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Sonmez AI, Garcia JQ, Thitiseranee L, Blacker CJ, Lewis CP. Scoping Review: Transdiagnostic Measurement of Impulsivity Domains in Youth Using the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scales. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 63:789-812. [PMID: 38552900 PMCID: PMC11283967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impulsivity contributes to many clinically relevant behaviors impacting youth. A scoping review was conducted to characterize existing research using the Urgency, Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), Sensation Seeking (UPPS) Impulsive Behavior Scales in youth populations, to review the psychometric and validity data of UPPS, and to summarize findings related to sex/gender and diagnostic populations of youth. METHOD PubMed, Embase, and PsycNET databases were searched from January 1, 2001 (original UPPS publication) through October 2, 2022, according to PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Articles were reviewed for inclusion/exclusion by 2 authors. Original research articles in English using any UPPS version or subscale in persons aged ≤21 years were included. RESULTS Inclusion criteria were met by 45 articles, with low bias and moderate-to-high quality. Most were cross-sectional studies; studies investigated diverse community and clinical samples. The UPPS demonstrated consistent factor structure, good reliability, and good external validity with other measures of impulsive behaviors and conditions associated with impaired impulse control. Some studies observed differences in UPPS domain scores between sex/gender groups or differential patterns in relationships between UPPS domains and clinical variables. UPPS subscale scores often differed in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorders, substance use, and excess weight/obesity compared with control youth. UPPS domains commonly had interactions with sex/gender, sociodemographic, and diagnosis-related variables. CONCLUSION The current literature suggests that the UPPS has utility in measuring distinct components of impulsivity in clinical and nonclinical populations of youth. Specificity in discriminating diagnostic groups and predicting risk currently remains uncertain. Further research is needed to integrate UPPS measures with experimental models and additional neurobiological methods and to assess longitudinal developmental trajectories. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Impulsivity contributes to many clinically relevant behaviors and mental health disorders that impact youth. The Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking (UPPS) Impulsive Behavior Scale has been increasingly used in research to measure deficits in impulse control. In this scoping review the authors examined 45 studies that used versions of the UPPS to measure different domains of impulsivity in youth aged 21 years and younger. The authors found evidence in the literature for the validity and reliability of the UPPS and its variants in measuring impulsivity in youth. Certain patterns of UPPS subscale scores corresponded with clinical behaviors and diagnoses including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder, substance use, and excessive weight/obesity. Despite this, there remain gaps in the literature regarding the stability of UPPS measures over time and ability of the UPPS to predict clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Caren J Blacker
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Charles P Lewis
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Ma YY, Gao Y, Wu HQ, Liang XY, Li Y, Lu H, Liu CZ, Ning XL. OPM-MEG Measuring Phase Synchronization on Source Time Series: Application in Rhythmic Median Nerve Stimulation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2024; 32:1426-1434. [PMID: 38530717 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2024.3381173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The magnetoencephalogram (MEG) based on array optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) has the potential of replacing conventional cryogenic superconducting quantum interference device. Phase synchronization is a common method for measuring brain oscillations and functional connectivity. Verifying the feasibility and fidelity of OPM-MEG in measuring phase synchronization will help its widespread application in the study of aforementioned neural mechanisms. The analysis method on source-level time series can weaken the influence of instantaneous field spread effect. In this paper, the OPM-MEG was used for measuring the evoked responses of 20Hz rhythmic and arrhythmic median nerve stimulation, and the inter-trial phase synchronization (ITPS) and inter-reginal phase synchronization (IRPS) of primary somatosensory cortex (SI) and secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) were analysed. The results find that under rhythmic condition, the evoked responses of SI and SII show continuous oscillations and the effect of resetting phase. The values of ITPS and IRPS significantly increase at the stimulation frequency of 20Hz and its harmonic of 40Hz, whereas the arrhythmic stimulation does not exhibit this phenomenon. Moreover, in the initial stage of stimulation, the ITPS and IRPS values are significantly higher at Mu rhythm in the rhythmic condition compared to arrhythmic. In conclusion, the results demonstrate the ability of OPM-MEG in measuring phase pattern and functional connectivity on source-level, and may also prove beneficial for the study on the mechanism of rhythmic stimulation therapy for rehabilitation.
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Hur KH, Meisler SL, Yassin W, Frederick BB, Kohut SJ. Prefrontal-Limbic Circuitry Is Associated With Reward Sensitivity in Nonhuman Primates. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)01131-4. [PMID: 38432521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.02.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal reward sensitivity is a risk factor for psychiatric disorders, including eating disorders such as overeating and binge-eating disorder, but the brain structural mechanisms that underlie it are not completely understood. Here, we sought to investigate the relationship between multimodal whole-brain structural features and reward sensitivity in nonhuman primates. METHODS Reward sensitivity was evaluated through behavioral economic analysis in which monkeys (adult rhesus macaques; 7 female, 5 male) responded for sweetened condensed milk (10%, 30%, 56%), Gatorade, or water using an operant procedure in which the response requirement increased incrementally across sessions (i.e., fixed ratio 1, 3, 10). Animals were divided into high (n = 6) or low (n = 6) reward sensitivity groups based on essential value for 30% milk. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure gray matter volume and white matter microstructure. Brain structural features were compared between groups, and their correlations with reward sensitivity for various stimuli was investigated. RESULTS Animals in the high sensitivity group had greater dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, centromedial amygdaloid complex, and middle cingulate cortex volumes than animals in the low sensitivity group. Furthermore, compared with monkeys in the low sensitivity group, high sensitivity monkeys had lower fractional anisotropy in the left dorsal cingulate bundle connecting the centromedial amygdaloid complex and middle cingulate cortex to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus 1 connecting the middle cingulate cortex to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that neuroanatomical variation in prefrontal-limbic circuitry is associated with reward sensitivity. These brain structural features may serve as predictive biomarkers for vulnerability to food-based and other reward-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hyun Hur
- Behavioral Neuroimaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven L Meisler
- Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Walid Yassin
- Behavioral Neuroimaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Blaise B Frederick
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen J Kohut
- Behavioral Neuroimaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts.
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Cheng W, Sun Z, Cai K, Wu J, Dong X, Liu Z, Shi Y, Yang S, Zhang W, Chen A. Relationship between Overweight/Obesity and Social Communication in Autism Spectrum Disorder Children: Mediating Effect of Gray Matter Volume. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020180. [PMID: 36831723 PMCID: PMC9954689 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
With advances in medical diagnostic technology, the healthy development of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is receiving more and more attention. In this article, the mediating effect of brain gray matter volume (GMV) between overweight/obesity and social communication (SC) was investigated through the analysis of the relationship between overweight/obesity and SC in autism spectrum disorder children. In total, 101 children with ASD aged 3-12 years were recruited from three special educational centers (Yangzhou, China). Overweight/obesity in children with ASD was indicated by their body mass index (BMI); the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2) was used to assess their social interaction ability, and structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI) was used to measure GMV. A mediation model was constructed using the Process plug-in to analyze the mediating effect of GMV between overweight/obesity and SC in children with ASD. The results revealed that: overweight/obesity positively correlated with SRS-2 total points (p = 0.01); gray matter volume in the left dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus (Frontal_Sup_L GMV) negatively correlated with SRS-2 total points (p = 0.001); and overweight/obesity negatively correlated with Frontal_Sup_L GMV (p = 0.001). The Frontal_Sup_L GMV played a partial mediating role in the relationship between overweight/obesity and SC, accounting for 36.6% of total effect values. These findings indicate the significant positive correlation between overweight/obesity and SC; GMV in the left dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus plays a mediating role in the relationship between overweight/obesity and SC. The study may provide new evidence toward comprehensively revealing the overweight/obesity and SC relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Kelong Cai
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Dong
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Zhimei Liu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Yifan Shi
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Sixin Yang
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Weike Zhang
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Aiguo Chen
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-139-5272-5968
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The Developing Brain: Considering the Multifactorial Effects of Obesity, Physical Activity & Mental Wellbeing in Childhood and Adolescence. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121802. [PMID: 36553249 PMCID: PMC9776762 DOI: 10.3390/children9121802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity during childhood has been associated with many important physiological and neurological health considerations. Specifically concerning are the associations between youth obesity and declines in mental health, as shown with increasing rates of adolescent depression and anxiety worldwide. The emergence of mental health disorders commonly arises during adolescent development, and approximately half the global population satisfy the criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder in their lifetime, suggesting a need for early intervention. Adolescence is critical time whereby brain structure and functions are not only negatively associated with obesity and declines in mental health, while also coinciding with significant declines in rates of physical activity among individuals in this age group. Physical activity is thus a prime candidate to address the intersection of obesity and mental health crises occurring globally. This review addresses the important considerations between physiological health (obesity, aerobic fitness, physical activity), brain health (structure and function), and mental wellbeing symptomology. Lastly, we pose a theoretical framework which asks important questions regarding the influence of physiological health on the association between brain health and the development of depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescence. Specifically, we hypothesize that obesity is a mediating risk factor on the associations between brain health and psychopathology, whereas physical activity is a mediating protective factor. We conclude with recommendations for promoting physical activity and reducing sedentary time.
