 Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1314. [PMID: 36674830 PMCID: PMC9863100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a highly contagious viral illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 has had a catastrophic effect globally causing millions of deaths worldwide and causing long-lasting health complications in COVID-19 survivors. Recent studies including ours have highlighted that adipose tissue can act as a reservoir where SARS-CoV-2 can persist and cause long-term health problems. Here, we evaluated the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on adipose tissue physiology and the pathogenesis of fat loss in a murine COVID-19 model using humanized angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) mice. Since epidemiological studies reported a higher mortality rate of COVID-19 in males than in females, we examined hACE2 mice of both sexes and performed a comparative analysis. Our study revealed for the first time that: (a) viral loads in adipose tissue and the lungs differ between males and females in hACE2 mice; (b) an inverse relationship exists between the viral loads in the lungs and adipose tissue, and it differs between males and females; and (c) CoV-2 infection alters immune signaling and cell death signaling differently in SARS-CoV-2 infected male and female mice. Overall, our data suggest that adipose tissue and loss of fat cells could play important roles in determining susceptibility to CoV-2 infection in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jyothi F. Nagajyothi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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Thangavel H, Lizardo K, Dhanyalayam D, De Assis S, Nagajyothi JF. Diets Differently Regulate Tumorigenesis in Young E0771 Syngeneic Breast Cancer Mouse Model. J Clin Med 2023; 12:413. [PMID: 36675341 PMCID: PMC9862441 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed cancer type, accounting for one in eight cancer diagnoses worldwide. Epidemiological studies have shown that obesity is associated with increased risk of BC in post-menopausal women, whereas adiposity reduces the risk of BC in premenopausal women. The mechanistic link between obesity and BC has been examined by combining murine BC models with high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity. However, the effect of adiposity (not obesity) induced by a short period of HFD consumption on BC pathogenesis is not well understood. In the current study, we examined the effects of different diet compositions on BC pathogenesis using a young E0771 syngeneic BC mouse model fed on either an HFD or regular diet (RD: a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet) for a short period (4 weeks) before implanting mammary tumors in mice. We analyzed the effect of diet composition on the onset of tumor growth, metastasis, and metabolic and immune status in the tumor microenvironment (TME) using various methods including in vivo bioluminescence imaging and immunoblotting analyses. We showed for the first time that a short-term HFD delays the onset of tumorigenesis by altering the immune and metabolic signaling and energy mechanism in the TME. However, RD may increase the risk of tumorigenesis and metastasis by increasing pro-inflammatory factors in the TME in young mice. Our data suggest that diet composition, adipogenesis, and loss of body fat likely regulate the pathogenesis of BC in a manner that differs between young and post-menopausal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariprasad Thangavel
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Kezia Lizardo
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Dhanya Dhanyalayam
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Sonia De Assis
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jyothi F. Nagajyothi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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Dhanyalayam D, Thangavel H, Lizardo K, Oswal N, Dolgov E, Perlin DS, Nagajyothi JF. Sex Differences in Cardiac Pathology of SARS-CoV2 Infected and Trypanosoma cruzi Co-infected Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:783974. [PMID: 35369283 PMCID: PMC8965705 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.783974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; CoV2) is a deadly contagious infectious disease. For those who survive COVID-19, post-COVID cardiac damage greatly increases the risk of cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Currently, the number of COVID-related cases are increasing in Latin America, where a major COVID comorbidity is Chagas' heart disease, which is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. However, the interplay between indeterminate Chagas disease and COVID-19 is unknown. We investigated the effect of CoV2 infection on heart pathology in T. cruzi infected mice (coinfected with CoV2 during the indeterminate stage of T. cruzi infection). We used transgenic human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (huACE2/hACE2) mice infected with CoV2, T. cruzi, or coinfected with both in this study. We found that the viral load in the hearts of coinfected mice is lower compared to the hearts of mice infected with CoV2 alone. We demonstrated that CoV2 infection significantly alters cardiac immune and energy signaling via adiponectin (C-ApN) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. Our studies also showed that increased β-adrenergic receptor (b-AR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play a major role in shifting the energy balance in the hearts of coinfected female mice from glycolysis to mitochondrial β-oxidation. Our findings suggest that cardiac metabolic signaling may differently regulate the pathogenesis of Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM) in coinfected mice. We conclude that the C-ApN/AMPK and b-AR/PPAR downstream signaling may play major roles in determining the progression, severity, and phenotype of CCM and heart failure in the context of COVID.
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Li R, Tan CP, Xu Y, Liu Y. Alteration of Endogenous Fatty Acids Profile and Lipid Metabolism in Rats Caused by a High‐Colleseed Oil and a High‐Sunflower Oil Diet. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology Faculty of Food Science and Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Yong‐Jiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Road Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 P. R. China
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Dean DA, Gautham G, Siqueira-Neto JL, McKerrow JH, Dorrestein PC, McCall LI. Spatial metabolomics identifies localized chemical changes in heart tissue during chronic cardiac Chagas Disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009819. [PMID: 34606502 PMCID: PMC8516257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is one of nineteen neglected tropical diseases. CD is a vector-borne disease transmitted by triatomines, but CD can also be transmitted through blood transfusions, organ transplants, T. cruzi-contaminated food and drinks, and congenital transmission. While endemic to the Americas, T. cruzi infects 7–8 million people worldwide and can induce severe cardiac symptoms including apical aneurysms, thromboembolisms and arrhythmias during the chronic stage of CD. However, these cardiac clinical manifestations and CD pathogenesis are not fully understood. Using spatial metabolomics (chemical cartography), we sought to understand the localized impact of chronic CD on the cardiac metabolome of mice infected with two divergent T. cruzi strains. Our data showed chemical differences in localized cardiac regions upon chronic T. cruzi infection, indicating that parasite infection changes the host metabolome at specific sites in chronic CD. These sites were distinct from the sites of highest parasite burden. In addition, we identified acylcarnitines and glycerophosphocholines as discriminatory chemical families within each heart region, comparing infected and uninfected samples. Overall, our study indicated global and positional metabolic differences common to infection with different T. cruzi strains and identified select infection-modulated pathways. These results provide further insight into CD pathogenesis and demonstrate the advantage of a systematic spatial perspective to understand infectious disease tropism. Chagas disease (CD) is a tropical disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. CD originated in the Americas but is now found globally due to population movements. CD is transmitted through a triatomine vector, organ transplants, blood transfusions, T. cruzi-contaminated food and drinks, and congenitally. It occurs in two stages, an acute stage (usually asymptomatic) and a chronic stage. Twenty to thirty percent of chronic stage cases present severe cardiac symptoms such as heart failure, localized aneurysms and cardiomyopathy. Unfortunately, what causes severe cardiac symptoms in some individuals in chronic CD is not fully understood. Therefore, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to analyze the heart tissue of chronically T. cruzi-infected and uninfected mice, to understand the impact of infection on the tissue metabolome. We identified discriminatory small molecules related to T. cruzi infection and determined that regions with the highest parasite burden are distinct from the regions with the largest changes in overall metabolite profile. These locations of high metabolic perturbation provide a molecular mechanism to explain why localized cardiac symptoms occur in CD, particularly at the heart apex. Overall, our work gives insight into chronic cardiac CD symptom development and shapes a framework for novel CD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danya A. Dean
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Gautham Gautham
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jair L. Siqueira-Neto
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu Z, Ulrich vonBargen R, McCall LI. Central role of metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi tropism and Chagas disease pathogenesis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 63:204-209. [PMID: 34455304 PMCID: PMC8463485 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi parasites. During mammalian infection, T. cruzi alternates between an intracellular stage and extracellular stage. T. cruzi adapts its metabolism to this lifestyle, while also reshaping host metabolic pathways. Such host metabolic adaptations compensate for parasite-induced stress, but may promote parasite survival and proliferation. Recent work has demonstrated that metabolism controls parasite tropism and location of Chagas disease symptoms, and regulates whether infection is mild or severe. Such findings have important translational applications with regards to treatment and diagnostic test development, though further research is needed with regards to in vivo parasite metabolic gene expression, relationship between magnitude of local metabolic perturbation, parasite strain and disease location, and host-parasite-microbiota co-metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, United States; Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, United States
| | - Rebecca Ulrich vonBargen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, United States
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, United States; Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, United States; Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, United States.
