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Schuchardt JP, Beinhorn P, Hu XF, Chan HM, Roke K, Bernasconi A, Hahn A, Sala-Vila A, Stark KD, Harris WS. Omega-3 world map: 2024 update. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101286. [PMID: 38879135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
In 2016, the first worldwide n3 PUFA status map was published using the Omega-3 Index (O3I) as standard biomarker. The O3I is defined as the percentage of EPA + DHA in red blood cell (RBC) membrane FAs. The purpose of the present study was to update the 2016 map with new data. In order to be included, studies had to report O3I and/or blood EPA + DHA levels in metrics convertible into an estimated O3I, in samples drawn after 1999. To convert the non-RBC-based EPA + DHA metrics into RBC we used newly developed equations. Baseline data from clinical trials and observational studies were acceptable. A literature search identified 328 studies meeting inclusion criteria encompassing 342,864 subjects from 48 countries/regions. Weighted mean country O3I levels were categorized into very low ≤4%, low >4-6%, moderate >6-8%, and desirable >8%. We found that the O3I in most countries was low to very low. Notable differences between the current and 2016 map were 1) USA, Canada, Italy, Turkey, UK, Ireland and Greece (moving from the very low to low category); 2) France, Spain and New Zealand (low to moderate); and 3) Finland and Iceland (moderate to desirable). Countries such as Iran, Egypt, and India exhibited particularly poor O3I levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Philine Beinhorn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xue Feng Hu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kaitlin Roke
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Aldo Bernasconi
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - William S Harris
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 1400 W. 22nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States
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Tomczyk M, Heileson JL, Babiarz M, Calder PC. Athletes Can Benefit from Increased Intake of EPA and DHA-Evaluating the Evidence. Nutrients 2023; 15:4925. [PMID: 38068783 PMCID: PMC10708277 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty fish, which include mackerel, herring, salmon and sardines, and certain species of algae (e.g., Schizochytrium sp., Crytthecodiniumcohnii and Phaeodactylumtricornutum) are the only naturally rich sources of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are the most biologically active members of the n-3 PUFA family. Limited dietary sources and fluctuating content of EPA and DHA in fish raise concerns about the status of EPA and DHA among athletes, as confirmed in a number of studies. The beneficial effects of EPA and DHA include controlling inflammation, supporting nervous system function, maintaining muscle mass after injury and improving training adaptation. Due to their inadequate intake and beneficial health-promoting effects, athletes might wish to consider using supplements that provide EPA and DHA. Here, we provide an overview of the effects of EPA and DHA that are relevant to athletes and discuss the pros and cons of supplements as a source of EPA and DHA for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Tomczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jeffery L. Heileson
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
- Nutrition Services Department, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Mirosław Babiarz
- Department of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Almasri F, Badrasawi M, Zahdeh R, Hahn A, Schuchardt JP, Greupner T. Very low Omega-3 Index in young healthy students from Palestine. Lipids 2023; 58:209-216. [PMID: 37300456 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oily fish is rich in long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which have been associated with several health benefits. However, fish consumption is generally low in many countries, including the Middle East, resulting in low omega-3 blood levels. In Palestine, no data on the omega-3 blood status is available. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the omega-3 status and related factors in young healthy subjects from Palestine. Omega-3 status was assessed using the Omega-3 Index-defined as the sum of EPA + DHA in relation to the total fatty acid content of erythrocytes. A total of 149 subjects, 50 males and 99 females (age range: 18-24 years), were included in the study. In addition to the Omega-3 Index, data on anthropometrics, physical activity, smoking status, fish intake, dietary supplement intake, blood lipid profile, and whole erythrocyte fatty acid pattern were collected. The mean (SD) Omega-3 Index was 2.56 (0.57)%, with 97.9% of subjects having an index below 4%. The majority of participants (91.8%) consumed less than two portions of fish per week, and only 4% reported taking omega-3 supplements, mostly irregularly. Our findings show that young Palestinian students have an alarmingly low omega-3 status. Further studies are needed to investigate whether the omega-3 status is also low in the general Palestinian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras Almasri
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manal Badrasawi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Rana Zahdeh
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Sciences, College of Applied Sciences, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Theresa Greupner
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Eroshchenko NN, Veselov VV, Pirogov AV, Danilova EY, Kirushin AN, Paravyan AL, Cravotto G. Development and validation of a HPLC-MS/MS method for the analysis of fatty acids - in the form of FAME ammonium adducts - in human whole blood and erythrocytes to determine omega-3 index. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1227:123799. [PMID: 37379757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent scientific studies in the field of health and nutrition have unanimously affirmed the importance of consuming the omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), because of their cardioprotective properties. Fatty acid profiling in erythrocyte membranes allows the omega-3 index, which is a recognized indicator of the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, to be calculated. One consequence of the upward trend in healthy lifestyles and longevity is an increase in the number of studies into the omega-3 index, which requires a reliable method for the quantitative analysis of fatty acids. This article describes the development and validation of a sensitive and reproducible liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for the quantitative analysis of 23 fatty acids (in the form of fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) in 40 µl of whole blood and erythrocytes. The list of acids includes saturated, omega-9 unsaturated, omega-6 unsaturated and omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids as well as their trans-isomers. The limit of quantitation was 250 ng ml-1 for C12:0, C16:0 and C18:0; and 62.5 ng ml-1 for other FAMEs, including EPA, DHA and trans-isomers of FAME C16:1, C18:1 and C18:2 n-6. Sample preparation for fatty acid (FA) esterification/methylation with boron trifluoride-methanol (BF3) has been optimized. Chromatographic separation has been carried out on a C8 column in gradient mode using a mixture of acetonitrile, isopropanol and water with the addition of 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate. As a result, the problem of separating the cis- and trans-isomers of FAME C16:1, C18:1 and C18:2 n-6 has been solved. The electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detection of FAMEs, in the form of ammonium adducts, has been optimized for the first time, which has made the method more sensitive that when the protonated species are used. This method has been applied to 12 samples from healthy subjects that consumed omega-3 supplements and has proven to be a reliable tool for determining the omega-3 index.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Eroshchenko
- Biomedical Science and Technology Park, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8 Trubetskaya ul, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - V V Veselov