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Bak S, Jeong Y, Yeu M, Jeong J. Brain-computer interface to predict impulse buying behavior using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18024. [PMID: 36289356 PMCID: PMC9606125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As the rate of vaccination against COVID-19 is increasing, demand for overseas travel is also increasing. Despite people's preference for duty-free shopping, previous studies reported that duty-free shopping increases impulse buying behavior. There are also self-reported tools to measure their impulse buying behavior, but it has the disadvantage of relying on the human memory and perception. Therefore, we propose a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)-based brain signal processing methodology to supplement these limitations and to reduce ambiguity and conjecture of data. To achieve this goal, we focused on the brain's prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity, which supervises human decision-making and is closely related to impulse buying behavior. The PFC activation is observed by recording signals using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) while inducing impulse buying behavior in virtual computing environments. We found that impulse buying behaviors were not only higher in online duty-free shops than in online regular stores, but the fNIRS signals were also different on the two sites. We also achieved an average accuracy of 93.78% in detecting impulse buying patterns using a support vector machine. These results were identical to the people's self-reported responses. This study provides evidence as a potential biomarker for detecting impulse buying behavior with fNIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- SuJin Bak
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - Yunjoo Jeong
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Center for Research in Marketing in School of Business at Korea University, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - Minsun Yeu
- grid.267370.70000 0004 0533 4667College of Business Administration, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 South Korea
| | - Jichai Jeong
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
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Relationships between Personality Traits and Brain Gray Matter Are Different in Risky and Non-risky Drivers. Behav Neurol 2022; 2022:1775777. [PMID: 35422888 PMCID: PMC9005327 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1775777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality traits such as impulsivity or sensitivity to rewards and punishments have been associated with risky driving behavior, but it is still unclear how brain anatomy is related to these traits as a function of risky driving. In the present study, we explore the neuroanatomical basis of risky driving behavior and how the level of risk-taking influences the relationship between the traits of impulsivity and sensitivity to rewards and punishments and brain gray matter volume. One hundred forty-four participants with different risk-taking tendencies assessed by real-life driving situations underwent MRI. Personality traits were assessed with self-report measures. We observed that the total gray matter volume varied as a function of risky driving tendencies, with higher risk individuals showing lower gray matter volumes. Similar results were found for volumes of brain areas involved in the reward and cognitive control networks, such as the frontotemporal, parietal, limbic, and cerebellar cortices. We have also shown that sensitivity to reward and punishment and impulsivity are differentially related to gray matter volumes as a function of risky driving tendencies. Highly risky individuals show lower absolute correlations with gray matter volumes than less risk-prone individuals. Taken together, our results show that risky drivers differ in the brain structure of the areas involved in reward processing, cognitive control, and behavioral modulation, which may lead to dysfunctional decision-making and riskier driving behavior.
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Abdel Malek GS, Goudriaan AE, Kaag AM. The relationship between craving and insular morphometry in regular cocaine users: Does sex matter? Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13157. [PMID: 35229953 PMCID: PMC9286054 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
While it has been suggested that cocaine use and relapse in women is more strongly related to stress‐relief craving, whereas cocaine use in men is more strongly related to reward craving, the neural mechanisms that underlie these differences are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate sex‐dependent differences in insular morphometry and associations with craving, in a sample of regular cocaine users (CUs) and non‐drug using controls (non‐CUs). It was hypothesized that insular volume, thickness and surface area would be lower in CU women, compared with CU men and non‐CUs. It was furthermore hypothesized that insular morphometry, particularly insular thickness, would be negatively associated to reward craving in CU men, while being negatively associated with stress‐relief craving in CU women. In contrast to the hypothesis, we did not find evidence of sex‐specific differences in insular morphometry in CUs. However, sex‐specific association between stress‐relief craving and insular morphometry were found: Right insular volume was negatively associated with stress‐relief craving in CU women, whereas this association was positive in CU men. Additionally, right insular surface area was negatively associated with stress‐relief craving in cocaine‐using men, whereas this association was positive in cocaine‐using women. In conclusion, the current study provides first evidence of sex‐specific differences in the association between craving and insular morphometry in a sample of regular cocaine users. Although speculative, these sex‐specific alterations in insular morphometry may underlie higher stress‐induced craving and relapse in CU women compared with CU men.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Abdel Malek
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology Vrije University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Anna E. Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Arkin Mental Health and Jellinek Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Anne Marije Kaag
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology Vrije University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC) University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Higgins RC, Keller KL, Aruma JC, Masterson TD, Adise S, Fearnbach N, Stein WM, English LK, Fuchs B, Pearce AL. Influence of exclusive breastfeeding on hippocampal structure, satiety responsiveness, and weight status. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2022; 18:e13333. [PMID: 35167726 PMCID: PMC9218327 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Longer exclusive breastfeeding duration has been associated with differences in neural development, better satiety responsiveness, and decreased risk for childhood obesity. Given hippocampus sensitivity to diet and potential role in the integration of satiety signals, hippocampus may play a role in these relationships. We conducted a secondary analysis of 149, 7–11‐year‐olds (73 males) who participated in one of five studies that assessed neural responses to food cues. Hippocampal grey matter volume was extracted from structural scans using CAT12, weight status was assessed using age‐ and sex‐adjusted body mass index (%BMIp85), and parents reported exclusive breastfeeding duration and satiety responsiveness (Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire). Separate path models for left and right hippocampus tested: (1) the direct effect of exclusive breastfeeding on satiety responsiveness and its indirect effect through hippocampal grey matter volume; (2) the direct effect of hippocampal grey matter volume on %BMIp85 and its indirect effect through satiety responsiveness. %BMIp85 was adjusted for maternal education, yearly income, and premature birth while hippocampal grey matter volume was adjusted for total intercranial volume, age, and study from which data were extracted. Longer exclusive breastfeeding duration was associated with greater bilateral hippocampal grey matter volumes. In addition, better satiety responsiveness and greater left hippocampal grey matter volume were both associated with lower %BMIp85. However, hippocampal grey matter volumes were not associated with satiety responsiveness. Although no relationship was found between breastfeeding and child weight status, these results highlight the potential impact of exclusive breastfeeding duration on the hippocampal structure. Longer exclusive breastfeeding was associated with greater bilateral hippocampal grey matter volume but not satiety responsiveness in children. While exclusive breastfeeding duration was not directly associated with weight status, better satiety responsiveness and greater left hippocampal grey matter volume were both associated with lower weight status in children. This study highlights the potential impact of exclusive breastfeeding on hippocampal structure, providing a possible mechanism in which breastfeeding may reduce the risk for excess childhood weight gain. Future studies need to determine the relative impact that complementary periods of breastfeeding may have on regional brain development and satiety responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Higgins
- Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, University Park Campus, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen L Keller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Food Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jane C Aruma
- Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, University Park Campus, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Travis D Masterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shana Adise
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Research on Children, Youth, and Families, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicole Fearnbach
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Wendy M Stein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laural K English
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA.,Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review (NESR), Office of Nutrition Guidance and Analysis (ONGA), Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP), Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), Alexandria, Virginia, USA.,The Panum Group, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bari Fuchs
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alaina L Pearce
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
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Sensitization of the reinforcing value of high energy density foods is associated with increased zBMI gain in adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 46:581-587. [PMID: 34848836 PMCID: PMC8631696 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01007-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Characterizing behavioral phenotypes that predict increased zBMI gain during adolescence could identify novel intervention targets and prevent the development of obesity. The purpose of this study was to determine if sensitization of the relative reinforcing value (RRV) of high (HED) or low energy density (LED) foods predicts adolescent weight gain trajectories. A secondary aim was to test the hypothesis that relationships between sensitization of the RRV of food and weight change are moderated by delay discounting (DD). Subjects/Methods We conducted a prospective, longitudinal cohort study in 201 boys and girls with an average zBMI of 0.4, who began the study between the ages of 12 and 14 years and completed the study 2 years later. Participants completed five laboratory visits where the RRV of HED and LED, and DD were assessed at a baseline (visits 1, 2, and 4) and then RRV was measured again after participants consumed a portion of the same HED and LED food for 2 weeks (visits 3 and 5; order counterbalanced). Increases (>1) in the RRV from baseline to post-daily intake were categorized as “sensitization” and decreases (≤1) were categorized as “satiation.” Participants returned to the laboratory for follow-up visits at 6, 15, and 24 months to have height and weight taken and to complete additional assessments. Results Sensitization to HED food was associated with a greater zBMI change over time (β = 0.0070; p = 0.035). There was no impact of sensitization to LED food or interaction between sensitization to HED and LED food on zBMI change and no moderation of DD on the relationship between HED sensitization and zBMI change (all p > 0.05). Conclusion Our prior work showed that sensitization to HED food is cross-sectionally associated with greater zBMI. This study extends this work by demonstrating that sensitization to HED food prospectively predicts increased zBMI gain over time in adolescents without obesity. Future studies should determine if sensitization can be modified or reduced through behavioral intervention. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04027608.