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13
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The Inflammatory Effects of Dietary Lipids Regulate Growth of Parasites during Visceral Leishmaniasis. mSphere 2021; 6:e0042321. [PMID: 34259561 PMCID: PMC8386445 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00423-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially fatal disease caused by the protozoon Leishmania donovani or L. infantum (Li). Although previous studies revealed that high lipid intake reduces parasite burdens in Leishmania donovani-infected mice, the specific contributions of dietary lipids to Li-associated pathogenesis are not known. To address this, we evaluated parasite growth, liver pathology, and transcriptomic signatures in Li-infected BALB/c mice fed either a control, high-fat, high-cholesterol, or high-fat–high-cholesterol diet. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), we observed significantly reduced liver parasite burdens in mice fed the high-fat–high-cholesterol diet compared to mice fed the control diet. In contrast to the liver, parasite expansion occurred earlier in the spleens of mice fed the experimental diets. Histological examination revealed an intense inflammatory cell infiltrate in livers predominantly composed of neutrophils caused by the high-fat–high-cholesterol diet specifically. After 8 weeks of infection (12 weeks of diet), Illumina microarrays revealed significantly increased expression of transcripts belonging to immune- and angiogenesis-related pathways in livers of both uninfected and Li-infected mice fed the high-fat–high-cholesterol diet. These data suggest that increased fat and cholesterol intake prior to Li infection leads to a hepatic inflammatory environment and thus reduces the parasite burden in the liver. Defining inflammatory signatures as well as pathology in the liver may reveal opportunities to modify the therapeutic approach to Li infection. IMPORTANCE Leishmaniasis is a spectrum of diseases caused by Leishmania species protozoa that is most common in warm climates, coinciding with impoverished regions. Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially fatal disease in which parasites infect reticuloendothelial organs and cause progressive wasting and immunocompromise. The distribution and demographics of visceral leishmaniasis have changed over recent years, coinciding with modernizing societies and the increased availability of Western diets rich in lipid content. We report here that increased dietary fat and cholesterol intake affected disease pathogenesis by increasing inflammation and reducing localized parasite burdens in the liver. These diet-induced changes in disease pathogenesis might explain in part the changing epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis. A relationship between diet and inflammatory responses may occur in leishmaniasis and other microbial or immune-mediated diseases, possibly revealing opportunities to modify the therapeutic approach to microbial infections.
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14
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de Souza DMS, Silva MC, Farias SEB, Menezes APDJ, Milanezi CM, Lúcio KDP, Paiva NCN, de Abreu PM, Costa DC, Pinto KMDC, Costa GDP, Silva JS, Talvani A. Diet Rich in Lard Promotes a Metabolic Environment Favorable to Trypanosoma cruzi Growth. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:667580. [PMID: 34113663 PMCID: PMC8185140 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.667580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease and affects 6-7 million people mainly in Latin America and worldwide. Here, we investigated the effects of hyperlipidic diets, mainly composed of olive oil or lard on experimental T. cruzi infection. C57BL/6 mice were fed two different dietary types in which the main sources of fatty acids were either monounsaturated (olive oil diet) or saturated (lard diet). Methods: After 60 days on the diet, mice were infected with 50 trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi Colombian strain. We evaluated the systemic and tissue parasitism, tissue inflammation, and the redox status of mice after 30 days of infection. Results: Lipid levels in the liver of mice fed with the lard diet increased compared with that of the mice fed with olive oil or normolipidic diets. The lard diet group presented with an increased parasitic load in the heart and adipose tissues following infection as well as an increased expression of Tlr2 and Tlr9 in the heart. However, no changes were seen in the survival rates across the dietary groups. Infected mice receiving all diets presented comparable levels of recruited inflammatory cells at 30 days post-infection but, at this time, we observed lard diet inducing an overproduction of CCL2 in the cardiac tissue and its inhibition in the adipose tissue. T. cruzi infection altered liver antioxidant levels in mice, with the lard diet group demonstrating decreased catalase (CAT) activity compared with that of other dietary groups. Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that T. cruzi growth is more favorable on tissue of mice subjected to the lard diet. Our findings supported our hypothesis of a relationship between the source of dietary lipids and parasite-induced immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Maria Soares de Souza
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Biological Science Post-graduate Program, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Health and Nutrition Post-graduate Program, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria Cláudia Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Elvira Barros Farias
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de J Menezes
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Maria Milanezi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karine de P Lúcio
- Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Nívia Carolina N Paiva
- Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Paula Melo de Abreu
- Biological Science Post-graduate Program, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniela Caldeira Costa
- Health and Nutrition Post-graduate Program, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Kelerson Mauro de Castro Pinto
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,School of Physical Education, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Paula Costa
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Health and Nutrition Post-graduate Program, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Fiocruz-Bi-Institutional Translational Medicine Plataform, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Health and Nutrition Post-graduate Program, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.,Health Science, Infectology and Tropical Medicine Post-graduate Program, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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15
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Lizardo K, Ayyappan JP, Oswal N, Weiss LM, Scherer PE, Nagajyothi JF. Fat tissue regulates the pathogenesis and severity of cardiomyopathy in murine chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008964. [PMID: 33826636 PMCID: PMC8055007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) caused by a parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is a life-threatening disease in Latin America, for which there is no effective drug or vaccine. The pathogenesis of CCC is complex and multifactorial. Previously, we demonstrated T. cruzi infected mice lose a significant amount of fat tissue which correlates with progression of CCC. Based on this an investigation was undertaken during both acute and chronic T. cruzi infection utilizing the FAT-ATTAC murine model (that allows modulation of fat mass) to understand the consequences of the loss of adipocytes in the regulation of cardiac parasite load, parasite persistence, inflammation, mitochondrial stress, ER stress, survival, CCC progression and CCC severity. Mice were infected intraperitoneally with 5x104 and 103 trypomastigotes to generate acute and chronic Chagas models, respectively. Ablation of adipocytes was carried out in uninfected and infected mice by treatment with AP21087 for 10 days starting at 15DPI (acute infection) and at 65DPI (indeterminate infection). During acute infection, cardiac ultrasound imaging, histological, and biochemical analyses demonstrated that fat ablation increased cardiac parasite load, cardiac pathology and right ventricular dilation and decreased survival. During chronic indeterminate infection ablation of fat cells increased cardiac pathology and caused bi-ventricular dilation. These data demonstrate that dysfunctional adipose tissue not only affects cardiac metabolism but also the inflammatory status, morphology and physiology of the myocardium and increases the risk of progression and severity of CCC in murine Chagas disease. An estimated eight million individuals worldwide are chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease (CD). Of these infected individuals, 30% will develop chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), a major cause of morbidity and mortality in CD endemic regions for which there is currently no effective drug or vaccine. The molecular mechanisms underlying CCC pathogenesis, progression and severity are complex, multi-factorial and not completely understood. Earlier, it was demonstrated that T. cruzi persists in adipose tissue, alters adipocyte physiology, and causes loss of body fat mass in T. cruzi infected mice with CCC. In this study, the authors examined the role of visceral fat pad (adipose tissue) in regulating the pathogenic signalling in the development and progression of CCC using a fat mass modulatable transgenic mouse CD model. Loss of fat cells increased cardiac lipid load and deregulated cardiac lipid metabolism leading to mitochondrial oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress and severe CCC. In addition, loss of fat cells increased cardiac parasite load during acute infection and altered immune signalling in the hearts of infected mice during chronic infection. These discoveries underscore the importance of adipose tissue in the development of CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia Lizardo
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Neelam Oswal
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- The Touchstone Diabetes Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jyothi F. Nagajyothi
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Parab AR, McCall LI. Tryp-ing Up Metabolism: Role of Metabolic Adaptations in Kinetoplastid Disease Pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e00644-20. [PMID: 33526564 PMCID: PMC8090971 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00644-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, more than a billion people-one-sixth of the world's population-are suffering from neglected tropical diseases. Human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania About half a million people living in tropical and subtropical regions of the world are at risk of contracting one of these three infections. Kinetoplastids have complex life cycles with different morphologies and unique physiological requirements at each life cycle stage. This review covers the latest findings on metabolic pathways impacting disease pathogenesis of kinetoplastids within the mammalian host. Nutrient availability is a key factor shaping in vivo parasite metabolism; thus, kinetoplastids display significant metabolic flexibility. Proteomic and transcriptomic profiles show that intracellular trypanosomatids are able to switch to an energy-efficient metabolism within the mammalian host system. Host metabolic changes can also favor parasite persistence, and contribute to symptom development, in a location-specific fashion. Ultimately, targeted and untargeted metabolomics studies have been a valuable approach to elucidate the specific biochemical pathways affected by infection within the host, leading to translational drug development and diagnostic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adwaita R Parab
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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17
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O'Neal AJ, Butler LR, Rolandelli A, Gilk SD, Pedra JH. Lipid hijacking: a unifying theme in vector-borne diseases. eLife 2020; 9:61675. [PMID: 33118933 PMCID: PMC7595734 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne illnesses comprise a significant portion of human maladies, representing 17% of global infections. Transmission of vector-borne pathogens to mammals primarily occurs by hematophagous arthropods. It is speculated that blood may provide a unique environment that aids in the replication and pathogenesis of these microbes. Lipids and their derivatives are one component enriched in blood and are essential for microbial survival. For instance, the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum and the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, among others, have been shown to scavenge and manipulate host lipids for structural support, metabolism, replication, immune evasion, and disease severity. In this Review, we will explore the importance of lipid hijacking for the growth and persistence of these microbes in both mammalian hosts and arthropod vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya J O'Neal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - L Rainer Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Agustin Rolandelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Stacey D Gilk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Joao Hf Pedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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18