- Biomedical Science and Technology Park, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8 Trubetskaya ul, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Pirogov
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenih Hills, d. 1, str. 3., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - E Y Danilova
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenih Hills, d. 1, str. 3., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A N Kirushin
- Biomedical Science and Technology Park, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8 Trubetskaya ul, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A L Paravyan
- Biomedical Science and Technology Park, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8 Trubetskaya ul, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - G Cravotto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Hooks MP, Madigan SM, Woodside JV, Nugent AP. Dietary Intake, Biological Status, and Barriers towards Omega-3 Intake in Elite Level (Tier 4), Female Athletes: Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:2821. [PMID: 37447148 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) have unique properties which benefit athlete populations. The literature investigating NCAA collegiate, rugby sevens and German endurance athletes indicates suboptimal n-3 PUFA dietary intake and biological status. The aims of this study were: (i) to explore the dietary intakes and FA profiles of elite level, team-based, female athletes and (ii) to understand perceived barriers towards achieving n-3 dietary guidelines. A total of 35 athletes (24.8 ± 4.5 years) completed both a questionnaire and a finger prick test. All the participants reported consuming fish and seafood over the previous six months however only nine athletes consumed ≥ 2 servings of fish per week. Four participants reported using an n-3 supplement. The mean omega-3 index (O3I; including supplementers) was below target levels of >8% (5.19 ± 0.86%). O3I was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in those consuming ≥ 2 servings of fish per week and/or supplements (5.91 ± 0.81%) compared with those who did not (4.82 ± 0.63%). The main barriers reported by those not consuming two servings of fish per week were sensory (n = 11; 42%), cooking skills (n = 10; 38%) and knowledge of n-3 benefits (n = 7; 27%). The current study shows that elite level female athletes present with suboptimal n-3 dietary intake and O3I due to their food preferences, cooking skills and n-3 knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Hooks
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sharon M Madigan
- Sport Ireland Institute of Sport, D15 Y52H Dublin, Ireland
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jayne V Woodside
- Centre for Public Health, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Anne P Nugent
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Fu JY, Wang CA, Liu G, Mead E, Phung J, Makrides M, Pennell CE. Development and internal validation of a non-invasive clinical tool to predict sufficient omega-3 levels in early pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:442. [PMID: 37316786 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complications from preterm birth (PTB) are the leading cause of death and disability in those under five years. Whilst the role of omega-3 (n-3) supplementation in reducing PTB is well-established, growing evidence suggests supplementation use in those replete may increase the risk of early PTB. AIM To develop a non-invasive tool to identify individuals with total n-3 serum levels above 4.3% of total fatty acids in early pregnancy. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study recruiting 331 participants from three clinical sites in Newcastle, Australia. Eligible participants (n = 307) had a singleton pregnancy between 8 and 20 weeks' gestation at recruitment. Data on factors associated with n-3 serum levels were collected using an electronic questionnaire; these included estimated intake of n-3 (including food type, portion size, frequency of consumption), n-3 supplementation, and sociodemographic factors. The optimal cut-point of estimated n-3 intake that predicted mothers with total serum n-3 levels likely above 4.3% was developed using multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for maternal age, body mass index, socioeconomic status, and n-3 supplementation use. Total serum n-3 levels above 4.3% was selected as previous research has demonstrated that mothers with these levels are at increased risk of early PTB if they take additional n-3 supplementation during pregnancy. Models were evaluated using various performance metrics including sensitivity, specificity, area under receiver operator characteristic (AUROC) curve, true positive rate (TPR) at 10% false positive rate (FPR), Youden Index, Closest to (0,1) Criteria, Concordance Probability, and Index of Union. Internal validation was performed using 1000-bootstraps to generate 95% confidence intervals for performance metrics generated. RESULTS Of 307 eligible participants included for analysis, 58.6% had total n-3 serum levels above 4.3%. The optimal model had a moderate discriminative ability (AUROC 0.744, 95% CI 0.742-0.746) with 84.7% sensitivity, 54.7% specificity and 37.6% TPR at 10% FPR. CONCLUSIONS Our non-invasive tool was a moderate predictor of pregnant women with total serum n-3 levels above 4.3%; however, its performance is not yet adequate for clinical use. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was approved by the Hunter New England Human Research Ethics Committee of the Hunter New England Local Health District (Reference 2020/ETH00498 on 07/05/2020 and 2020/ETH02881 on 08/12/2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Yx Fu
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2300, Australia
| | - Carol A Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2300, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Ge Liu
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Elyse Mead
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2300, Australia
| | - Jason Phung
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2300, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Maria Makrides
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2300, Australia.
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
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Kelaiditis CF, Gibson E, Dyall SC. Effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on reducing anxiety and/or depression in adults; A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2023; 192:102572. [PMID: 37028202 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic- (EPA), docosahexaenoic- (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-3) are promising therapeutic options in reducing the severity of anxious and depressive symptoms. However, meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) yield mixed findings. This systematic review and meta-analysis reviewed the evidence and assessed the efficacy of EPA, DHA and DPAn-3 in reducing the severity of anxiety and depression with specific consideration to methodological complications unique to the field e.g., dose and ratio of omega-3 PUFAs and placebo composition. Random-effects meta-analysis of ten RCTs comprising 1426 participants revealed statistically significant reduction in depression severity with EPA-enriched interventions at proportions ≥ 60% of total EPA + DHA (SMD: -0.36; 95% CI: -0.68, -0.05; p = 0.02) (I2 = 86%) and EPA doses between ≥ 1 g/day and < 2 g/day (SMD: -0.43; 95% CI: -0.79, -0.07; p = 0.02) (I2 = 88%); however, EPA doses ≥ 2 g/day were not associated with significant therapeutic effects (SMD: -0.20; 95% CI: -0.48, 0.07; p = 0.14). Only one study reported significant reduction in anxiety severity with 2.1 g/day EPA (85.6% of total EPA + DHA), therefore meta-analysis was not possible. No trials administering DPAn-3 were identified. Visual examination of the funnel plot revealed asymmetry, suggesting publication bias and heterogeneity amongst the trials. These results support the therapeutic potential of EPA in depression at proportions ≥ 60% of total EPA + DHA and doses ≥ 1 g/day and < 2 g/day. The observed publication bias and heterogeneity amongst the trials reflect the need for more high-quality trials in this area with consideration to the unique nature of omega-3 PUFAs research, to more fully elucidate the therapeutic potential of EPA, DHA and DPAn-3.