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Pan N, Wang S, Zhao Y, Lai H, Qin K, Li J, Biswal BB, Sweeney JA, Gong Q. Brain gray matter structures associated with trait impulsivity: A systematic review and voxel-based meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:2214-2235. [PMID: 33599347 PMCID: PMC8046062 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trait impulsivity is a multifaceted personality characteristic that contributes to maladaptive life outcomes. Although a growing body of neuroimaging studies have investigated the structural correlates of trait impulsivity, the findings remain highly inconsistent and heterogeneous. Herein, we performed a systematic review to depict an integrated delineation of gray matter (GM) substrates of trait impulsivity and a meta-analysis to examine concurrence across previous whole-brain voxel-based morphometry studies. The systematic review summarized the diverse findings in GM morphometry in the past literature, and the quantitative meta-analysis revealed impulsivity-related volumetric GM alterations in prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortices. In addition, we identified the modulatory effects of age and gender in impulsivity-GM volume associations. The present study advances understanding of brain GM morphometry features underlying trait impulsivity. The findings may have practical implications in the clinical diagnosis of and intervention for impulsivity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanfang Pan
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Unit of PsychoradiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina
- Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Song Wang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Unit of PsychoradiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina
- Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yajun Zhao
- School of Education and PsychologySouthwest Minzu UniversityChengduChina
| | - Han Lai
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Unit of PsychoradiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina
- Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Kun Qin
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Unit of PsychoradiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina
- Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jingguang Li
- College of Teacher EducationDali UniversityDaliChina
| | - Bharat B. Biswal
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNew JerseyUSA
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroinformationUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - John A. Sweeney
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Unit of PsychoradiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina
- Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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12
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Nicolucci C, Pais ML, Santos AC, Ribeiro FM, Encarnação PMCC, Silva ALM, Castro IF, Correia PMM, Veloso JFCA, Reis J, Lopes MZ, Botelho MF, Pereira FC, Priolli DG. Single Low Dose of Cocaine-Structural Brain Injury Without Metabolic and Behavioral Changes. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:589897. [PMID: 33584173 PMCID: PMC7874143 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.589897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cocaine use has been shown to lead to neurotoxicity in rodents and humans, being associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. However, recreational use, which may lead to addictive behavior, is often neglected. This occurs, in part, due to the belief that exposure to low doses of cocaine comes with no brain damage risk. Cocaine addicts have shown glucose metabolism changes related to dopamine brain activity and reduced volume of striatal gray matter. This work aims to evaluate the morphological brain changes underlying metabolic and locomotor behavioral outcome, in response to a single low dose of cocaine in a pre-clinical study. In this context, a Balb-c mouse model has been chosen, and animals were injected with a single dose of cocaine (0.5 mg/kg). Control animals were injected with saline. A behavioral test, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and anatomopathological studies were conducted with this low dose of cocaine, to study functional, metabolic, and morphological brain changes, respectively. Animals exposed to this cocaine dose showed similar open field activity and brain metabolic activity as compared with controls. However, histological analysis showed alterations in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of mice exposed to cocaine. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that a single low dose of cocaine, which can cause no locomotor behavioral and brain metabolic changes, can induce structural damage. These brain changes must always be considered regardless of the dosage used. It is essential to alert the population even against the consumption of low doses of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Nicolucci
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University Post-graduation Stricto Sensu Programme, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lapo Pais
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biophysics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A C Santos
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biophysics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fabiana M Ribeiro
- Department of Physics, Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro M C C Encarnação
- Department of Physics, Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana L M Silva
- Department of Physics, Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Radiation Imaging Technologies Lda, Ílhavo, Portugal
| | - I F Castro
- Radiation Imaging Technologies Lda, Ílhavo, Portugal
| | - Pedro M M Correia
- Department of Physics, Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Radiation Imaging Technologies Lda, Ílhavo, Portugal
| | - João F C A Veloso
- Department of Physics, Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Julie Reis
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marina Z Lopes
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University Scientific Initiation Programme, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Maria F Botelho
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biophysics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Frederico C Pereira
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Denise G Priolli
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University Post-graduation Stricto Sensu Programme, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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13
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Thapaliya G, Chen L, Jansen E, Smith KR, Sadler JR, Benson L, Papantoni A, Carnell S. Familial Obesity Risk and Current Excess Weight Influence Brain Structure in Adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:184-193. [PMID: 33280265 PMCID: PMC7902426 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity risk transmits from parents to children. Underlying neural mechanisms were investigated in this study by evaluating influences of familial obesity risk defined by maternal obesity and influences of current overweight on three indices of brain structure in adolescents. METHODS In total, 22 lean adolescents with lean mothers (lean low-risk), 25 lean adolescents with mothers with obesity/overweight (lean high-risk), and 36 adolescents with obesity/overweight underwent structural MRI scans for estimation of regional gray and white matter volume and cortical thickness. RESULTS The lean high-risk compared with the lean low-risk group demonstrated lower gray and white matter volume and cortical thickness in the postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex), lower gray and white matter volume in the opercular cortex (taste cortex), lower gray matter volume and cortical thickness in the anterior cingulate cortex, and lower cortical thickness in the precuneus. Comparisons of the lean and obesity/overweight groups revealed further structural alterations in the postcentral gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus, and middle temporal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS Familial obesity risk and current obesity/overweight were associated with overlapping and distinct patterns of brain structure alterations. Longitudinal studies are warranted to investigate whether structural changes associated with familial obesity risk predict future weight trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Thapaliya
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Liuyi Chen
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena Jansen
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimberly R Smith
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer R Sadler
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Leora Benson
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Afroditi Papantoni
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Carnell
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Impulsivity traits and neurocognitive mechanisms conferring vulnerability to substance use disorders. Neuropharmacology 2020; 183:108402. [PMID: 33189766 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity - the tendency to act without sufficient consideration of potential consequences in pursuit of short-term rewards - is a vulnerability marker for substance use disorders (SUD). Since impulsivity is a multifaceted construct, which encompasses trait-related characteristics and neurocognitive mechanisms, it is important to ascertain which of these aspects are significant contributors to SUD susceptibility. In this review, we discuss how different trait facets, cognitive processes and neuroimaging indices underpinning impulsivity contribute to the vulnerability to SUD. We reviewed studies that applied three different approaches that can shed light on the role of impulsivity as a precursor of substance use related problems (versus a consequence of drug effects): (1) longitudinal studies, (2) endophenotype studies including non-affected relatives of people with SUD, and (3) clinical reference groups-based comparisons, i.e., between substance use and behavioural addictive disorders. We found that, across different methodologies, the traits of non-planning impulsivity and affect-based impulsivity and the cognitive processes involved in reward-related valuation are consistent predictors of SUD vulnerability. These aspects are associated with the structure and function of the medial orbitofrontal-striatal system and hyperexcitability of dopamine receptors in this network. The field still needs more theory-driven, comprehensive studies that simultaneously assess the different aspects of impulsivity in relation to harmonised SUD-related outcomes. Furthermore, future studies should investigate the impact of impulsivity-related vulnerabilities on novel patterns of substance use such as new tobacco and cannabinoid products, and the moderating impact of changes in social norms and lifestyles on the link between impulsivity and SUD. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
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15
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Patel P, Miles A, Nikolova Y. Cortical thickness correlates of probabilistic reward learning in young adults. Biol Psychol 2020; 157:107975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Kordestani-Moghadam P, Assari S, Nouriyengejeh S, Mohammadipour F, Pourabbasi A. Cognitive Impairments and Associated Structural Brain Changes in Metabolic Syndrome and Implications of Neurocognitive Intervention. J Obes Metab Syndr 2020; 29:174-179. [PMID: 32747611 PMCID: PMC7539347 DOI: 10.7570/jomes20021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, metabolic syndrome has become a global health problem. Alterations in neurocognitive functions among patients with metabolic syndrome are important issues in this disorder. In this paper, studies on metabolic syndrome were reviewed and their importance emphasized for the benefit of experts and policy makers. Metabolic syndrome activates inflammatory mediators that disrupt brain metabolism. These mediators can be activated by metabolic inflammation and microvascular disorders and may further cause damage to the white matter and impair cognitive function. These alterations can result in serious changes in cognitive abilities. The association between cognitive changes and metabolic syndrome has been independently evaluated in several studies. In addition, some areas of research in the field of metabolic syndrome include the effectiveness of neurocognitive interventions to enhance normal behaviors or reduce risky behaviors in patients. Structural brain correlates of health-related behaviors provide a basis for designing more effective behavioral interventions by identifying the corresponding brain regions and using behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shervin Assari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Nouriyengejeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadipour
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Science, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ata Pourabbasi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Temple JL, Ziegler AM, Crandall AK, Mansouri T, Epstein LH. Sensitization of the reinforcing value of food: a novel risk factor for overweight in adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1918-1927. [PMID: 32665612 PMCID: PMC7484379 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives The relative reinforcing value (RRV) of food is associated with increased energy intake and obesity and increases in RRV of food after repeated intake (sensitization) are related cross-sectionally and prospectively to higher BMI in adults. We examined the factors, such as delay discounting (DD), associated with sensitization of RRV of high energy density (HED) and low energy density (LED) food and how sensitization relates to zBMI in adolescents. We hypothesized that sensitization to HED food would be positively associated with zBMI, that sensitization to LED food would be negatively associated with zBMI, that DD would be associated with HED sensitization, and that LED sensitization and DD would moderate the relationships between HED sensitization and zBMI. Subjects and Methods A population-based sample of 207 adolescents without obesity, aged 12 – 14 years was studied from June 2016 – March 2019. The RRV of LED and HED foods were measured before and after two weeks of daily consumption along with zBMI and other potential factors related to eating and weight, including dietary restraint, hunger, food liking, and delay discounting (DD). Hierarchical regression models were used to determine the associations between these factors and sensitization and zBMI. We also examined LED sensitization and DD as potential moderators of the relationship between sensitization and zBMI. Results As hypothesized, dietary restraint and sensitization to HED food were associated with greater zBMI. Contrary to our original hypotheses, DD was not associated with sensitization, there was no relationship between sensitization to LED food and zBMI and neither LED sensitization or DD moderated the relationship between HED sensitization and zBMI. Conclusions Sensitization to repeated intake of HED food was associated with higher zBMI in adolescents without obesity. Sensitization may be a novel behavioral phenotype that may relate to overweight in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Temple
