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Lehtimäki KK, Rytkönen J, Pussinen R, Shatillo A, Bragge T, Heikkinen T, Fischer DF, Kopanitsa MV, Sweeney P, Nurmi A, Puoliväli J. Physiological and behavioural implications of the portosystemic shunt in C57Bl/6J mice. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39365978 DOI: 10.1113/jp287237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A significant fraction of the popular inbred C57Bl/6J mice show structural and biochemical features of the congenital portosystemic shunt (PSS). How this hepatic abnormality affects physiological and behavioural parameters has not been explored in detail. Here, we confirmed the frequent occurrence of the PSS in C57Bl/6J mice by three different methods. We screened a cohort of 119 C57Bl/6J mice for total bile acids (TBA) in plasma, identified 11 animals (9.2%) with high TBA (>11 µm; 171.1 ± 76.8 µm), and confirmed PSS presence in that subset by magnetic resonance angiography and 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain metabolites in the hippocampal area. In addition to the high glutamine and low myo-inositol levels, we detected lower levels of several neurotransmitters and metabolites in the hippocampus, higher brain weight and volume, as well as enhanced brain glucose utilisation in the PSS mice. We also observed differences in peripheral organ weights, haematological cell counts and clinical chemistry parameters in C57Bl/6J mice with and without PSS. Animals with PSS were slightly hyperlocomotive, had better balance on the rotarod, showed altered gait properties, and displayed attenuated fear memory in the fear conditioning test. Furthermore, we revealed a significant alteration of the pharmacokinetic profile of diazepam in C57Bl/6J mice with PSS. Our data support previous reports of hepatic disturbances and demonstrate an altered neurobiological phenotype in C57Bl/6J mice with PSS. Such congenital differences between inbred C57Bl/6J littermates may significantly distort experimental outcomes of pharmacological, behavioural and genetic studies. KEY POINTS: A significant proportion of C57Bl/6J mice, an inbred strain popular in preclinical research, have congenital portosystemic shunts (PSS) that allow venous blood to enter systemic circulation bypassing the liver. In this study, we extended existing knowledge of PSS consequences, particularly with respect to the effects on brain structure and function. We demonstrated that C57Bl/6J mice with PSS differ from their normal counterparts in brain size and contents of several neuroactive substances, as well as in peripheral organ weights, rate of glucose utilisation, blood cell counts and blood clinical chemistry parameters. C57Bl/6J mice with PSS showed altered locomotor behaviour, performed worse in a memory test and had abnormal blood pharmacokinetics of a benzodiazepine drug after a single administration. PSS presence may significantly complicate the interpretation of experiments in C57Bl/6J mice; therefore, we propose that before their use in biomedical studies, these mice should be screened with a simple blood test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Timo Bragge
- Charles River Discovery Services, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - David F Fischer
- Charles River Discovery Services, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, UK
| | | | | | - Antti Nurmi
- Charles River Discovery Services, Kuopio, Finland
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2
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Zajicek F, Verhaeghe J, De Lombaerde S, Van Eetveldt A, Miranda A, Munoz-Sanjuan I, Dominguez C, Khetarpal V, Bard J, Liu L, Staelens S, Bertoglio D. Preclinical evaluation of the novel [ 18F]CHDI-650 PET ligand for non-invasive quantification of mutant huntingtin aggregates in Huntington's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024:10.1007/s00259-024-06880-x. [PMID: 39190197 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-024-06880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) aggregates is a potential tool to monitor disease progression as well as the efficacy of candidate therapeutic interventions for Huntington's disease (HD). To date, the focus has been mainly on the investigation of 11C radioligands; however, favourable 18F radiotracers will facilitate future clinical translation. This work aimed at characterising the novel [18F]CHDI-650 PET radiotracer using a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches in a mouse model of HD. METHODS After characterising [18F]CHDI-650 using in vitro autoradiography, we assessed in vivo plasma and brain radiotracer stability as well as kinetics through dynamic PET imaging in the heterozygous (HET) zQ175DN mouse model of HD and wild-type (WT) littermates at 9 months of age. Additionally, we performed a head-to-head comparison study at 3 months with the previously published [11C]CHDI-180R radioligand. RESULTS Plasma and brain radiometabolite profiles indicated a suitable metabolic profile for in vivo imaging of [18F]CHDI-650. Both in vitro autoradiography and in vivo [18F]CHDI-650 PET imaging at 9 months of age demonstrated a significant genotype effect (p < 0.0001) despite the poor test-retest reliability. [18F]CHDI-650 PET imaging at 3 months of age displayed higher differentiation between genotypes when compared to [11C]CHDI-180R. CONCLUSION Overall, [18F]CHDI-650 allows for discrimination between HET and WT zQ175DN mice at 9 and 3 months of age. [18F]CHDI-650 represents the first suitable 18F radioligand to image mHTT aggregates in mice and its clinical evaluation is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Zajicek
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNeuro Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNeuro Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stef De Lombaerde
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annemie Van Eetveldt
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNeuro Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alan Miranda
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNeuro Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ignacio Munoz-Sanjuan
- CHDI Management, Inc., the company that manages the scientific activities of CHDI Foundation, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Celia Dominguez
- CHDI Management, Inc., the company that manages the scientific activities of CHDI Foundation, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vinod Khetarpal
- CHDI Management, Inc., the company that manages the scientific activities of CHDI Foundation, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Bard
- CHDI Management, Inc., the company that manages the scientific activities of CHDI Foundation, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Longbin Liu
- CHDI Management, Inc., the company that manages the scientific activities of CHDI Foundation, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNeuro Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniele Bertoglio
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- µNeuro Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Vidas-Guscic N, van Rijswijk J, Van Audekerke J, Jeurissen B, Nnah I, Tang H, Muñoz-Sanjuan I, Pustina D, Cachope R, Van der Linden A, Bertoglio D, Verhoye M. Diffusion MRI marks progressive alterations in fiber integrity in the zQ175DN mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 193:106438. [PMID: 38365045 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor and cognitive abilities. Multiple studies have found white matter anomalies in HD-affected humans and animal models of HD. The identification of sensitive white-matter-based biomarkers in HD animal models will be important in understanding disease mechanisms and testing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Here we investigated the progression of white matter deficits in the knock-in zQ175DN heterozygous (HET) mouse model of HD at 3, 6 and 11 months of age (M), reflecting different states of phenotypic progression. We compared findings from traditional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and advanced fixel-based analysis (FBA) diffusion metrics for their sensitivity in detecting white matter anomalies in the striatum, motor cortex, and segments of the corpus callosum. FBA metrics revealed progressive and widespread reductions of fiber cross-section and fiber density in myelinated bundles of HET mice. The corpus callosum genu was the most affected structure in HET mice at 6 and 11 M based on the DTI and FBA metrics, while the striatum showed the earliest progressive differences starting at 3 M based on the FBA metrics. Overall, FBA metrics detected earlier and more prominent alterations in myelinated fiber bundles compared to the DTI metrics. Luxol fast blue staining showed no loss in myelin density, indicating that diffusion anomalies could not be explained by myelin reduction but diffusion anomalies in HET mice were accompanied by increased levels of neurofilament light chain protein at 11 M. Altogether, our findings reveal progressive alterations in myelinated fiber bundles that can be measured using diffusion MRI, representing a candidate noninvasive imaging biomarker to study phenotype progression and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in zQ175DN mice. Moreover, our study exposed higher sensitivity of FBA than DTI metrics, suggesting a potential benefit of adopting these advanced metrics in other contexts, including biomarker development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Vidas-Guscic
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; μNeuro Center for Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Joëlle van Rijswijk
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; μNeuro Center for Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Audekerke
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; μNeuro Center for Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ben Jeurissen
- μNeuro Center for Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vision Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Lab for Equilibrium Investigations and Aerospace, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Israel Nnah
- Charles River Laboratories, Shrewsbury, MA, United states
| | - Haiying Tang
- CHDI Management, Inc., the company that manages the scientific activities of CHDI Foundation, Inc., Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Ignacio Muñoz-Sanjuan
- CHDI Management, Inc., the company that manages the scientific activities of CHDI Foundation, Inc., Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Dorian Pustina
- CHDI Management, Inc., the company that manages the scientific activities of CHDI Foundation, Inc., Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Roger Cachope
- CHDI Management, Inc., the company that manages the scientific activities of CHDI Foundation, Inc., Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Annemie Van der Linden
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; μNeuro Center for Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniele Bertoglio
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; μNeuro Center for Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; μNeuro Center for Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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4
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Pérot JB, Niewiadomska-Cimicka A, Brouillet E, Trottier Y, Flament J. Longitudinal MRI and 1H-MRS study of SCA7 mouse forebrain reveals progressive multiregional atrophy and early brain metabolite changes indicating early neuronal and glial dysfunction. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296790. [PMID: 38227598 PMCID: PMC10790999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
SpinoCerebellar Ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is an inherited disorder caused by CAG triplet repeats encoding polyglutamine expansion in the ATXN7 protein, which is part of the transcriptional coactivator complex SAGA. The mutation primarily causes neurodegeneration in the cerebellum and retina, as well as several forebrain structures. The SCA7140Q/5Q knock-in mouse model recapitulates key disease features, including loss of vision and motor performance. To characterize the temporal progression of brain degeneration of this model, we performed a longitudinal study spanning from early to late symptomatic stages using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and in vivo 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Compared to wild-type mouse littermates, MRI analysis of SCA7 mice shows progressive atrophy of defined brain structures, with the striatum, thalamus and cortex being the first and most severely affected. The volume loss of these structures coincided with increased motor impairments in SCA7 mice, suggesting an alteration of the sensory-motor network, as observed in SCA7 patients. MRI also reveals atrophy of the hippocampus and anterior commissure at mid-symptomatic stage and the midbrain and brain stem at late stage. 1H-MRS of hippocampus, a brain region previously shown to be dysfunctional in patients, reveals early and progressive metabolic alterations in SCA7 mice. Interestingly, abnormal glutamine accumulation precedes the hippocampal atrophy and the reduction in myo-inositol and total N-acetyl-aspartate concentrations, two markers of glial and neuronal damage, respectively. Together, our results indicate that non-cerebellar alterations and glial and neuronal metabolic impairments may play a crucial role in the development of SCA7 mouse pathology, particularly at early stages of the disease. Degenerative features of forebrain structures in SCA7 mice correspond to current observations made in patients. Our study thus provides potential biomarkers that could be used for the evaluation of future therapeutic trials using the SCA7140Q/5Q model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Pérot
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92260, France
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Anna Niewiadomska-Cimicka
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch, 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, 67404, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, 67404, France
| | - Emmanuel Brouillet
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92260, France
| | - Yvon Trottier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch, 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, 67404, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, 67404, France
| | - Julien Flament
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Fontenay-aux-Roses, 92260, France
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5
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Wu LE, Fiveash CE, Bentley NL, Kang M, Govindaraju H, Barbour JA, Wilkins BP, Hancock SE, Madawala R, Das A, Massudi H, Li C, Kim L, Wong ASA, Marinova MB, Sultani G, Das A, Youngson NA, Le Couteur DG, Sinclair DA, Turner N. SIRT2 transgenic over-expression does not impact lifespan in mice. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e14027. [PMID: 38009412 PMCID: PMC10726910 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The NAD+ -dependent deacylase family of sirtuin enzymes have been implicated in biological ageing, late-life health and overall lifespan, though of these members, a role for sirtuin-2 (SIRT2) is less clear. Transgenic overexpression of SIRT2 in the BubR1 hypomorph model of progeria can rescue many aspects of health and increase overall lifespan, due to a specific interaction between SIRT2 and BubR1 that improves the stability of this protein. It is less clear whether SIRT2 is relevant to biological ageing outside of a model where BubR1 is under-expressed. Here, we sought to test whether SIRT2 over-expression would impact the overall health and lifespan of mice on a nonprogeroid, wild-type background. While we previously found that SIRT2 transgenic overexpression prolonged female fertility, here, we did not observe any additional impact on health or lifespan, which was measured in both male and female mice on standard chow diets, and in males challenged with a high-fat diet. At the biochemical level, NMR studies revealed an increase in total levels of a number of metabolites in the brain of SIRT2-Tg animals, pointing to a potential impact in cell composition; however, this did not translate into functional differences. Overall, we conclude that strategies to enhance SIRT2 protein levels may not lead to increased longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E. Wu
