1
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Al-Shama RFM, Uleman JF, Pereira M, Claassen JAHR, Dresler M. Cerebral blood flow in sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2024; 77:101977. [PMID: 39096646 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Sleep plays an essential role in physiology, allowing the brain and body to restore itself. Despite its critical role, our understanding of the underlying processes in the sleeping human brain is still limited. Sleep comprises several distinct stages with varying depths and temporal compositions. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), which delivers essential nutrients and oxygen to the brain, varies across brain regions throughout these sleep stages, reflecting changes in neuronal function and regulation. This systematic review and meta-analysis assesses global and regional CBF across sleep stages. We included, appraised, and summarized all 38 published sleep studies on CBF in healthy humans that were not or only slightly (<24 h) sleep deprived. Our main findings are that CBF varies with sleep stage and depth, being generally lowest in NREM sleep and highest in REM sleep. These changes appear to stem from sleep stage-specific regional brain activities that serve particular functions, such as alterations in consciousness and emotional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushd F M Al-Shama
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen F Uleman
- Copenhagen Health Complexity Center, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariana Pereira
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jurgen A H R Claassen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboudumc Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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2
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Chen P, Wang W, Ban W, Zhang K, Dai Y, Yang Z, You Y. Deciphering Post-Stroke Sleep Disorders: Unveiling Neurological Mechanisms in the Realm of Brain Science. Brain Sci 2024; 14:307. [PMID: 38671959 PMCID: PMC11047862 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep disorders are the most widespread mental disorders after stroke and hurt survivors' functional prognosis, response to restoration, and quality of life. This review will address an overview of the progress of research on the biological mechanisms associated with stroke-complicating sleep disorders. Extensive research has investigated the negative impact of stroke on sleep. However, a bidirectional association between sleep disorders and stroke exists; while stroke elevates the risk of sleep disorders, these disorders also independently contribute as a risk factor for stroke. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms of stroke-induced sleep disorders. Possible influences were examined, including functional changes in brain regions, cerebrovascular hemodynamics, neurological deficits, sleep ion regulation, neurotransmitters, and inflammation. The results provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of stroke complicating sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinqiu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (P.C.)
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (P.C.)
| | - Weikang Ban
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kecan Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanan Dai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuyang You
- School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Luo X, Zhao J, Zhao D, Wang L, Hou Y, Liu Y, Zeng J, Yuan H, Lei X. Differences in attentional function between experienced mindfulness meditators and non-meditators. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1341294. [PMID: 38563033 PMCID: PMC10982879 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1341294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attentional enhancement has often been identified as the central cognitive mechanism underlying the benefits of mindfulness meditation. However, the extent to which this enhancement is observable in the neural processes underlying long-term meditation is unclear. This current study aimed to examine differences in attentional performance between meditators and controls (non-meditators) using a visual oddball task with concurrent electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Methods Thirty-four participants were recruited, including 16 meditators and 18 healthy controls, who were non-meditators. The participants completed a visual oddball task, using visual stimuli, and EEG recording. Results Self-reports revealed that meditators had higher mindful attention scores than did the control group. The behavioral results showed that the meditators demonstrated faster reaction times than the non-meditators did. Neural findings indicated a higher P2 amplitude in the meditators than in the controls. The meditators demonstrated a significantly higher P3 in the target trials than in the distractor trials, which was not observed in the controls. Additionally, the time-frequency analysis demonstrated that the delta and theta powers in the meditators were significantly higher than those in the controls. Conclusions The study suggests the meditators exhibited greater attentional performance than the controls did, as revealed by EEG and behavioral measures. This study extends previous research on the effects of mindfulness meditation on attention and adds to our understanding of the effects of long-term mindfulness meditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Luo
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongfang Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Hou
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Lei
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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4
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Poikonen H, Tobler S, Trninić D, Formaz C, Gashaj V, Kapur M. Math on cortex-enhanced delta phase synchrony in math experts during long and complex math demonstrations. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae025. [PMID: 38365270 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural oscillations are important for working memory and reasoning and they are modulated during cognitively challenging tasks, like mathematics. Previous work has examined local cortical synchrony on theta (4-8 Hz) and alpha (8-13 Hz) bands over frontal and parietal electrodes during short mathematical tasks when sitting. However, it is unknown whether processing of long and complex math stimuli evokes inter-regional functional connectivity. We recorded cortical activity with EEG while math experts and novices watched long (13-68 seconds) and complex (bachelor-level) math demonstrations when sitting and standing. Fronto-parietal connectivity over the left hemisphere was stronger in math experts than novices reflected by enhanced delta (0.5-4 Hz) phase synchrony in experts. Processing of complex math tasks when standing extended the difference to right hemisphere, suggesting that other cognitive processes, such as maintenance of body balance when standing, may interfere with novice's internal concentration required during complex math tasks more than in experts. There were no groups differences in phase synchrony over theta or alpha frequencies. These results suggest that low-frequency oscillations modulate inter-regional connectivity during long and complex mathematical cognition and demonstrate one way in which the brain functions of math experts differ from those of novices: through enhanced fronto-parietal functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Poikonen
- Professorship for Learning Sciences and Higher Education, Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Samuel Tobler
- Professorship for Learning Sciences and Higher Education, Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Dragan Trninić
- Professorship for Learning Sciences and Higher Education, Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Cléa Formaz
- Professorship for Learning Sciences and Higher Education, Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Venera Gashaj
- Professorship for Learning Sciences and Higher Education, Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Manu Kapur
- Professorship for Learning Sciences and Higher Education, Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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5
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Zielinski MR, Gibbons AJ. Neuroinflammation, Sleep, and Circadian Rhythms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:853096. [PMID: 35392608 PMCID: PMC8981587 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.853096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecules involved in innate immunity affect sleep and circadian oscillators and vice versa. Sleep-inducing inflammatory molecules are activated by increased waking activity and pathogens. Pathologies that alter inflammatory molecules, such as traumatic brain injury, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke often are associated with disturbed sleep and electroencephalogram power spectra. Moreover, sleep disorders, such as insomnia and sleep disordered breathing, are associated with increased dysregulation of inflammatory processes. Inflammatory molecules in both the central nervous system and periphery can alter sleep. Inflammation can also modulate cerebral vascular hemodynamics which is associated with alterations in electroencephalogram power spectra. However, further research is needed to determine the interactions of sleep regulatory inflammatory molecules and circadian clocks. The purpose of this review is to: 1) describe the role of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein-3 inflammasomes in sleep regulation, 2) to discuss the relationship between the vagus nerve in translating inflammatory signals between the periphery and central nervous system to alter sleep, and 3) to present information about the relationship between cerebral vascular hemodynamics and the electroencephalogram during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Zielinski
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, United States,Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Mark R. Zielinski,
| | - Allison J. Gibbons
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, United States
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6
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Boukrina O, Kowalczyk M, Koush Y, Kong Y, Barrett A. Brain Network Dysfunction in Poststroke Delirium and Spatial Neglect: An fMRI Study. Stroke 2022; 53:930-938. [PMID: 34619987 PMCID: PMC8885764 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.035733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Delirium, an acute reduction in cognitive functioning, hinders stroke recovery and contributes to cognitive decline. Right-hemisphere stroke is linked with higher delirium incidence, likely, due to the prevalence of spatial neglect (SN), a right-brain disorder of spatial processing. This study tested if symptoms of delirium and SN after right-hemisphere stroke are associated with abnormal function of the right-dominant neural networks specialized for maintaining attention, orientation, and arousal. METHODS Twenty-nine participants with right-hemisphere ischemic stroke undergoing acute rehabilitation completed delirium and SN assessments and functional neuroimaging scans. Whole-brain functional connectivity of 4 right-hemisphere seed regions in the cortical-subcortical arousal and attention networks was assessed for its relationship to validated SN and delirium severity measures. RESULTS Of 29 patients, 6 (21%) met the diagnostic criteria for delirium and 16 (55%) for SN. Decreased connectivity of the right basal forebrain to brain stem and basal ganglia predicted more severe SN. Increased connectivity of the arousal and attention network regions with the parietal, frontal, and temporal structures in the unaffected hemisphere was also found in more severe delirium and SN. CONCLUSIONS Delirium and SN are associated with decreased arousal network activity and an imbalance of cortico-subcortical hemispheric connectivity. Better understanding of neural correlates of poststroke delirium and SN will lead to improved neuroscience-based treatment development for these disorders. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03349411.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Boukrina
- Center for Stroke Rehabilitation Research, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, 07052, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Mateusz Kowalczyk
- Rocco Ortenzio Neuroimaging Center, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, 07052, USA
| | - Yury Koush
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Yekyung Kong
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, West Orange, NJ, 07052, USA
| | - A.M. Barrett
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, 30033 GA, USA
- Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, 30322, GA
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7
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Abstract
In this work, we introduce a deep learning architecture for evaluation on multimodal electroencephalographic (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) recordings from 40 epileptic patients. Long short-term memory units and convolutional neural networks are integrated within a multimodal sequence-to-sequence autoencoder. The trained neural network predicts fNIRS signals from EEG, sans a priori, by hierarchically extracting deep features from EEG full spectra and specific EEG frequency bands. Results show that higher frequency EEG ranges are predictive of fNIRS signals with the gamma band inputs dominating fNIRS prediction as compared to other frequency envelopes. Seed based functional connectivity validates similar patterns between experimental fNIRS and our model's fNIRS reconstructions. This is the first study that shows it is possible to predict brain hemodynamics (fNIRS) from encoded neural data (EEG) in the resting human epileptic brain based on power spectrum amplitude modulation of frequency oscillations in the context of specific hypotheses about how EEG frequency bands decode fNIRS signals.