- Departments of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA. .,Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA. .,School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Amanda M Ziegler
- Departments of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Amanda K Crandall
- Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Tegan Mansouri
- Departments of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,The Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
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18
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Mestre Z, Grethe AB, Wierenga CE, Jernigan T, Eichen DM, Chang L, Ernst T, Boutelle KN. Associations Between Body Weight, Hippocampal Volume, and Tissue Signal Intensity in 12- to 18-Year-Olds. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:1325-1331. [PMID: 32501641 PMCID: PMC7927957 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hippocampus is a key structure in feeding behaviors and weight regulation. Obesity may lead to disruptions in hippocampal structure. In animals, obesity-related factors (e.g., high-fat/sugar foods) are associated with hippocampal insult (e.g., alterations in the blood brain barrier). In humans, individuals with obesity, relative to healthy weight, have smaller hippocampal volumes. Few studies have examined the association between body weight and the hippocampus during adolescence, a critical brain development period. This study examined hippocampal volume and tissue signal intensity in adolescents across the weight spectrum. METHODS Structural magnetic resonance imaging and anthropomorphic data were available for 102 12- to 18-year-old adolescents (53% female; 15.07 [SD 1.84] years; standardized BMI [BMIz] scores using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts: 0.54 [SD 1.17]) from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics database. Linear regression models controlling for age, sex, genetic ancestry, scanner, and household income examined the relationship between BMIz, hippocampal volume, and T2-weighted hippocampal signal intensity. RESULTS BMIz was negatively associated with T2-weighted hippocampal signal intensity in the left (t = -3.05; P = 0.003; r = -0.21) and right (t = -2.50; P = 0.01; r = -0.36) hippocampi. BMIz was not significantly associated with hippocampal volume. CONCLUSIONS BMIz is associated with hippocampal tissue characteristics during adolescence, which could impact later brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Mestre
- SDSU/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | | | - Christina E. Wierenga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System,Research Service, San Diego CA, USA
| | - Terry Jernigan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Dawn M. Eichen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, and Departrment of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medecine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, and Departrment of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medecine, Baltimore MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kerri N. Boutelle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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19
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Rose M, Streisand R, Tully C, Clary L, Monaghan M, Wang J, Mackey E. Risk of Disordered Eating Behaviors in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol 2020; 45:583-591. [PMID: 32388559 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Management of type 1 diabetes (T1D) may be difficult for adolescents, who often fail to meet glycemic targets. Adolescents are also at an increased risk for negative affect (i.e., anxiety, depressive symptoms) and are prone to disordered eating behaviors (DEB). This study hypothesized that negative affect would be associated with DEB, self-management, and glycemic control, but that this would be moderated by negative urgency (the urge to engage in impulsive behaviors in response to negative affect), such that this relationship would be significant only for those with higher negative urgency. METHODS The Eating in Adolescents with T1D Study recruited 100 caregiver-adolescent dyads (55% male youth, 48% Caucasian) to complete questionnaires reporting on the adolescent's negative affect, negative urgency, DEB, and diabetes management. Glycemic control 3-4 months following survey completion was extracted from the medical record. RESULTS A total of 61% of adolescents reported elevated symptoms of anxiety or depression and 25% reported elevated disordered eating symptoms. A total of 81% of adolescents had an A1c level above recommended targets. Negative affect was associated with DEB, suboptimal T1D self-management, and suboptimal glycemic outcomes, moderated by higher levels of negative urgency. Negative affect was associated directly with suboptimal self-management and glycemic control, but not DEB, at all levels of negative urgency. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents reported high levels of negative affect, DEB, and suboptimal glycemic control. Interventions that target negative affect and negative urgency in adolescents with T1D are needed in order to reduce the risk for DEB and negative diabetes health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randi Streisand
- Children's National Hospital.,George Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Carrie Tully
- Children's National Hospital.,George Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Lauren Clary
- Children's National Hospital.,George Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Maureen Monaghan
- Children's National Hospital.,George Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Jichuan Wang
- Children's National Hospital.,George Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Eleanor Mackey
- Children's National Hospital.,George Washington University School of Medicine
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20
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Laurent JS, Watts R, Adise S, Allgaier N, Chaarani B, Garavan H, Potter A, Mackey S. Associations Among Body Mass Index, Cortical Thickness, and Executive Function in Children. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:170-177. [PMID: 31816020 PMCID: PMC6902097 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE A total of 25.7 million children in the United States are classified as overweight or obese. Obesity is associated with deficits in executive function, which may contribute to poor dietary decision-making. Less is known about the associations between being overweight or obese and brain development. OBJECTIVE To examine whether body mass index (BMI) is associated with thickness of the cerebral cortex and whether cortical thickness mediates the association between BMI and executive function in children. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cross-sectional study, cortical thickness maps were derived from T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance images of a large, diverse sample of 9 and 10-year-old children from 21 US sites. List sorting, flanker, matrix reasoning, and Wisconsin card sorting tasks were used to assess executive function. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES A 10-fold nested cross-validation general linear model was used to assess mean cortical thickness from BMI across cortical brain regions. Associations between BMI and executive function were explored with Pearson partial correlations. Mediation analysis examined whether mean prefrontal cortex thickness mediated the association between BMI and executive function. RESULTS Among 3190 individuals (mean [SD] age, 10.0 [0.61] years; 1627 [51.0%] male), those with higher BMI exhibited lower cortical thickness. Eighteen cortical regions were significantly inversely associated with BMI. The greatest correlations were observed in the prefrontal cortex. The BMI was inversely correlated with dimensional card sorting (r = -0.088, P < .001), list sorting (r = -0.061, P < .003), and matrix reasoning (r = -0.095, P < .001) but not the flanker task. Mean prefrontal cortex thickness mediated the association between BMI and list sorting (mean [SE] indirect effect, 0.014 [0.008]; 95% CI, 0.001-0.031) but not the matrix reasoning or card sorting task. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results suggest that BMI is associated with prefrontal cortex development and diminished executive functions, such as working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Laurent
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Richard Watts
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Facility, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shana Adise
- Department of Psychiatry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Nicholas Allgaier
- Department of Psychiatry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Bader Chaarani
- Department of Psychiatry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Alexandra Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Scott Mackey
- Department of Psychiatry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington
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21
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Westwater ML, Vilar-López R, Ziauddeen H, Verdejo-García A, Fletcher PC. Combined effects of age and BMI are related to altered cortical thickness in adolescence and adulthood. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 40:100728. [PMID: 31751856 PMCID: PMC6913515 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are associated with functional and structural alterations in the brain, but how these associations change across critical developmental periods remains unknown. Here, we examined the relationship between age, body mass index (BMI) and cortical thickness (CT) in healthy adolescents (n = 70; 14-19 y) and adults (n = 75; 25-45 y). We also examined the relationship between adiposity, impulsivity, measured by delay discounting (DD), and CT of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), a region key to impulse control. A significant age-by-BMI interaction was observed in both adolescents and adults; however, the direction of this relationship differed between age groups. In adolescents, increased age-adjusted BMI Z-score attenuated age-related CT reductions globally and in frontal, temporal and occipital regions. In adults, increased BMI augmented age-related CT reductions, both globally and in bilateral parietal cortex. Although DD was unrelated to adiposity in both groups, increased DD and adiposity were both associated with reduced IFG thickness in adolescents and adults. Our findings suggest that the known age effects on CT in adolescence and adulthood are moderated by adiposity. The association between weight, cortical development and its functional implications would suggest that future studies of adolescent and adult brain development take adiposity into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Westwater
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK.
| | - Raquel Vilar-López
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Hisham Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF, UK
| | - Antonio Verdejo-García
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB21 5EF, UK
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22
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Adelantado-Renau M, Esteban-Cornejo I, Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Gil-Cosano JJ, Mora-Gonzalez J, Solis-Urra P, Verdejo-Román J, Aguilera CM, Escolano-Margarit MV, Verdejo-Garcia A, Catena A, Moliner-Urdiales D, Ortega FB. Inflammatory biomarkers and brain health indicators in children with overweight and obesity: The ActiveBrains project. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:588-597. [PMID: 31330300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic inflammation plays an important role on the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, as well as on brain function and behaviour. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between inflammatory biomarkers and a wide range of brain health indicators (i.e., academic performance, executive function, behavioural and emotional functioning, and brain volume) in children with overweight/obesity. METHODS A total of 107 children (10.0 ± 1.1 years, 41% girls) from the ActiveBrains project were included in the analysis. Five inflammatory biomarkers were analysed in plasma: white blood cell (WBC) count, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Academic performance was assessed by Woodcock-Muñoz Tests of Achievement. Executive function was assessed through the Design Fluency Test for cognitive flexibility, the Stroop test for cognitive inhibition, and the Delayed Non-Match-to-Sample task for working memory. Behavioural and emotional functioning was evaluated through the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) questionnaire. Total and regional brain volume was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS IL-6 was inversely associated with adaptive skills (β = -0.228; p = 0.030), while TNF-α was related to mathematics (β = -0.198; p = 0.034). In addition, CRP was positively associated with externalizing (β = 0.246; p = 0.046) and internalizing problems (β = 0.234; p = 0.039), as well as the behavioural symptoms index (β = 0.236; p = 0.047). However, these significant associations disappeared after multiple comparisons correction. Inflammatory biomarkers were not associated with executive function and total brain volumes. Regarding regional brain analyses, WBC was positively associated with gray matter volume in the left middle temporal gyrus (β = 0.387; p < 0.001, k = 44), and CRP was positively associated with gray matter volume in the right superior temporal gyrus (β = 0.439; p < 0.001, k = 29). Additionally, when adjusting by total brain volume, CRP was positively associated with gray matter volume in the right supplementary motor cortex (β = 0.453; p < 0.001, k = 51). Moreover, both, IL-6 (β = 0.366; p < 0.001, k = 81) and TNF-α (β = 0.368; p < 0.001, k = 62) were positively associated with white matter volume around the right inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis, while CRP was inversely associated with white matter volume around the left superior frontal gyrus (β = -0.482; p < 0.001, k = 82). After adjusting by total brain volume, CRP was also inversely associated with white matter volume in 3 additional clusters (β ranging from -0.473 to -0.404; p < 0.001, k = 87). CONCLUSIONS Inflammation was slightly associated with brain health (i.e., academic performance, behavioural and emotional functioning and regional brain volume) in children with overweight or obesity. Further larger longitudinal and interventional studies are warranted to elucidate the short-term and long-term effect of systemic low-grade inflammation on children's brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - María Rodriguez-Ayllon