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Abstract
Information on the Omega-3 Index (O3I) in the United Kingdom (UK) are scarce. The UK-Biobank (UKBB) contains data on total plasma omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA%) and DHA% measured by NMR. The aim of our study was to create an equation to estimate the O3I (eO3I) from these data. We first performed an interlaboratory experiment with 250 random blood samples in which the O3I was measured in erythrocytes by gas chromatography, and total n3% and DHA% were measured in plasma by NMR. The best predictor of eO3I included both DHA% and a derived metric, the total n3%-DHA%. Together these explained 65% of the variability (r=0.832, p<0.0001). We then estimated the O3I in 117,108 UKBB subjects and correlated it with demographic and lifestyle variables in multivariable adjusted models. The mean (SD) eO3I was 5.58% (2.35%) this UKBB cohort. Several predictors were significantly correlated with eO3I (all p<0.0001). In general order of impact and with directionality (- = inverse, + = direct): oily-fish consumption (+), fish oil supplement use (+), female sex (+), older age (+), alcohol use (+), smoking (-), higher waist circumference and BMI (-), lower socioeconomic status and less education (-). Only 20.5% of eO3I variability could be explained by predictors investigated, and oily-fish consumption accounted for 7.0% of that. With the availability of the eO3I in the UKBB cohort we will be in a position to link risk for a variety of diseases with this commonly-used and well-documented marker of n3-PUFA biostatus.
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Britten-Jones AC, Craig JP, Anderson AJ, Downie LE. Association between systemic omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels, and corneal nerve structure and function. Eye (Lond) 2022:10.1038/s41433-022-02259-0. [PMID: 36163491 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. This study sought to determine the relationship between corneal parameters and systemic omega-3 fatty acid levels. METHODS Forty-seven participants with no/mild peripheral neuropathy (26 with diabetes and 21 without) underwent comprehensive ocular surface and systemic PUFA assessments. Corneal anatomical parameters were assessed using in vivo confocal microscopy. Corneal sensitivity was measured using non-contact esthesiometry. Relationships between systemic PUFA levels and corneal parameters were evaluated with multiple linear regression, adjusted for age, sex, neuropathy symptom score, and presence of diabetes and dry eye disease. The relationship between corneal nerve fibre length (CNFL) and corneal sensitivity threshold was evaluated. RESULTS The median Omega-3 Index, a measure of erythrocyte EPA and DHA, was 5.21% (interquartile range: 4.44-5.94%) in the study population. Mean ( ± SD) CNFL was 13.53 ± 3.37 mm/mm2. Multiple linear regression showed that Omega-3 Index (β = 0.33; p = 0.02), age (β = -0.46; p = 0.001) and diabetes (β = -0.30; p = 0.03) were independently associated with CNFL (R2 = 0.39, p = 0.002). In a separate model, DHA (β = 0.32; p = 0.027) and age (β = -0.41; p = 0.003) were associated with CNFL (R2 = 0.37, p = 0.003). Neither systemic EPA nor omega-6 fatty acid levels correlated with CNFL. There was no association between PUFA levels and corneal sensitivity or corneal immune cell density. A negative correlation was found between CNFL and corneal sensation thresholds to a cooled stimulus in diabetes participants, in the central (ρ = -0.50; p = 0.009) and peripheral (ρ = -0.50; p = 0.01) cornea. CONCLUSIONS A positive relationship between the systemic Omega-3 Index and corneal nerve parameters suggests omega-3 PUFA intake may influence corneal nerve architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer P Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J Anderson
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Laura E Downie
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Ramírez-Santana M, Zapata Barra R, Ñunque González M, Müller JM, Vásquez JE, Ravera F, Lago G, Cañón E, Castañeda D, Pradenas M. Inverse Association between Omega-3 Index and Severity of COVID-19: A Case-Control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:6445. [PMID: 35682030 PMCID: PMC9180292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Omega-3 fatty acids enhance immune response and modulate inflammation. This study aimed to determine the relationship between omega-3 fatty acid status and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: Using a case−control design, we compared hospitalized patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection (cases, n = 73) with a group of ambulatory patients with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection (controls, n = 71). No patients were vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. Results: The cases were older (p = 0.003), less educated (p = 0.001), had larger neck and smaller waist circumferences (p = 0.035 and p = 0.003, respectively), more frequently had diabetes (p < 0.001), consumed less fish (p < 0.001), consumed higher proportions of fried fish (p = 0.001), and had lower Omega-3 Index (O3I) values (p = 0.001) than controls. Cases had significantly lower rates of upper airway symptoms than controls. Lower O3I was associated with an increased likelihood of developing severe COVID-19 after adjusting for potential confounders (OR: 0.52; CI 0.32−0.86). Diabetes (OR: 4.41; CI 1.60−12.12), neck circumference (OR: 1.12; CI 1.03−1.21), and older age (OR: 1.03; CI 1.002−1.062) were also linked to COVID-19 severity. Fried fish consumption and low educational level were independent risk factors for severe COVID-19. Conclusions: This study suggests incorporating nutritional interventions to improve omega-3 status within nonpharmacological measures may help to reduce the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Ramírez-Santana
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Zapata Barra
- Faculty of Medical Science, Universidad de Santiago de Chile and Neurosurgery Service, Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (R.Z.B.); (J.M.M.); (J.E.V.); (F.R.)