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de Souza-Basqueira M, Ribeiro RM, de Oliveira LC, Moreira CHV, Martins RCR, Franco DC, Amado PPP, Mayer MPA, Sabino EC. Gut Dysbiosis in Chagas Disease. A Possible Link to the Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:402. [PMID: 32974213 PMCID: PMC7466656 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Cardiomyopathy and damage to gastrointestinal tissue are the main disease manifestations. There are data suggesting that the immune response to T. cruzi depends on the intestinal microbiota. We hypothesized that Chagas disease is associated with an altered gut microbiome and that these changes are related to the disease phenotype. The stool microbiome from 104 individuals, 73 with Chagas disease (30 with the cardiac, 11 with the digestive, and 32 with the indeterminate form), and 31 healthy controls was characterized using 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing. The QIIME (Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology) platform was used to analyze the data. Alpha and beta diversity indexes did not indicate differences between the groups. However, the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia, represented primarily by the genus Akkermansia, was significantly lower in the Chagas disease groups, especially the cardiac group, compared to the controls. Furthermore, differences in the relative abundances of Alistipes, Bilophila, and Dialister were observed between the groups. We conclude that T. cruzi infection results in changes in the gut microbiome that may play a role in the myocardial and intestinal inflammation seen in Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela de Souza-Basqueira
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Marques Ribeiro
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Léa Campos de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM03), Hospital das Clinicas de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Valente Moreira
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Infectologia "Emílio Ribas", São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Cristina Ruedas Martins
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pâmela Pontes Penas Amado
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Fundação Faculdade de Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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A High-Fat Diet Exacerbates the Course of Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection That Can Be Mitigated by Treatment with Simvastatin. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1230461. [PMID: 32596277 PMCID: PMC7298325 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1230461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is responsible for triggering a damage immune response in the host cardiovascular system. This parasite has a high affinity for host lipoproteins and uses the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor for its invasion. Assuming that the presence of LDL cholesterol in tissues could facilitate T. cruzi proliferation, dietary composition may affect the parasite-host relationship. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate myocarditis in T. cruzi-infected C57BL/6 mice-acute phase-fed a high-fat diet and treated with simvastatin, a lipid-lowering medication. Animals (n = 10) were infected with 5 × 103 cells of the VL-10 strain of T. cruzi and treated or untreated daily with 20 mg/kg simvastatin, starting 24 h after infection and fed with a normolipidic or high-fat diet. Also, uninfected mice, treated or not with simvastatin and fed with normolipidic or high-fat diet, were evaluated as control groups. Analyses to measure the production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), interferon- (IFN-) γ, interleukin- (IL-) 10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF); total hepatic lipid dosage; cholesterol; and fractions, as well as histopathological analysis, were performed on day 30 using cardiac and fat tissues. Our results showed that the high-fat diet increased (i) parasite replication, (ii) fat accumulation in the liver, (iii) total cholesterol and LDL levels, and (iv) the host inflammatory state through the production of the cytokine TNF. However, simvastatin only reduced the production of CCL2 but not that of other inflammatory mediators or biochemical parameters. Together, our data suggest that the high-fat diet may have worsened the biochemical parameters of the uninfected and T. cruzi-infected animals, as well as favored the survival of circulating parasites.
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20
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Zaki P, Domingues EL, Amjad FM, Narde MB, Gonçalves KR, Viana ML, de Paula H, de Lima WG, Huang H, Bahia MT, Sherer PE, Dos Santos FM, Weiss LM, Tanowitz HB. The role of fat on cardiomyopathy outcome in mouse models of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1829-1843. [PMID: 32206887 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The underlying pathogenic mechanisms of cardiomyopathy in Chagas disease are still unsolved. In order to better clarify the role of fat on the evolution of cardiomyopathy, the present study employed three murine models of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection: (1) aP2-RIDα/β transgenic mice (RID mice; an adipose tissue model which express a gain-of-function potent anti-inflammatory activity), (2) allograft inflammatory factor-1 knockout mice (Aif1-/-), and (3) a Swiss outbred mice. RID mice and non-transgenic mice (wild type, WT) were infected with blood trypomastigotes of Brazil strain. During the acute stage of infection, RID mice had lower parasitemia, lower heart inflammation, and a decrease in the relative distribution of parasite load from cardiac muscle tissue toward epididymal fat. Nevertheless, comparable profiles of myocardial inflammatory infiltrates and relative distribution of parasite load were observed among RID and WT at the chronic stage of infection. Aif1-/- and Aif1+/+ mice were infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes of Tulahuen strain and fed with high-fat diet (HFD) or regular diet (RD). Interestingly, Aif1+/+ HFD infected mice showed the highest mortality. Swiss mice infected with blood trypomastigotes of Berenice-78 strain on a HFD had higher levels of TNFα and more inflammation in their heart tissue than infected mice fed a RD. These various murine models implicate adipocytes in the pathogenesis of chronic Chagas disease and suggest that HFD can lead to a significant increase in the severity of parasite-induced chronic cardiac damage. Furthermore, these data implicate adipocyte TLR4-, TNFα-, and IL-1β-mediated signaling in pro-inflammatory pathways and Aif-1 gene expression in the development of chronic Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zaki
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Elisa Lbc Domingues
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Guararema, Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Farhad M Amjad
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Maiara B Narde
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Guararema, Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Karolina R Gonçalves
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Mirelle L Viana
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Guararema, Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Heberth de Paula
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Guararema, Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Wanderson G de Lima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Maria T Bahia
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil.,Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Philipp E Sherer
- The Touchstone Diabetes Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Fabiane M Dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Guararema, Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Herbert B Tanowitz
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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21
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Ayyappan JP, Lizardo K, Wang S, Yurkow E, Nagajyothi JF. Inhibition of SREBP Improves Cardiac Lipidopathy, Improves Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Modulates Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014255. [PMID: 31973605 PMCID: PMC7033903 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular parasite that causes debilitating chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM), for which there is no effective drug or vaccine. Previously, we demonstrated increased cardiac lipid accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in mice with CCM. Increased endoplasmic reticulum stress may lead to uncontrolled SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein) activation and lipotoxicity in the myocardium during the intermediate stage of infection and result in progression to chronic CCM. Therefore, we investigated whether inhibiting SREBP activation modulates CCM progression in T cruzi-infected mice. Methods and Results T cruzi-infected cultured cardiomyocytes (3:1 multiplicity of infection; 24 hours postinfection) were incubated with betulin (3 μmol/L per mL), an SREBP inhibitor, for 24 hours. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in SREBP activation, lipid biosynthesis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in betulin-treated infected cells compared with untreated cells. T cruzi infected (103 trypomastigotes of the Brazil strain) Swiss mice were fed a customized diet containing betulin during the intermediate stage (40 days postinfection) until the chronic stage (120 DPI). Cardiac ultrasound imaging and histological and biochemical analyses demonstrated anatomical and functional improvements in betulin-treated, infected mice compared with untreated controls: we observed a significant reduction in cholesterol/fatty acid synthesis that may result in the observed cardiac reduction in cardiac lipid accumulation, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and ventricular enlargement. Conclusions Our study (in vitro and vivo) demonstrates that inhibition of cardiac SREBP activation reduces cardiac damage during T cruzi infection and modulates CCM in a murine Chagas model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeesh Plakkal Ayyappan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Public Health Research Institute New Jersey Medical School Newark NY
| | - Kezia Lizardo
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Public Health Research Institute New Jersey Medical School Newark NY
| | - Sean Wang
- Rutgers Molecular Imaging Center Piscataway NJ
| | | | - Jyothi F Nagajyothi
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Public Health Research Institute New Jersey Medical School Newark NY