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Corrine E. Fiveash
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Myung‐Jin Kang
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Hemna Govindaraju
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research InstituteDarlinghurstNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jayne A. Barbour
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Brendan P. Wilkins
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sarah E. Hancock
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research InstituteDarlinghurstNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Romanthi Madawala
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Abhijit Das
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- School of PsychologyUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Hassina Massudi
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Catherine Li
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Lynn‐Jee Kim
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ashley S. A. Wong
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Maria B. Marinova
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ghazal Sultani
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Abhirup Das
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Neil A. Youngson
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - David G. Le Couteur
- ANZAC Medical Research InstituteConcordNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - David A. Sinclair
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik InstitutePaul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUnited States
| | - Nigel Turner
- School of Biomedical SciencesUNSW SydneyKensingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research InstituteDarlinghurstNew South WalesAustralia
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6
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Bragg RM, Coffey SR, Cantle JP, Hu S, Singh S, Legg SR, McHugh CA, Toor A, Zeitlin SO, Kwak S, Howland D, Vogt TF, Monga SP, Carroll JB. Huntingtin loss in hepatocytes is associated with altered metabolism, adhesion, and liver zonation. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302098. [PMID: 37684045 PMCID: PMC10488683 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease arises from a toxic gain of function in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. As a result, many HTT-lowering therapies are being pursued in clinical studies, including those that reduce HTT RNA and protein expression in the liver. To investigate potential impacts, we characterized molecular, cellular, and metabolic impacts of chronic HTT lowering in mouse hepatocytes. Lifelong hepatocyte HTT loss is associated with multiple physiological changes, including increased circulating bile acids, cholesterol and urea, hypoglycemia, and impaired adhesion. HTT loss causes a clear shift in the normal zonal patterns of liver gene expression, such that pericentral gene expression is reduced. These alterations in liver zonation in livers lacking HTT are observed at the transcriptional, histological, and plasma metabolite levels. We have extended these phenotypes physiologically with a metabolic challenge of acetaminophen, for which the HTT loss results in toxicity resistance. Our data reveal an unexpected role for HTT in regulating hepatic zonation, and we find that loss of HTT in hepatocytes mimics the phenotypes caused by impaired hepatic β-catenin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Bragg
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Sydney R Coffey
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Cantle
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Shikai Hu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sucha Singh
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samuel Rw Legg
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Cassandra A McHugh
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Amreen Toor
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Scott O Zeitlin
- https://ror.org/0153tk833 Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Carroll
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
- https://ror.org/00cvxb145 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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7
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McLoughlin HS, Gundry K, Rainwater O, Schuster KH, Wellik IG, Zalon AJ, Benneyworth MA, Eberly LE, Öz G. Antisense Oligonucleotide Silencing Reverses Abnormal Neurochemistry in Spinocerebellar Ataxia 3 Mice. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:658-671. [PMID: 37243335 PMCID: PMC10543567 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is the most common dominantly inherited ataxia, and biomarkers are needed to noninvasively monitor disease progression and treatment response. Anti-ATXN3 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) treatment has been shown to mitigate neuropathology and rescue motor phenotypes in SCA3 mice. Here, we investigated whether repeated ASO administration reverses brainstem and cerebellar neurochemical abnormalities by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). METHODS Symptomatic SCA3 mice received intracerebroventricular treatment of ASO or vehicle and were compared to wild-type vehicle-treated littermates. To quantify neurochemical changes in treated mice, longitudinal 9.4T MRS of cerebellum and brainstem was performed. Acquired magnetic resonance (MR) group means were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance mixed-effects sex-adjusted analysis with post hoc Sidak correlation for multiple comparisons. Pearson correlations were used to relate SCA3 pathology and behavior. RESULTS MR spectra yielded 15 to 16 neurochemical concentrations in the cerebellum and brainstem. ASO treatment in SCA3 mice resulted in significant total choline rescue and partial reversals of taurine, glutamine, and total N-acetylaspartate across both regions. Some ASO-rescued neurochemicals correlated with reduction in diseased protein and nuclear ATXN3 accumulation. ASO-corrected motor activity correlated with total choline and total N-acetylaspartate levels early in disease. INTERPRETATION SCA3 mouse cerebellar and brainstem neurochemical trends parallel those in patients with SCA3. Decreased total choline may reflect oligodendrocyte abnormalities, decreased total N-acetylaspartate highlights neuronal health disturbances, and high glutamine may indicate gliosis. ASO treatment fully or partially reversed select neurochemical abnormalities in SCA3 mice, indicating the potential for these measures to serve as noninvasive treatment biomarkers in future SCA3 gene silencing trials. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:658-671.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine Gundry
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Orion Rainwater
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Isabel G. Wellik
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Annie J. Zalon
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Lynn E. Eberly
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gülin Öz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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8
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Yeoh BS, Golonka RM, Saha P, Kandalgaonkar MR, Tian Y, Osman I, Patterson AD, Gewirtz AT, Joe B, Vijay-Kumar M. Urine-based Detection of Congenital Portosystemic Shunt in C57BL/6 Mice. FUNCTION 2023; 4:zqad040. [PMID: 37575479 PMCID: PMC10413929 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic occurrence of congenital portosystemic shunt (PSS) at a rate of ∼1 out of 10 among C57BL/6 J mice, which are widely used in biomedical research, results in aberrancies in serologic, metabolic, and physiologic parameters. Therefore, mice with PSS should be identified as outliers in research. Accordingly, we sought methods to, reliably and efficiently, identify PSS mice. Serum total bile acids ≥ 40 µm is a bona fide biomarker of PSS in mice but utility of this biomarker is limited by its cost and invasiveness, particularly if large numbers of mice are to be screened. This led us to investigate if assay of urine might serve as a simple, inexpensive, noninvasive means of PSS diagnosis. Metabolome profiling uncovered that Krebs cycle intermediates, that is, citrate, α-ketoglutarate, and fumarate, were strikingly and distinctly elevated in the urine of PSS mice. We leveraged the iron-chelating and pH-lowering properties of such metabolites as the basis for 3 urine-based PSS screening tests: urinary iron-chelation assay, pH strip test, and phenol red assay. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of using these colorimetric assays, whereby their readout can be assessed by direct observation, to diagnose PSS in an inexpensive, rapid, and noninvasive manner. Application of our urinary PSS screening protocols can aid biomedical research by enabling stratification of PSS mice, which, at present, likely confound numerous ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beng San Yeoh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Rachel M Golonka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Piu Saha
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Mrunmayee R Kandalgaonkar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Islam Osman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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9
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Bragg RM, Coffey SR, Cantle JP, Hu S, Singh S, Legg SR, McHugh CA, Toor A, Zeitlin SO, Kwak S, Howland D, Vogt TF, Monga SP, Carroll JB. Huntingtin loss in hepatocytes is associated with altered metabolism, adhesion, and liver zonation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.24.546334. [PMID: 37425835 PMCID: PMC10327156 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.24.546334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease arises from a toxic gain of function in the huntingtin ( HTT ) gene. As a result, many HTT-lowering therapies are being pursued in clinical studies, including those that reduce HTT RNA and protein expression in the liver. To investigate potential impacts, we characterized molecular, cellular, and metabolic impacts of chronic HTT lowering in mouse hepatocytes. Lifelong hepatocyte HTT loss is associated with multiple physiological changes, including increased circulating bile acids, cholesterol and urea, hypoglycemia, and impaired adhesion. HTT loss causes a clear shift in the normal zonal patterns of liver gene expression, such that pericentral gene expression is reduced. These alterations in liver zonation in livers lacking HTT are observed at the transcriptional, histological and plasma metabolite level. We have extended these phenotypes physiologically with a metabolic challenge of acetaminophen, for which the HTT loss results in toxicity resistance. Our data reveal an unexpected role for HTT in regulating hepatic zonation, and we find that loss of HTT in hepatocytes mimics the phenotypes caused by impaired hepatic β-catenin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Bragg
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225
| | - Sydney R. Coffey
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225
| | - Jeffrey P. Cantle
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225
| | - Shikai Hu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sucha Singh
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samuel R.W. Legg
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225
| | - Cassandra A. McHugh
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225
| | - Amreen Toor
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225
| | - Scott O. Zeitlin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | | | | | | | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Carroll
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham WA 98225
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104-2499
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10
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Yeoh BS, Saha P, Golonka RM, Zou J, Petrick JL, Abokor AA, Xiao X, Bovilla VR, Bretin ACA, Rivera-Esteban J, Parisi D, Florio AA, Weinstein SJ, Albanes D, Freeman GJ, Gohara AF, Ciudin A, Pericàs JM, Joe B, Schwabe RF, McGlynn KA, Gewirtz AT, Vijay-Kumar M. Enterohepatic Shunt-Driven Cholemia Predisposes to Liver Cancer. Gastroenterology 2022; 163:1658-1671.e16. [PMID: 35988658 PMCID: PMC9691575 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which kills millions annually, is poorly understood. Identification of risk factors and modifiable determinants and mechanistic understanding of how they impact HCC are urgently needed. METHODS We sought early prognostic indicators of HCC in C57BL/6 mice, which we found were prone to developing this disease when fed a fermentable fiber-enriched diet. Such markers were used to phenotype and interrogate stages of HCC development. Their human relevance was tested using serum collected prospectively from an HCC/case-control cohort. RESULTS HCC proneness in mice was dictated by the presence of congenitally present portosystemic shunt (PSS), which resulted in markedly elevated serum bile acids (BAs). Approximately 10% of mice from various sources exhibited PSS/cholemia, but lacked an overt phenotype when fed standard chow. However, PSS/cholemic mice fed compositionally defined diets, developed BA- and cyclooxygenase-dependent liver injury, which was exacerbated and uniformly progressed to HCC when diets were enriched with the fermentable fiber inulin. Such progression to cholestatic HCC associated with exacerbated cholemia and an immunosuppressive milieu, both of which were required in that HCC was prevented by impeding BA biosynthesis or neutralizing interleukin-10 or programmed death protein 1. Analysis of human sera revealed that elevated BA was associated with future development of HCC. CONCLUSIONS PSS is relatively common in C57BL/6 mice and causes silent cholemia, which predisposes to liver injury and HCC, particularly when fed a fermentable fiber-enriched diet. Incidence of silent PSS/cholemia in humans awaits investigation. Regardless, measuring serum BA may aid HCC risk assessment, potentially alerting select individuals to consider dietary or BA interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beng San Yeoh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Piu Saha
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Rachel M Golonka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Jun Zou
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Ahmed A Abokor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Xia Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Venugopal R Bovilla
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Alexis C A Bretin
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jesús Rivera-Esteban
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Andrea A Florio
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amira F Gohara
- Department of Pathology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Andreea Ciudin
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M Pericàs
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Robert F Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio.