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8
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Guo X, Wang M, Wang X, Guo M, Xue T, Wang Z, Li H, Xu T, He B, Cui D, Tong S. Progressive Increase of High-Frequency EEG Oscillations during Meditation is Associated with its Trait Effects on Heart Rate and Proteomics: A Study on the Tibetan Buddhist. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3865-3877. [PMID: 34974617 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Meditation has been a spiritual and healing practice in the East for thousands of years. However, the neurophysiologic mechanisms underlying its traditional form remain unclear. In this study, we recruited a large sample of monks (n = 73) who practice Tibetan Buddhist meditation and compared with meditation-naive local controls (n = 30). Their electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiogram signals were simultaneously recorded and blood samples were collected to investigate the integrative effects of Tibetan Buddhist on brain, heart, and proteomics. We found that the EEG activities in monks shifted to a higher frequency from resting to meditation. Meditation starts with decrease of the (pre)frontal delta activity and increase of the (pre)frontal high beta and gamma activity; while at the deep meditative state, the posterior high-frequency activity was also increased, and could be specified as a biomarker for the deep meditation. The state increase of posterior high-frequency EEG activity was significantly correlated with the trait effects on heart rate and nueropilin-1 in monks, with the source of brain-heart correlation mainly locating in the attention and emotion networks. Our study revealed that the effects of Tibetan Buddhist meditation on brain, heart, and proteomics were highly correlated, demonstrating meditation as an integrative body-mind training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyun Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Menglin Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Xue
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjiao Xu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanbao Tong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Eltanahy AM, Koluib YA, Gonzales A. Pericytes: Intrinsic Transportation Engineers of the CNS Microcirculation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:719701. [PMID: 34497540 PMCID: PMC8421025 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.719701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes in the brain are candidate regulators of microcirculatory blood flow because they are strategically positioned along the microvasculature, contain contractile proteins, respond rapidly to neuronal activation, and synchronize microvascular dynamics and neurovascular coupling within the capillary network. Analyses of mice with defects in pericyte generation demonstrate that pericytes are necessary for the formation of the blood-brain barrier, development of the glymphatic system, immune homeostasis, and white matter function. The development, identity, specialization, and progeny of different subtypes of pericytes, however, remain unclear. Pericytes perform brain-wide 'transportation engineering' functions in the capillary network, instructing, integrating, and coordinating signals within the cellular communicome in the neurovascular unit to efficiently distribute oxygen and nutrients ('goods and services') throughout the microvasculature ('transportation grid'). In this review, we identify emerging challenges in pericyte biology and shed light on potential pericyte-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Eltanahy
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Yara A. Koluib
- Tanta University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Albert Gonzales
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
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10
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Tsai CJ, Nagata T, Liu CY, Suganuma T, Kanda T, Miyazaki T, Liu K, Saitoh T, Nagase H, Lazarus M, Vogt KE, Yanagisawa M, Hayashi Y. Cerebral capillary blood flow upsurge during REM sleep is mediated by A2a receptors. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109558. [PMID: 34407410 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is generally viewed as a period of recovery, but how the supply of cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes across sleep/wake states has remained unclear. Here, we directly observe red blood cells (RBCs) within capillaries, where the actual substance exchange between the blood and neurons/glia occurs, by two-photon microscopy. Across multiple cortical areas, average capillary CBF is largely increased during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, whereas it does not differ between periods of active wakefulness and non-REM sleep. Capillary RBC flow during REM sleep is further elevated following REM sleep deprivation, suggesting that capillary CBF reflects REM sleep pressure. At the molecular level, signaling via adenosine A2a receptors is crucial; in A2a-KO mice, capillary CBF upsurge during REM sleep is dampened, and effects of REM sleep pressure are abolished. These results provide evidence regarding the dynamics of capillary CBF across sleep/wake states and insights to the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Tsai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) International Research Fellow, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagata
- PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chih-Yao Liu
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takaya Suganuma
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanda
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takehiro Miyazaki
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kai Liu
- Center for Mathematical Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Tsuyoshi Saitoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagase
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kaspar E Vogt
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; R&D Center for Frontiers of Mirai in Policy and Technology (F-MIRAI), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yu Hayashi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 603-8363, Japan.
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11
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Sleep disturbances are associated with cortical and subcortical atrophy in alcohol use disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:428. [PMID: 34400604 PMCID: PMC8368207 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are prominent in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and predict relapse. So far, the mechanisms underlying sleep disruptions in AUD are poorly understood. Because sleep-related regions vastly overlap with regions, where patients with AUD showed pronounced grey matter (GM) reduction; we hypothesized that GM structure could contribute to sleep disturbances associated with chronic alcohol use. We combined sleep EEG recording and high-resolution structural brain imaging to examine the GM-sleep associations in 36 AUD vs. 26 healthy controls (HC). The patterns of GM-sleep associations differed for N3 vs. REM sleep and for AUD vs. HC. For cortical thickness (CT), CT-sleep associations were significant in AUD but not in HC and were lateralized such that lower CT in right hemisphere was associated with shorter N3, whereas in left hemisphere was associated with shorter REM sleep. For the GM density (GMD), we observed a more extensive positive GMD-N3 association in AUD (right orbitofrontal cortex, cerebellum, dorsal cingulate and occipital cortex) than in HC (right orbitofrontal cortex), and the GMD-REM association was positive in AUD (midline, motor and paralimbic regions) whereas negative in HC (the left supramarginal gyrus). GM structure mediated the effect of chronic alcohol use on the duration of N3 and the age by alcohol effect on REM sleep. Our findings provide evidence that sleep disturbances in AUD were associated with GM reductions. Targeting sleep-related regions might improve sleep in AUD and enhance sleep-induced benefits in cognition and emotional regulation for recovery.