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Juan Gil-Cosano
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Mora-Gonzalez
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Patricio Solis-Urra
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; IRyS Research Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Juan Verdejo-Román
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience (UCM-UPM), Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB), Madrid, Spain; Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center-CIMCYC, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción M Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrés Catena
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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Favieri F, Forte G, Casagrande M. The Executive Functions in Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review of Neuropsychological Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2126. [PMID: 31616340 PMCID: PMC6764464 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The increasing incidence of people affected by overweight or obesity is a significant health problem. The knowledge of the factors which influences the inappropriate eating behaviors causing excessive body fat is an essential goal for the research. Overweight and obesity are significant risk factors for many health diseases, such as cardiovascular problems, diabetes. Recently, many studies have focused on the relationship between body weight and cognitive processes. Objectives: This systematic review is aimed to investigate the existence and the nature of the relationship between excessive body weight (overweight/obesity) and executive functions, analyzing cross-sectional, and longitudinal studies in order to verify the evidence of a possible causality between these variables. Methods: The review was carried out according to the PRISMA-Statement, through systematic searches in the scientific databases PubMed, Medline, PsychInfo, and PsycArticles. The studies selected examined performance on executive tasks by participants with overweight or obesity, aged between 5 and 70 years. Studies examining eating disorders or obesity resulting from other medical problems were excluded. Furthermore, the results of studies using a cross-sectional design and those using a longitudinal one were separately investigated. Results: Sixty-three cross-sectional studies and twenty-eight longitudinal studies that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria were analyzed. The results confirmed the presence of a relation between executive functions and overweight/obesity, although the directionality of this relation was not clear; nor did any single executive function emerge as being more involved than others in this relation. Despite this, there was evidence of a reciprocal influence between executive functions and overweight/obesity. Conclusions: This systematic review underlines the presence of a relationship between executive functions and overweight/obesity. Moreover, it seems to suggest a bidirectional trend in this relationship that could be the cause of the failure of interventions for weight reduction. The results of this review highlight the importance of a theoretical model able to consider all the main variables of interest, with the aim to structuring integrated approaches to solve the overweight/obesity problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Favieri
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Forte
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Casagrande
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Masterson TD, Bobak C, Rapuano KM, Shearrer GE, Gilbert-Diamond D. Association between regional brain volumes and BMI z-score change over one year in children. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221995. [PMID: 31536539 PMCID: PMC6752809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Associations between brain region volume and weight status have been observed in children cross-sectionally. However, it is unclear if differences in brain region volume precede weight gain. METHODS Two high-quality structural brain images were obtained approximately one year apart in 53 children aged 9-12 years old. Children's height and weight were also measured at each scan. Structural images were processed using the FreeSurfer software-package providing volume measures for regions of interest including the entorhinal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus. Age- and sex-adjusted BMI z-scores (BMIz) were calculated at both timepoints. The association between brain region volume and BMIz was examined cross-sectionally using linear regression and longitudinally using structural equation modeling. All models were adjusted by estimated cranial volume to account for individual variation in head size and were corrected for multiple comparisons (pFDR<0.05). RESULTS The sample of children was primarily healthy weight at baseline (79.78%). Cross-sectionally at the one-year follow-up, a positive relationship was observed between right hippocampal volume and BMIz (β = 0.43, 95% CI = (0.10, 0.77)). Longitudinally a negative relationship was observed between right entorhinal volume at baseline and BMIz at the one-year follow-up (β = -0.25, 95% CI = (-0.44, -0.07)). CONCLUSION These results suggest that measured volumes from certain regions of the brain that have been associated with BMI in adults are associated with both concurrent BMIz and BMIz change over one-year in a primarily healthy weight sample of children. As the entorhinal cortex integrates signals from both reward and control regions, this region may be particularly important to weight management during child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis D. Masterson
- Department of Epidemiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Carly Bobak
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Kristina M. Rapuano
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Grace E. Shearrer
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Department of Epidemiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
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Liu Y, Quan H, Song S, Zhang X, Yang C, Chen H. Decreased Conflict Control in Overweight Chinese Females: Behavioral and Event-Related Potentials Evidence. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071450. [PMID: 31252512 PMCID: PMC6683057 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight or obesity is related to a decrease in cognitive control, especially conflict control. However, research on conflict control in overweight/obese individuals are still controversial. This study was conducted to explore general and food-related conflict control in overweight Chinese females (OWs) with a color–word Stroop task and a food-related conflict task. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during the food-related conflict task. Behavioral results showed that, OWs had a longer reaction time (RT) than normal-weight Chinese females (NWs), in both tasks. ERP results in the food-related conflict task showed that there was a reduction of N2 and N450 response strength in OWs, and the P3 and late positive component (LPC) response strength was enhanced. Results indicated that OWs might be less efficient in monitoring and resolving conflict, and OWs tended to have a higher motivational or emotional involvement in processing food-related stimuli, which was likely to contribute to their difficulty in losing weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huan Quan
- Department of Psychology, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Shiqing Song
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xuemeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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26
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Zhang D, Shi L, Song X, Shi C, Sun P, Lou W, Wang D, Luo L. Neuroimaging endophenotypes of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a discordant sibling pair study. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 9:1000-1013. [PMID: 31367554 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2019.05.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by notable familial aggregation involving common variants of many genes, and its heritability leads to a high prevalence in the siblings of affected individuals compared with the general population. Endophenotypes are objective, heritable, quantitative traits that appear to reflect the genetic risk for polygenic disorders at more biologically tractable levels. Based on a sibling pair design, we aimed to find the neuroimaging endophenotypes of T2DM and investigate the role of inherent neurological disorders in the pathogenesis and deterioration of T2DM. Methods Twenty-six pairs of diagnosed T2DM patients with unaffected siblings and 26 unrelated controls were included in this study. Both high-resolution structural MRI and three-dimensional pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling (3D-pCASL) MRI data were acquired with a 3.0 T MRI system. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was performed on the structural T1W images, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps were obtained. All data were processed with the SPM8 package under the MATLAB 7.6 operation environment. Results The T2DM patients and their unaffected siblings shared significant atrophy in the right inferior/middle temporal gyrus, and left insula, in addition to elevated CBF in the right prefrontal lobe. Several regions with abnormal CBF in siblings, including the right inferior/middle temporal gyrus, left insula, left operculum, right supramarginal gyrus, right prefrontal lobe, and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, also presented significant atrophy in T2DM patients. Conclusions The shared brain regions with grey matter (GM) loss and CBF increases may serve as neuroimaging endophenotypes of T2DM, and the regions with abnormal CBF in siblings indicate an increased risk for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Research Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Chow Yuk Ho Technology Centre for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiubao Song
- Department of Rehabilitation, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Changzheng Shi
- Department of Medical Imaging Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Pan Sun
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wutao Lou
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Defeng Wang
- Research Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100091, China.,School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100091, China.,Shenzhen SmartView MedTech Limited, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Liangping Luo
- Department of Medical Imaging Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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Kakoschke N, Lorenzetti V, Caeyenberghs K, Verdejo-García A. Impulsivity and body fat accumulation are linked to cortical and subcortical brain volumes among adolescents and adults. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2580. [PMID: 30796265 PMCID: PMC6385240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated not only with metabolic and physical health conditions, but with individual variations in cognition and brain health. This study examined the association between body fat (an index of excess weight severity), impulsivity (a vulnerability factor for obesity), and brain structure among adolescents and adults across the body mass index (BMI) spectrum. We used 3D T1 weighted anatomic magnetic resonance imaging scans to map the association between body fat and volumes in regions associated with obesity and impulsivity. Participants were 127 individuals (BMI: 18-40 kg/m2; M = 25.69 ± 5.15), aged 14 to 45 years (M = 24.79 ± 9.60; female = 64). Body fat was measured with bioelectric impendence technology, while impulsivity was measured with the UPPS-P Impulsive Behaviour Scale. Results showed that higher body fat was associated with larger cerebellar white matter, medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and nucleus accumbens volume, although the latter finding was specific to adolescents. The relationship between body fat and medial OFC volume was moderated by impulsivity. Elevated impulsivity was also associated with smaller amygdala and larger frontal pole volumes. Our findings link vulnerability and severity markers of obesity with neuroanatomical measures of frontal, limbic and cerebellar structures, and unravel specific links between body fat and striatal volume in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Kakoschke
- School of Psychological Sciences & Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Caeyenberghs
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Verdejo-García
- School of Psychological Sciences & Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Um M, Whitt ZT, Revilla R, Hunton T, Cyders MA. Shared Neural Correlates Underlying Addictive Disorders and Negative Urgency. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E36. [PMID: 30744033 PMCID: PMC6406305 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative urgency is a personality trait reflecting the tendency to act rashly in response to extreme negative emotions and is considered a transdiagnostic endophenotype for problematic levels of addictive behaviors. Recent research has begun to identify the neural correlates of negative urgency, many of which appear to overlap with neural circuitry underlying addictive disorders associated with negative urgency. The goal of this qualitative review is to summarize the extant literature concerning the neural correlates of negative urgency, to compare these correlates with those implicated with addictive disorders, and to propose new ways to begin to leverage such findings in treatment and intervention approaches. We also address current limitations in the field and make recommendations for areas for future growth in this research domain. Patterns of structure and function in the ventral striatum, frontal regions, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and amygdala are common across addictive disorders and are related to both real-world risky behaviors and self-report measures of negative urgency. We propose that the time has come to move past considering this trait and these disorders as completely separate entities, and instead for the field to consider how general patterns of convergence across these disorders can lead to a more transdiagnostic approach to treatment and intervention. We suggest future work utilize these convergent patterns in the development of animal models of negative urgency, in the identification and testing of prime pharmacological and physiological interventions, and as objective biomarkers to be used when testing behavioral, pharmacological, and physiological intervention effectiveness. Little empirical work has been done to date in these areas and advances in these nascent fields would advance understanding and applications of the neuroscience of negative urgency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miji Um