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11
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Gallage S, Avila JEB, Ramadori P, Focaccia E, Rahbari M, Ali A, Malek NP, Anstee QM, Heikenwalder M. A researcher's guide to preclinical mouse NASH models. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1632-1649. [PMID: 36539621 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its inflammatory form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), have quickly risen to become the most prevalent chronic liver disease in the Western world and are risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is not only one of the most common cancers but is also highly lethal. Nevertheless, there are currently no clinically approved drugs for NAFLD, and NASH-induced HCC poses a unique metabolic microenvironment that may influence responsiveness to certain treatments. Therefore, there is an urgent need to better understand the pathogenesis of this rampant disease to devise new therapies. In this line, preclinical mouse models are crucial tools to investigate mechanisms as well as novel treatment modalities during the pathogenesis of NASH and subsequent HCC in preparation for human clinical trials. Although, there are numerous genetically induced, diet-induced and toxin-induced models of NASH, not all of these models faithfully phenocopy and mirror the human pathology very well. In this Perspective, we shed some light onto the most widely used mouse models of NASH and highlight some of the key advantages and disadvantages of the various models with an emphasis on 'Western diets', which are increasingly recognized as some of the best models in recapitulating the human NASH pathology and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchira Gallage
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- The M3 Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Jose Efren Barragan Avila
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierluigi Ramadori
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Enrico Focaccia
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Rahbari
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adnan Ali
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nisar P Malek
- The M3 Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department Internal Medicine I, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Quentin M Anstee
- Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- The M3 Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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12
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Precise delivery of doxorubicin and imiquimod through pH-responsive tumor microenvironment-active targeting micelles for chemo- and immunotherapy. Mater Today Bio 2022; 17:100482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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13
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Kulhanek D, Abrahante Llorens JE, Buckley L, Tkac I, Rao R, Paulsen ME. Female and male C57BL/6J offspring exposed to maternal obesogenic diet develop altered hypothalamic energy metabolism in adulthood. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E448-E466. [PMID: 36342228 PMCID: PMC9639756 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00100.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Maternal obesity is exceedingly common and strongly linked to offspring obesity and metabolic disease. Hypothalamic function is critical to obesity development. Hypothalamic mechanisms causing obesity following exposure to maternal obesity have not been elucidated. Therefore, we studied a cohort of C57BL/6J dams, treated with a control or high-fat-high-sugar diet, and their adult offspring to explore potential hypothalamic mechanisms to explain the link between maternal and offspring obesity. Dams treated with obesogenic diet were heavier with mild insulin resistance, which is reflective of the most common metabolic disease in pregnancy. Adult offspring exposed to maternal obesogenic diet had no change in body weight but significant increase in fat mass, decreased glucose tolerance, decreased insulin sensitivity, elevated plasma leptin, and elevated plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone. In addition, offspring exposed to maternal obesity had decreased energy intake and activity without change in basal metabolic rate. Hypothalamic neurochemical profile and transcriptome demonstrated decreased neuronal activity and inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Collectively, these results indicate that maternal obesity without diabetes is associated with adiposity and decreased hypothalamic energy production in offspring. We hypothesize that altered hypothalamic function significantly contributes to obesity development. Future studies focused on neuroprotective strategies aimed to improve hypothalamic function may decrease obesity development.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Offspring exposed to maternal diet-induced obesity demonstrate a phenotype consistent with energy excess. Contrary to previous studies, the observed energy phenotype was not associated with hyperphagia or decreased basal metabolic rate but rather decreased hypothalamic neuronal activity and energy production. This was supported by neurochemical changes in the hypothalamus as well as inhibition of hypothalamic oxidative phosphorylation pathway. These results highlight the potential for neuroprotective interventions in the prevention of obesity with fetal origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Kulhanek
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Lauren Buckley
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ivan Tkac
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Raghavendra Rao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Megan E Paulsen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Minnesota Institute for the Developing Brain, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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14
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Bertoglio D, Zajicek F, Lombaerde SD, Miranda A, Stroobants S, Wang Y, Dominguez C, Munoz-Sanjuan I, Bard J, Liu L, Verhaeghe J, Staelens S. Validation, kinetic modeling, and test-retest reproducibility of [ 18F]SynVesT-1 for PET imaging of synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1867-1878. [PMID: 35570828 PMCID: PMC9536120 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 A (SV2A) have been associated with several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, SV2A positron emission tomography (PET) imaging may provide a unique tool to investigate synaptic density dynamics during disease progression and after therapeutic intervention. This study aims to extensively characterize the novel radioligand [18F]SynVesT-1 for preclinical applications. In C57Bl/6J mice (n = 39), we assessed the plasma profile of [18F]SynVesT-1, validated the use of a noninvasive image-derived input function (IDIF) compared to an arterial input function (AIF), performed a blocking study with levetiracetam (50 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) to verify the specificity towards SV2A, examined kinetic models for volume of distribution (VT) quantification, and explored test-retest reproducibility of [18F]SynVesT-1 in the central nervous system (CNS). Plasma availability of [18F]SynVesT-1 decreased rapidly (13.4 ± 1.5% at 30 min post-injection). VT based on AIF and IDIF showed excellent agreement (r2 = 0.95, p < 0.0001) and could be reliably estimated with a 60-min acquisition. The blocking study resulted in a complete blockade with no suitable reference region. Test-retest analysis indicated good reproducibility (mean absolute variability <10%). In conclusion, [18F]SynVesT-1 is selective for SV2A with optimal kinetics representing a candidate tool to quantify CNS synaptic density non-invasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bertoglio
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Franziska Zajicek
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stef De Lombaerde
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Alan Miranda
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Celia Dominguez
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Bard
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Longbin Liu
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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15
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Takiyama T, Sera T, Nakamura M, Hoshino M, Uesugi K, Horike SI, Meguro-Horike M, Bessho R, Takiyama Y, Kitsunai H, Takeda Y, Sawamoto K, Yagi N, Nishikawa Y, Takiyama Y. A maternal high-fat diet induces fetal origins of NASH-HCC in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13136. [PMID: 35907977 PMCID: PMC9338981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal overnutrition affects offspring susceptibility to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Male offspring from high-fat diet (HFD)-fed dams developed a severe form of NASH, leading to highly vascular tumor formation. The cancer/testis antigen HORMA domain containing protein 1 (HORMAD1), one of 146 upregulated differentially expressed genes in fetal livers from HFD-fed dams, was overexpressed with hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) in hepatoblasts and in NASH-based hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in offspring from HFD-fed dams at 15 weeks old. Hypoxia substantially increased Hormad1 expression in primary mouse hepatocytes. Despite the presence of three putative hypoxia response elements within the mouse Hormad1 gene, the Hif-1alpha siRNA only slightly decreased hypoxia-induced Hormad1 mRNA expression. In contrast, N-acetylcysteine, but not rotenone, inhibited hypoxia-induced Hormad1 expression, indicating its dependency on nonmitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Synchrotron-based phase-contrast micro-CT of the fetuses from HFD-fed dams showed significant enlargement of the liver accompanied by a consistent size of the umbilical vein, which may cause hypoxia in the fetal liver. Based on these findings, a maternal HFD induces fetal origins of NASH/HCC via hypoxia, and HORMAD1 is a potential therapeutic target for NASH/HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Takiyama
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Hoshino
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uesugi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Horike
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Ryoichi Bessho
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yuri Takiyama
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kitsunai
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Takeda
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sawamoto
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Yagi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishikawa
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yumi Takiyama
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
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16
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Ronda OAHO, Bloks VW, De Boer JF, Kuipers F, Verkade HJ. Response to Spontaneous Cholemia in C57BL/6 Mice Predisposes to Liver Cancer in NASH. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1590. [PMID: 35167818 PMCID: PMC9043293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Onne A H O Ronda
- Research Laboratorium Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Research Laboratorium Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Freark De Boer
- Research Laboratorium Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Research Laboratorium Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Research Laboratorium Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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17
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Gallage S, Ali A, Barragan Avila JE, Heikenwalder M. Reply. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 13:1590-1591. [PMID: 35167819 PMCID: PMC9043295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suchira Gallage
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adnan Ali
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Garcia-Serrano AM, Mohr AA, Philippe J, Skoug C, Spégel P, Duarte JMN. Cognitive Impairment and Metabolite Profile Alterations in the Hippocampus and Cortex of Male and Female Mice Exposed to a Fat and Sugar-Rich Diet are Normalized by Diet Reversal. Aging Dis 2022; 13:267-283. [PMID: 35111373 PMCID: PMC8782561 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes impacts on brain metabolism, structure, and function. Alterations in brain metabolism have been observed in obesity and diabetes models induced by exposure to diets rich in saturated fat and/or sugar and have been linked to memory impairment. However, it remains to be determined whether brain dysfunction induced by obesogenic diets results from permanent brain alterations. We tested the hypothesis that an obesogenic diet (high-fat and high-sucrose diet; HFHSD) causes reversible changes in hippocampus and cortex metabolism and alterations in behavior. Mice were exposed to HFHSD for 24 weeks or for 16 weeks followed by 8 weeks of diet normalization. Development of the metabolic syndrome, changes in behavior, and brain metabolite profiles by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were assessed longitudinally. Control mice were fed an ingredient-matched low-fat and low-sugar diet. Mice fed the HFHSD developed obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, with a more severe phenotype in male than female mice. Relative to controls, both male and female HFHSD-fed mice showed increased anxiety-like behavior, impaired memory in object recognition tasks, but preserved working spatial memory as evaluated by spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze. Alterations in the metabolite profiles were observed both in the hippocampus and cortex but were more distinct in the hippocampus. HFHSD-induced metabolic changes included altered levels of lactate, glutamate, GABA, glutathione, taurine, N-acetylaspartate, total creatine and total choline. Notably, HFHSD-induced metabolic syndrome, anxiety, memory impairment, and brain metabolic alterations recovered upon diet normalization for 8 weeks. In conclusion, cortical and hippocampal derangements induced by long-term HFHSD consumption are reversible rather than being the result of permanent tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba M Garcia-Serrano