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12
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Frohlich J, Toker D, Monti MM. Consciousness among delta waves: a paradox? Brain 2021; 144:2257-2277. [PMID: 33693596 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A common observation in EEG research is that consciousness vanishes with the appearance of delta (1 - 4 Hz) waves, particularly when those waves are high amplitude. High amplitude delta oscillations are very frequently observed in states of diminished consciousness, including slow wave sleep, anaesthesia, generalised epileptic seizures, and disorders of consciousness such as coma and vegetative state. This strong correlation between loss of consciousness and high amplitude delta oscillations is thought to stem from the widespread cortical deactivation that occurs during the "down states" or troughs of these slow oscillations. Recently, however, many studies have reported the presence of prominent delta activity during conscious states, which casts doubt on the hypothesis that high amplitude delta oscillations are an indicator of unconsciousness. These studies include work in Angelman syndrome, epilepsy, behavioural responsiveness during propofol anaesthesia, postoperative delirium, and states of dissociation from the environment such as dreaming and powerful psychedelic states. The foregoing studies complement an older, yet largely unacknowledged, body of literature that has documented awake, conscious patients with high amplitude delta oscillations in clinical reports from Rett syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, schizophrenia, mitochondrial diseases, hepatic encephalopathy, and nonconvulsive status epilepticus. At the same time, a largely parallel body of recent work has reported convincing evidence that the complexity or entropy of EEG and magnetoencephalogram or MEG signals strongly relates to an individual's level of consciousness. Having reviewed this literature, we discuss plausible mechanisms that would resolve the seeming contradiction between high amplitude delta oscillations and consciousness. We also consider implications concerning theories of consciousness, such as integrated information theory and the entropic brain hypothesis. Finally, we conclude that false inferences of unconscious states can be best avoided by examining measures of electrophysiological complexity in addition to spectral power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Frohlich
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 3423 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Toker
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 3423 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Martin M Monti
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 3423 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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13
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Camacho MC, King LS, Ojha A, Garcia CM, Sisk LM, Cichocki AC, Humphreys KL, Gotlib IH. Cerebral blood flow in 5- to 8-month-olds: Regional tissue maturity is associated with infant affect. Dev Sci 2020; 23:e12928. [PMID: 31802580 PMCID: PMC8931704 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infancy is marked by rapid neural and emotional development. The relation between brain function and emotion in infancy, however, is not well understood. Methods for measuring brain function predominantly rely on the BOLD signal; however, interpretation of the BOLD signal in infancy is challenging because the neuronal-hemodynamic relation is immature. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) provides a context for the infant BOLD signal and can yield insight into the developmental maturity of brain regions that may support affective behaviors. This study aims to elucidate the relations among rCBF, age, and emotion in infancy. One hundred and seven mothers reported their infants' (infant age M ± SD = 6.14 ± 0.51 months) temperament. A subsample of infants completed MRI scans, 38 of whom produced usable perfusion MRI during natural sleep to quantify rCBF. Mother-infant dyads completed the repeated Still-Face Paradigm, from which infant affect reactivity and recovery to stress were quantified. We tested associations of infant age at scan, temperament factor scores, and observed affect reactivity and recovery with voxel-wise rCBF. Infant age was positively associated with CBF in nearly all voxels, with peaks located in sensory cortices and the ventral prefrontal cortex, supporting the formulation that rCBF is an indicator of tissue maturity. Temperamental Negative Affect and recovery of positive affect following a stressor were positively associated with rCBF in several cortical and subcortical limbic regions, including the orbitofrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus. This finding yields insight into the nature of affective neurodevelopment during infancy. Specifically, infants with relatively increased prefrontal cortex maturity may evidence a disposition toward greater negative affect and negative reactivity in their daily lives yet show better recovery of positive affect following a social stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amar Ojha
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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14
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Vertes RP, Linley SB. No cognitive processing in the unconscious,
anesthetic‐like
, state of sleep. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:524-538. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Vertes
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton Florida USA
- Department of Psychology Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton Florida USA
| | - Stephanie B. Linley
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton Florida USA
- Department of Psychology Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton Florida USA
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15
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Fedele T, Tzovara A, Steiger B, Hilfiker P, Grunwald T, Stieglitz L, Jokeit H, Sarnthein J. The relation between neuronal firing, local field potentials and hemodynamic activity in the human amygdala in response to aversive dynamic visual stimuli. Neuroimage 2020; 213:116705. [PMID: 32165266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala is a central part of networks of brain regions underlying perception and cognition, in particular related to processing of emotionally salient stimuli. Invasive electrophysiological and hemodynamic measurements are commonly used to evaluate functions of the human amygdala, but a comprehensive understanding of their relation is still lacking. Here, we aimed at investigating the link between fast and slow frequency amygdalar oscillations, neuronal firing and hemodynamic responses. To this aim, we recorded intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), hemodynamic responses and single neuron activity from the amygdala of patients with epilepsy. Patients were presented with dynamic visual sequences of fearful faces (aversive condition), interleaved with sequences of neutral landscapes (neutral condition). Comparing responses to aversive versus neutral stimuli across participants, we observed enhanced high gamma power (HGP, >60 Hz) during the first 2 s of aversive sequence viewing, and reduced delta power (1-4 Hz) lasting up to 18 s. In 5 participants with implanted microwires, neuronal firing rates were enhanced following aversive stimuli, and exhibited positive correlation with HGP and hemodynamic responses. Our results show that high gamma power, neuronal firing and BOLD responses from the human amygdala are co-modulated. Our findings provide, for the first time, a comprehensive investigation of amygdalar responses to aversive stimuli, ranging from single-neuron spikes to local field potentials and hemodynamic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Fedele
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Athina Tzovara
- Institute for Computer Science, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Lennart Stieglitz
- Klinik für Neurochirurgie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich und Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hennric Jokeit
- Schweizerische Epilepsie-Klinik, Zurich, Switzerland; Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Sarnthein
- Klinik für Neurochirurgie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich und Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften Zürich, Switzerland.
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16
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Lehmann M, Hock A, Zoelch N, Landolt HP, Seifritz E. Dynamic Metabolic Changes in the Human Thalamus at the Transition From Waking to Sleep - Insights From Simultaneous Functional MR Spectroscopy and Polysomnography. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1158. [PMID: 31736694 PMCID: PMC6833480 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An important contribution of the thalamus to the transition from wakefulness to sleep is a consistent finding in animal studies. In humans, only little is currently known about the specific role of the thalamus in regulating wake-sleep transitions. Although changes in thalamic blood flow and activity have been reported, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been investigated. Knowledge about neurotransmitter changes at the wake-to-sleep transition would be indispensable for a better translation of basic animal research findings to humans. Here, we start to fill this important scientific gap. More specifically, we benefit from recent advances in magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy, which allow for the non-invasive, local-specific and high-quality detection of naturally occurring metabolite changes in the human brain. We demonstrate in nine young adults able to produce consolidated sleep in the MR spectroscopy scanner, a specific decrease in thalamic glutamate concentration from wakefulness to stage N2 sleep. The magnitude of this decrease was highly correlated with individual N2 sleep duration. When five participants of the original experiment were kept awake in a separate control condition, no decrease in thalamic glutamate levels occurred. The study highlights for the first time in humans that dynamic changes in distinct brain metabolites can be reliably detected at the transition from waking to sleep. The reported methodology to simultaneously acquire functional MR spectroscopy data and neurophysiological signals offers great potential for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition between and the maintenance of sleep and wake states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick Lehmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hock
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Zoelch
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Landolt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Boes AD, Fischer D, Geerling JC, Bruss J, Saper CB, Fox MD. Connectivity of sleep- and wake-promoting regions of the human hypothalamus observed during resting wakefulness. Sleep 2019; 41:5021065. [PMID: 29850898 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a central hub for regulating sleep-wake patterns, the circuitry of which has been investigated extensively in experimental animals. This work has identified a wake-promoting region in the posterior hypothalamus, with connections to other wake-promoting regions, and a sleep-promoting region in the anterior hypothalamus, with inhibitory projections to the posterior hypothalamus. It is unclear whether a similar organization exists in humans. Here, we use anatomical landmarks to identify homologous sleep- and wake-promoting regions of the human hypothalamus and investigate their functional relationships using resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging in healthy awake participants. First, we identify a negative correlation (anticorrelation) between the anterior and posterior hypothalamus, two regions with opposing roles in sleep-wake regulation. Next, we show that hypothalamic connectivity predicts a pattern of regional sleep-wake changes previously observed in humans. Specifically, regions that are more positively correlated with the posterior hypothalamus and more negatively correlated with the anterior hypothalamus correspond to regions with the greatest change in cerebral blood flow between sleep-wake states. Taken together, these findings provide preliminary evidence relating a hypothalamic circuit investigated in animals to sleep-wake neuroimaging results in humans, with implications for our understanding of human sleep-wake regulation and the functional significance of anticorrelations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Boes
- Department of Pediatrics, Iowa Neuroimaging and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Program, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroimaging and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Program, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Psychiatry, Iowa Neuroimaging and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Program, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
| | - David Fischer
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
| | - Joel Bruss
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroimaging and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Program, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
| | - Clifford B Saper
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Michael D Fox
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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18
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Sleep architecture changes in the APP23 mouse model manifest at onset of cognitive deficits. Behav Brain Res 2019; 373:112089. [PMID: 31325518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which accounts for most of the dementia cases, is, aside from cognitive deterioration, often characterized by the presence of non-cognitive symptoms such as activity and sleep disturbances. AD patients typically experience increased sleep fragmentation, excessive daytime sleepiness and night-time insomnia. Here, we sought to investigate the link between sleep architecture, cognition and amyloid pathology in the APP23 amyloidosis mouse model for AD. By means of polysomnographic recordings the sleep-wake cycle of freely-moving APP23 and wild-type (WT) littermates of 3, 6 and 12 months of age was examined. In addition, ambulatory cage activity was assessed by interruption of infrared beams surrounding the home cage. To assess visuo-spatial learning and memory a hidden-platform Morris-type Water Maze (MWM) experiment was performed. We found that sleep architecture is only slightly altered at early stages of pathology, but significantly deteriorates from 12 months of age, when amyloid plaques become diffusely present. APP23 mice of 12 months old had quantitative reductions of NREM and REM sleep and were more awake during the dark phase compared to WT littermates. These findings were confirmed by increased ambulatory cage activity during that phase of the light-dark cycle. No quantitative differences in sleep parameters were observed during the light phase. However, during this light phase, the sleep pattern of APP23 mice was more fragmented from 6 months of age, the point at which also cognitive abilities started to be affected in the MWM. Sleep time also positively correlated with MWM performance. We also found that spectral components in the EEG started to alter at the age of 6 months. To conclude, our results indicate that sleep architectural changes arise around the time the first amyloid plaques start to form and cognitive deterioration becomes apparent. These changes start subtle, but gradually worsen with age, adequately mimicking the clinical condition.