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Martins VD, Silva FC, Caixeta F, Carneiro MB, Goes GR, Torres L, Barbosa SC, Vaz L, Paiva NC, Carneiro CM, Vieira LQ, Faria AMC, Maioli TU. Obesity impairs resistance to Leishmania major infection in C57BL/6 mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0006596. [PMID: 31923234 PMCID: PMC6953764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An association between increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and obesity has been described as a result of impaired immunity in obese individuals. It is not clear whether a similar linkage can be drawn between obesity and parasitic diseases. To evaluate the effect of obesity in the immune response to cutaneous Leishmania major infection, we studied the ability of C57BL/6 mice fed a hypercaloric diet (HSB) to control leishmaniasis. Mice with diet-induced obesity presented thicker lesions with higher parasite burden and a more intense inflammatory infiltrate in the infected ear after infection with L. major. There was no difference between control and obese mice in IFN-gamma or IL-4 production by auricular draining lymph node cells, but obese mice produced higher levels of IgG1 and IL-17. Peritoneal macrophages from obese mice were less efficient to kill L. major when infected in vitro than macrophages from control mice. In vitro stimulation of macrophages with IL-17 decreased their capacity to kill the parasite. Moreover, macrophages from obese mice presented higher arginase activity. To confirm the role of IL-17 in the context of obesity and infection, we studied lesion development in obese IL-17R-/- mice infected with L. major and found no difference in skin lesions and the leukocyte accumulation in the draining lymph node is redcuced in knockout mice compared between obese and lean animals. Our results indicate that diet-induced obesity impairs resistance to L. major in C57BL/6 mice and that IL-17 is involved in lesion development. Obesity is a serious and increasing public health problem, and also induces a spectrum of metabolic disorders. Some diseases are known to be more severe in the presence of obesity. However, the interactions of obesity with the immune response to infectious agents have not been fully explored. In this study, we investigated the response of obese mice to infection with Leishmania major. C57BL/6 mice were fed a hypercaloric diet (HSB) and infected afterward with L. major. In obese mice, lesions were ticker and more ulcerative, and cells from draining lymph nodes produced more IL-17 when compared with cells from lean mice fed a control diet. Macrophages from obese and lean mice were infected in vitro and stimulated with IL-17 to test the role of this cytokine in effect produced by obesity. Macrophages from obese mice were more infected by L. major than the macrophages from control mice and the number of parasites was increased by treatment with IL-17. IL-17R deficient mice treated with hypercaloric diet showed no difference in lesion size when compared to mice fed control diet. Our findings suggest that diet-induced obesity decrease the resistance to L. major infection of C57BL/6 mice and the IL-17 cytokine may be involved in the lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Dantas Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Franciele Carolina Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felipe Caixeta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades de Bioinformática, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Matheus Batista Carneiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Graziele Ribeiro Goes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lícia Torres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sara Cândida Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Vaz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nivea Carolina Paiva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Leda Quercia Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiani Uceli Maioli
- Departamento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Diet Alters Serum Metabolomic Profiling in the Mouse Model of Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:4956016. [PMID: 31949545 PMCID: PMC6948343 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4956016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi which is endemic in Latin America. T. cruzi infection results in a latent infection with approximately a third of latently infected patients developing chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM). CCM is a common cause of cardiomyopathy in endemic regions and has a poor prognosis compared to other cardiomyopathies. The factors responsible for the transition from the asymptomatic indeterminate latent stage of infection to CCM are poorly understood. Our previous studies demonstrated that lipid metabolism and diet are important determinants of disease progression. In the present study, we analyzed various serum metabolomic biomarkers such as acylcarnitines, amino acids, biogenic amines, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids in murine models of CCM, where the mice specifically develop either left or right ventricular cardiomyopathy based on the diets fed during the indeterminate stage in a murine model of Chagas disease. Our data provide new insights into the metabolic changes that may predispose patients to CCM and biomarkers that may help predict the risk of developing cardiomyopathy from T. cruzi infection. Author Summary. Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM) is a parasitic disease prevalent in Latin America. Currently, no effective drugs or vaccines are available to prevent or cure CCM. The factors involved in the disease severity and progression are poorly understood to design new therapeutic interventions. In order to rapidly identify Chagas patients with a higher risk to develop CCM, a new set of biomarkers specific to Chagas disease is needed. We performed serum metabolomic analyses in chronic T. cruzi-infected mice fed on different diets and identified cardiac ventricular-specific metabolite biomarkers that could define CCM severity. In this paper, we present the results of serum metabolomic analyses and discuss its correlations to the diet-induced metabolic regulations in the pathogenesis of CCM in a murine model of Chagas disease.
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24
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Immune-neuroendocrine and metabolic disorders in human and experimental T. cruzi infection: New clues for understanding Chagas disease pathology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165642. [PMID: 31866417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies in mice undergoing acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection and patients with Chagas disease, led to identify several immune-neuroendocrine disturbances and metabolic disorders. Here, we review relevant findings concerning such abnormalities and discuss their possible influence on disease physiopathology.
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25
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Lucchetti BFC, Boaretto N, Lopes FNC, Malvezi AD, Lovo-Martins MI, Tatakihara VLH, Fattori V, Pereira RS, Verri WA, de Almeida Araujo EJ, Pinge-Filho P, Martins-Pinge MC. Metabolic syndrome agravates cardiovascular, oxidative and inflammatory dysfunction during the acute phase of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18885. [PMID: 31827186 PMCID: PMC6906468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the influence of metabolic syndrome (MS) on acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Obese Swiss mice, 70 days of age, were subjected to intraperitoneal infection with 5 × 102 trypomastigotes of the Y strain. Cardiovascular, oxidative, inflammatory, and metabolic parameters were evaluated in infected and non-infected mice. We observed higher parasitaemia in the infected obese group (IOG) than in the infected control group (ICG) 13 and 15 days post-infection. All IOG animals died by 19 days post-infection (dpi), whereas 87.5% of the ICG survived to 30 days. Increased plasma nitrite levels in adipose tissue and the aorta were observed in the IOG. Higher INF-γ and MCP-1 concentrations and lower IL-10 concentrations were observed in the IOG compared to those in the ICG. Decreased insulin sensitivity was observed in obese animals, which was accentuated after infection. Higher parasitic loads were found in adipose and hepatic tissue, and increases in oxidative stress in cardiac, hepatic, and adipose tissues were characteristics of the IOG group. Thus, MS exacerbates experimental Chagas disease, resulting in greater damage and decreased survival in infected animals, and might be a warning sign that MS can influence other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fernando Cruz Lucchetti
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
- Department of Physiotherapy, University Center of Araguaia Valley, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Natalia Boaretto
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Novi Cortegoso Lopes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Aparecida Donizette Malvezi
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Lovo-Martins
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Hideko Tatakihara
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Rito Santo Pereira
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu Aparecido Verri
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Phileno Pinge-Filho
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Marli Cardoso Martins-Pinge
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Eskandarabadi SM, Mahmoudian M, Farah KR, Abdali A, Nozad E, Enayati M. Active intelligent packaging film based on ethylene vinyl acetate nanocomposite containing extracted anthocyanin, rosemary extract and ZnO/Fe-MMT nanoparticles. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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27
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Harris EV, de Roode JC, Gerardo NM. Diet-microbiome-disease: Investigating diet's influence on infectious disease resistance through alteration of the gut microbiome. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007891. [PMID: 31671152 PMCID: PMC6822718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic factors can affect host resistance to parasites. Host diet and host gut microbiomes are two increasingly recognized factors influencing disease resistance. In particular, recent studies demonstrate that (1) particular diets can reduce parasitism; (2) diets can alter the gut microbiome; and (3) the gut microbiome can decrease parasitism. These three separate relationships suggest the existence of indirect links through which diets reduce parasitism through an alteration of the gut microbiome. However, such links are rarely considered and even more rarely experimentally validated. This is surprising because there is increasing discussion of the therapeutic potential of diets and gut microbiomes to control infectious disease. To elucidate these potential indirect links, we review and examine studies on a wide range of animal systems commonly used in diet, microbiome, and disease research. We also examine the relative benefits and disadvantages of particular systems for the study of these indirect links and conclude that mice and insects are currently the best animal systems to test for the effect of diet-altered protective gut microbiomes on infectious disease. Focusing on these systems, we provide experimental guidelines and highlight challenges that must be overcome. Although previous studies have recommended these systems for microbiome research, here we specifically recommend these systems because of their proven relationships between diet and parasitism, between diet and the microbiome, and between the microbiome and parasite resistance. Thus, they provide a sound foundation to explore the three-way interaction between diet, the microbiome, and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica V. Harris
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacobus C. de Roode
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicole M. Gerardo
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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28
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Rangel-Gamboa L, López-García L, Moreno-Sánchez F, Hoyo-Ulloa I, Vega-Mémije ME, Mendoza-Bazán N, Romero-Valdovinos M, Olivo-Díaz A, Villalobos G, Martínez-Hernández F. Trypanosoma cruzi infection associated with atypical clinical manifestation during the acute phase of the Chagas disease. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:506. [PMID: 31666114 PMCID: PMC6822409 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is transmitted by triatomine insects. Clinical manifestations vary according to the phase of the disease. Cutaneous manifestations are usually observed in the acute phase (chagoma and Romaña’s sign) or after reactivation of the chronic phase by immunosuppression; however, a disseminated infection in the acute phase without immunosuppression has not been reported for CD. Here, we report an unusual case of disseminated cutaneous infection during the acute phase of CD in a Mexican woman. Methods Evaluation of the patient included a complete clinical history, a physical exam, and an exhaustive evaluation by laboratory tests, including ELISA, Western blot and PCR. Results Skin biopsies of a 50-year-old female revealed intracellular parasites affecting the lower extremities with lymphangitic spread in both legs. The PCR tests evaluated biopsy samples obtained from the lesions and blood samples, which showed a positive diagnosis for T. cruzi. Partial sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal DNA correlated with the genetic variant DTU II; however, serological tests were negative. Conclusions We present a case of CD with disseminated skin lesions that was detected by PCR and showed negative serological results. In Mexico, an endemic CD area, there are no records of this type of manifestation, which demonstrates the ability of the parasite to initiate and maintain infections in atypical tissues .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rangel-Gamboa
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lirio López-García
- Private Practice, Dermatología clínica, Lomas Altas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Irma Hoyo-Ulloa
- Departamento de Infectología, Centro Médico ABC, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Elisa Vega-Mémije
- Departamento de Dermatopatología, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nancy Mendoza-Bazán
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mirza Romero-Valdovinos
- Departamento de Genética e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angélica Olivo-Díaz
- Departamento de Genética e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guiehdani Villalobos
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
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29