| | - Marcela Ñunque González
- Clinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile;
| | - José Miguel Müller
- Faculty of Medical Science, Universidad de Santiago de Chile and Neurosurgery Service, Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (R.Z.B.); (J.M.M.); (J.E.V.); (F.R.)
| | - Juan Enrique Vásquez
- Faculty of Medical Science, Universidad de Santiago de Chile and Neurosurgery Service, Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (R.Z.B.); (J.M.M.); (J.E.V.); (F.R.)
| | - Franco Ravera
- Faculty of Medical Science, Universidad de Santiago de Chile and Neurosurgery Service, Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (R.Z.B.); (J.M.M.); (J.E.V.); (F.R.)
| | - Gustavo Lago
- Hospital Clínico Fusat, Rancagua 2820000, Chile;
| | - Eduardo Cañón
- Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (E.C.); (D.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Daniella Castañeda
- Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (E.C.); (D.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Madelaine Pradenas
- Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (E.C.); (D.C.); (M.P.)
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11
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Schuchardt JP, Cerrato M, Ceseri M, DeFina LF, Delgado GE, Gellert S, Hahn A, Howard BV, Kadota A, Kleber ME, Latini R, Maerz W, Manson JE, Mora S, Park Y, Sala-Vila A, von Schacky C, Sekikawa A, Tintle N, Tucker KL, Vasan RS, Harris WS. Red blood cell fatty acid patterns from 7 countries: Focus on the Omega-3 index. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 179:102418. [PMID: 35366625 PMCID: PMC10440636 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid (FA) patterns are becoming recognized as long-term biomarkers of tissue FA composition, but different analytical methods have complicated inter-study and international comparisons. Here we report RBC FA data, with a focus on the Omega-3 Index (EPA + DHA in% of total FAs in RBC), from samples of seven countries (USA, Canada, Italy, Spain, Germany, South Korea, and Japan) including 167,347 individuals (93% of all samples were from the US). FA data were generated by a uniform methodology from a variety of interventional and observational studies and from clinical laboratories. The cohorts differed in size, demographics, health status, and year of collection. Only the Canadian cohort was a formal, representative population-based survey. The mean Omega-3 Index of each country was categorized as desirable (>8%), moderate (>6% to 8%), low (>4% to 6%), or very low (≤4%). Only cohorts from Alaska (treated separately from the US), South Korea and Japan showed a desirable Omega-3 Index. The Spanish cohort had a moderate Omega-3 Index, while cohorts from the US, Canada, Italy, and Germany were all classified as low. This study is limited by the use of cohorts of convenience and small sample sizes in some countries. Countries undertaking national health status studies should utilize a uniform method to measure Omega-3 FA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, Hannover 30167, Germany; The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
| | - Marianna Cerrato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Ceseri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Graciela E Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sandra Gellert
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | | | - Aya Kadota
- NCD Epidemiology Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; SYNLAB MVZ Humangenetik Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roberto Latini
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Winfried Maerz
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; SYNLAB Academy, Mannheim, Germany
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samia Mora
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yongsoon Park
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Cardiovascular risk and nutrition group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathan Tintle
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Population Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois - Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Department of Biomedical Nutritional Sciences and Center for Population Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Department of Medicine, Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William S Harris
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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12
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Is Omega-3 Index necessary for fish oil supplements for CVD risk prevention? CARDIOLOGY PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/cp9.0000000000000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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13
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Liu H, Wang F, Liu X, Xie Y, Xia H, Wang S, Sun G. Effects of marine-derived and plant-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on erythrocyte fatty acid composition in type 2 diabetic patients. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:20. [PMID: 35144649 PMCID: PMC8832668 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary fatty acids intake affects the composition of erythrocyte fatty acids, which is strongly correlated with glycolipid metabolism disorders. This study aimed at investigating the different effects of marine-derived and plant-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) on the fatty acids of erythrocytes and glycolipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods The randomized double-blinded trial that was performed on 180 T2DM patients. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups for the six-month intervention. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups for the six-month intervention. The fish oil (FO) group was administered with FO at a dose of 3 g/day containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the perilla oil (PO) group was administered with PO at a dose of 3 g/day containing α-linolenic (ALA), the linseed and fish oil (LFO) group was administered with mixed linseed and fish oil at a dose of 3 g/day containing EPA, DHA and ALA. Demographic information were collected and anthropometric indices, glucose and lipid metabolism indexes, erythrocyte fatty acid composition were measured. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA. Results A total of 150 patients finished the trial, with 52 of them in the FO group, 50 in the PO group and 48 in the LFO group. There were significant effects of time × treatment interaction on fast blood glucose (FBG), insulin, HOMA-IR and C-peptide, TC and triglyceride (TG) levels (P < 0.001). Glucose and C-peptide in PO and LFO groups decreased significantly and serum TG in FO group significantly decreased (P < 0.001) after the intervention. Erythrocyte C22: 5 n-6, ALA, DPA, n-6/n-3 PUFA, AA/EPA levels in the PO group were significantly higher than FO and LFO groups, while EPA, total n-3 PUFA and Omega-3 index were significantly higher in the FO and LFO groups compared to PO group. Conclusion Supplementation with perilla oil decreased FBG while fish oil supplementation decreased the TG level. Marine-based and plant-based n-3 PUFAs exhibit different effects on fatty acid compositions of erythrocytes and regulated glycolipid metabolism. Trial registration This trial was recorded under Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Center (NO: ChiCTR-IOR-16008435) on May 28 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hechun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, 1 Da Li Road, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- Guanlin Hospital, 17 Wenwei Road, Yixing, 214251, China