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University⁻Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Zachary T Whitt
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University⁻Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Rebecca Revilla
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University⁻Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Taylor Hunton
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University⁻Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Melissa A Cyders
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University⁻Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Perlaki G, Molnar D, Smeets PAM, Ahrens W, Wolters M, Eiben G, Lissner L, Erhard P, van Meer F, Herrmann M, Janszky J, Orsi G. Volumetric gray matter measures of amygdala and accumbens in childhood overweight/obesity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205331. [PMID: 30335775 PMCID: PMC6193643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Neuroimaging data suggest that pediatric overweight and obesity are associated with morphological alterations in gray matter (GM) brain structures, but previous studies using mainly voxel-based morphometry (VBM) showed inconsistent results. Here, we aimed to examine the relationship between youth obesity and the volume of predefined reward system structures using magnetic resonance (MR) volumetry. We also aimed to complement volumetry with VBM-style analysis. Methods Fifty-one Caucasian young subjects (32 females; mean age: 13.8±1.9, range: 10.2–16.5 years) were included. Subjects were selected from a subsample of the I.Family study examined in the Hungarian center. A T1-weighted 1 mm3 isotropic resolution image was acquired. Age- and sex-standardized body mass index (zBMI) was assessed at the day of MRI and ~1.89 years (mean±SD: 689±188 days) before the examination. Obesity related GM alterations were investigated using MR volumetry in five predefined brain structures presumed to play crucial roles in body weight regulation (hippocampus, amygdala, accumbens, caudate, putamen), as well as whole-brain and regional VBM. Results The volumes of accumbens and amygdala showed significant positive correlations with zBMI, while their GM densities were inversely related to zBMI. Voxel-based GM mass also showed significant negative correlation with zBMI when investigated in the predefined amygdala region, but this relationship was mediated by GM density. Conclusions Overweight/obesity related morphometric brain differences already seem to be present in children/adolescents. Our work highlights the disparity between volume and VBM-derived measures and that GM mass (combination of volume and density) is not informative in the context of obesity related volumetric changes. To better characterize the association between childhood obesity and GM morphometry, a combination of volumetric segmentation and VBM methods, as well as future longitudinal studies are necessary. Our results suggest that childhood obesity is associated with enlarged structural volumes, but decreased GM density in the reward system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Perlaki
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Denes Molnar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Paul A. M. Smeets
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maike Wolters
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Eiben
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedicine and Public Health, School of Health and Education, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Lauren Lissner
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Erhard
- Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Floor van Meer
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Herrmann
- Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jozsef Janszky
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Orsi
- MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs, Hungary
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Akhrif A, Romanos M, Domschke K, Schmitt-Boehrer A, Neufang S. Fractal Analysis of BOLD Time Series in a Network Associated With Waiting Impulsivity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1378. [PMID: 30337880 PMCID: PMC6180197 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fractal phenomena can be found in numerous scientific areas including neuroscience. Fractals are structures, in which the whole has the same shape as its parts. A specific structure known as pink noise (also called fractal or 1/f noise) is one key fractal manifestation, exhibits both stability and adaptability, and can be addressed via the Hurst exponent (H). FMRI studies using H on regional fMRI time courses used fractality as an important characteristic to unravel neural networks from artificial noise. In this fMRI-study, we examined 103 healthy male students at rest and while performing the 5-choice serial reaction time task. We addressed fractality in a network associated with waiting impulsivity using the adaptive fractal analysis (AFA) approach to determine H. We revealed the fractal nature of the impulsivity network. Furthermore, fractality was influenced by individual impulsivity in terms of decreasing fractality with higher impulsivity in regions of top-down control (left middle frontal gyrus) as well as reward processing (nucleus accumbens and anterior cingulate cortex). We conclude that fractality as determined via H is a promising marker to quantify deviations in network functions at an early stage and, thus, to be able to inform preventive interventions before the manifestation of a disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atae Akhrif
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Schmitt-Boehrer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Neufang
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Augustijn MJCM, D'Hondt E, Leemans A, Van Acker L, De Guchtenaere A, Lenoir M, Deconinck FJA, Caeyenberghs K. Weight loss, behavioral change, and structural neuroplasticity in children with obesity through a multidisciplinary treatment program. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:137-150. [PMID: 30198627 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of a multidisciplinary treatment program for children with obesity (OB) on motor competence, executive functioning (EF), and brain structure. Nineteen children with OB (7-11 years), who attended a multidisciplinary treatment program consisting of diet restriction, cognitive behavioral therapy, and physical activity, were compared with an age-matched control group of 24 children with a healthy weight (HW), who did not follow any treatment. For both groups, anthropometric measurements and tests of motor competence and EF were administered twice, with 5 months between pretest and posttest. Additionally, children's brain structure was assessed by performing a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan at the pretest and posttest, which included a T1 anatomical scan, diffusion MRI scan, and magnetization transfer imaging scan. Compared to HW controls, children with OB lost a considerable amount of their body mass (p ≤ .001) and significantly improved their balance skills (p ≤ .001), while no transfer effects of the program were observed for EF. Furthermore, the program resulted in a significant increase in total (p ≤ .001) and cerebellar (p ≤ .001) gray matter volume in children with OB, while no change was observed in the HW controls. Finally, only weak to moderate (nonsignificant) correlations could be observed between structural brain alterations, weight-related changes, and behavioral improvements. Altogether, this is the first longitudinal study showing behavioral and structural brain alterations in response to a multidisciplinary weight loss program for children with OB. Our findings support the need for multidimensional intervention (and prevention) measures for children with OB to deal with this multifactorial health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille J C M Augustijn
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva D'Hondt
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexander Leemans
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical b Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Karen Caeyenberghs
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Moreno-Padilla M, Fernández-Serrano MJ, Reyes del Paso GA. Risky decision-making after exposure to a food-choice task in excess weight adolescents: Relationships with reward-related impulsivity and hunger. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202994. [PMID: 30142187 PMCID: PMC6108517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of exposure to a food-choice task (appetizing versus healthy food) on risky decision-making by excess versus normal weight adolescents. We also analyzed the influence of food visualization on hunger levels, as well as group differences in food choices and impulsivity. METHODS Fifty-six adolescents (aged 13-18 years) classified as excess (n = 27) or normal (n = 29) weight participated in the study. Risky-decision-making was assessed through the Balloon Analogue Risk Task, which was administered before and after a food-choice task. We also evaluated impulsivity traits through the UPPS-P Scale, and subjective hunger levels with a visual analogue scale. RESULTS Adolescents with excess weight showed enhanced risky decision-making after the food-choice task compared to normal weight adolescents, as well as increased hunger levels. Furthermore, excess weight adolescents made more appetizing choices, and showed greater scores for Positive Urgency and Sensation Seeking. Reward-related impulsivity measures were positively associated with the number of appetizing choices in the food-choice task. Several associations were found between impulsivity measures, hunger levels and risk-taking variables. CONCLUSIONS Excess weight adolescents increased their risky-decision-making after food exposure and this augmentation was associated with the increase in hunger levels. Increased hunger levels and risk-taking after food exposure could lead to overeating. Alterations in decision-making caused by food signals may be a long-term risk factor for the development of obesity in adulthood. In modern societies, with the high availability and continuous exposure to food cues, decision-making may be a crucial factor in maintain healthy eating habits in adolescents.
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Kral TVE, Moore RH, Chittams J, Jones E, O'Malley L, Fisher JO. Identifying behavioral phenotypes for childhood obesity. Appetite 2018; 127:87-96. [PMID: 29709528 PMCID: PMC5994376 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Existing programs which aim to prevent and treat childhood obesity often do not take into account individual variation and the underlying mechanisms that impact child eating behavior. Individual differences in children's appetitive traits have been shown to appear as early as during infancy and become more pronounced as children grow older and become more exposed to the obesogenic food environment. Differences in genetic predispositions interacting with factors in children's early environment account in part for individual differences in appetitive traits. It is very likely that obesogenic eating phenotypes manifest themselves before the onset of childhood obesity. If so, identifying these phenotypes early is expected to move primary prevention strategies in a new direction and holds great potential to significantly enhance our ability to prevent childhood obesity. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss the role of behavioral phenotyping as an innovative approach for the development of more personalized obesity prevention and treatment interventions that are tailored to children's individual predispositions. We describe several examples of appetitive traits which have been linked to overeating and excess weight gain in children and thus may represent modifiable risk factors for future interventions. The review concludes with a comprehensive synthesis of opportunities for future human ingestive behavior research on identifying behavioral phenotypes for childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja V E Kral
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Reneé H Moore
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jesse Chittams
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren O'Malley
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer O Fisher
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Pearce AL, Leonhardt CA, Vaidya CJ. Executive and Reward-Related Function in Pediatric Obesity: A Meta-Analysis. Child Obes 2018; 14:265-279. [PMID: 29874102 PMCID: PMC7141423 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2017.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the effect of pediatric obesity on executive function and reward-related decision-making, cognitive processes that are relevant to obesogenic behaviors, and evaluated their association with sample (e.g., age, gender, intelligence, and socioeconomic status, SES) and study/task (e.g., categorical/continuous variable, food stimuli) characteristics. METHODS A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using Hedge's g effect sizes of published studies from 1960 to 2016, limited to children younger than the age of 21 years without medical comorbidities. Analysis included estimation of heterogeneity (τ2), publication bias (funnel-plot symmetry and fail-safe N), and sensitivity analyses for sample and study/task characteristics. RESULTS Across 68 studies with 70 samples, obesity was associated with worse functioning overall (-0.24; 95CI: -0.30 to -0.19; p < 0.001) and for each component process (attention, switching, inhibition, interference, working memory, reward, delay of gratification: -0.19 to -0.38; p's < 0.017), except trait impulsivity (-0.06; 95CI: -0.18 to 0.07). Deficits increased with age and female composition of the sample for inhibition (p = 0.002). No other characteristics moderated effect of obesity. CONCLUSIONS Small-to-moderate negative associations with obesity were observed for executive and reward-related performance, but not on reported impulsivity in studies with children younger than the age of 21 years. These results were not moderated by IQ, SES, and study/task characteristics. Age and gender moderated association with inhibition, with a larger obesity-related deficit in older and predominantly female samples. These results suggest cognitive and demographic intervention targets for prevention and mitigation of obesogenic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chandan J. Vaidya
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC
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35