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19
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Kizuk SAD, Vuong W, MacLean JE, Dickson CT, Mathewson KE. Electrophysiological correlates of hyperoxia during resting‐state EEG in awake human subjects. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13401. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayeed A. D. Kizuk
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Wesley Vuong
- Department of Psychology University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Joanna E. MacLean
- Department of Pediatrics University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Clayton T. Dickson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Department of Psychology University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Department of Physiology University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Kyle E. Mathewson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Department of Psychology University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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20
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Latreille V, Gaubert M, Dubé J, Lina JM, Gagnon JF, Carrier J. Age-related cortical signatures of human sleep electroencephalography. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 76:106-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Zhang J, Wamsley EJ. EEG predictors of dreaming outside of REM sleep. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13368. [PMID: 30912593 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stream of human consciousness persists during sleep, albeit in altered form. Disconnected from external input, the mind and brain remain active, at times creating the bizarre sequences of thought and imagery that comprise "dreaming." Yet despite substantial effort toward understanding this unique state of consciousness, no reliable neurophysiological indicator of dreaming has been discovered. Here, we identified electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of dreaming using a within-subjects design to characterize the EEG preceding awakenings from sleep onset, REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, and N2 (NREM Stage 2) sleep from which participants were asked to report their mental experience. During the transition into sleep, compared to periods during which participants reported thinking, emergence of dream imagery was associated with increased absolute power below 7 Hz. During later N2, dreaming conversely occurred during periods of decreased relative power below 1 Hz, accompanied by an increase in relative power above 4 Hz. No EEG predictors of dreaming were identified during REM. These observations suggest an inverted-U relationship between dreaming and the prevalence of low-frequency EEG rhythms, such that dreaming first emerges in concert with EEG slowing during the sleep-wake transition, but then disappears as high-amplitude slow oscillations come to dominate the recording during later N2 sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina
| | - Erin J Wamsley
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina
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22
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23
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Rajkumar R, Farrher E, Mauler J, Sripad P, Régio Brambilla C, Rota Kops E, Scheins J, Dammers J, Lerche C, Langen KJ, Herzog H, Biswal B, Shah NJ, Neuner I. Comparison of EEG microstates with resting state fMRI and FDG-PET measures in the default mode network via simultaneously recorded trimodal (PET/MR/EEG) data. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 42:4122-4133. [PMID: 30367727 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous trimodal positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging/electroencephalography (PET/MRI/EEG) resting state (rs) brain data were acquired from 10 healthy male volunteers. The rs-functional MRI (fMRI) metrics, such as regional homogeneity (ReHo), degree centrality (DC) and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFFs), as well as 2-[18F]fluoro-2-desoxy-d-glucose (FDG)-PET standardised uptake value (SUV), were calculated and the measures were extracted from the default mode network (DMN) regions of the brain. Similarly, four microstates for each subject, showing the diverse functional states of the whole brain via topographical variations due to global field power (GFP), were estimated from artefact-corrected EEG signals. In this exploratory analysis, the GFP of microstates was nonparametrically compared to rs-fMRI metrics and FDG-PET SUV measured in the DMN of the brain. The rs-fMRI metrics (ReHO, fALFF) and FDG-PET SUV did not show any significant correlations with any of the microstates. The DC metric showed a significant positive correlation with microstate C (rs = 0.73, p = .01). FDG-PET SUVs indicate a trend for a negative correlation with microstates A, B and C. The positive correlation of microstate C with DC metrics suggests a functional relationship between cortical hubs in the frontal and occipital lobes. The results of this study suggest further exploration of this method in a larger sample and in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. The aim of this exploratory pilot study is to lay the foundation for the development of such multimodal measures to be applied as biomarkers for diagnosis, disease staging, treatment response and monitoring of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandran Rajkumar
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA - BRAIN - Translational Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ezequiel Farrher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Mauler
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Praveen Sripad
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Cláudia Régio Brambilla
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA - BRAIN - Translational Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elena Rota Kops
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheins
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Dammers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christoph Lerche
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans Herzog
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bharat Biswal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - N Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,JARA - BRAIN - Translational Medicine, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 11, INM-11, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Monash Biomedical Imaging, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Irene Neuner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 4, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA - BRAIN - Translational Medicine, Aachen, Germany
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24
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Hauer BE, Negash B, Chan K, Vuong W, Colbourne F, Pagliardini S, Dickson CT. Hyperoxia enhances slow-wave forebrain states in urethane-anesthetized and naturally sleeping rats. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:1505-1515. [PMID: 29947598 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00373.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) is a crucial element for physiological functioning in mammals. In particular, brain function is critically dependent on a minimum amount of circulating blood levels of O2 and both immediate and lasting neural dysfunction can result following anoxic or hypoxic episodes. Although the effects of deficiencies in O2 levels on the brain have been reasonably well studied, less is known about the influence of elevated levels of O2 (hyperoxia) in inspired gas under atmospheric pressure. This is of importance due to its typical use in surgical anesthesia, in the treatment of stroke and traumatic brain injury, and even in its recreational or alternative therapeutic use. Using local field potential (EEG) recordings in spontaneously breathing urethane-anesthetized and naturally sleeping rats, we characterized the influence of different levels of O2 in inspired gases on brain states. While rats were under urethane anesthesia, administration of 100% O2 elicited a significant and reversible increase in time spent in the deactivated (i.e., slow-wave) state, with concomitant decreases in both heartbeat and respiration rates. Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide (to 5%) in inspired gas produced the opposite result on EEG states, mainly a decrease in the time spent in the deactivated state. Consistent with this, decreasing concentrations of O2 (to 15%) in inspired gases decreased time spent in the deactivated state. Further confirmation of the hyperoxic effect was found in naturally sleeping animals where it similarly increased time spent in slow-wave (nonrapid eye movement) states. Thus alterations of O2 in inspired air appear to directly affect forebrain EEG states, which has implications for brain function, as well as for the regulation of brain states and levels of forebrain arousal during sleep in both normal and pathological conditions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that alterations of oxygen concentration in inspired air biases forebrain EEG state. Hyperoxia increases the prevalence of slow-wave states. Hypoxia and hypercapnia appear to do the opposite. This suggests that oxidative metabolism is an important stimulant for brain state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E Hauer
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Biruk Negash
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Kingsley Chan
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Wesley Vuong
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Frederick Colbourne
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Silvia Pagliardini
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - Clayton T Dickson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
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25
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Boukrina O, Barrett AM. Disruption of the ascending arousal system and cortical attention networks in post-stroke delirium and spatial neglect. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:1-10. [PMID: 28963037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Delirium is an acute attention and cognitive dysfunction, adversely affecting functional outcomes and mortality. As many as half of hospitalized right brain stroke survivors may develop delirium. Further, about 50% of right stroke patients experience spatial neglect, impairing safety and recovery. In this review we explore the brain mechanisms, which may explain the high incidence of delirium and spatial neglect after right-brain stroke. We suggest that brain networks for spatial attention and arousal, composed of ascending projections from the midbrain nuclei and integrating dorsal and ventral cortical and limbic components, may underlie impairments in delirium and spatial neglect. We propose that lateralized deficits in spatial neglect may arise because cortical and limbic components of these functional networks are disproportionally impaired by right-brain strokes, and that spatial neglect may lower the threshold for developing delirium. An improved understanding of the brain basis of delirium and spatial neglect could provide a critical biomarker for initiating preventive care in stroke patients at high risk of hospital morbidity and loss of independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Boukrina
- Stroke Rehabilitation Research, Kessler Foundation, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ, 07052, USA.