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Ayyappan JP, lizardo K, Wang S, Yurkow E, Nagajyothi JF. Inhibition of ER Stress by 2-Aminopurine Treatment Modulates Cardiomyopathy in a Murine Chronic Chagas Disease Model. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:386-394. [PMID: 30879276 PMCID: PMC6609105 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi infection results in debilitating cardiomyopathy, which is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the endemic regions of Chagas disease (CD). The pathogenesis of Chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCM) has been intensely studied as a chronic inflammatory disease until recent observations reporting the role of cardio-metabolic dysfunctions. In particular, we demonstrated accumulation of lipid droplets and impaired cardiac lipid metabolism in the hearts of cardiomyopathic mice and patients, and their association with impaired mitochondrial functions and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in CD mice. In the present study, we examined whether treating infected mice with an ER stress inhibitor can modify the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy during chronic stages of infection. T. cruzi infected mice were treated with an ER stress inhibitor 2-Aminopurine (2AP) during the indeterminate stage and evaluated for cardiac pathophysiology during the subsequent chronic stage. Our study demonstrates that inhibition of ER stress improves cardiac pathology caused by T. cruzi infection by reducing ER stress and downstream signaling of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor (P-elF2α) in the hearts of chronically infected mice. Importantly, cardiac ultrasound imaging showed amelioration of ventricular enlargement, suggesting that inhibition of ER stress may be a valuable strategy to combat the progression of cardiomyopathy in Chagas patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeesh Plakkal Ayyappan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103,
USA
| | - Kezia lizardo
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103,
USA
| | - Sean Wang
- Rutgers Molecular Imaging Center, Piscataway, NJ 08854,
USA
| | - Edward Yurkow
- Rutgers Molecular Imaging Center, Piscataway, NJ 08854,
USA
| | - Jyothi F Nagajyothi
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103,
USA
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30
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Komegae EN, Fonseca MT, da Silveira Cruz-Machado S, Turato WM, Filgueiras LR, Markus RP, Steiner AA. Site-Specific Reprogramming of Macrophage Responsiveness to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide in Obesity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1496. [PMID: 31316525 PMCID: PMC6611339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which obesity may alter immune responses to pathogens are poorly understood. The present study assessed whether the intrinsic responsiveness of resident macrophages to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is reprogrammed in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Macrophages from adipose tissue, lung alveoli, and the peritoneal cavity were extracted from obese rats on a HFD or from their lean counterparts, and subsequently studied in culture under identical conditions. CD45+/CD68+ cells (macrophages) were abundant in all cultures, and became the main producers of TNF-α upon LPS stimulation. But although all macrophage subpopulations responded to LPS with an M1-like profile of cytokine secretion, the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio was the lowest in adipose tissue macrophages, the highest in alveolar macrophages, and intermediary in peritoneal macrophages. What is more, diet exerted qualitatively distinct effects on the cytokine responses to LPS, with obesity switching adipose tissue macrophages to a more pro-inflammatory program and peritoneal macrophages to a less pro-inflammatory program, while not affecting alveolar macrophages. Such reprogramming was not associated with changes in the inflammasome-dependent secretion of IL-1β. The study further shows that the effects of diet on TNF-α/IL-10 ratios were linked to distinct patterns of NF-κB accumulation in the nucleus: while RelA was the NF-κB subunit most impacted by obesity in adipose tissue macrophages, cRel was the subunit affected in peritoneal macrophages. It is concluded that obesity causes dissimilar, site-specific changes in the responsiveness of resident macrophages to bacterial LPS. Such plasticity opens new avenues of investigation into the mechanisms linking obesity to pathogen-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evilin N Komegae
- Neuroimmunology of Sepsis Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique T Fonseca
- Neuroimmunology of Sepsis Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Walter M Turato
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano R Filgueiras
- Neuroimmunology of Sepsis Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina P Markus
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Neuroimmunology of Sepsis Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Carvalho TB, Padovani CR, de Oliveira Júnior LR, Latini ACP, Kurokawa CS, Pereira PCM, Dos Santos RM. ACAT-1 gene rs1044925 SNP and its relation with different clinical forms of chronic Chagas disease. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2343-2351. [PMID: 31236660 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), although discovered more than a century ago, is still a not very well-elucidated aspect. Individuals in the chronic phase of the disease may present asymptomatic clinical form or symptomatologies related to the cardiac, digestive systems, or both (mixed clinical form). SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) have been identified as important markers because they constitute about 90% of the variation in the human genome. One of them is localized to the ACAT-1 gene (cholesterol acyltransferase 1) (rs1044925) and has been linked to lipid disorders. Some studies have suggested the interaction between T. cruzi and the lipid metabolism of the host. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between the ACAT-1 gene rs1044925 SNP in relation to clinical manifestations in patients with chronic Chagas disease. A total of 135 individuals with chronic Chagas disease, 86 (63.7%) asymptomatic individuals and 49 (36.3%) symptomatic patients (22 with cardiac clinical form, 18 with digestive form and 9 with mixed form) participated in the study. To evaluate the polymorphism, the PCR-RFLP technique were used. There was a significant difference and a higher frequency of AA and AC genotypes (p = 0.047 and p = 0.016, respectively) of the ACAT-1 gene in asymptomatic chagasic individuals. The result suggests a protective character of the AA and AC genotypes of the rs1044925 SNP in relation to the presence of symptomatic clinical manifestations of the disease in chronic chagasic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaysa Buss Carvalho
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Laboratório de Moléstias Infecciosas - UNIPEX - FMB UNESP, Rua Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Roberto Padovani
- Departament of Bioestatistics, Botucatu Biosciences Institute São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto de Oliveira Júnior
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Laboratório de Moléstias Infecciosas - UNIPEX - FMB UNESP, Rua Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla Pereira Latini
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Laboratório de Moléstias Infecciosas - UNIPEX - FMB UNESP, Rua Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departament of Molecular Biology, Lauro de Souza Lima Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cilmery Suemi Kurokawa
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Laboratório de Moléstias Infecciosas - UNIPEX - FMB UNESP, Rua Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departament of Pediatrics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Câmara Marques Pereira
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Laboratório de Moléstias Infecciosas - UNIPEX - FMB UNESP, Rua Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Mattos Dos Santos
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista), Laboratório de Moléstias Infecciosas - UNIPEX - FMB UNESP, Rua Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, São Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Ayyappan JP, Ganapathi U, Lizardo K, Vinnard C, Subbian S, Perlin DS, Nagajyothi JF. Adipose Tissue Regulates Pulmonary Pathology during TB Infection. mBio 2019; 10:e02771-18. [PMID: 30992360 PMCID: PMC6469978 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02771-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. One-third of the world population is infected with M. tuberculosis, and about 15 million people with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) reside in the United States. An estimated 10% of individuals with LTBI are at risk of progressing to active disease. Loss of body mass, or wasting, accompanied by a significant reduction of body fat is often associated with active TB disease and is considered to be immunosuppressive and a major determinant of severity and outcome of disease. While the lungs are the primary site of M. tuberculosis infection and TB manifestation, recent reports have shown that adipose tissue serves as an important reservoir for M. tuberculosis In this article, we investigated the association between M. tuberculosis infection, adipose tissue, and TB disease progression using a transgenic inducible "fatless" model system, the FAT-ATTAC (fat apoptosis through targeted activation of caspase 8) mouse. By selectively ablating fat tissue during M. tuberculosis infection, we directly tested the role of fat cell loss and adipose tissue physiology in regulating pulmonary pathology, bacterial burden, and immune status. Our results confirm the presence of M. tuberculosis in fat tissue after aerosol infection of mice and show that loss of fat cells is associated with an increase in pulmonary M. tuberculosis burden and pathology. We conclude that acute loss of adipose tissue during LTBI may predispose the host to active TB disease.IMPORTANCE Although the lungs are the port of entry and the predominant site of TB disease manifestation, we and others have demonstrated that M. tuberculosis also persists in adipose tissue of aerosol-infected animals and directly or indirectly alters adipose tissue physiology, which in turn alters whole-body immuno-metabolic homeostasis. Our present report demonstrates a direct effect of loss of adipocytes (fat cells) on promoting the severity of pulmonary pathogenesis during TB, advancing our understanding of the pathogenic interactions between wasting and TB activation/reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeesh Plakkal Ayyappan
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Usha Ganapathi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kezia Lizardo
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christopher Vinnard
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - David S. Perlin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jyothi F Nagajyothi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Figueiredo VP, Junior ESL, Lopes LR, Simões NF, Penitente AR, Bearzoti E, Vieira PMDA, Schulz R, Talvani A. High fat diet modulates inflammatory parameters in the heart and liver during acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 64:192-200. [PMID: 30195817 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The high fat diet (HFD) can trigger metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Trypanosoma cruzi infection induces progressive inflammatory manifestations capable to affect the structure and the function of important organs such as the heart and liver. Here we aimed to investigate the effects of a HFD on the immune response and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities during acute infection with the T. cruzi strain VL-10. The VL-10 strain has cardiac tropism and causes myocarditis in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with either: (i) regular diet (Reg) or (ii) HFD for 8 weeks, after which mice in each group were infected with T. cruzi. Mice were euthanized on day 30 after infection, and the liver and heart were subjected to histology and zymography to determine MMP-2 activities and plasma levels of IL-10, TNF, CCL2, and CCL5. T. cruzi-infected HFD animals had higher parasitemia, LDL and total cholesterol levels. Regardless of diet, plasma levels of all inflammatory mediators and cardiac MMP-2 activity were elevated in infected mice in contrast with the low plasma levels of leptin. HFD animals presented micro- and macrovesicular hepatic steatosis, while cardiac leukocyte infiltration was mainly detected in T. cruzi-infected mice. Our findings suggested that a HFD promotes higher circulating T. cruzi load and cardiac and liver immunopathogenesis in an experimental model using the VL-10 strain of the T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Paulino Figueiredo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program of Biological Sciences/NUPEB, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Laís Roquete Lopes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program of Biological Sciences/NUPEB, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program in Health and Nutrition, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natalia Figueirôa Simões