| | - Yulan Xie
- Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shaokang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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14
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Richardson CE, Krishnan S, Gray IJ, Keim NL, Newman JW. The Omega-3 Index Response to an 8 Week Randomized Intervention Containing Three Fatty Fish Meals Per Week Is Influenced by Adiposity in Overweight to Obese Women. Front Nutr 2022; 9:810003. [PMID: 35187036 PMCID: PMC8855121 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.810003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommends consuming ~225 g/wk of a variety of seafood providing >1.75 g/wk of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids to reduce cardiovascular disease risk, however individual responses to treatment vary.ObjectiveThis study had three main objectives. First, to determine if a DGA-conforming diet (DGAD), in comparison to a typical American diet (TAD), can increase the omega-3 index (OM3I), i.e., the red blood cell mol% of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Second, to identify factors explaining variability in the OM3I response to dietary treatment. Third to identify factors associated with the baseline OM3I.DesignThis is a secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind 8 wk dietary intervention of overweight/obese women fed an 8d rotating TAD (n = 20) or DGAD (n = 22) registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02298725. The DGAD-group consumed 240 g/wk of Atlantic farmed salmon and albacore tuna in three meals with an estimated EPA + DHA of 3.7 ± 0.6 g/wk. The TAD-group consumed ~160 g/wk of farmed white shrimp and a seafood salad containing imitation crab in three meal with an estimated EPA + DHA of 0.45 ± 0.05 g/wk. Habitual diet was determined at baseline, and body composition was determined at 0 and 8wks. Red blood cell fatty acids were measured at 0, 2 and 8 wk.ResultsAt 8 wk, the TAD-group OM3I was unchanged (5.90 ± 1.35–5.80 ± 0.76%), while the DGAD-group OM3I increased (5.63 ± 1.27–7.33 ± 1.36%; p < 0.001). In the DGAD-group 9 of 22 participants achieved an OM3I >8%. Together, body composition and the baseline OM3I explained 83% of the response to treatment variability. Baseline OM3I (5.8 ± 1.3%; n = 42) was negatively correlated to the android fat mass (p = 0.0007) and positively correlated to the FFQ estimated habitual (EPA+DHA) when expressed as a ratio to total dietary fat (p = 0.006).ConclusionsAn 8 wk TAD did not change the OM3I of ~6%, while a DGAD with 240 g/wk of salmon and albacore tuna increased the OM3I. Body fat distribution and basal omega-3 status are primary factors influencing the OM3I response to dietary intake in overweight/obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sridevi Krishnan
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ira J. Gray
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nancy L. Keim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - John W. Newman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: John W. Newman
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15
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Yu J, Zhang W, Chi X, Chen W, Li Z, Wang Y, Liu Z, Wang H, Xu B. The dietary arachidonic acid improved growth and immunity of honey bee ( Apis mellifera ligustica). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 112:1-10. [PMID: 34622750 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Honeybees cannot synthesize arachidonic acid (ARA) themselves, only obtain it from food. Most pollen is deficient or contains a small amount of ARA. The necessity of supplementary ARA in bees' diet has not been studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary ARA levels on the growth and immunity of Apis mellifera ligustica. A total of 25 honeybee colonies were randomly assigned to five dietary groups which were fed basic diets supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% of ARA. The diet with 4% ARA improved the body weight of newly emerged worker bees compared with the control group. Supplement of ARA in honeybee diets changed the fatty acid composition of honeybee body. SFA and MUFA contents of bees' body declined, and PUFA content rised in the ARA group. Compared with the control group, the supplement of ARA in honeybee diets increased the contents of ARA, C22:6n-3 (DHA) and C18:3n-6 in bees' body significantly, but decreased the contents of C16:1 and C18:3n-3. The diet supplied with 4% ARA reduced the mortality rate of honeybee infected with Escherichia coli. The activity of immune enzymes (phenoloxidase, antitrypsin, and lysozyme) and the mRNA expression levels of immune genes (defensin-2, toll, myd88, and dorsal) were improved by ARA diets to varying degrees depending on the ARA levels, especially 4% ARA. These results suggested that dietary ARA could improve the growth, survival, and immune functions of honeybees. Supplement of ARA in bees' diet would be valuable for the fitness of honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Weixing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xuepeng Chi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhenfang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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16
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Kosti RI, Kasdagli MI, Kyrozis A, Orsini N, Lagiou P, Taiganidou F, Naska A. Fish intake, n-3 fatty acid body status, and risk of cognitive decline: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of observational and experimental studies. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:1445-1458. [PMID: 34605891 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing supplementation with eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids have failed to provide evidence supporting a suggested inverse association between fish intake and dementia risk. OBJECTIVE Dose-response analyses were conducted to evaluate associations between fish intake, all-cause dementia or Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and the effect of EPA/DHA supplementation on cognitive performance. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched for original research evaluating either associations between fish intake and dementia or AD, or the impact of EPA and/or DHA supplementation on the risk of cognitive decline. DATA EXTRACTION Data were collected on study characteristics and methods; number of cases/deaths (for observational studies); categories of exposure; model covariates; risk estimates from the most-adjusted model; type and dosage of supplementation (from RCTs); fatty acid levels in blood; and differences in cognition test results before and after supplementation. Risk of bias was assessed through the ROBINS-E and RoB2.0 tools for observational and experimental studies, respectively. DATA ANALYSIS Weighted mixed-effects models were applied, allowing for the inclusion of studies with 2 levels of exposure. Based on findings with low/moderate risk of bias, fish intake of up to 2 portions (250 g) per week was associated with a 10% reduction (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.79, 1.02, Ν = 5) in all-cause dementia and a 30% reduction (95% CI: 0.54, 0.89, Ν = 3) in AD risk. Changes in EPA and DHA body status had a positive impact on participants' executive functions, but not on their overall cognitive performance. CONCLUSION The protection offered by fish intake against cognitive decline levels off at intakes higher than 2 portions/week and likely relates to the impact of EPA and DHA on the individual's executive functions, although there remain questions about the mechanisms linking the short- and long-term effects. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42019139528.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena I Kosti