| | - A M Barrett
- Stroke Rehabilitation Research, Kessler Foundation, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ, 07052, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, 185 S Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA; Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ, USA.
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26
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Carletto S, Borsato T, Pagani M. The Role of Slow Wave Sleep in Memory Pathophysiology: Focus on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. Front Psychol 2017; 8:2050. [PMID: 29213253 PMCID: PMC5702654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carletto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Thomas Borsato
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Pagani
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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27
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In human non-REM sleep, more slow-wave activity leads to less blood flow in the prefrontal cortex. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14993. [PMID: 29101338 PMCID: PMC5670199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is related to integrated neuronal activity of the brain whereas EEG provides a more direct measurement of transient neuronal activity. Therefore, we addressed what happens in the brain during sleep, combining CBF and EEG recordings. The dynamic relationship of CBF with slow-wave activity (SWA; EEG sleep intensity marker) corroborated vigilance state specific (i.e., wake, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep stages N1-N3, wake after sleep) differences of CBF e.g. in the posterior cingulate, basal ganglia, and thalamus, indicating their role in sleep-wake regulation and/or sleep processes. These newly observed dynamic correlations of CBF with SWA - namely a temporal relationship during continuous NREM sleep in individuals - additionally implicate an impact of sleep intensity on the brain's metabolism. Furthermore, we propose that some of the aforementioned brain areas that also have been shown to be affected in disorders of consciousness might therefore contribute to the emergence of consciousness.
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28
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Lanctôt KL, Amatniek J, Ancoli-Israel S, Arnold SE, Ballard C, Cohen-Mansfield J, Ismail Z, Lyketsos C, Miller DS, Musiek E, Osorio RS, Rosenberg PB, Satlin A, Steffens D, Tariot P, Bain LJ, Carrillo MC, Hendrix JA, Jurgens H, Boot B. Neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease: New treatment paradigms. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2017; 3:440-449. [PMID: 29067350 PMCID: PMC5651439 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), causing substantial distress for both people with dementia and their caregivers, and contributing to early institutionalization. They are among the earliest signs and symptoms of neurocognitive disorders and incipient cognitive decline, yet are under-recognized and often challenging to treat. With this in mind, the Alzheimer's Association convened a Research Roundtable in May 2016, bringing together experts from academia, industry, and regulatory agencies to discuss the latest understanding of NPSs and review the development of therapeutics and biomarkers of NPSs in AD. This review will explore the neurobiology of NPSs in AD and specific symptoms common in AD such as psychosis, agitation, apathy, depression, and sleep disturbances. In addition, clinical trial designs for NPSs in AD and regulatory considerations will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L. Lanctôt
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joan Amatniek
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sonia Ancoli-Israel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steven E. Arnold
- Interdisciplinary Brain Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Clive Ballard
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jiska Cohen-Mansfield
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Minerva Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of End of Life, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zahinoor Ismail
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Constantine Lyketsos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medicine Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Erik Musiek
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ricardo S. Osorio
- Center for Brain Health, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul B. Rosenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - David Steffens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brendon Boot
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Voyager Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
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29
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Canto CB, Onuki Y, Bruinsma B, van der Werf YD, De Zeeuw CI. The Sleeping Cerebellum. Trends Neurosci 2017; 40:309-323. [PMID: 28431742 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We sleep almost one-third of our lives and sleep plays an important role in critical brain functions like memory formation and consolidation. The role of sleep in cerebellar processing, however, constitutes an enigma in the field of neuroscience; we know little about cerebellar sleep-physiology, cerebro-cerebellar interactions during sleep, or the contributions of sleep to cerebellum-dependent memory consolidation. Likewise, we do not understand why cerebellar malfunction can lead to changes in the sleep-wake cycle and sleep disorders. In this review, we evaluate how sleep and cerebellar processing may influence one another and highlight which scientific routes and technical approaches could be taken to uncover the mechanisms underlying these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin B Canto
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Yoshiyuki Onuki
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan Bruinsma
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ysbrand D van der Werf
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Dolsen EA, Cheng P, Arnedt JT, Swanson L, Casement MD, Kim HS, Goldschmied JR, Hoffmann RF, Armitage R, Deldin PJ. Neurophysiological correlates of suicidal ideation in major depressive disorder: Hyperarousal during sleep. J Affect Disord 2017; 212:160-166. [PMID: 28192765 PMCID: PMC5361570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a major public health concern, and a barrier to reducing the suicide rate is the lack of objective predictors of risk. The present study considers whether quantitative sleep electroencephalography (EEG) may be a neurobiological correlate of suicidal ideation. METHODS Participants included 84 (45 female, mean age=26.6) adults diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD). The item that measures thoughts of death or suicide on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) was used to classify 47 participants as low suicidal ideation (24 females, mean age=26.1) and 37 as high suicidal ideation (21 females, mean age=27.3). Data were obtained from archival samples collected at the University of Michigan and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center between 2004 and 2012. Sleep EEG was quantified using power spectral analysis, and focused on alpha, beta, and delta frequencies. RESULTS Results indicated that participants with high compared to low suicidal ideation experienced 1) increased fast frequency activity, 2) decreased delta activity, and 3) increased alpha-delta sleep after adjusting for age, sex, depression, and insomnia symptoms. LIMITATIONS Limitations include the exclusion of imminent suicidal intent, a single suicidal ideation item, and cross-sectional archival data. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the first studies to provide preliminary support that electrophysiological brain activity during sleep is associated with increased suicidal ideation in MDD, and may point toward central nervous system (CNS) hyperarousal during sleep as a neurobiological correlate of suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Dolsen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA
94720, USA,Correspondence to: 2205 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720
(E.A. Dolsen)
| | - Philip Cheng
- Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit,
MI 48202, USA
| | - J. Todd Arnedt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
48109, USA
| | - Leslie Swanson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
48109, USA
| | | | - Hyang Sook Kim
- Department of Psychology, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742,
Korea
| | | | - Robert F. Hoffmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
48109, USA
| | - Roseanne Armitage
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
48109, USA
| | - Patricia J. Deldin
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
48109, USA
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31
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Mapping visual dominance in human sleep. Neuroimage 2017; 150:250-261. [PMID: 28232191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a universal behavior, essential for humans and animals alike to survive. Its importance to a person's physical and mental health cannot be overstated. Although lateralization of function is well established in the lesion, split-brain and task based neuroimaging literature, and more recently in functional imaging studies of spontaneous fluctuations of the fMRI BOLD signal during wakeful rest, it is unknown if these asymmetries are present during sleep. We investigated hemispheric asymmetries in the global brain signal during non-REM sleep. Here we show that increasing sleep depth is accompanied by an increasing rightward asymmetry of regions in visual cortex including primary bilaterally and in the right hemisphere along the lingual gyrus and middle temporal cortex. In addition, left hemisphere language regions largely maintained their leftward asymmetry during sleep. Right hemisphere attention related regions expressed a more complicated relation with some regions maintaining a rightward asymmetry while this was lost in others. These results suggest that asymmetries in the human brain are state dependent.