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program in Health and Nutrition, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Bearzoti
- Department of Statistics, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula Melo de Abreu Vieira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program of Biological Sciences/NUPEB, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Richard Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - André Talvani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program of Biological Sciences/NUPEB, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program in Health and Nutrition, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program in Ecology of Tropical Biomes/ICEB, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Lizardo K, Ayyappan JP, Cui MH, Balasubramanya R, Jelicks LA, Nagajyothi JF. High fat diet aggravates cardiomyopathy in murine chronic Chagas disease. Microbes Infect 2018; 21:63-71. [PMID: 30071300 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent in Chagas disease, may result in heart disease. Over the last decades, Chagas disease endemic areas in Latin America have seen a dietary transition from the traditional regional diet to a Western style, fat rich diet. Previously, we demonstrated that during acute infection high fat diet (HFD) protects mice from the consequences of infection-induced myocardial damage through effects on adipogenesis in adipose tissue and reduced cardiac lipidopathy. However, the effect of HFD on the subsequent stages of infection - the indeterminate and chronic stages - has not been investigated. To address this gap in knowledge, we studied the effect of HFD during indeterminate and chronic stages of Chagas disease in the mouse model. We report, for the first time, the effect of HFD on myocardial inflammation, vasculopathy, and other types of dysfunction observed during chronic T. cruzi infection. Our results show that HFD perturbs lipid metabolism and induces oxidative stress to exacerbate late chronic Chagas disease cardiac pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia Lizardo
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
| | - Janeesh Plakkal Ayyappan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
| | - Min-Hui Cui
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300, Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300, Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Linda A Jelicks
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300, Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jyothi F Nagajyothi
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA.
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35
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Lidani KCF, Sandri TL, Andrade FA, Bavia L, Nisihara R, Messias-Reason IJ. Complement Factor H as a potential atherogenic marker in chronic Chagas’ disease. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12537. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. F. Lidani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology; Clinical Hospital; Federal University of Paraná; Curitiba Brazil
| | - T. L. Sandri
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology; Clinical Hospital; Federal University of Paraná; Curitiba Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - F. A. Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology; Clinical Hospital; Federal University of Paraná; Curitiba Brazil
| | - L. Bavia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology; Clinical Hospital; Federal University of Paraná; Curitiba Brazil
| | - R. Nisihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology; Clinical Hospital; Federal University of Paraná; Curitiba Brazil
| | - I. J. Messias-Reason
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology; Clinical Hospital; Federal University of Paraná; Curitiba Brazil
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McCall LI, Tripathi A, Vargas F, Knight R, Dorrestein PC, Siqueira-Neto JL. Experimental Chagas disease-induced perturbations of the fecal microbiome and metabolome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018. [PMID: 29529084 PMCID: PMC5864088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi parasites are the causative agents of Chagas disease. These parasites infect cardiac and gastrointestinal tissues, leading to local inflammation and tissue damage. Digestive Chagas disease is associated with perturbations in food absorption, intestinal traffic and defecation. However, the impact of T. cruzi infection on the gut microbiota and metabolome have yet to be characterized. In this study, we applied mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing to profile infection-associated alterations in fecal bacterial composition and fecal metabolome through the acute-stage and into the chronic stage of infection, in a murine model of Chagas disease. We observed joint microbial and chemical perturbations associated with T. cruzi infection. These included alterations in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) derivatives and in specific members of families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, as well as alterations in secondary bile acids and members of order Clostridiales. These results highlight the importance of multi-‘omics’ and poly-microbial studies in understanding parasitic diseases in general, and Chagas disease in particular. Host-parasite interactions are usually studied as a binary system, without considering the role of the host microbiota. This work integrates microbiome research into the study of gastrointestinal Chagas disease. We show that T. cruzi infection perturbs the fecal microbiome and metabolome, indicating functional changes affecting the gastrointestinal lumen. Our results support further investigation into the role of the microbiota-parasite interaction in gastrointestinal Chagas disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Isobel McCall
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anupriya Tripathi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Fernando Vargas
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jair L Siqueira-Neto
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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37
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Moreira D, Estaquier J, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Silvestre R. Metabolic Crosstalk Between Host and Parasitic Pathogens. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2018; 109:421-458. [PMID: 30535608 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A complex network that embraces parasite-host intrinsic factors and the microenvironment regulated the interaction between a parasite and its host. Nutritional pressures exerted by both elements of this duet thus dictate this host-parasite niche. To survive and proliferate inside a host and a harsh nutritional environment, the parasites modulate different nutrient sensing pathways to subvert host metabolic pathways. Such mechanism is able to change the flux of distinct nutrients/metabolites diverting them to be used by the parasites. Apart from this nutritional strategy, the scavenging of nutrients, particularly host fatty acids, constitutes a critical mechanism to fulfil parasite nutritional requirements, ultimately defining the host metabolic landscape. The host metabolic alterations that result from host-parasite metabolic coupling can certainly be considered important targets to improve diagnosis and also for the development of future therapies. Metabolism is in fact considered a key element within this complex interaction, its modulation being crucial to dictate the final infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Moreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- i3S-Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Bioloógicas, Faculdade de Farmaácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- i3S-Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Bioloógicas, Faculdade de Farmaácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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38
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Cabalén ME, Cabral MF, Sanmarco LM, Andrada MC, Onofrio LI, Ponce NE, Aoki MP, Gea S, Cano RC. Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection potentiates adipose tissue macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and contributes to diabetes progression in a diet-induced obesity model. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13400-15. [PMID: 26921251 PMCID: PMC4924650 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obesity and Chagas disease (caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi) represent serious public health concerns. The interrelation between parasite infection, adipose tissue, immune system and metabolism in an obesogenic context, has not been entirely explored. A novel diet-induced obesity model (DIO) was developed in C57BL/6 wild type mice to examine the effect of chronic infection (DIO+I) on metabolic parameters and on obesity-related disorders. Dyslipidemia, hyperleptinemia, and cardiac/hepatic steatosis were strongly developed in DIO mice. Strikingly, although these metabolic alterations were collectively improved by infection, plasmatic apoB100 levels remain significantly increased in DIO+I, suggesting the presence of pro-atherogenic small and dense LDL particles. Moreover, acute insulin resistance followed by chronic hyperglycemia with hypoinsulinemia was found, evidencing an infection-related-diabetes progression. These lipid and glucose metabolic changes seemed to be highly dependent on TLR4 expression since TLR4-/- mice were protected from obesity and its complications. Notably, chronic infection promoted a strong increase in MCP-1 producing macrophages with a M2 (F4/80+CD11c-CD206+) phenotype associated to oxidative stress in visceral adipose tissue of DIO+I mice. Importantly, infection reduced lipid content but intensified inflammatory infiltrates in target tissues. Thus, parasite persistence in an obesogenic environment and the resulting host immunometabolic dysregulation may contribute to diabetes/atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Cabalén
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UA Área CS. AGR. ING. BIO Y S CONICET. Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María F Cabral
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UA Área CS. AGR. ING. BIO Y S CONICET. Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Liliana M Sanmarco
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marta C Andrada
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UA Área CS. AGR. ING. BIO Y S CONICET. Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luisina I Onofrio
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás E Ponce
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María P Aoki
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Susana Gea
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Roxana C Cano
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UA Área CS. AGR. ING. BIO Y S CONICET. Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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39
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Ayyappan JP, Vinnard C, Subbian S, Nagajyothi JF. Effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection on adipocyte physiology. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:81-88. [PMID: 29109018 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains as a major threat to human health worldwide despite of the availability of standardized antibiotic therapy. One of the characteristic of pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis is its ability to persist in the host in a dormant state and develop latent infection without clinical signs of active disease. However, the mechanisms involved in bacterial persistence and the establishment of latency is not well understood. Adipose tissue is emerging as an important niche that favors actively replicating as well as dormant Mtb during acute and latent infection. This also suggests that Mtb can disseminate from the lungs to adipose tissue during aerosol infection and/or from adipose tissue to lungs during reactivation of latent infection. In this study, we report the interplay between key adipokine levels and the dynamics of Mtb pathogenesis in the lungs and adipose tissue using a rabbit model of pulmonary infection with two clinical isolates that produce divergent outcome in disease progression. Results show that markers of adipocyte physiology and function were significantly altered during Mtb infection and distinct patterns of adipokine expression were noted between adipose tissue and the lungs. Moreover, these markers were differentially expressed between active disease and latent infection. Thus, this study highlights the importance of targeting adipocyte function as potential target for developing better TB intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeesh Plakkal Ayyappan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
| | - Christopher Vinnard
- Department of Medicine, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Department of Medicine, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA.