- 1Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,2Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Adélaïde A Mohr
- 3Institute of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliette Philippe
- 1Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,2Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Skoug
- 1Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,2Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Spégel
- 4Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund Sweden
| | - João M N Duarte
- 1Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,2Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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19
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Cooper TK, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Delaney MA, Piersigilli A, Southard TL, Brayton CF. Research-Relevant Conditions and Pathology of Laboratory Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Naked Mole Rats, and Rabbits. ILAR J 2022; 62:77-132. [PMID: 34979559 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are valuable resources in biomedical research in investigations of biological processes, disease pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions, safety, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Interpretation of data from animals requires knowledge not only of the processes or diseases (pathophysiology) under study but also recognition of spontaneous conditions and background lesions (pathology) that can influence or confound the study results. Species, strain/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, spontaneous diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplasia impact experimental results and interpretation as well as animal welfare. This review and the references selected aim to provide a pathology resource for researchers, pathologists, and veterinary personnel who strive to achieve research rigor and validity and must understand the spectrum of "normal" and expected conditions to accurately identify research-relevant experimental phenotypes as well as unusual illness, pathology, or other conditions that can compromise studies involving laboratory mice, rats, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, naked mole rats, and rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Martha A Delaney
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology and the Genetically Modified Animal Phenotyping Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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20
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Takado Y, Takuwa H, Sampei K, Urushihata T, Takahashi M, Shimojo M, Uchida S, Nitta N, Shibata S, Nagashima K, Ochi Y, Ono M, Maeda J, Tomita Y, Sahara N, Near J, Aoki I, Shibata K, Higuchi M. MRS-measured glutamate versus GABA reflects excitatory versus inhibitory neural activities in awake mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:197-212. [PMID: 34515548 PMCID: PMC8721779 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211045449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To assess if magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-measured Glutamate (Glu) and GABA reflect excitatory and inhibitory neural activities, respectively, we conducted MRS measurements along with two-photon mesoscopic imaging of calcium signals in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of living, unanesthetized mice. For monitoring stimulus-driven activations of a brain region, MRS signals and mesoscopic neural activities were measured during two consecutive sessions of 15-min prolonged sensory stimulations. In the first session, putative excitatory neuronal activities were increased, while inhibitory neuronal activities remained at the baseline level. In the second half, while excitatory neuronal activities remained elevated, inhibitory neuronal activities were significantly enhanced. We assessed regional neurochemical statuses by measuring MRS signals, which were overall in accordance with the neural activities, and neuronal activities and neurochemical statuses in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome under resting condition. Mesoscopic assessments showed that activities of inhibitory neurons in the cortex were diminished relative to wild-type mice in contrast to spared activities of excitatory neurons. Consistent with these observations, the Dravet model exhibited lower concentrations of GABA than wild-type controls. Collectively, the current investigations demonstrate that MRS-measured Glu and GABA can reflect spontaneous and stimulated activities of neurons producing and releasing these neurotransmitters in an awake condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Takado
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Yuhei Takado, Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Hiroyuki Takuwa, Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Sampei
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuya Urushihata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manami Takahashi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimojo
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shoko Uchida
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nitta
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shibata
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagashima
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ochi
- Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maiko Ono
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Maeda
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Sahara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jamie Near
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Shibata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Laboratory for Human Cognition and Learning, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Makoto Higuchi, Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Quantum Medical Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
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21
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DeMorrow S, Cudalbu C, Davies N, Jayakumar AR, Rose CF. 2021 ISHEN guidelines on animal models of hepatic encephalopathy. Liver Int 2021; 41:1474-1488. [PMID: 33900013 PMCID: PMC9812338 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This working group of the International Society of Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism (ISHEN) was commissioned to summarize and update current efforts in the development and characterization of animal models of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). As defined in humans, HE in animal models is based on the underlying degree and severity of liver pathology. Although hyperammonemia remains the key focus in the pathogenesis of HE, other factors associated with HE have been identified, together with recommended animal models, to help explore the pathogenesis and pathophysiological mechanisms of HE. While numerous methods to induce liver failure and disease exist, less have been characterized with neurological and neurobehavioural impairments. Moreover, there still remains a paucity of adequate animal models of Type C HE induced by alcohol, viruses and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; the most common etiologies of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S DeMorrow
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA; Research division, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple Texas USA.,Correspondance: Sharon DeMorrow, PhD, ; tel: +1-512-495-5779
| | - C Cudalbu
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Davies
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - AR Jayakumar
- General Medical Research, Neuropathology Section, R&D Service and South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education Inc; Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami FL, USA
| | - CF Rose
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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22
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Meng L, Goto M, Tanaka H, Kamikokura Y, Fujii Y, Okada Y, Furukawa H, Nishikawa Y. Decreased Portal Circulation Augments Fibrosis and Ductular Reaction in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1580-1591. [PMID: 34119474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease often progresses to cirrhosis and causes liver cancer, but mechanisms of its progression are yet to be elucidated. Although nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is often associated with abnormal portal circulation, there have not been any experimental studies to test its pathogenic role. Here, whether decreased portal circulation affected the pathology of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was examined using congenital portosystemic shunt (PSS) in C57BL/6J mice. Whereas PSS significantly attenuated free radical-mediated carbon tetrachloride injury, it augmented pericellular fibrosis in the centrilobular area induced by a 0.1% methionine choline-deficient l-amino acid-defined high-fat diet (CDAHFD). PSS aggravated ductular reaction and increased the expression of connective tissue growth factor. Pimonidazole immunohistochemistry of the liver revealed that the centrilobular area of PSS-harboring mice was more hypoxic than that of control mice. Although tissue hypoxia was observed in the fibrotic area in CDAHFD-induced NASH in both control and PSS-harboring mice, it was more profound in the latter, which was associated with higher carbonic anhydrase 9 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression and neovascularization in the fibrotic area. Furthermore, partial ligation of the portal vein also augmented pericellular fibrosis and ductular reaction induced by a CDAHFD. These results demonstrate that decreased portal circulation, which induces hypoxia due to disrupted intralobular perfusion, is an important aggravating factor of liver fibrosis in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingtong Meng
- Division of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan; Division of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Masanori Goto
- Division of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Division of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Kamikokura
- Division of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yumiko Fujii
- Division of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Okada
- Division of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furukawa
- Division of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishikawa
- Division of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
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23
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Juchem C, Cudalbu C, de Graaf RA, Gruetter R, Henning A, Hetherington HP, Boer VO. B 0 shimming for in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Experts' consensus recommendations. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4350. [PMID: 32596978 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) allow the chemical analysis of physiological processes in vivo and provide powerful tools in the life sciences and for clinical diagnostics. Excellent homogeneity of the static B0 magnetic field over the object of interest is essential for achieving high-quality spectral results and quantitative metabolic measurements. The experimental minimization of B0 variation is performed in a process called B0 shimming. In this article, we summarize the concepts of B0 field shimming using spherical harmonic shimming techniques, specific strategies for B0 homogenization and crucial factors to consider for implementation and use in both brain and body. In addition, experts' recommendations are provided for minimum requirements for B0 shim hardware and evaluation criteria for the primary outcome of adequate B0 shimming for MRS and MRSI, such as the water spectroscopic linewidth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Juchem
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin A de Graaf
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anke Henning
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Vincent O Boer
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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24
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Tkáč I, Benneyworth MA, Nichols-Meade T, Steuer EL, Larson SN, Metzger GJ, Uğurbil K. Long-term behavioral effects observed in mice chronically exposed to static ultra-high magnetic fields. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:1544-1559. [PMID: 33821502 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary goal of this study was to investigate whether chronic exposures to ultra-high B0 fields can induce long-term cognitive, behavioral, or biological changes in C57BL/6 mice. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were chronically exposed to 10.5-T or 16.4-T magnetic fields (3-h exposures, two exposure sessions per week, 4 or 8 weeks of exposure). In vivo single-voxel 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to investigate possible neurochemical changes in the hippocampus. In addition, a battery of behavioral tests, including the Morris water-maze, balance-beam, rotarod, and fear-conditioning tests, were used to examine long-term changes induced by B0 exposures. RESULTS Hippocampal neurochemical profile, cognitive, and basic motor functions were not impaired by chronic magnetic field exposures. However, the balance-beam-walking test and the Morris water-maze testing revealed B0 -induced changes in motor coordination and balance. The tight-circling locomotor behavior during Morris water-maze tests was found as the most sensitive factor indexing B0 -induced changes. Long-term behavioral changes were observed days or even weeks subsequent to the last B0 exposure at 16.4 T but not at 10.5 T. Fast motion of mice in and out of the 16.4-T magnet was not sufficient to induce such changes. CONCLUSION Observed results suggest that the chronic exposure to a magnetic field as high as 16.4 T may result in long-term impairment of the vestibular system in mice. Although observation of mice may not directly translate to humans, nevertheless, they indicate that studies focused on human safety at very high magnetic fields are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Tkáč
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael A Benneyworth
- Mouse Behavioral Core, Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tessa Nichols-Meade
- Mouse Behavioral Core, Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Steuer