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32
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Vijayan S, Lepage KQ, Kopell NJ, Cash SS. Frontal beta-theta network during REM sleep. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28121613 PMCID: PMC5266493 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We lack detailed knowledge about the spatio-temporal physiological signatures of REM sleep, especially in humans. By analyzing intracranial electrode data from humans, we demonstrate for the first time that there are prominent beta (15–35 Hz) and theta (4–8 Hz) oscillations in both the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the DLPFC during REM sleep. We further show that these theta and beta activities in the ACC and the DLPFC, two relatively distant but reciprocally connected regions, are coherent. These findings suggest that, counter to current prevailing thought, the DLPFC is active during REM sleep and likely interacting with other areas. Since the DLPFC and the ACC are implicated in memory and emotional regulation, and the ACC has motor areas and is thought to be important for error detection, the dialogue between these two areas could play a role in the regulation of emotions and in procedural motor and emotional memory consolidation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18894.001 Over the course of a night we cycle through several different stages of sleep. During one of these stages, our eyes move rapidly from side to side behind our closed eyelids. This movement gives this stage its name: rapid eye movement sleep, or REM sleep for short. Most other muscles are paralyzed during REM sleep, possibly to prevent us from acting out the vivid dreams that also occur during this stage of sleep. But despite the distinctive properties of REM sleep, relatively little is known about about why we need it or how the brain generates it. Vijayan et al. have now obtained new insights into the brain activity that underlies REM sleep by recording from the brains of human patients with epilepsy. The patients all had electrodes temporarily inserted into their brains to help neurologists identify the area of the brain that was responsible for their seizures. By recording from these electrodes overnight, Vijayan et al. were able to study the activity of individual brain regions while the patients slept. Analysis of the recordings revealed rhythmic waves of neuronal activity in areas at the front of the brain during REM sleep. Two types of brain waves dominated: theta waves, which are relatively slow waves with a frequency of 4–8 cycles per second (Hertz), and beta waves, which are faster with a frequency of 15–35 Hertz. These theta and beta waves were especially pronounced in two subregions of the frontal lobe of the brain, called the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The discovery of prominent rhythmic activity in the DLPFC was unexpected. This is because previous studies had shown that this region, which is involved in decision-making and planning, was relatively inactive during REM sleep. Indeed it had been suggested that the limited activity of the DLPFC subregion might be responsible for the often bizarre and illogical nature of our dreams. Instead, Vijayan et al. showed that the ACC and the DLPFC coordinate their activity during REM sleep. The next challenge is to find out whether this dual activity helps support other roles that the two regions share in common, such as the strengthening of memories and the regulation of emotions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18894.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Vijayan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, United States.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Kyle Q Lepage
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Nancy J Kopell
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, United States
| | - Sydney S Cash
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
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33
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Functional MRI Correlates of Resting-State Temporal Theta and Delta EEG Rhythms. J Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 34:69-76. [DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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34
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Ziegelitz D, Arvidsson J, Hellström P, Tullberg M, Wikkelsø C, Starck G. Pre-and postoperative cerebral blood flow changes in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus measured by computed tomography (CT)-perfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1755-1766. [PMID: 26661191 PMCID: PMC5076781 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15608521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH), the cerebral blood flow (CBF) is of pathophysiological interest and a potential biomarker. Computed tomography perfusion (CTP), an established technique with high spatial resolution and quantitative measurements, has not yet been used in the iNPH context. If CTP were sensitive to the CBF levels and changes in iNPH, this technique might provide diagnostic and prognostic absolute perfusion thresholds. The aim of this work was to determine the applicability of CTP to iNPH. CBF measurements of 18 patients pre- and 17 three months postoperatively, and six healthy individuals (HI) were evaluated in 12 cortical and subcortical regions of interest. Correlations between CBF and symptomatology were analyzed in shunt-responders. Compared to HI, the preoperative CBF in iNPH was significantly reduced in normal appearing and periventricular white matter (PVWM), the lentiform nucleus and the global parenchyma. No CBF differences were shown between responders and non-responders. In responders, the CBF recovered postoperatively by 2.5-32% to approximately the level of HI, but remained significantly decreased in the PVWM of non-responders. The pre- and postoperative CBF of cortical and subcortical regions correlated with the intensity of symptoms. In spite of limited spatial coverage, CTP can measure CBF changes in iNPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doerthe Ziegelitz
- Department of Neuroradiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Arvidsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Hellström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Tullberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carsten Wikkelsø
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Starck
- Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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35
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Kay DB, Karim HT, Soehner AM, Hasler BP, Wilckens KA, James JA, Aizenstein HJ, Price JC, Rosario BL, Kupfer DJ, Germain A, Hall MH, Franzen PL, Nofzinger EA, Buysse DJ. Sleep-Wake Differences in Relative Regional Cerebral Metabolic Rate for Glucose among Patients with Insomnia Compared with Good Sleepers. Sleep 2016; 39:1779-1794. [PMID: 27568812 PMCID: PMC5020360 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.6154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The neurobiological mechanisms of insomnia may involve altered patterns of activation across sleep-wake states in brain regions associated with cognition, self-referential processes, affect, and sleep-wake promotion. The objective of this study was to compare relative regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRglc) in these brain regions across wake and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep states in patients with primary insomnia (PI) and good sleeper controls (GS). METHODS Participants included 44 PI and 40 GS matched for age (mean = 37 y old, range 21-60), sex, and race. We conducted [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography scans in PI and GS during both morning wakefulness and NREM sleep at night. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to test for group (PI vs. GS) by state (wake vs. NREM sleep) interactions in relative rCMRglc. RESULTS Significant group-by-state interactions in relative rCMRglc were found in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex, left middle frontal gyrus, left inferior/superior parietal lobules, left lingual/fusiform/occipital gyri, and right lingual gyrus. All clusters were significant at Pcorrected < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS Insomnia was characterized by regional alterations in relative glucose metabolism across NREM sleep and wakefulness. Significant group-by-state interactions in relative rCMRglc suggest that insomnia is associated with impaired disengagement of brain regions involved in cognition (left frontoparietal), self-referential processes (precuneus/posterior cingulate), and affect (left middle frontal, fusiform/lingual gyri) during NREM sleep, or alternatively, to impaired engagement of these regions during wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Kay
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep and Chronobiology Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Helmet T. Karim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Adriane M. Soehner
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep and Chronobiology Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Brant P. Hasler
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep and Chronobiology Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kristine A. Wilckens
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep and Chronobiology Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jeffrey A. James
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Howard J. Aizenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep and Chronobiology Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Julie C. Price
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Bedda L. Rosario
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - David J. Kupfer
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep and Chronobiology Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Anne Germain
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep and Chronobiology Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Martica H. Hall
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep and Chronobiology Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Peter L. Franzen
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep and Chronobiology Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eric A. Nofzinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep and Chronobiology Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Cerêve Inc. Oakmont, PA
| | - Daniel J. Buysse
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep and Chronobiology Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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36