| | - Jyothi F Nagajyothi
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA.
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40
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Ayyappan JP, Nagajyothi JF. Diet Modulates Adipose Tissue Oxidative Stress in a Murine Acute Chagas Model. JSM ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2017; 2:1030. [PMID: 30221258 PMCID: PMC6135525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. T. cruzi targets adipose tissue, which serves as a reservoir of this parasite. T. cruzi infection of adipose tissue is characterized by increased lipolysis, oxidative stress, and parasitemia. High fat diet (HFD) decreases lipolysis and increases the survival rate in the mice infected with T. cruzi during acute infection. However, the effect of HFD on oxidative stress in adipose tissue has not been examined in detail. In the present study we evaluated the effect of HFD on oxidative stress markers in both white and brown adipose tissues (WAT and BAT) during acute infection. We used qPCR to examine the mRNA expression levels of genes involved in several antioxidant defence systems, such as those acting in ROS metabolism, peroxidases, and relevant oxygen transporter genes. The result of our study showed that HFD regulates the expression levels of oxidative stress genes in adipose tissues and that these effects are often different in WAT and BAT. For instance, while HFD down-regulated the levels of most antioxidant genes in both WAT and BAT, it differentially affected the expression pattern of genes involved in ROS metabolism (e.g. peroxidases) in WAT and BAT tissues of infected mice. Together with our previous studies, these findings show that infection and diet both regulate antioxidant enzymes and other oxidative stress defenses in mouse adipose tissues during acute T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jyothi F Nagajyothi
- Corresponding author: Jyothi F Nagajyothi, Department of Microbiology, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, 225, Warren Street, Newark, NJ- 07103, USA, Tel: 973-854-3450; Fax: 973-854-3101;
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41
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Lizardo K, Almonte V, Law C, Aiyyappan JP, Cui MH, Nagajyothi JF. Diet regulates liver autophagy differentially in murine acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:711-723. [PMID: 27987056 PMCID: PMC5283091 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which affects about ten million people in its endemic regions of Latin America. After the initial acute stage of infection, 60-80% of infected individuals remain asymptomatic for several years to a lifetime; however, the rest develop the debilitating symptomatic stage, which affects the nervous system, digestive system, and heart. The challenges of Chagas disease have become global due to immigration. Despite well-documented dietary changes accompanying immigration, as well as a transition to a western style diet in the Chagas endemic regions, the role of host metabolism in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease remains underexplored. We have previously used a mouse model to show that host diet is a key factor regulating cardiomyopathy in Chagas disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of a high-fat diet on liver morphology and physiology, lipid metabolism, immune signaling, energy homeostasis, and stress responses in the murine model of acute T. cruzi infection. Our results indicate that in T. cruzi-infected mice, diet differentially regulates several liver processes, including autophagy, a stress response mechanism, with corresponding implications for human Chagas disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia Lizardo
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers state University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Vanessa Almonte
- Departments of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Calvin Law
- Departments of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Janeesh Plakkal Aiyyappan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers state University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Min-Hui Cui
- Departments of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Jyothi F Nagajyothi
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers state University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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Tanowitz HB, Scherer PE, Mota MM, Figueiredo LM. Adipose Tissue: A Safe Haven for Parasites? Trends Parasitol 2016; 33:276-284. [PMID: 28007406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is no longer regarded as an inert lipid storage, but as an important central regulator in energy homeostasis and immunity. Three parasite species are uniquely associated with AT during part of their life cycle: Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease; Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness; and Plasmodium spp., the causative agents of malaria. In AT, T. cruzi resides inside adipocytes, T. brucei is found in the interstitial spaces between adipocytes, while Plasmodium spp. infect red blood cells, which may adhere to the blood vessels supplying AT. Here, we discuss how each parasite species adapts to this tissue environment and what the implications are for pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert B Tanowitz
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Maria M Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luisa M Figueiredo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Roth J, Sahota N, Patel P, Mehdi SF, Wiese MM, Mahboob HB, Bravo M, Eden DJ, Bashir MA, Kumar A, Alsaati F, Kurland IJ, Brima W, Danoff A, Szulc AL, Pavlov VA, Tracey KJ, Yang H. Obesity paradox, obesity orthodox, and the metabolic syndrome: An approach to unity. Mol Med 2016; 22:873-885. [PMID: 27878212 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and the accompanying metabolic syndrome are strongly associated with heightened morbidity and mortality in older adults. In our review of more than 20 epidemiologic studies of major infectious diseases, including leaders such as tuberculosis, community-acquired pneumonia, and sepsis, obesity was associated with better outcomes. A cause-and-effect relationship between over-nutrition and survival with infection is suggested by results of two preliminary studies of infections in mice, where high fat feeding for 8-10 weeks provided much better outcomes. The better outcomes of infections with obesity are reminiscent of many recent studies of "sterile" non-infectious medical and surgical conditions where outcomes for obese patients are better than for their thinner counterparts --- and given the tag "obesity paradox". Turning to the history of medicine and biological evolution, we hypothesize that the metabolic syndrome has very ancient origins and is part of a lifelong metabolic program. While part of that program (the metabolic syndrome) promotes morbidity and mortality with aging, it helps infants and children as well as adults in their fight against infections and recovery from injuries, key roles in the hundreds of centuries before the public health advances of the 20th century. We conclude with speculation on how understanding the biological elements that protect obese patients with infections or injuries might be applied advantageously to thin patients with the same medical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY
| | - Navneet Sahota
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.,NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY
| | - Priya Patel
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.,NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY
| | - Syed Faizan Mehdi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Mohammad Masum Wiese
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.,California Northstate University, College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA 11
| | - Hafiz B Mahboob
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Michelle Bravo
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY 12
| | - Daniel J Eden
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Muhammad A Bashir
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Amrat Kumar
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Farah Alsaati
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Irwin J Kurland
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 13
| | - Wunnie Brima
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Ann Danoff
- Department of Medicine, CPL Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 14
| | - Alessandra L Szulc
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 13
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
| | - Huan Yang
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 8 Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY
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Henao-Martínez AF, Colborn K, Parra-Henao G. Overcoming research barriers in Chagas disease-designing effective implementation science. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:35-44. [PMID: 27771804 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a complex tropical parasitic infection. It affects a significant portion of the population in Latin America, especially in areas of poverty and poor access to health care. It also affects immigrants in high-income countries who lack access to health care due to their legal status. Millions of people are at risk of contracting the disease, and approximately 30 % of chronically infected patients will develop cardiomyopathy. The cost of caring for patients that have been infected is substantial. Basic science research has introduced new concepts and knowledge for the parasite and vector biology as well as better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. These research findings nevertheless require effective and timely translation into clinical practice. Likewise, the design of new research projects should account for the multiple system-based barriers. Implementation science facilitates the applicability of research findings and identifies barriers to its execution. Creation of implementation science measures to reach and sustain research programs with greater potential to impact Chagas disease are lacking. This point of view proposes opportunities for implementation science in Chagas disease and strategies for researching effective interventions for preventing and treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés F Henao-Martínez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Kathryn Colborn
- Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gabriel Parra-Henao
- Red Chagas Colombia, Centro de Investigación en Salud para el Trópico (CIST), UCC, Santa Marta, Colombia
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Antagonistic effect of atorvastatin on high fat diet induced survival during acute Chagas disease. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:675-686. [PMID: 27416748 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chagasic cardiomyopathy, which is seen in Chagas disease, is the most severe and life-threatening manifestation of infection by the kinetoplastid Trypanosoma cruzi. Adipose tissue and diet play a major role in maintaining lipid homeostasis and regulating cardiac pathogenesis during the development of Chagas cardiomyopathy. We have previously reported that T. cruzi has a high affinity for lipoproteins and that the invasion rate of this parasite increases in the presence of cholesterol, suggesting that drugs that inhibit cholesterol synthesis, such as statins, could affect infection and the development of Chagasic cardiomyopathy. The dual epidemic of diabetes and obesity in Latin America, the endemic regions for Chagas disease, has led to many patients in the endemic region of infection having hyperlipidemia that is being treated with statins such as atorvastatin. The current study was performed to examine mice fed on either regular or high fat diet for effects of atorvastatin on T. cruzi infection-induced myocarditis and to evaluate the effect of this treatment during infection on adipose tissue physiology and cardiac pathology. Atorvastatin was found to regulate lipolysis and cardiac lipidopathy during acute T. cruzi infection in mice and to enhance tissue parasite load, cardiac LDL levels, inflammation, and mortality in during acute infection. Overall, these data suggest that statins, such as atorvastatin, have deleterious effects during acute Chagas disease.