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Maria I Kasdagli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Kyrozis
- 1st Neurology Clinic, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nicola Orsini
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fani Taiganidou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Androniki Naska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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17
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Robinson O, Carter AR, Ala-Korpela M, Casas JP, Chaturvedi N, Engmann J, Howe LD, Hughes AD, Järvelin MR, Kähönen M, Karhunen V, Kuh D, Shah T, Ben-Shlomo Y, Sofat R, Lau CHE, Lehtimäki T, Menon U, Raitakari O, Ryan A, Providencia R, Smith S, Taylor J, Tillin T, Viikari J, Wong A, Hingorani AD, Kivimäki M, Vineis P. Metabolic profiles of socio-economic position: a multi-cohort analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50:768-782. [PMID: 33221853 PMCID: PMC8271201 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low socio-economic position (SEP) is a risk factor for multiple health outcomes, but its molecular imprints in the body remain unclear. Methods We examined SEP as a determinant of serum nuclear magnetic resonance metabolic profiles in ∼30 000 adults and 4000 children across 10 UK and Finnish cohort studies. Results In risk-factor-adjusted analysis of 233 metabolic measures, low educational attainment was associated with 37 measures including higher levels of triglycerides in small high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and lower levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), omega-3 fatty acids, apolipoprotein A1, large and very large HDL particles (including levels of their respective lipid constituents) and cholesterol measures across different density lipoproteins. Among adults whose father worked in manual occupations, associations with apolipoprotein A1, large and very large HDL particles and HDL-2 cholesterol remained after adjustment for SEP in later life. Among manual workers, levels of glutamine were higher compared with non-manual workers. All three indicators of low SEP were associated with lower DHA, omega-3 fatty acids and HDL diameter. At all ages, children of manual workers had lower levels of DHA as a proportion of total fatty acids. Conclusions Our work indicates that social and economic factors have a measurable impact on human physiology. Lower SEP was independently associated with a generally unfavourable metabolic profile, consistent across ages and cohorts. The metabolites we found to be associated with SEP, including DHA, are known to predict cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline in later life and may contribute to health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alice R Carter
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Systems Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juan P Casas
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nishi Chaturvedi
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - Jorgen Engmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - Laura D Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Health Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - Tina Shah
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Reecha Sofat
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chung-Ho E Lau
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Usha Menon
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, UK
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Andy Ryan
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, UK
| | - Rui Providencia
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, (and) Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Julie Taylor
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Therese Tillin
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, (and) Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK.,Health Data Research UK, London, UK.,University College London British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, UK
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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18
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Zapata B. R, Müller JM, Vásquez JE, Ravera F, Lago G, Cañón E, Castañeda D, Pradenas M, Ramírez-Santana M. Omega-3 Index and Clinical Outcomes of Severe COVID-19: Preliminary Results of a Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7722. [PMID: 34360016 PMCID: PMC8345773 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The potentially detrimental effects of the worldwide deficiency of Omega-3 fatty acids on the COVID-19 pandemic have been underestimated. The Omega-3 Index (O3I), clinical variables, biometric indices, and nutritional information were directly determined for 74 patients with severe COVID-19 and 10 healthy quality-control subjects. The relationships between the OI3 and mechanical ventilation (MV) and death were analyzed. Results: Patients with COVID-19 exhibited low O3I (mean: 4.15%; range: 3.06-6.14%)-consistent with insufficient fish and Omega-3 supplement consumption, and markedly lower than the healthy control subjects (mean: 7.84%; range: 4.65-10.71%). Inverse associations were observed between O3I and MV (OR = 0.459; C.I.: 0.211-0.997) and death (OR = 0.28; C.I.: 0.08-0.985) in severe COVID-19, even after adjusting for sex, age, and well-known risk factors. Conclusion: We present preliminary evidence to support the hypothesis that the risk of severe COVID-19 can be stratified by the O3I quartile. Further investigations are needed to assess the value of the O3I as a blood marker for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Zapata B.
- Faculty of Medical Science, Universidad de Santiago de Chile and Neurosurgery Service, Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (R.Z.B.); (J.M.M.); (J.E.V.); (F.R.)
| | - José Miguel Müller
- Faculty of Medical Science, Universidad de Santiago de Chile and Neurosurgery Service, Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (R.Z.B.); (J.M.M.); (J.E.V.); (F.R.)
| | - Juan Enrique Vásquez
- Faculty of Medical Science, Universidad de Santiago de Chile and Neurosurgery Service, Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (R.Z.B.); (J.M.M.); (J.E.V.); (F.R.)
| | - Franco Ravera
- Faculty of Medical Science, Universidad de Santiago de Chile and Neurosurgery Service, Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (R.Z.B.); (J.M.M.); (J.E.V.); (F.R.)