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Spironelli C, Busenello J, Angrilli A. Supine posture inhibits cortical activity: Evidence from Delta and Alpha EEG bands. Neuropsychologia 2016; 89:125-131. [PMID: 27312745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Past studies have shown consistent evidence that body position significantly affects brain activity, revealing that both head-down and horizontal bed-rest are associated with cortical inhibition and altered perceptual and cognitive processing. The present study investigates the effects of body position on spontaneous, open-eyes, resting-state EEG cortical activity in 32 young women randomly assigned to one of two conditions, seated position (SP) or horizontal bed rest (BR). A between-group repeated-measure experimental design was used, EEG recordings were made from 38 scalp locations, and low-frequency (delta and alpha) amplitudes of the two groups were compared in four different conditions: when both groups (a) were seated (T0), (b) assumed two different body positions (seated vs. supine conditions, immediate [T1] and 120min later [T2]), and (c) were seated again (T3). Overall, the results showed no a priori between-group differences (T0) before experimental manipulation. As expected, delta amplitude, an index of cortical inhibition in awake resting participants, was significantly increased in group BR, revealing both rapid (T1) and mid-term (T2) inhibitory effects of supine or horizontal positions. Instead, the alpha band was highly sensitive to postural transitions, perhaps due to baroreceptor intervention and, unlike the delta band, underwent habituation and decreased after a 2-h bed rest. These results indicate clear-cut differences at rest between the seated and supine positions, thus supporting the view that the role of body position in the differences found between brain metabolic methods (fMRI and PET) in which participants lie horizontally, and EEG-MEG-TMS techniques with participants in a seated position, has been largely underestimated so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Spironelli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; CCN - Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Jessica Busenello
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Angrilli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; CCN - Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, 35131 Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 35121 Padova, Italy
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37
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Abstract
We hypothesized that representations of social interactions in REM and non-REM (NREM) dreams would reflect differing regional brain activation patterns associated with the two sleep states, and that levels of aggressive interactions would be higher in REM than in NREM dreams. One hundred REM, 100 NREM, and 100 wake reports were collected in the home from 8 men and 7 women using the Nightcap sleep-wake mentation-monitoring system and scored for number and variety of social interactions. We found that (a) social interactions were more likely to be depicted in dream than in wake reports, (b) aggressive social interactions were more characteristic of REM than NREM or wake reports, and (c) dreamer-initiated friendliness was more characteristic of NREM than REM reports. We conclude that processing of, or simulations about, selected social interactions is preferentially performed while “off-line” during the dream state, with the REM state specializing in simulation of aggressive interactions and the NREM state specializing in simulation of friendly interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McNamara
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, and Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
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38
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Wanger T, Wetzel W, Scheich H, Ohl FW, Goldschmidt J. Spatial patterns of neuronal activity in rat cerebral cortex during non-rapid eye movement sleep. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 220:3469-84. [PMID: 25113606 PMCID: PMC4575691 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that cortical activity in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) is spatially homogeneous on the mesoscopic scale. This is partly due to the limited observational scope of common metabolic or imaging methods in sleep. We used the recently developed technique of thallium-autometallography (TlAMG) to visualize mesoscopic patterns of activity in the sleeping cortex with single-cell resolution. We intravenously injected rats with the lipophilic chelate complex thallium diethyldithiocarbamate (TlDDC) during spontaneously occurring periods of NREMS and mapped the patterns of neuronal uptake of the potassium (K+) probe thallium (Tl+). Using this method, we show that cortical activity patterns are not spatially homogeneous during discrete 5-min episodes of NREMS in unrestrained rats-rather, they are complex and spatially diverse. Along with a relative predominance of infragranular layer activation, we find pronounced differences in metabolic activity of neighboring neuronal assemblies, an observation which lends support to the emerging paradigm that sleep is a distributed process with regulation on the local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wanger
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Wolfram Wetzel
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henning Scheich
- Emeritus Group Lifelong Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank W Ohl
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Science (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Goldschmidt
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
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Dell LA, Spocter MA, Patzke N, Karlson KÆ, Alagaili AN, Bennett NC, Muhammed OB, Bertelsen MF, Siegel JM, Manger PR. Orexinergic bouton density is lower in the cerebral cortex of cetaceans compared to artiodactyls. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 68:61-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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A systematic review of the neurophysiology of mindfulness on EEG oscillations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:401-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Zhang Z, Khatami R. A Biphasic Change of Regional Blood Volume in the Frontal Cortex during Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. Sleep 2015; 38:1211-7. [PMID: 25761983 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Current knowledge on hemodynamics in sleep is limited because available techniques do not allow continuous recordings and mainly focus on cerebral blood flow while neglecting other important parameters, such as blood volume (BV) and vasomotor activity. DESIGN Observational study. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS Continuous measures of hemodynamics over the left forehead and biceps were performed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during nocturnal polysomnography in 16 healthy participants in sleep laboratory. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Temporal dynamics and mean values of cerebral and muscular oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2), deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb), and BV during different sleep stages were compared. A biphasic change of cerebral BV was observed which contrasted a monotonic increase of muscular BV during non-rapid eye movement sleep. A significant decrement in cerebral HbO2 and BV accompanied by an increase of HHb was recorded at sleep onset (Phase I). Prior to slow wave sleep (SWS) HbO2 and BV turned to increase whereas HHb began to decrease in subsequent Phase II suggested increased brain perfusion during SWS. The cerebral HbO2 slope correlated to BV slope in Phase I and II, but it only correlated to HHb slope in Phase II. The occurrence time of inflection points correlated to SWS latencies. CONCLUSION Initial decrease of brain perfusion with decreased blood volume (BV) and oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) together with increasing muscular BV fit thermoregulation process at sleep onset. The uncorrelated and correlated slopes of HbO2 and deoxygenated hemoglobin indicate different mechanisms underlying the biphasic hemodynamic process in light sleep and slow wave sleep (SWS). In SWS, changes in vasomotor activity (i.e., increased vasodilatation) may mediate increasing cerebral and muscular BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Zhang
- Center for Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research, Clinic Barmelweid, Barmelweid, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ramin Khatami
- Center for Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research, Clinic Barmelweid, Barmelweid, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,ZIHP, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zürich, Switzerland
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Rem sleep, early experience, and the development of reproductive strategies. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2015; 13:405-35. [PMID: 26193088 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-002-1001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2002] [Accepted: 05/22/2002] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that rapid eye movement or REM sleep evolved, in part, to mediate sexual/reproductive behaviors and strategies. Because development of sexual and mating strategies depends crucially on early attachment experiences, we further hypothesize that REM functions to mediate attachment processes early in life. Evidence for these hypotheses comes from (1) the correlation of REM variables with both attachment and sexual/reproductive variables; (2) attachment-related and sex-related hormonal release during REM; (3) selective activation during REM of brain sites implicated in attachment and sexual processes; (4) effects of maternal deprivation on REM; (5) effects of REM deprivation on sexual behaviors; and (6) the REM-associated sexual excitation. To explain why we find associations among REM sleep, attachment, and adult reproductive strategies, we rely on recent extensions of parent-offspring conflict theory. Using data from recent findings on genomic imprinting, Haig (2000) and others suggest that paternally expressed genes are selected to promote growth of the developing fetus/child at the expense of the mother, while maternally expressed genes counter these effects. Because developmental REM facilitates attachment-related outcomes in the child, developmental REM may be regulated by paternally expressed genes. In that case, REM may have evolved to support the "aims" of paternal genes at the expense of maternal genes.
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Are Absence Epilepsy and Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy System Epilepsies of the Sleep/Wake System? Behav Neurol 2015; 2015:231676. [PMID: 26175547 PMCID: PMC4484558 DOI: 10.1155/2015/231676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
System epilepsy is an emerging concept interpreting major nonlesional epilepsies as epileptic dysfunctions of physiological systems. I extend here the concept of reflex epilepsy to epilepsies linked to input dependent physiological systems. Experimental and clinical reseach data were collected to create a coherent explanation of underlying pathomechanism in AE and NFLE. We propose that AE should be interpreted as epilepsy linked to the corticothalamic burst-firing mode of NREM sleep, released by evoked vigilance level oscillations characterized by reactive slow wave response. In the genetic variation of NFLE the ascending cholinergic arousal system plays an essential role being in strong relationship with a gain mutation of the nicotinic acethylcholin receptors, rendering the arousal system hyperexcitable. I try to provide a more unitary interpretation for the variable seizure manifestation integrating them as different degree of pathological arosuals and alarm reactions. As a supporting hypothesis the similarity between arousal parasomnias and FNLE is shown, underpinned by overlaping pathomechanism and shared familiarity, but without epileptic features. Lastly we propose that both AE and NFLE are system epilepsies of the sleep-wake system representing epileptic disorders of the antagonistic sleep/arousal network. This interpretation may throw new light on the pathomechanism of AE and NFLE.