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Tuulari JJ, Karlsson HK, Antikainen O, Hirvonen J, Pham T, Salminen P, Helmiö M, Parkkola R, Nuutila P, Nummenmaa L. Bariatric Surgery Induces White and Grey Matter Density Recovery in the Morbidly Obese: A Voxel-Based Morphometric Study. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 37:3745-3756. [PMID: 27400738 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with lowered brain's grey (GM) and white matter (WM) density as measured by voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Nevertheless, it remains unknown whether obesity has a causal influence on cerebral atrophy. We recruited 47 morbidly obese subjects (mean BMI = 42.2, SD = 4.0, 42 females and five males) eligible for bariatric surgery and 29 non-obese subjects (mean BMI = 23.2, SD = 2.8, 23 females and six males) served as controls. Baseline scans were acquired with T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 1.5 Tesla; obese participants were scanned again six months after the surgery. Local GM and WM densities were quantified using VBM. Full-volume analyses were used for comparing baseline between-group differences as well as the effects of surgery-induced weight loss in the morbidly obese. Metabolic variables were used in linear models to predict WM and GM densities. Obese subjects had initially lower GM densities in widespread cortical areas including frontal, parietal, and temporal regions as well as insulae. Lower WM densities were observed throughout the WM. Bariatric surgery and concomitant weight loss resulted in global increase in WM density. Grey matter increase was limited to occipital and inferior temporal regions. Metabolic variables were associated with brain densities. We conclude that weight loss results in global recovery of WM as well as local recovery of grey matter densities. These changes likely reflect improved brain tissue integrity. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3745-3756, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jussi Hirvonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Radiology, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tam Pham
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Paulina Salminen
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Helmiö
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Finland
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36
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Yang Y, Shields GS, Guo C, Liu Y. Executive function performance in obesity and overweight individuals: A meta-analysis and review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 84:225-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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37
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de Groot CJ, van den Akker ELT, Rings EHHM, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, van der Grond J. Brain structure, executive function and appetitive traits in adolescent obesity. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12:e33-e36. [PMID: 27241878 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with obesity show differences in brain structure, executive function and appetitive traits when compared with lean peers. Little is known on the relationship between brain structure and these traits. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between differences in brain structure and executive function and appetitive traits, in obese and lean adolescents. METHODS MRI was used to measure cortical thickness and subcortical volumes. Executive function was measured by a Stop Signal-and a Choice Delay Task. Appetitive traits were measured using the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. RESULTS Adolescents with obesity had greater volumes of the pallidum; 1.78 mL (SE 0.03, p=0.014), when compared with controls; 1.65 mL (SE 0.02). In the group with obesity, greater pallidum volume was positively associated with the ability to delay reward in the Choice Delay Task (p=0.012). CONCLUSION The association between pallidum volumes and Choice Delay Task in obese adolescents supports the hypothesis that the pallidum plays an important role in executive dysfunction in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J de Groot
- Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E L T van den Akker
- Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E H H M Rings
- Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - J van der Grond
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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38
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Ide JS, Tung HC, Yang CT, Tseng YC, Li CSR. Barratt Impulsivity in Healthy Adults Is Associated with Higher Gray Matter Concentration in the Parietal Occipital Cortex that Represents Peripheral Visual Field. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:222. [PMID: 28522966 PMCID: PMC5415556 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is a personality trait of clinical importance. Extant research focuses on fronto-striatal mechanisms of impulsivity and how executive functions are compromised in impulsive individuals. Imaging studies employing voxel based morphometry highlighted impulsivity-related changes in gray matter concentrations in a wide array of cerebral structures. In particular, whereas prefrontal cortical areas appear to show structural alterations in individuals with a neuropsychiatric condition, the findings are less than consistent in the healthy population. Here, in a sample (n = 113) of young adults assessed for Barratt impulsivity, we controlled for age, gender and alcohol use, and showed that higher impulsivity score is associated with increased gray matter volume (GMV) in bilateral medial parietal and occipital cortices known to represent the peripheral visual field. When impulsivity components were assessed, we observed that this increase in parieto-occipital cortical volume is correlated with inattention and non-planning but not motor subscore. In a separate behavioral experiment of 10 young adults, we demonstrated that impulsive individuals are more vulnerable to the influence of a distractor on target detection in an attention task. If replicated, these findings together suggest aberrant visual attention as a neural correlate of an impulsive personality trait in neurotypical individuals and need to be reconciled with the literature that focuses on frontal dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime S Ide
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hsiang C Tung
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chi Tseng
- Department of Industrial Design, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA.,Beijing Huilongguan HospitalBeijing, China
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Temple JL, Van der Kloet E, Atkins AM, Crandall A, Ziegler AM. Daily exposure to either a high- or low-energy-dense snack food reduces its reinforcing value in adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:432-437. [PMID: 28063216 PMCID: PMC5907937 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of daily exposure to a low-energy-dense (LED) or a high-energy-dense (HED) snack food on its reinforcing value (RRV) in adolescents with healthy weight, overweight, or obesity. METHODS A parallel-group, randomized trial was used to assess RRV of LED or HED snack food at baseline and again after exposure to that snack food daily for 2 weeks in 77 adolescents, aged 13 to 17 years. Information on eating-related subject characteristics was also collected at baseline. RESULTS After 2 weeks of daily exposure, the RRV of the snack foods was significantly reduced in all participants, regardless of energy density or participant weight status. Among individuals who were high in dietary restraint only, those randomized to LED food found their snack food less reinforcing at baseline than those who were randomized to HED food. Baseline eating-related variables also differed as a function of weight status. CONCLUSIONS Daily exposure to snack food in adolescents reduces the RRV of that food regardless of snack food energy density or weight status of the adolescent. This finding differs from adults, suggesting that increases in RRV of HED food after repeated exposure may develop after adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Temple
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 24214
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 24214
- To Whom Correspondence Should Be Addressed: 3435 Main Street, 1 Farber Hall Buffalo, NY 14214, Phone: (716) 829-5593, Fax: (716) 829-2072,
| | - Erika Van der Kloet
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 24214
| | - Amanda M Atkins
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 24214
| | | | - Amanda M. Ziegler
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 24214
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40
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Wang H, Wen B, Cheng J, Li H. Brain Structural Differences between Normal and Obese Adults and their Links with Lack of Perseverance, Negative Urgency, and Sensation Seeking. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40595. [PMID: 28091559 PMCID: PMC5238376 DOI: 10.1038/srep40595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to examine the difference in brain structure between obese and normal weight individuals, and to explore the relationship between the neuroanatomical changes and impulsivity traits, this study used a voxel-based morphometry method to examine gray matter (GM) volume alterations related to impulsive personality traits in obese individuals relative to normal weight. Eighty adults that completed the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale were analyzed. Possible GM volume alterations were first analyzed at the whole brain level, and then the relationship between regional GM volume differences and UPPS-P scores were examined in selected regions of interest. Reduced GM volumes were found in the frontal and limbic regions in the obese group compared to normal weight individuals. In the normal weight group, lack of perseverance was negatively correlated with GM volume in the anterior cingulate cortex, and negative urgency was negatively correlated with GM volume in the insula. In the obese group, sensation seeking was negatively correlated with GM volume in the left amygdala and right pallidum. These findings might improve our understanding of the relationship between lack of perseverance, negative urgency, and sensation seeking and body weight fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The first Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Baohong Wen
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P.R. China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P.R. China
| | - Hongpeng Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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41
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Abstract
Objective Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) is a frequently used model of personality that is relevant to the period of adolescence. However, the psychometric properties of the most frequently used questionnaires to measure the RST-constructs, namely the Behavioural Inhibition System and Behavioural Activation System Scales (BIS/BAS Scales) and the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ), are rarely examined in samples of adolescents. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine the two-factor structure, reliability and convergent validity of the BIS/BAS Scales and SPSRQ in a Flemish adolescent community sample. Method A sample of 579 adolescents (39.5% boys; 14-19 years) was recruited. The proposed two-factor structure was assessed using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. Reliability was evaluated using internal consistency and construct validity was examined with the correlations between the two questionnaires and with the Temperament and Character Inventory-short form (TCI-SF). Results After the removal of problematic items, and the addition of correlated errors, all indices indicated a good fit for the two-factor structure of the modified BIS/BAS Scales. For the modified SPSRQ, three fit indices indicated a good model fit, while a fourth fit index was slightly below the cut-off score of an adequate model fit. Internal consistency of both questionnaires was sufficient. In general, the associations with scales of the TCI-SF were as expected, with positive correlations between BIS-related scales, and between BAS-related scales of all three instruments. Discussion In Flemish adolescents, the use of a two-factor model to analyze data gathered with the modified BIS/BAS Scales or modified SPSRQ seems appropriate.
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Niemiro GM, Raine LB, Khan NA, Emmons R, Little J, Kramer AF, Hillman CH, De Lisio M. Circulating progenitor cells are positively associated with cognitive function among overweight/obese children. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 57:47-52. [PMID: 27132057 PMCID: PMC7404617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has indicated that overweight/obese children may experience cognitive and immune dysfunction, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for the association between overweight/obesity, immune dysfunction, and cognition have yet to be established. The present study aimed to identify a novel link between obesity-induced immune system dysregulation and cognition in preadolescent children. A total of 27 male children (age: 8-10years) were recruited and separated by body mass index (BMI) into healthy weight (HW: 5th-84.9th percentile, n=16) and overweight/obese (OW: ⩾85th percentile, n=11) groups. Adiposity was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and aspects of executive function were assessed using the Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Abilities. Monocyte populations (CD14(+)CD16(-), CD14(+)CD16(+)) with and without expression of chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), and circulating progenitor cells (CPCs: CD34(+)CD45(dim)), in peripheral blood were quantified by flow cytometry. CPCs were isolated by flow sorting and cultured for 24h for collection of conditioned media (CM) that was applied to SH-SY5Y neuroblastomas to examine the paracrine effects of CPCs on neurogenesis. OW had significantly higher quantities of both populations of monocytes (CD14(+)CD16(-): 57% increase; CD14(+)CD16(+): 95% increase, both p<0.01), monocytes expressing CCR2 (CD14(+)CD16(-)CCR2(+): 66% increase; CD14(+)CD16(+)CCR2(+): 168% increase, both p<0.01), and CPCs (47% increase, p<0.05) than HW. CPCs were positively correlated with abdominal adiposity in OW, and negatively correlated in HW with a significant difference between correlations (p<0.05). CPC content was positively correlated with executive processes in OW, and negatively correlated in HW with a significant difference in the strength of the correlations between groups (p<0.05 for correlation between OW and HW). Finally, CPC-CM from OW trended to increase neuroblast viability in vitro relative to HW (1.79 fold, p=0.07). These novel findings indicate that increased content of CPCs among OW children may play a role in preventing decrements in cognitive function via paracrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M. Niemiro
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Lauren B. Raine
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Naiman A. Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Russell Emmons
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Jonathan Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Canada
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
| | - Michael De Lisio
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.