| | - Gustavo Lago
- Hospital Clínico Fusat, Rancagua 2820000, Chile;
| | - Eduardo Cañón
- Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (E.C.); (D.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Daniella Castañeda
- Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (E.C.); (D.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Madelaine Pradenas
- Hospital Regional Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (E.C.); (D.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Muriel Ramírez-Santana
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
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McBurney MI, Tintle NL, Vasan RS, Sala-Vila A, Harris WS. Using an erythrocyte fatty acid fingerprint to predict risk of all-cause mortality: the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1447-1454. [PMID: 34134132 PMCID: PMC8488873 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RBC long-chain omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid (FA) percentages (of total fatty acids) are associated with lower risk for total mortality, but it is unknown if a suite of FAs could improve risk prediction. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to compare a combination of RBC FA levels with standard risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in predicting risk of all-cause mortality. METHODS Framingham Offspring Cohort participants without prevalent CVD having RBC FA measurements and relevant baseline clinical covariates (n = 2240) were evaluated during 11 y of follow-up. A forward, stepwise approach was used to systematically evaluate the association of 8 standard risk factors (age, sex, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, hypertension treatment, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and prevalent diabetes) and 28 FA metrics with all-cause mortality. A 10-fold cross-validation process was used to build and validate models adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS Four of 28 FA metrics [14:0, 16:1n-7, 22:0, and omega-3 index (O3I; 20:5n-3 + 22:6n-3)] appeared in ≥5 of the discovery models as significant predictors of all-cause mortality. In age- and sex-adjusted models, a model with 4 FA metrics was at least as good at predicting all-cause mortality as a model including the remaining 6 standard risk factors (C-statistic: 0.778; 95% CI: 0.759, 0.797; compared with C-statistic: 0.777; 95% CI: 0.753, 0.802). A model with 4 FA metrics plus smoking and diabetes (FA + Sm + D) had a higher C-statistic (0.790; 95% CI: 0.770, 0.811) compared with the FA (P < 0.01) or Sm + D models alone (C-statistic: 0.766; 95% CI: 0.739, 0.794; P < 0.001). A variety of other highly correlated FAs could be substituted for 14:0, 16:1n-7, 22:0, or O3I with similar predicted outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In this community-based population in their mid-60s, RBC FA patterns were as predictive of risk for death during the next 11 y as standard risk factors. Replication is needed in other cohorts to validate this FA fingerprint as a predictor of all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan L Tintle
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA,Department of Statistics, Dordt University, Sioux Center, IA, USA
| | | | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - William S Harris
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA,Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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Jackson KH, Harris WS. Assessing the Omega-3 Index in a population: Canada did it right. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:779-780. [PMID: 33711102 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina H Jackson
- OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - William S Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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21
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Demonty I, Langlois K, Greene-Finestone LS, Zoka R, Nguyen L. Proportions of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes of Canadian adults: Results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey 2012-2015. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:993-1008. [PMID: 33675340 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Omega-3 Index (OI) is a proposed marker of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. Another index, the EPA/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio has also been proposed as a possible risk marker for CAD. OBJECTIVE Our primary objective was to characterize the Canadian population subgroups that have an undesirable OI (<4%, associated with high CAD risk) and to identify the participants' characteristics most strongly associated with the OI. Our secondary objective was to identify the characteristics most strongly associated with the EPA/AA ratio. DESIGN Data from 4025 adult participants of cycles 3 and 4 (2012-2015) of the cross-sectional Canadian Health Measures Survey were pooled. Adjusted mean proportions of erythrocyte membrane ω-3 (n-3) fatty acids, total ω-6 fatty acids, and ratios were analyzed by sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle characteristics using covariate-adjusted models. RESULTS The mean OI was 4.5%. Almost 40% of Canadians had an undesirable (<4%) OI. ω-3 supplement use, fish intake, and race were the variables most strongly associated with OI scores. The prevalence of undesirable OI was significantly higher among participants consuming fish less than twice a week (43.8%; 95% CI: 39.0%, 48.6%) than among those consuming more fish (12.7%; 95% CI: 7.8%, 19.9%), among smokers (62.7%; 95% CI: 52.9%, 71.7%) than nonsmokers (33.4%; 95% CI: 29.4%, 37.7%), in whites (42.7%; 95% CI: 38.2%, 47.4%) than in Asians (23.0%; 95% CI: 15.4%, 33.0%), and in adults aged 20-39 y (49.6%; 95% CI: 42.3%, 56.9%) than in those aged 60-79 y (24.4%; 95% CI: 21.0%, 28.1%). ω-3 supplement intake and fish intake were the characteristics most strongly associated with EPA/AA. All P ≤ 0.05. CONCLUSIONS An important proportion of Canadian adults has an undesirable (<4%) OI, with higher prevalence in some subgroups. Further assessment is required to determine the value and feasibility of an increase in the population's OI to the currently proposed target of ≥8% as a potential public health objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Demonty
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kellie Langlois
- Health Analysis Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Rana Zoka
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Loan Nguyen
- Biostatistics and Modelling Division, Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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22
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Van Dael P. Role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human nutrition and health: review of recent studies and recommendations. Nutr Res Pract 2021; 15:137-159. [PMID: 33841720 PMCID: PMC8007408 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2021.15.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are nutrients involved in many metabolic and physiological processes, and are referred to as n-3 LCPUFA. They have been extensively studied for their effects in human nutrition and health. This paper provides an overview on metabolism, sources, dietary intake, and status of n-3 LCPUFA. A summary of the dietary recommendations for n-3 LCPUFAs for different age groups as well as specific physiological conditions is provided. Evidence for n-3 LCPUFA in cardiovascular diseases, including new studies, is reviewed. Expert recommendations generally support a beneficial effect of n-3 LCPUFA on cardiovascular health and recommend a daily intake of 500 mg as DHA and EPA, or 1-2 servings of fish per week. The role of n-3 LCPUFA on brain health, in particular neurodegenerative disorders and depression, is reviewed. The evidence for beneficial effects of n-3 LCPUFA on neurodegenerative disorders is non-conclusive despite mechanistic support and observational data. Hence, no definite n-3 LCPUFA expert recommendations are made. Data for the beneficial effect of n-3 LCPUFA on depression are generally compelling. Expert recommendations have been established: 200-300 mg/day for depression; up to 1-2 g/day for major depressive disorder. Recent studies support a beneficial role of n-3 LCPUFAs in reducing the risk for premature birth, with a daily intake of 600-800 mg of DHA during pregnancy. Finally, international experts recently reviewed the scientific evidence on DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA) in infant nutrition and concluded that the totality of data support that infant and follow-on formulas should provide both DHA and ARA at levels similar to those in breast milk. In conclusion, the available scientific data support that dietary recommendations for n-3 LCPUFA should be established for the general population and for subjects with specific physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Van Dael