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Lau EYY, Wong ML, Lau KNT, Hui FWY, Tseng CH. Rapid-Eye-Movement-Sleep (REM) Associated Enhancement of Working Memory Performance after a Daytime Nap. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125752. [PMID: 25970511 PMCID: PMC4430242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective was to study the impact of a daytime sleep opportunity on working memory and the mechanism behind such impact. This study adopted an experimental design in a sleep research laboratory. Eighty healthy college students (Age:17-23, 36 males) were randomized to either have a polysomnography-monitored daytime sleep opportunity (Nap-group, n=40) or stay awake (Wake-group, n=40) between the two assessment sessions. All participants completed a sleep diary and wore an actigraph-watch for 5 days before and one day after the assessment sessions. They completed the state-measurement of sleepiness and affect, in addition to a psychomotor vigilance test and a working memory task before and after the nap/wake sessions. The two groups did not differ in their sleep characteristics prior to and after the lab visit. The Nap-group had higher accuracy on the working memory task, fewer lapses on the psychomotor vigilance test and lower state-sleepiness than the Wake-group. Within the Nap-group, working memory accuracy was positively correlated with duration of rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and total sleep time during the nap. Our findings suggested that "sleep gain" during a daytime sleep opportunity had significant positive impact on working memory performance, without affecting subsequent nighttime sleep in young adult, and such impact was associated with the duration of REM. While REM abnormality has long been noted in pathological conditions (e.g. depression), which are also presented with cognitive dysfunctions (e.g. working memory deficits), this was the first evidence showing working memory enhancement associated with REM in daytime napping in college students, who likely had habitual short sleep duration but were otherwise generally healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Yuet Ying Lau
- Sleep Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mark Lawrence Wong
- Sleep Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kristy Nga Ting Lau
- Sleep Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Chia-huei Tseng
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Decreased delta sleep ratio and elevated alpha power predict vulnerability to depression during interferon-alpha treatment. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2015; 27:14-24. [PMID: 25434651 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2014.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although poor sleep accompanies depression, it is unknown which specific sleep abnormalities precede depression. This is similarly the case for depression developing during interferon-α (IFN-α) therapy. Because vulnerability becomes evident in those who slept poorly before IFN-α, we prospectively determined which specific aspect of sleep could predict subsequent depression. METHODS Two nights of polysomnography with quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) were obtained in 24 adult, euthymic subjects--all subsequently treated with IFN-α for hepatitis C. Every 2 weeks, a Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) score was obtained, and the maximal increase in BDI-II from pre-treatment baseline--excluding the sleep question--was determined. RESULTS The delta sleep ratio (DSR; an index of early-night restorative delta power) was inversely associated with BDI-II increases (p<0.01), as was elevated alpha power (8-12 Hz; p<0.001). Both delta (0.5-4 Hz) and alpha power exhibited high between-night correlations (r=0.83 and 0.92, respectively). In mixed-effect repeated-measure analyses, there was an interaction between alpha power and DSR (p<0.001)--subjects with low alpha power and elevated DSR were resilient to developing depression. Most other sleep parameters--including total sleep time and percentage of time in slow wave sleep--were not associated with subsequent changes in depression. CONCLUSIONS Both high DSR and low alpha power may be specific indices of resilience. As most other aspects of sleep were not associated with resilience or vulnerability, sleep interventions to prevent depression may need to specifically target these specific sleep parameters.
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Development and Impact of Brain Imaging Techniques. Sleep Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tsai PJ, Chen SCJ, Hsu CY, Wu CW, Wu YC, Hung CS, Yang AC, Liu PY, Biswal B, Lin CP. Local awakening: Regional reorganizations of brain oscillations after sleep. Neuroimage 2014; 102 Pt 2:894-903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Frauscher B, von Ellenrieder N, Dubeau F, Gotman J. Scalp spindles are associated with widespread intracranial activity with unexpectedly low synchrony. Neuroimage 2014; 105:1-12. [PMID: 25450108 PMCID: PMC4275575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the knowledge of intracranial correlates of spindles is mainly gathered from noninvasive neurophysiologic and functional imaging studies which provide an indirect estimate of neuronal intracranial activity. This potential limitation can be overcome by intracranial electroencephalography used in presurgical epilepsy evaluation. We investigated the intracranial correlates of scalp spindles using combined scalp and intracerebral depth electrodes covering the frontal, parietal and temporal neocortex, and the scalp and intracranial correlates of hippocampal and insula spindles in 35 pre-surgical epilepsy patients. Spindles in the scalp were accompanied by widespread cortical increases in sigma band energy (10–16 Hz): the highest percentages were observed in the frontoparietal lateral and mesial cortex, whereas in temporal lateral and mesial structures only a low or no simultaneous increase was present. This intracranial involvement during scalp spindles showed no consistent pattern, and exhibited unexpectedly low synchrony across brain regions. Hippocampal spindles were shorter and spatially restricted with a low synchrony even within the temporal lobe. Similar results were found for the insula. We suggest that the generation of spindles is under a high local cortical influence contributing to the concept of sleep as a local phenomenon and challenging the notion of spindles as widespread synchronous oscillations. Spindles in the scalp are accompanied by widespread cortical spindle activity. This activity is predominantly present in the frontoparietal lateral and mesial cortex. The intracranial involvement during scalp spindles shows no consistent pattern. The synchrony of spindles is unexpectedly low across different brain regions. Hippocampal spindles were shorter and occurred mostly not at time of scalp spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Frauscher
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada; Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Neurology, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Nicolás von Ellenrieder
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada; CONICET-LEICI, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 1 y 47, La Plata B1900TAG, Argentina.
| | - François Dubeau
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Jean Gotman
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Pisarenco I, Caporro M, Prosperetti C, Manconi M. High-density electroencephalography as an innovative tool to explore sleep physiology and sleep related disorders. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 92:S0167-8760(14)00003-8. [PMID: 24412343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High density EEG represents a promising tool to achieve new insights regarding sleep physiology and pathology. It combines the advantages of an EEG technique as an optimal temporal resolution with the spatial resolution of the neuroimaging. So far its application in sleep research contributed to better characterize some of the peculiar microstructural figures of sleep such as spindles and K-complexes, and to understand the fundamental relationships between sleep and synaptic plasticity, learning and consciousness. Its application is not limited to neurophysiology, being recently also applied to study some sleep related psychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and stroke. adding some interesting new pieces in the pathophysiological puzzle of these diseases. Due to its non-invasive, repetitive and reliable tempo-spatial resolution it is reasonable that the field of application of this tool will be soon enlarged to other areas of neuroscience. The present review aims to offer a complete overview regarding the use of high density EEG over the last decade in sleep research and sleep medicine, including its possible future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pisarenco
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital (EOC) of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - M Caporro
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital (EOC) of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - C Prosperetti
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital (EOC) of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - M Manconi
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital (EOC) of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Human brain dynamics are nowadays routinely explored at the macroscopic level using a wide variety of non-invasive neuroimaging techniques, including single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the past decades, the application of brain imaging methods to the study of sleep raised a renewed interest for the field, especially in the domain of neuroscience. Indeed, these studies enabled researchers to characterize the functional neuroanatomy of sleep stages and identify the neural correlates of phasic and tonic sleep mechanisms. Furthermore, they provided the scientific community with tools to address the crucial question of brain plasticity processes during human sleep, the role of sleep-related plasticity for memory consolidation, and how sleep and the lack of post-training sleep impacts brain functioning in the neural networks underlying memory-related cognitive processes. This chapter reviews the contributions of neuroimaging to our understanding of the functional neuroanatomy of sleep and sleep stages, and discusses how sleep contributes to the long-term consolidation of recently acquired memories in light of contemporary neural models for memory consolidation during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF-Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, CRCN-Centre de Recherches Cognition et Neurosciences and UNI-ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP191, Av. F Roosevelt 50, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium,
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