- N Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research & Care, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah N Larson
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregory J Metzger
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kâmil Uğurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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25
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Singh K, Cornell CS, Jackson R, Kabiri M, Phipps M, Desai M, Fogle R, Ying X, Anarat-Cappillino G, Geller S, Johnson J, Roberts E, Malley K, Devlin T, DeRiso M, Berthelette P, Zhang YV, Ryan S, Rao S, Thurberg BL, Bangari DS, Kyostio-Moore S. CRISPR/Cas9 generated knockout mice lacking phenylalanine hydroxylase protein as a novel preclinical model for human phenylketonuria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7254. [PMID: 33790381 PMCID: PMC8012645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of L-phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism. It is caused by a partial or complete deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which is necessary for conversion of Phe to tyrosine (Tyr). This metabolic error results in buildup of Phe and reduction of Tyr concentration in blood and in the brain, leading to neurological disease and intellectual deficits. Patients exhibit retarded body growth, hypopigmentation, hypocholesterolemia and low levels of neurotransmitters. Here we report first attempt at creating a homozygous Pah knock-out (KO) (Hom) mouse model, which was developed in the C57BL/6 J strain using CRISPR/Cas9 where codon 7 (GAG) in Pah gene was changed to a stop codon TAG. We investigated 2 to 6-month-old, male, Hom mice using comprehensive behavioral and biochemical assays, MRI and histopathology. Age and sex-matched heterozygous Pah-KO (Het) mice were used as control mice, as they exhibit enough PAH enzyme activity to provide Phe and Tyr levels comparable to the wild-type mice. Overall, our findings demonstrate that 6-month-old, male Hom mice completely lack PAH enzyme, exhibit significantly higher blood and brain Phe levels, lower levels of brain Tyr and neurotransmitters along with lower myelin content and have significant behavioral deficit. These mice exhibit phenotypes that closely resemble PKU patients such as retarded body growth, cutaneous hypopigmentation, and hypocholesterolemia when compared to the age- and sex-matched Het mice. Altogether, biochemical, behavioral, and pathologic features of this novel mouse model suggest that it can be used as a reliable translational tool for PKU preclinical research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Discovery Pathology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA ,Present Address: WuXi AppTec Inc., 8th Floor, 55 Cambridge Parkway, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Cathleen S. Cornell
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGenomic Medicine Unit, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Robert Jackson
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGenomic Medicine Unit, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Mostafa Kabiri
- grid.420214.1Transgenic Model and Technology, Translational In-Vivo Research Platform, Industrie Park Hoechst, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Phipps
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XTransgenic Model and Technology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Mitul Desai
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Bioimaging, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Robert Fogle
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Bioimaging, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Xiaoyou Ying
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Bioimaging, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Gulbenk Anarat-Cappillino
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XPre-Development Sciences NA, Analytical R&D, Sanofi, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Sarah Geller
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XPre-Development Sciences NA, Analytical R&D, Sanofi, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Discovery Pathology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Errin Roberts
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Discovery Pathology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Katie Malley
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Discovery Pathology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Tim Devlin
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XTransgenic Model and Technology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Matthew DeRiso
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XTransgenic Model and Technology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Patricia Berthelette
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGenomic Medicine Unit, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Yao V. Zhang
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGenomic Medicine Unit, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Susan Ryan
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Discovery Pathology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Srinivas Rao
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XTranslational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Beth L. Thurberg
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Discovery Pathology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Dinesh S. Bangari
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Discovery Pathology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Sirkka Kyostio-Moore
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGenomic Medicine Unit, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
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26
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The Anti-Inflammatory Role of Bilirubin on "Two-Hit" Sepsis Animal Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228650. [PMID: 33212789 PMCID: PMC7697656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Bilirubin is a product of the heme catabolism pathway, and it is excreted in bile and removed from the body through the urine. Bilirubin has potent antioxidant properties but also plays a role in anti-inflammation by protecting the body against endotoxin-induced lung inflammation, down-regulating the expression of adhesion molecules, and inhibiting the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Thus, bilirubin is a promising agent that could use in inflammation disease treatment. The application of bilirubin on the “two-hit” sepsis animal model has been, to date, unknown. Methods: we used lipopolysaccharide to induce initial insults in C57BL/6 mice. After 24 h, mice underwent cecal ligation and puncture to induce the “two-hit” sepsis model. Next, mice were administered 30 mg/kg bilirubin and we observed an improvement. Results: We observed that bilirubin inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines were significantly augmented in the lung. Bilirubin improved the survival rate in the sepsis model. Furthermore, we suggest that bilirubin can modulate the accumulation of T-regulatory cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Notably, bilirubin suppressed the activation and functions of T-cells. Conclusions: These results clarified that bilirubin might improve tissue injury in sepsis through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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27
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Bertoglio D, Verhaeghe J, Miranda A, Wyffels L, Stroobants S, Dominguez C, Munoz-Sanjuan I, Skinbjerg M, Liu L, Staelens S. Kinetic Modelling and Test-Retest Reproducibility for the Dopamine D 1R Radioligand [ 11C]SCH23390 in Healthy and Diseased Mice. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 23:208-219. [PMID: 33179158 PMCID: PMC7910372 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Our aim in this study was to compare different non-invasive pharmacokinetic models and assess test–retest reproducibility of the radioligand [11C]SCH23390 for the quantification of dopamine D1-like receptor (D1R) in both wild-type (WT) mice and heterozygous (HET) Q175DN mice as Huntington’s disease (HD) model. Procedures Adult WT (n = 9) and HET (n = 14) mice underwent a 90-min [11C]SCH23390 positron emission tomography (PET) scan followed by computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the pharmacokinetic modelling in healthy and diseased conditions. Additionally, 5 WT mice and 7 HET animals received a second [11C]SCH23390 PET scan for test–retest reproducibility. Parallel assessment of the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM), the multilinear reference tissue model (MRTM) and the Logan reference tissue model (Logan Ref) using the striatum as a receptor-rich region and the cerebellum as a receptor-free (reference) region was performed to define the most suitable method for regional- and voxel-based quantification of the binding potential (BPND). Finally, standardised uptake value ratio (SUVR-1) was assessed as a potential simplified measurement. Results For all models, we measured a significant decline in dopamine D1R density (e.g. SRTM = − 38.5 ± 5.0 %, p < 0.0001) in HET mice compared to WT littermates. Shortening the 90-min scan duration resulted in large underestimation of striatal BPND in both WT mice (SRTM 60 min: − 17.7 ± 2.8 %, p = 0.0078) and diseased HET (SRTM 60 min: − 13.1 ± 4.1 %, p = 0.0001). Striatal BPND measurements were very reproducible with an average test–retest variability below 5 % when using both MRTM and SRTM. Parametric BPND maps generated with SRTM were highly reliable, showing nearly perfect agreement to the regional analysis (r2 = 0.99, p < 0.0001). Finally, SRTM provided the most accurate estimate for relative tracer delivery R1 with both regional- and voxel-based analyses. SUVR-1 at different time intervals were not sufficiently reliable when compared to BPND (r2 < 0.66). Conclusions Ninety-minute acquisition and the use of SRTM for pharmacokinetic modelling is recommended. [11C]SCH23390 PET imaging demonstrates optimal characteristics for the study of dopamine D1R density in models of psychiatric and neurological disorders as exemplified in the Q175DN mouse model of HD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11307-020-01561-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bertoglio
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Alan Miranda
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Leonie Wyffels
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Longbin Liu
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Costa MDC, Radzwion M, McLoughlin HS, Ashraf NS, Fischer S, Shakkottai VG, Maciel P, Paulson HL, Öz G. In Vivo Molecular Signatures of Cerebellar Pathology in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1774-1786. [PMID: 32621646 PMCID: PMC7572607 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No treatment exists for the most common dominantly inherited ataxia Machado-Joseph disease, or spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3). Successful evaluation of candidate therapeutics will be facilitated by validated noninvasive biomarkers of disease pathology recapitulated by animal models. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify shared in vivo neurochemical signatures in two mouse models of SCA3 that reflect the human disease pathology. METHODS Cerebellar neurochemical concentrations in homozygous YACMJD84.2 (Q84/Q84) and hemizygous CMVMJD135 (Q135) mice were measured by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 9.4 tesla. To validate the neurochemical biomarkers, levels of neurofilament medium (NFL; indicator of neuroaxonal integrity) and myelin basic protein (MBP; indicator of myelination) were measured in cerebellar lysates from a subset of mice and patients with SCA3. Finally, NFL and MBP levels were measured in the cerebellar extracts of Q84/Q84 mice upon silencing of the mutant ATXN3 gene. RESULTS Both Q84/Q84 and Q135 mice displayed lower N-acetylaspartate than wild-type littermates, indicating neuroaxonal loss/dysfunction, and lower myo-inositol and total choline, indicating disturbances in phospholipid membrane metabolism and demyelination. Cerebellar NFL and MBP levels were accordingly lower in both models as well as in the cerebellar cortex of patients with SCA3 than controls. Importantly, N-acetylaspartate and total choline correlated with NFL and MPB, respectively, in Q135 mice. Long-term sustained RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated reduction of ATXN3 levels increased NFL and MBP in Q84/Q84 cerebella. CONCLUSIONS N-acetylaspartate, myo-inositol, and total choline levels in the cerebellum are candidate biomarkers of neuroaxonal and oligodendrocyte pathology in SCA3, aspects of pathology that are reversible by RNAi therapy. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Radzwion
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Naila S. Ashraf
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Svetlana Fischer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vikram G. Shakkottai
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Patrícia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Portugal
| | - Henry L. Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gülin Öz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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29