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Kennedy JT, Collins PF, Luciana M. Higher Adolescent Body Mass Index Is Associated with Lower Regional Gray and White Matter Volumes and Lower Levels of Positive Emotionality. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:413. [PMID: 27660604 PMCID: PMC5015489 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent obesity is associated with an increased chance of developing serious health risks later in life. Identifying the neurobiological and personality factors related to increases in adiposity is important to understanding what drives maladaptive consummatory and exercise behaviors that result in obesity. Previous research has largely focused on adults with few findings published on interactions among adiposity, brain structure, and personality. In this study, Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM) was used to identify associations between gray and white matter volumes and increasing adiposity, as measured by Body Mass Index percentile (BMI%), in 137 adolescents (age range: 9–20 years, BMI% range: 5.16–99.56). Variations in gray and white matter volume and BMI% were then linked to individual differences in personality measures from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ). After controlling for age and other covariates, BMI% correlated negatively with gray matter volume in the bilateral caudate (right: partial r = −0.338, left: r = −0.404), medial prefrontal cortex (partial r = −0.339), anterior cingulate (partial r = −0.312), bilateral frontal pole (right: partial r = −0.368, left: r = −0.316), and uncus (partial r = −0.475) as well as white matter volume bilaterally in the anterior limb of the internal capsule (right: partial r = −0.34, left: r = −0.386), extending to the left middle frontal subgyral white matter. Agentic Positive Emotionality (PEM-AG) was correlated negatively with BMI% (partial r = −0.384). PEM-AG was correlated positively with gray matter volume in the right uncus (partial r = 0.329). These results suggest that higher levels of adiposity in adolescents are associated with lower trait levels in reward-related personality domains, as well as structural variations in brain regions associated with reward processing, control, and sensory integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Kennedy
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paul F Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA
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Increased body mass index is associated with specific regional alterations in brain structure. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1177-82. [PMID: 27089992 PMCID: PMC4936515 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although obesity is associated with structural changes in brain grey matter, findings have been inconsistent and the precise nature of these changes is unclear. Inconsistencies may partly be due to the use of different volumetric morphometry methods, and the inclusion of participants with comorbidities that exert independent effects on brain structure. The latter concern is particularly critical when sample sizes are modest. The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between cortical grey matter and body mass index (BMI), in healthy participants, excluding confounding comorbidities and using a large sample size. SUBJECTS A total of 202 self-reported healthy volunteers were studied using surface-based morphometry, which permits the measurement of cortical thickness, surface area and cortical folding, independent of each other. RESULTS Although increasing BMI was not associated with global cortical changes, a more precise, region-based analysis revealed significant thinning of the cortex in two areas: left lateral occipital cortex (LOC) and right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). An analogous region-based analysis failed to find an association between BMI and regional surface area or folding. Participants' age was also found to be negatively associated with cortical thickness of several brain regions; however, there was no overlap between the age- and BMI-related effects on cortical thinning. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the key effect of increasing BMI on cortical grey matter is a focal thinning in the left LOC and right vmPFC. Consistent implications of the latter region in reward valuation, and goal control of decision and action suggest a possible shift in these processes with increasing BMI.
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Goodwin BC, Browne M, Rockloff M, Loxton N. Differential Effects of Reward Drive and Rash Impulsivity on the Consumption of a Range of Hedonic Stimuli. J Behav Addict 2016; 5:192-203. [PMID: 27363460 PMCID: PMC5387770 DOI: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Impulsivity has consistently been associated with over-consumption and addiction. Recent research has reconceptualized impulsivity as a two-dimensional construct ( Dawe, Gullo, & Loxton, 2004 ). This study explores the relationship of the two components of impulsivity, reward drive (RD) and rash impulsivity (RI), on a broad group of 23 hedonic consumption behaviors (e.g., gambling, substance use, eating, and media use). We tentatively grouped the behaviors into three descriptive classes: entertainment, foodstuffs, and illicit activities and substances. Results RD and RI positively predicted elevated levels of consumption in a community sample (N=5,391; 51% female), for the vast majority of the behaviors considered. However, the effect sizes for RD and RI varied significantly depending on the behavior; a pattern that appeared to be at least partially attributable to the class of consumption. Results support the view that RD is related more strongly to the consumption of products that provide social engagement or a sense of increased status; whereas RI better reflects an approach toward illicit or restricted products that are intensely rewarding with clear negative consequences. Discussion and conclusion Results support the utility of the two-factor model of impulsivity in explaining individual differences in patterns of hedonic consumption in the general population. We discuss findings in terms of strengthening current conceptualizations of RI and RD as having distinct implications with respect to health-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda C. Goodwin
- School of Human, Health, and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, Australia
| | - Matthew Browne
- School of Human, Health, and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, Australia
| | - Matthew Rockloff
- School of Human, Health, and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, Australia
| | - Natalie Loxton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Brisbane, Australia
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Farr OM, Li CSR, Mantzoros CS. Central nervous system regulation of eating: Insights from human brain imaging. Metabolism 2016; 65:699-713. [PMID: 27085777 PMCID: PMC4834455 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Appetite and body weight regulation are controlled by the central nervous system (CNS) in a rather complicated manner. The human brain plays a central role in integrating internal and external inputs to modulate energy homeostasis. Although homeostatic control by the hypothalamus is currently considered to be primarily responsible for controlling appetite, most of the available evidence derives from experiments in rodents, and the role of this system in regulating appetite in states of hunger/starvation and in the pathogenesis of overeating/obesity remains to be fully elucidated in humans. Further, cognitive and affective processes have been implicated in the dysregulation of eating behavior in humans, but their exact relative contributions as well as the respective underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We briefly review each of these systems here and present the current state of research in an attempt to update clinicians and clinical researchers alike on the status and future directions of obesity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215.
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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Neri Calixto M, Ayllón Alvarez D, Vieyra Reyes P, Hernández-González M, Jiménez-Garcés C, Flores Ocampo P. Influencia de grelina y leptina sobre alteraciones psiquiátricas en sujetos con obesidad. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mei.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Chondrogiorgi M, Tzarouchi LC, Zikou AK, Astrakas LG, Kosta P, Argyropoulou MI, Konitsiotis S. Multimodal imaging evaluation of excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:422-8. [PMID: 26000811 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1023437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The multimodal imaging investigation of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in Parkinson's disease (PD). The role of dopaminergic treatment and other clinical parameters was also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventeen non-demented PD patients with EDS (PD-EDS) and 17 PD patients without EDS were enrolled. Clinical, treatment and MRI data were acquired. Gray matter (GM) volume was examined with voxel-based morphometry, while white matter (WM) integrity was assessed with diffusion tensor imaging by means of fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity measures. RESULTS Increased regional GM volume was found in the PD-EDS group bilaterally in the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyri. Increased AD values were also shown in the PD-EDS group, in the left anterior thalamic radiation and the corticospinal tract and bilaterally in the superior corona radiata and the superior longitudinal fasciculus. Levodopa equivalent dose differed significantly between the groups and was the only predictor of EDS, while the only predictor of the Epworth sleepiness scale score in the PD-EDS group was the dopamine-agonist dose. Increased frequency of gamblers was also observed in the PD-EDS group. CONCLUSIONS Regional GM increases and increased AD values in certain WM tracts were found in the PD-EDS group. The changes could result from disinhibited signaling pathways or represent compensatory changes in response to anatomical or functional deficits elsewhere. The study findings support also the contribution of the total dopaminergic load in the development of EDS, while the dose of dopamine agonists was found to predict the severity of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Loukas G Astrakas
- c Department of Medical Physics, Medical School , University of Ioannina , Ioannina , Greece
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49
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Verdejo-Garcia A, Moreno-Padilla M, Garcia-Rios MC, Lopez-Torrecillas F, Delgado-Rico E, Schmidt-Rio-Valle J, Fernandez-Serrano MJ. Social stress increases cortisol and hampers attention in adolescents with excess weight. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123565. [PMID: 25898204 PMCID: PMC4405363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To experimentally examine if adolescents with excess weight are more sensitive to social stress and hence more sensitive to harmful effects of stress in cognition. DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted an experimental study in 84 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years old classified in two groups based on age adjusted Body Mass Index percentile: Normal weight (n=42) and Excess weight (n=42). Both groups were exposed to social stress as induced by the virtual reality version of the Trier Social Stress Task--participants were requested to give a public speech about positive and negative aspects of their personalities in front of a virtual audience. The outcome measures were salivary cortisol levels and performance in cognitive tests before and after the social stressor. Cognitive tests included the CANTAB Rapid Visual Processing Test (measuring attention response latency and discriminability) and the Iowa Gambling Task (measuring decision-making). RESULTS Adolescents with excess weight compared to healthy weight controls displayed increased cortisol response and less improvement of attentional performance after the social stressor. Decision-making performance decreased after the social stressor in both groups. CONCLUSION Adolescents who are overweight or obese have increased sensitivity to social stress, which detrimentally impacts attentional skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maria Moreno-Padilla
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Francisca Lopez-Torrecillas
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Delgado-Rico
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience F. Oloriz, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Ou X, Andres A, Pivik RT, Cleves MA, Badger TM. Brain gray and white matter differences in healthy normal weight and obese children. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 42:1205-13. [PMID: 25865707 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare brain gray and white matter development in healthy normal weight and obese children. METHODS Twenty-four healthy 8- to 10-year-old children whose body mass index was either <75(th) percentile (normal weight) or >95(th) percentile (obese) completed an MRI examination which included T1-weighted three-dimensional structural imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Voxel-based morphometry was used to compare the regional gray and white matter between the normal weight and obese children, and tract-based spatial statistics was used to compare the water diffusion parameters in the white matter between groups. RESULTS Compared with normal weight children, obese children had significant (P < 0.05, family wise error corrected) regional gray matter reduction in the right middle temporal gyrus, left and right thalami, left superior parietal gyrus, left pre/postcentral gyri, and left cerebellum. Obese children also had higher white matter (P < 0.05, corrected) in multiple regions in the brain and higher DTI measured fractional anisotropy (FA) values (P < 0.05, corrected) in part of the left brain association and projection fibers. There was no difference in mean diffusivity at P < 0.05, corrected. DTI eigenvalues suggested that the FA differences were likely from decreased radial diffusivity (P < 0.1, corrected) and there was no change in axial diffusivity (corrected P > 0.35 for all voxels). CONCLUSION Our results indicated that obese but otherwise healthy children have different regional gray and white matter development in the brain and differences in white matter microstructures compared with healthy normal weight children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiawei Ou
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Aline Andres
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - R T Pivik
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Mario A Cleves
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Thomas M Badger
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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