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Diet-induced obesity promotes systemic inflammation and increased susceptibility to murine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 2016; 143:1647-55. [DOI: 10.1017/s003118201600127x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYObesity is the main causal factor for metabolic syndrome and chronic systemic inflammation, which impacts on immune function and increases susceptibility to pathogens. Here, we investigated the effect of obesity on the outcome of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmaniasis infantum chagasi. C57BL/6 mice fed with high-sugar and butter diet (HSB) showed a significant increase in body weight, adiposity index and morphological changes in adipocyte. To investigate the consequences of obesity on the specific immunity against Leishmania, both control and HSB diet groups were infected with 107L. infantum chagasi promastigotes in the eighth-week after diet started and euthanized 4 weeks later. HSB-diet fed mice exhibited a significantly higher parasite burden in both liver and spleen compared with control- diet group. Gonadal adipocyte tissue from HSB-diet mice showed increased TNF-α, IL-6 and leptin and diminished IL-10 production compared with control. Cytokines production analysis in the spleen and liver from these animals also demonstrated higher production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and nitric oxide and diminished production of IL-10 and TGF-β, which correlate with inflammatory foci and the cell hyperplasia observed. Taken together, obesity can interfere with responses to pathogen-derived signals and impair the development of protective anti-Leishmania immunity.
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Mensah GA, Burns KM, Peprah EK, Sampson UKA, Engelgau MM. Opportunities and challenges in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. Glob Heart 2016; 10:203-7. [PMID: 26407517 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George A Mensah
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kristin M Burns
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel K Peprah
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Uchechukwu K A Sampson
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael M Engelgau
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Barbosa-Ferreira JM, Mady C, Ianni BM, Lopes HF, Ramires FJA, Salemi VMC, Grupi CJ, Hachul DT, Fernandes F. Dysregulation of Autonomic Nervous System in Chagas' Heart Disease Is Associated with Altered Adipocytokines Levels. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131447. [PMID: 26147101 PMCID: PMC4493107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease (CD) induces autonomic dysfunction and inflammatory activity, which may promote metabolic abnormalities. We studied metabolism and his correlation with Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and inflammation in CD. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty subjects were divided into 4 groups: control group (CG), IF (indeterminate form) group; ECG group (ECG abnormalities and normal left ventricular systolic function), and LVD group (left ventricular sistolic dysfunction). Levels of adiponectin, leptin, insulin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were assayed in serum samples by ELISA. ANS was assessed by heart rate variability in frequency domain in 24-hour Holter and postural tilt test (rest and orthostatic position). High frequency (HFr) component values were used to estimate parasympathetic activity and low frequency (LFr) component, sympathetic activity. Analyzes were made of the correlations of each of the metabolic parameters (leptin and adiponectin) with the inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and TNF- alpha) and with the ANS assessment measurements. No significant differences were observed in leptin and insulin levels. Adiponectin was higher in ECG and LVD groups: [CG = 4766.5 (5529.5), IF = 4003.5 (2482.5), ECG = 8376.5 (8388.5), LVD = 8798 (4188.0) ng/mL, p<0.001)]. IL-6 and TNF-alpha were higher in LVD group: [IL-6: CG = 1.85 (6.41); IF = 1.58 (1.91); ECG = 1.0 (1.57); LVD= 31.44 (72.19) pg/ml; p = 0.001. TNF-alpha: CG = 22.57 (88.2); IF = 19.31 (33.16); ECG = 12.45 (3.07); LVD = 75.15 (278.57) pg/ml; p = 0.04]. Adiponectin levels had a positive association with the HFr component (r = 0.539; p = 0.038) and an inverse association with the LFr component (r = - 0.539; p = 0.038) in ECG group. Leptin levels had a negative association with the HFr component (r= - 0.632; p = 0.011) and a positive association with the LFr component (r = 0.632; p = 0.011) in LVD group. CONCLUSIONS We found increased adiponectin levels in Chagas' heart disease with systolic dysfunction and in patients with ECG abnormalities and normal systolic function at rest. Adipocytokines levels (adiponectin and leptin) were associated with ANS parameters in Chagas' heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Marcos Barbosa-Ferreira
- Cardiomyopathy Unit of the Heart Institute (InCor), do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charles Mady
- Cardiomyopathy Unit of the Heart Institute (InCor), do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara Maria Ianni
- Cardiomyopathy Unit of the Heart Institute (InCor), do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heno Ferreira Lopes
- Hypertension Unit of the Heart Institute (InCor), do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Nove de Julho—UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felix José Alvarez Ramires
- Cardiomyopathy Unit of the Heart Institute (InCor), do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Cury Salemi
- Cardiomyopathy Unit of the Heart Institute (InCor), do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cesar José Grupi
- Electrocardiology Unit of the Heart Institute (InCor), do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Tessariol Hachul
- Clinical Arrhythmia Unit of the Heart Institute (InCor), do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Fernandes
- Cardiomyopathy Unit of the Heart Institute (InCor), do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Brima W, Eden DJ, Mehdi SF, Bravo M, Wiese MM, Stein J, Almonte V, Zhao D, Kurland I, Pessin JE, Zima T, Tanowitz HB, Weiss LM, Roth J, Nagajyothi F. The brighter (and evolutionarily older) face of the metabolic syndrome: evidence from Trypanosoma cruzi infection in CD-1 mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:346-359. [PMID: 25613819 PMCID: PMC4427523 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, results in chronic infection that leads to cardiomyopathy with increased mortality and morbidity in endemic regions. In a companion study, our group found that a high-fat diet (HFD) protected mice from T. cruzi-induced myocardial damage and significantly reduced post-infection mortality during acute T. cruzi infection. METHODS In the present study metabolic syndrome was induced prior to T. cruzi infection by feeding a high fat diet. Also, mice were treated with anti-diabetic drug metformin. RESULTS In the present study, the lethality of T. cruzi (Brazil strain) infection in CD-1 mice was reduced from 55% to 20% by an 8-week pre-feeding of an HFD to induce obesity and metabolic syndrome. The addition of metformin reduced mortality to 3%. CONCLUSIONS It is an interesting observation that both the high fat diet and the metformin, which are known to differentially attenuate host metabolism, effectively modified mortality in T. cruzi-infected mice. In humans, the metabolic syndrome, as presently construed, produces immune activation and metabolic alterations that promote complications of obesity and diseases of later life, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Using an evolutionary approach, we hypothesized that for millions of years, the channeling of host resources into immune defences starting early in life ameliorated the effects of infectious diseases, especially chronic infections, such as tuberculosis and Chagas disease. In economically developed countries in recent times, with control of the common devastating infections, epidemic obesity and lengthening of lifespan, the dwindling benefits of the immune activation in the first half of life have been overshadowed by the explosion of the syndrome's negative effects in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wunnie Brima
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Mount Sinai Medical Center Health System, Bronx, NY
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel J. Eden
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY
| | - Syed Faizan Mehdi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY
| | - Michelle Bravo
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY
| | - Mohammad M. Wiese
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY
| | - Joanna Stein
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY
| | - Vanessa Almonte
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Dazhi Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Irwin Kurland
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jeffrey E. Pessin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Tomas Zima
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Hempstead, NY
| | - Fnu Nagajyothi
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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