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Ronda OAHO, van de Heijning BJM, de Bruin A, Thomas RE, Martini I, Koehorst M, Gerding A, Koster MH, Bloks VW, Jurdzinski A, Mulder NL, Havinga R, van der Beek EM, Reijngoud DJ, Kuipers F, Verkade HJ. Spontaneous liver disease in wild-type C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice fed semisynthetic diet. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232069. [PMID: 32956351 PMCID: PMC7505464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are frequently used to study mechanisms of human diseases. Recently, we observed a spontaneous bimodal variation in liver weight in C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice fed a semisynthetic diet. We now characterized the spontaneous variation in liver weight and its relationship with parameters of hepatic lipid and bile acid (BA) metabolism. In male C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice fed AIN-93G from birth to postnatal day (PN)70, we measured plasma BA, lipids, Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglyceride (TG) secretion, and hepatic mRNA expression patterns. Mice were sacrificed at PN21, PN42, PN63 and PN70. Liver weight distribution was bimodal at PN70. Mice could be subdivided into two nonoverlapping groups based on liver weight: 0.6 SD 0.1 g (approximately one-third of mice, small liver; SL), and 1.0 SD 0.1 g (normal liver; NL; p<0.05). Liver histology showed a higher steatosis grade, inflammation score, more mitotic figures and more fibrosis in the SL versus the NL group. Plasma BA concentration was 14-fold higher in SL (p<0.001). VLDL-TG secretion rate was lower in SL mice, both absolutely (-66%, p<0.001) and upon correction for liver weight (-44%, p<0.001). Mice that would later have the SL-phenotype showed lower food efficiency ratios during PN21-28, suggesting the cause of the SL phenotype is present at weaning (PN21). Our data show that approximately one-third of C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice fed semisynthetic diet develop spontaneous liver disease with aberrant histology and parameters of hepatic lipid, bile acid and lipoprotein metabolism. Study designs involving this mouse strain on semisynthetic diets need to take the SL phenotype into account. Plasma lipids may serve as markers for the identification of the SL phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onne A. H. O. Ronda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel E. Thomas
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Martini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Gerding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam H. Koster
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W. Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Angelika Jurdzinski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels L. Mulder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eline M. van der Beek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Reijngoud
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J. Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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30
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Tam WY, Cheung KK. Phenotypic characteristics of commonly used inbred mouse strains. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1215-1234. [PMID: 32712726 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory mouse is the most commonly used mammalian model for biomedical research. An enormous number of mouse models, such as gene knockout, knockin, and overexpression transgenic mice, have been created over the years. A common practice to maintain a genetically modified mouse line is backcrossing with standard inbred mice over several generations. However, the choice of inbred mouse for backcrossing is critical to phenotypic characterization because phenotypic variabilities are often observed between mice with different genetic backgrounds. In this review, the major features of commonly used inbred mouse lines are discussed. The aim is to provide information for appropriate selection of inbred mouse lines for genetic and behavioral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yip Tam
- University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kwok-Kuen Cheung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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31
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Dehghani M, Kunz N, Lei H. Diffusion behavior of cerebral metabolites of congenital portal systemic shunt mice assessed noninvasively by diffusion-weighted 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 33:e4198. [PMID: 31765073 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted 1 H-MRS (DW-MRS) allows for noninvasive investigation of the cellular compartmentalization of cerebral metabolites. DW-MRS applied to the congenital portal systemic shunt (PSS) mouse brain may provide specific insight into alterations of cellular restrictions associated with PSS in humans. At 14.1 T, adult male PSS and their age-matched healthy (Ctrl) mice were studied using DW-MRS covering b-values ranging from 0 to 45 ms/μm2 to determine the diffusion behavior of abundant metabolites. The remarkable sensitivity and spectral resolution, in combination with very high diffusion weighting, allowed for precise measurement of the diffusion properties of endogenous N-acetyl-aspartate, total creatine, myo-inositol, total choline with extension to glutamine and glutamate in mouse brains, in vivo. Most metabolites had comparable diffusion properties in PSS and Ctrl mice, suggesting that intracellular distribution space for these metabolites was not affected in the model. The slightly different diffusivity of the slow decaying component of taurine (0.015 ± 0.003 μm2 /ms in PSS vs 0.021 ± 0.002 μm2 /ms in Ctrl, P < 0.05) might support a cellular redistribution of taurine in the PSS mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Dehghani
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicolas Kunz
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hongxia Lei
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Bertoglio D, Verhaeghe J, Korat Š, Miranda A, Cybulska K, Wyffels L, Stroobants S, Mrzljak L, Dominguez C, Skinbjerg M, Liu L, Munoz-Sanjuan I, Staelens S. Elevated Type 1 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Availability in a Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease: a Longitudinal PET Study. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2038-2047. [PMID: 31912442 PMCID: PMC7118044 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) results in altered glutamate signalling, which is associated with several neurological disorders including Huntington’s Disease (HD), an autosomal neurodegenerative disease. In this study, we assessed in vivo pathological changes in mGluR1 availability in the Q175DN mouse model of HD using longitudinal positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the radioligand [11C]ITDM. Ninety-minute dynamic PET imaging scans were performed in 22 heterozygous (HET) Q175DN mice and 22 wild-type (WT) littermates longitudinally at 6, 12, and 16 months of age. Analyses of regional volume of distribution with an image-derived input function (VT (IDIF)) and voxel-wise parametric VT (IDIF) maps were performed to assess differences between genotypes. Post-mortem evaluation at 16 months was done to support in vivo findings. [11C]ITDM VT (IDIF) quantification revealed higher mGluR1 availability in the brain of HET mice compared to WT littermates (e.g. cerebellum: + 15.0%, + 17.9%, and + 17.6% at 6, 12, and 16 months, respectively; p < 0.001). In addition, an age-related decline in [11C]ITDM binding independent of genotype was observed between 6 and 12 months. Voxel-wise analysis of parametric maps and post-mortem quantifications confirmed the elevated mGluR1 availability in HET mice compared to WT littermates. In conclusion, in vivo measurement of mGluR1 availability using longitudinal [11C]ITDM PET imaging demonstrated higher [11C]ITDM binding in extra-striatal brain regions during the course of disease in the Q175DN mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bertoglio
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Verhaeghe
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Špela Korat
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Alan Miranda
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Klaudia Cybulska
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Leonie Wyffels
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Stroobants
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Longbin Liu
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Steven Staelens
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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33
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Pickett EK, Herrmann AG, McQueen J, Abt K, Dando O, Tulloch J, Jain P, Dunnett S, Sohrabi S, Fjeldstad MP, Calkin W, Murison L, Jackson RJ, Tzioras M, Stevenson A, d'Orange M, Hooley M, Davies C, Colom-Cadena M, Anton-Fernandez A, King D, Oren I, Rose J, McKenzie CA, Allison E, Smith C, Hardt O, Henstridge CM, Hardingham GE, Spires-Jones TL. Amyloid Beta and Tau Cooperate to Cause Reversible Behavioral and Transcriptional Deficits in a Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Rep 2019; 29:3592-3604.e5. [PMID: 31825838 PMCID: PMC6915767 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A key knowledge gap blocking development of effective therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the lack of understanding of how amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and pathological forms of the tau protein cooperate in causing disease phenotypes. Within a mouse tau-deficient background, we probed the molecular, cellular, and behavioral disruption triggered by the influence of wild-type human tau on human Aβ-induced pathology. We find that Aβ and tau work cooperatively to cause a hyperactivity behavioral phenotype and to cause downregulation of transcription of genes involved in synaptic function. In both our mouse model and human postmortem tissue, we observe accumulation of pathological tau in synapses, supporting the potential importance of synaptic tau. Importantly, tau reduction in the mice initiated after behavioral deficits emerge corrects behavioral deficits, reduces synaptic tau levels, and substantially reverses transcriptional perturbations, suggesting that lowering synaptic tau levels may be beneficial in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor K Pickett
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Abigail G Herrmann
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jamie McQueen
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Kimberly Abt
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jane Tulloch
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Pooja Jain
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Sophie Dunnett
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Sadaf Sohrabi
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Maria P Fjeldstad
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Will Calkin
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Leo Murison
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Rosemary J Jackson
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Makis Tzioras
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Anna Stevenson
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Marie d'Orange
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Monique Hooley
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Caitlin Davies
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Marti Colom-Cadena
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Alejandro Anton-Fernandez
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Declan King
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Iris Oren
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jamie Rose
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Chris-Anne McKenzie
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Sudden Death Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Elizabeth Allison
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Sudden Death Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Oliver Hardt
- McGill University Department of Psychology, Montreal QC H3A 1B1, Canada; The University of Edinburgh Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Christopher M Henstridge
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
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34
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Lei H, Dirren E, Poitry-Yamate C, Schneider BL, Gruetter R, Aebischer P. Evolution of the neurochemical profiles in the G93A-SOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1283-1298. [PMID: 29400109 PMCID: PMC6668519 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18756499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) investigations of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse brain may provide neurochemical profiles and alterations in association with ALS disease progression. We aimed to longitudinally follow neurochemical evolutions of striatum, brainstem and motor cortex of mice transgenic for G93A mutant human superoxide dismutase type-1 (G93A-SOD1), an ALS model. Region-specific neurochemical alterations were detected in asymptomatic G93A-SOD1 mice, particularly in lactate (-19%) and glutamate (+8%) of brainstem, along with γ-amino-butyric acid (-30%), N-acetyl-aspartate (-5%) and ascorbate (+51%) of motor cortex. With disease progression towards the end-stage, increased numbers of metabolic changes of G93A-SOD1 mice were observed (e.g. glutamine levels increased in the brainstem (>+66%) and motor cortex (>+54%)). Through ALS disease progression, an overall increase of glutamine/glutamate in G93A-SOD1 mice was observed in the striatum (p < 0.01) and even more so in two motor neuron enriched regions, the brainstem and motor cortex (p < 0.0001). These 1H-MRS data underscore a pattern of neurochemical alterations that are specific to brain regions and to disease stages of the G93A-SOD1 mouse model. These neurochemical changes may contribute to early diagnosis and disease monitoring in ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Lei
- 1 Animal Imaging and Technology Core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,2 Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Dirren
- 3 Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carole Poitry-Yamate
- 4 Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,5 Positron Emission Tomography Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard L Schneider
- 3 Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- 1 Animal Imaging and Technology Core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,2 Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,4 Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,6 Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Aebischer
- 3 Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Abstract
Congenital portosystemic shunts are increasingly recognized in several settings and at any age. The following are some of the most common presentations: prenatal ultrasound, neonatal cholestasis, incidental finding on abdominal imaging, or systemic complications such as unexplained cardiopulmonary or neurological disease, or the presence of liver nodules in a noncirrhotic liver. The purpose of the present review is to summarize clinical presentation and current recommendations for management, and highlight areas of future research. Illustrative examples from the veterinary literature complement our current lack of knowledge of this rare malformation often masquerading as a multisystem disease.
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36
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Lizarbe B, Soares AF, Larsson S, Duarte JMN. Neurochemical Modifications in the Hippocampus, Cortex and Hypothalamus of Mice Exposed to Long-Term High-Fat Diet. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:985. [PMID: 30670942 PMCID: PMC6331468 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and diabetes impact brain function and metabolism. While it is well established that rodents exposed to diets rich in saturated fat develop brain dysfunction, contrasting results abound in the literature, likely as result of exposure to different high-fat diet (HFD) compositions and for varied periods of time. In the present study, we investigated alterations of hippocampal-dependent spatial memory by measuring Y-maze spontaneous alternation, metabolic profiles of the hippocampus, cortex and hypothalamus by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and levels of proteins specific to synaptic and glial compartments in mice exposed for 6 months to different amounts of fat (10, 45, or 60% of total energy intake). Increasing the dietary amount of fat from 10 to 45% or 60% resulted in obesity accompanied by increased leptin, fasting blood glucose and insulin, and reduced glucose tolerance. In comparison to controls (10%-fat), only mice fed the 60%-fat diet showed increased fed glycemia, as well as plasma corticosterone that has a major impact on brain function. HFD-induced metabolic profile modifications measured by 1H MRS were observed across the three brain areas in mice exposed to 60%- but not 45%-fat diet, while both HFD groups displayed impaired hippocampal-dependent memory. HFD also affected systems involved in neuro- or gliotransmission in the hippocampus. Namely, relative to controls, 60%-fat-fed mice showed reduced SNAP-25, PSD-95 and syntaxin-4 immunoreactivity, while 45%-fat-fed mice showed reduced gephyrin and syntaxin-4 immunoreactivity. For both HFD levels, reductions of the vesicular glutamate transporter vGlut1 and levels of the vesicular GABA transporter were observed in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, relative to controls. Immunoreactivity against GFAP and/or Iba-1 in the hypothalamus was higher in mice exposed to HFD than controls, suggesting occurrence of gliosis. We conclude that different levels of dietary fat result in distinct neurochemical alterations in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Lizarbe
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Francisca Soares
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Larsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - João M N Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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37
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Friedrich J, Kordasiewicz HB, O'Callaghan B, Handler HP, Wagener C, Duvick L, Swayze EE, Rainwater O, Hofstra B, Benneyworth M, Nichols-Meade T, Yang P, Chen Z, Ortiz JP, Clark HB, Öz G, Larson S, Zoghbi HY, Henzler C, Orr HT. Antisense oligonucleotide-mediated ataxin-1 reduction prolongs survival in SCA1 mice and reveals disease-associated transcriptome profiles. JCI Insight 2018; 3:123193. [PMID: 30385727 PMCID: PMC6238731 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a dominantly inherited ataxia caused by expansion of a translated CAG repeat encoding a glutamine tract in the ataxin-1 (ATXN1) protein. Despite advances in understanding the pathogenesis of SCA1, there are still no therapies to alter its progressive fatal course. RNA-targeting approaches have improved disease symptoms in preclinical rodent models of several neurological diseases. Here, we investigated the therapeutic capability of an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting mouse Atxn1 in Atxn1154Q/2Q-knockin mice that manifest motor deficits and premature lethality. Following a single ASO treatment at 5 weeks of age, mice demonstrated rescue of these disease-associated phenotypes. RNA-sequencing analysis of genes with expression restored to WT levels in ASO-treated Atxn1154Q/2Q mice was used to demonstrate molecular differences between SCA1 pathogenesis in the cerebellum and disease in the medulla. Finally, select neurochemical abnormalities detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vehicle-treated Atxn1154Q/2Q mice were reversed in the cerebellum and brainstem (a region containing the pons and the medulla) of ASO-treated Atxn1154Q/2Q mice. Together, these findings support the efficacy and therapeutic importance of directly targeting ATXN1 RNA expression as a strategy for treating both motor deficits and lethality in SCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Friedrich
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Brennon O'Callaghan
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hillary P Handler
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience
| | - Carmen Wagener
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa Duvick
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Orion Rainwater
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bente Hofstra
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Praseuth Yang
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zhao Chen
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Judit Perez Ortiz
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience
| | - H Brent Clark
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gülin Öz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah Larson
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christine Henzler
- Research Informatics Support Systems Bioinformatics, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Harry T Orr
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience and.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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38
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Horder J, Petrinovic MM, Mendez MA, Bruns A, Takumi T, Spooren W, Barker GJ, Künnecke B, Murphy DG. Glutamate and GABA in autism spectrum disorder-a translational magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in man and rodent models. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:106. [PMID: 29802263 PMCID: PMC5970172 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental syndrome with a high human and economic burden. The pathophysiology of ASD is largely unclear, thus hampering development of pharmacological treatments for the core symptoms of the disorder. Abnormalities in glutamate and GABA signaling have been hypothesized to underlie ASD symptoms, and may form a therapeutic target, but it is not known whether these abnormalities are recapitulated in humans with ASD, as well as in rodent models of the disorder. We used translational proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ([1H]MRS) to compare glutamate and GABA levels in adult humans with ASD and in a panel of six diverse rodent ASD models, encompassing genetic and environmental etiologies. [1H]MRS was performed in the striatum and the medial prefrontal cortex, of the humans, mice, and rats in order to allow for direct cross-species comparisons in specific cortical and subcortical brain regions implicated in ASD. In humans with ASD, glutamate concentration was reduced in the striatum and this was correlated with the severity of social symptoms. GABA levels were not altered in either brain region. The reduction in striatal glutamate was recapitulated in mice prenatally exposed to valproate, and in mice and rats carrying Nlgn3 mutations, but not in rodent ASD models with other etiologies. Our findings suggest that glutamate/GABA abnormalities in the corticostriatal circuitry may be a key pathological mechanism in ASD; and may be linked to alterations in the neuroligin-neurexin signaling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Horder
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Marija M. Petrinovic
- 0000 0004 0374 1269grid.417570.0Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland ,0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cPresent Address: Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and The Sackler Institute for Translational Development, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Maria A. Mendez
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Andreas Bruns
- 0000 0004 0374 1269grid.417570.0Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Toru Takumi
- grid.474690.8RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Will Spooren
- 0000 0004 0374 1269grid.417570.0Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gareth J. Barker
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cCentre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Basil Künnecke
- 0000 0004 0374 1269grid.417570.0Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Declan G. Murphy
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK ,grid.415717.1Autism Assessment and Behavioural Genetics Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK ,0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cSackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF United Kingdom
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39
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Soares AF, Lei H. Non-invasive diagnosis and metabolic consequences of congenital portosystemic shunts in C57BL/6 J mice. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3873. [PMID: 29266459 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the suitability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) for the imaging of congenital portosystemic shunts (PSS) in mice, a vascular abnormality in which mesenteric blood bypasses the liver and is instead drained directly to the systemic circulation. The non-invasive diagnosis performed in tandem with other experimental assessments permits further characterization of liver, whole-body and brain metabolic defects associated with PSS. Magnetic resonance measurements were performed in a 26-cm, horizontal-bore, 14.1-T magnet. MRA was obtained with a three-dimensional gradient echo sequence (GRE; in-plane resolution, 234 × 250 × 234 μm3 ) using a birdcage coil. Two-dimensional GRE MRI with high spatial resolution (in-plane resolution, 100 × 130 μm2 ; slices, 30 × 0.3 mm) was performed using a surface coil. Brain- (dorsal hippocampus) and liver-localized 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was also performed with the surface coil. Whole-body metabolic status was evaluated with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Both MRA and anatomical MRI allowed the identification of hepatic vessels and the diagnosis of PSS in mice. The incidence of PSS was about 10%. Hepatic lipid content was higher in PSS than in control mice (5.1 ± 2.8% versus 1.8 ± 0.6%, p = 0.02). PSS mice had higher brain glutamine concentration than controls (7.3 ± 1.0 μmol/g versus 2.7 ± 0.6 μmol/g, p < 0.0001) and, conversely, lower myo-inositol (4.2 ± 0.6 μmol/g versus 6.0 ± 0.4 μmol/g, p < 0.0001), taurine (9.7 ± 1.2 μmol/g versus 11.0 ± 0.4 μmol/g, p < 0.01) and total choline (0.9 ± 0.1 μmol/g versus 1.2 ± 0.1 μmol/g, p < 0.001) concentrations. Fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin were lower in PSS than in control mice (4.7 ± 0.5mM versus 8.8 ± 0.6mM, p < 0.0001; and 0.04 ± 0.03 μg/L versus 0.3 ± 0.2 μg/L, p = 0.02, respectively). Glucose clearance during OGTT was delayed and less efficient in PSS mice than in controls. Thus, given the non-negligible incidence of PSS in inbred mice, the undiagnosed presence of PSS will, importantly, have an impact on experimental outcomes, notably in studies addressing brain, liver or whole-body metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Francisca Soares
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne - Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hongxia Lei
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Geneva, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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40
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Maroni L, Hohenester SD, van de Graaf SFJ, Tolenaars D, van Lienden K, Verheij J, Marzioni M, Karlsen TH, Oude Elferink RPJ, Beuers U. Knockout of the primary sclerosing cholangitis-risk gene Fut2 causes liver disease in mice. Hepatology 2017; 66:542-554. [PMID: 28056490 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis is unknown. Genetic variants of fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) have been identified in genome-wide association studies as risk factors for primary sclerosing cholangitis. We investigated the role of Fut2 in murine liver pathophysiology by studying Fut2-/- mice. Fut2-/- mice were viable and fertile, had lower body weight than wild-type (wt) littermates and gray fur. Half of the Fut2-/- mice showed serum bile salt levels 40 times higher than wt (Fut2-/-high ), whereas the remainder were normocholanemic (Fut2-/-low ). Fut2-/- mice showed normal serum liver tests, bile flow, biliary bile salt secretion, fecal bile salt loss, and expression of major hepatocellular bile salt transporters and cytochrome P450 7a1, the key regulator of bile salt synthesis, indicating that elevated serum bile salts in Fut2-/-high mice were not explained by cholestasis. Fut2-/-high mice, but not Fut2-/-low mice, were sensitive to hydrophobic bile salt feeding (0.3% glycochenodeoxycholate); they rapidly lost weight and showed elevation of serum liver tests (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase) and areas of liver parenchymal necrosis. Histomorphological evaluation revealed the presence of paraportal shunting vessels, increased numbers of portal vascular structures, wall thickening of some portal arteries, and periductal fibrosis in Fut2-/-high mice more than Fut2-/-low mice and not wt mice. Unconjugated bilirubin and ammonia were or tended to be elevated in Fut2-/-high mice only. Portosystemic shunting was demonstrated by portal angiography, which disclosed virtually complete portosystemic shunting in Fut2-/-high mice, discrete portosystemic shunting in Fut2-/-low mice, and no shunting in wt littermates. CONCLUSION Liver pathology in Fut2-/- mice is dominated by consequences of portosystemic shunting resulting in microcirculatory disturbances, mild (secondary) periductal fibrosis, and sensitivity toward human bile salt toxicity. (Hepatology 2017;66:542-554).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maroni
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Simon D Hohenester
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine II, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Tolenaars
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krijn van Lienden
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tom H Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center and Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology and Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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41
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Corcoba A, Gruetter R, Do KQ, Duarte JMN. Social isolation stress and chronic glutathione deficiency have a common effect on the glutamine-to-glutamate ratio and myo-inositol concentration in the mouse frontal cortex. J Neurochem 2017; 142:767-775. [PMID: 28664650 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stress can interact with genetic predisposition to increase the risk of developing psychopathology. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that social isolation stress interacts with impaired glutathione synthesis and have cumulative effects on the neurochemical profile of the frontal cortex. A mouse model with chronic glutathione deficit induced by knockout (-/-) of the glutamate-cysteine ligase modulatory subunit (Gclm) was exposed to social isolation stress from weaning to post-natal day 65. Using magnetic resonance methods at high-field (14.1 T), we analysed the neurochemical profile in the frontal cortex, brain size and ventricular volume of adult animals. Glutathione deficit was accompanied by elevated concentrations of N-acetylaspartate, alanine, and glutamine, as well as the ratio of glutamine-to-glutamate (Gln/Glu), and by a reduction in levels of myo-inositol and choline-containing compounds in the frontal cortex of -/- animals with respect to wild-type littermates. Although there was no significant interaction between social isolation stress and glutathione deficiency, mice reared in isolation displayed lower myo-inositol concentration (-8.4%, p < 0.05) and larger Gln/Glu (+7.6%, p < 0.05), relative to those in group housing. Furthermore, glutathione deficiency caused a reduction in whole brain volume and enlargement of ventricles, but social isolation had no effect on these parameters. We conclude that social isolation caused neurochemical alterations that may add to those associated to impaired glutathione synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Corcoba
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, University of Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - João M N Duarte
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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42
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Gapp K, Corcoba A, van Steenwyk G, Mansuy IM, Duarte JM. Brain metabolic alterations in mice subjected to postnatal traumatic stress and in their offspring. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2423-2432. [PMID: 27604311 PMCID: PMC5531341 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16667525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adverse environmental and social conditions early in life have a strong impact on health. They are major risk factors for mental diseases in adulthood and, in some cases, their effects can be transmitted across generations. The consequences of detrimental stress conditions on brain metabolism across generations are not well known. Using high-field (14.1 T) magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we investigated the neurochemical profile of adult male mice exposed to traumatic stress in early postnatal life and of their offspring, and of undisturbed control mice. We found that, relative to controls, early life stress-exposed mice have metabolic alterations consistent with neuronal dysfunction, including reduced concentration of N-acetylaspartate, glutamate and γ-aminobutyrate, in the prefrontal cortex in basal conditions. Their offspring have normal neurochemical profiles in basal conditions. Remarkably, when challenged by an acute cold swim stress, the offspring has attenuated metabolic responses in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. In particular, the expected stress-induced reduction in the concentration of N-acetylaspartate, a putative marker of neuronal health, was prevented in the cortex and hippocampus. These findings suggest that paternal trauma can confer beneficial brain metabolism adaptations to acute stress in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gapp
- 1 Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Corcoba
- 2 Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gretchen van Steenwyk
- 1 Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle M Mansuy
- 1 Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - João Mn Duarte
- 2 Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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43
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Slocum SL, Skoko JJ, Wakabayashi N, Aja S, Yamamoto M, Kensler TW, Chartoumpekis DV. Keap1/Nrf2 pathway activation leads to a repressed hepatic gluconeogenic and lipogenic program in mice on a high-fat diet. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 591:57-65. [PMID: 26701603 PMCID: PMC4747866 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, known to regulate the expression of a series of cytoprotective and antioxidant genes, has been studied in the context of obesity and type 2 diabetes; diseases that are characterized by chronic oxidative stress. There is increasing evidence, however, that the transcription factor Nrf2 can crosstalk with pathways not directly related to cytoprotection. Our present work focuses on the effect of Nrf2 on hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, two metabolic processes which are dysregulated in the obese/diabetic state. To this end, a genetic mouse model of Nrf2 pathway activation was used (Keap1-hypo; both Keap1 alleles are hypomorphic) and was exposed to a 3-month high-fat diet along with the relevant control wild-type mice. The Keap1-hypo mice were partially protected from obesity, had lower fasting glucose and insulin levels and developed less liver steatosis compared to the wild-type. Key gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes were repressed in the Keap1-hypo livers with concomitant activated Ampk signaling. Primary Keap1-hypo hepatocyte cultures also show increased Ampk signaling and repressed glucose production. In conclusion, increased Keap1/Nrf2 signaling in the liver is accompanied by repressed gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis that can, at least partially, explain the ameliorated diabetic phenotype in the Keap1-hypo mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Slocum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John J Skoko
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nobunao Wakabayashi
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Susan Aja
- The Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dionysios V Chartoumpekis
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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44
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Skoko JJ, Wakabayashi N, Noda K, Kimura S, Tobita K, Shigemura N, Tsujita T, Yamamoto M, Kensler TW. Loss of Nrf2 in mice evokes a congenital intrahepatic shunt that alters hepatic oxygen and protein expression gradients and toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:112-9. [PMID: 24924401 PMCID: PMC4271119 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 (Nfe2l2 nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2) regulates gene expression directly, controlling pharmacological and toxicological responses. These processes may also be influenced by the structure of the hepatic vasculature, which distributes blood flow through compartmentalized microenvironments to maintain organismal stability. Castings of the hepatic portal vasculature of albino C57BL/6J but not ICR Nrf2(-/-) mice revealed a congenital intrahepatic shunt that was present in two thirds of Nrf2-disrupted mice. This shunt directly connected the portal vein to the inferior vena cava and displayed characteristics of a patent ductus venosus. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Nrf2(-/-) mice with an intrahepatic shunt manifest changes to hepatic oxygen and protein expression gradients when compared with wild-type (WT) and non-shunted Nrf2(-/-) mice. Centrilobular hypoxia found in WT and Nrf2(-/-) mice without shunts was reduced in Nrf2(-/-) livers with a shunt. Hepatic protein expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pepck), normally confined to the periportal zone, exhibited both periportal and centrilobular zonal expression in livers from Nrf2(-/-) mice with an intrahepatic shunt. Centrilobular expression of Cytochrome P450 2E1 (Cyp2e1) was diminished in shunted Nrf2(-/-) livers compared with WT and Nrf2(-/-) livers without shunts. The intrahepatic shunt in Nrf2(-/-) mice was further found to diminish acetaminophen hepatoxicity compared with WT and Nrf2(-/-) non-shunted mice following a 6 h challenge with 250 mg/kg acetaminophen. The presence of an intrahepatic shunt influences several physiological and pathophysiological properties of Nrf2(-/-) mice through changes in blood flow, hepatic oxygenation, and protein expression that extent beyond loss of canonical transactivation of Nrf2 target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Skoko
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Nobunao Wakabayashi
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Kentaro Noda
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Shoko Kimura
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Kimimasa Tobita
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Norihisa Shigemura
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Tadayuki Tsujita
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261 Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Creation of lethal and synthetic lethal mutations in an experimental organism is a cornerstone of genetic dissection of gene function, and is related to the concept of an essential gene. Common inbred mouse strains carry background mutations, which can act as genetic modifiers, interfering with the assignment of gene essentiality. The inbred strain C57BL/6J, commonly known as "Black Six", stands out, as it carries a spontaneous homozygous deletion in the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) gene [GenBank: AH009385.2], resulting in impairment of steroidogenic mitochondria of the adrenal gland, and a multitude of indirect modifier effects, coming from alteration of glucocorticoid-regulated processes. Over time, the popular strain has been used, by means of gene targeting technology, to assign "essential" and "redundant" qualifiers to numerous genes, thus creating an internally consistent "parallel universe" of knowledge. It is unrealistic to suggest phasing-out of this strain, given the scope of shared resources built around it, however, continuing on the road of "strain-unawareness" will result in profound waste of effort, particularly where translational research is concerned. The review analyzes the historical roots of this phenomenon and proposes that building of "parallel universes" should be urgently made visible to a critical reader by obligatory use of unambiguous and persistent tags in publications and databases, such as hypertext links, pointing to a vendor's strain description web page, or to a digital object identifier (d.o.i.) of the original publication, so that any research done exclusively in C57BL/6J, could be easily identified. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Dr. Neil Smalheiser and Dr. Miguel Andrade-Navarro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kraev
- Charles H, Best Institute, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada.
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Emir UE, Brent Clark H, Vollmers ML, Eberly LE, Öz G. Non-invasive detection of neurochemical changes prior to overt pathology in a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. J Neurochem 2013; 127:660-8. [PMID: 24032423 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a hereditary, progressive and fatal movement disorder that primarily affects the cerebellum. Non-invasive imaging markers to detect early disease in SCA1 will facilitate testing and implementation of potential therapies. We have previously demonstrated the sensitivity of neurochemical levels measured by (1) H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to progressive neurodegeneration using a transgenic mouse model of SCA1. In order to investigate very early neurochemical changes related to neurodegeneration, here we utilized a knock-in mouse model, the Sca1(154Q/2Q) line, which displays milder cerebellar pathology than the transgenic model. We measured cerebellar neurochemical profiles of Sca1(154Q/2Q) mice and wild-type littermates using 9.4T MRS at ages 6, 12, 24, and 39 weeks and assessed the cerebellar pathology of a subset of the mice at each time point. The Sca1(154Q/2Q) mice displayed very mild cerebellar pathology even at 39 weeks, however, were distinguished from wild types by MRS starting at 6 weeks. Taurine and total choline levels were significantly lower at all ages and glutamine and total creatine levels were higher starting at 12 weeks in Sca1(154Q/2Q) mice than controls, demonstrating the sensitivity of neurochemical levels to neurodegeneration related changes in the absence of overt pathology. We measured cerebellar neurochemical alterations in a knock-in mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, a hereditary movement disorder, using ultra-high field magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Very early neurochemical alterations were detectable prior to overt pathology in the volume-of-interest for MRS. Alterations were indicative of osmolytic changes and of disturbances in membrane phospholipid and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzay E Emir
- Department of Radiology, Medical School, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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