- Nutrition Science & Advocacy, DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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Wheeler E, Walsh-Wilcox M, Shah M, Achrekar A, Anderson JR, Walker MK. Interactive Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Secondhand Smoke in Mice and Human Subjects. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:115-126. [PMID: 32844369 PMCID: PMC7854812 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-020-09601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Active smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Active smoking is associated with reduced levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and studies show that n-3 PUFA supplementation can improve smoking-induced vascular dysfunction. However, the relationship between n-3 PUFA and SHS exposure has not been studied. Fat-1 transgenic mice, which convert n-6 to n-3 PUFA, were fed diets with n-3 PUFA or without (n-6 PUFA diet), exposed to air or SHS for 4 weeks, and vasoreactivity, antioxidant indices, and omega-3 index (percent eicosapentaenoic + docosahexaenoic acids in RBC) measured. Compared to air-exposed mice, SHS-enhanced aortic constriction in mice fed the n-6 PUFA diet (omega-3 index, 5.9 ± 0.2%; mean ± SE), but not in mice fed the n-3 PUFA diet (omega-3 index, 7.8 ± 0.6%). SHS also significantly induced mRNA expression of cytochrome P4501A1, NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase, heme oxygenase-1, and angiotensinogen in adipose tissue, and increased antioxidant capacity only in mice on the n-6 PUFA diet. Notably, SHS reduced the omega-3 index by 1.0 percentage point (p = 0.003), compared to air-exposed mice irrespective of diet. Additionally, we recruited human nonsmokers (NS) with and without SHS exposure (n = 40) 19-40 years old and measured the omega-3 index and antioxidant capacity. In human subjects SHS exposure was associated with a significantly lower omega-3 index (NS, 4.4 ± 1.1%; NS + SHS, 3.2 ± 1.0%; mean ± SD, p = 0.002) and higher antioxidant capacity (p < 0.001) than unexposed NS. Thus, SHS exposure is associated with lower levels of n-3 PUFA in mice and humans; however, an omega-3 index of ~ 8% in mice has vasoprotective and antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Wheeler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 2703 Frontier Ave NE MSC09 5630, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Mary Walsh-Wilcox
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 2703 Frontier Ave NE MSC09 5630, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Meera Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 2703 Frontier Ave NE MSC09 5630, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Abinash Achrekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Joe R Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Mary K Walker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 2703 Frontier Ave NE MSC09 5630, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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24
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Lc R, B S, D A, Db H, Pg H, Ar P. Assessment of polyunsaturated fatty acids: A self-report and biomarker assessment with a racially and ethnically diverse sample of women. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 164:102214. [PMID: 33260027 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play an important role in human health, influencing chronic disease and mortality. Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) are widely used to assess self-reported diet, but they can be subject to a variety of errors. Accordingly, an accurate assessment of diet is crucial in nutrition research. This study examined the association between a widely-used self-report measure of PUFAs (Diet History Questionnaire-II: DHQ-II) with the proportion of PUFA in red blood cell (RBC) membranes, and examined whether this relationship was moderated by race/ethnicity. In a racially and ethnically diverse sample of 132 female participants (Mage = 21.97±3.98, range 18 to 42 years), bivariate correlations and linear regression analyses demonstrated associations between DHQ-II and proportion of nutrients in RBCs for omega-3 fatty acids EPA (r = 0.39, ß = 0.38, p < .01), DHA (r = 0.48, ß = 0.47, p < .01), and EPA+DHA (r = 0.51, β = 0.49, p < .01). No associations were found for omega-3 fatty acid ALA or omega-6 fatty acids LA or ARA. DHQ-II and RBC associations for EPA, DHA, and EPA+DHA were moderated by race/ethnicity, controlling for age. Self-report of EPA was most consistent with RBC proportions for Caucasian individuals, and less consistent for Black/African American individuals. Self-reports of DHA and EPA+DHA were most consistent with RBC proportions for Caucasian individuals, and less consistent for Black/African American individuals and Hispanic/Latina individuals, although still statistically significant. No associations were detected for Hispanic/Latina individuals (for EPA only), Asian/Pacific Islanders or individuals of mixed/other descent. The present study found that when compared to PUFA biomarkers, the DHQ-II did not assess PUFAs consistently across all racial/ethnic groups in this sample of women. Further research is needed to determine what factors contribute to weak or lacking correlations between reported fat intake and corresponding values in RBCs, including but not limited to recall errors, underestimations of fatty acids in food composition databases, insufficient DHQ-II assessment of fatty acids in general and from particular cultures, and genetic differences in fat metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reigada Lc
- Psychology Department, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Program in Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Storch B
- Psychology Department, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Program in Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alku D
- Psychology Department, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Hazeltine Db
- Psychology Department, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Program in Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Heppelmann Pg
- Independent Researcher and Philanthropist, Greenwich, Connecticut, United States
| | - Polokowski Ar
- Psychology Department, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Program in Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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25
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Farrell SW, DeFina LF, Tintle N, Barlow CE, Leonard D, Haskell WL, Berry JD, Willis BL, Pavlovic A, Harris WS. Higher omega-3 index is associated with more rapid heart rate recovery in healthy men and women. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 163:102206. [PMID: 33227647 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) can favorably influence cardiac autonomic tone. However, data regarding n-3 PUFA status and heart rate recovery (HRR) in healthy adults are sparse. PURPOSE To examine the association between n-3 PUFA status and HRR. METHODS Participants included 13,912 patients who underwent a comprehensive examination at the Cooper Clinic, Dallas TX. Fitness was determined from a maximal exercise test. HRR was calculated by subtracting the heart rate at 1, 3, and 5 min of an active recovery period from the maximal heart rate. Participants were categorized as having a low (<4%), normal (4-8%) or optimal (>8%) Omega-3 Index (O3I) (i.e., erythrocyte levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids). Multiple linear regression was used to model the association between O3I and HRR adjusting for age, maximal METs, body mass index, and smoking by sex. RESULTS Higher categories of O3I were associated with greater HRR at 1 min (men: 23.7, 23.9, 24.6 beats/min; women: 23.9, 24.6, 25.9 and 3 min (men: 52.4, 52.9, 53.6 beats/min; women: 51.9, 53.4, 54.6), p trend <0.01 for all. Corresponding HRR at 5 min were (men: 60.0, 60.2, 60.7 beats/min, p trend=0.09; women: 59.4, 60.8, 61.6, p trend <0.001). The HRR gradients across O3I categories were steeper in women than men at 1, 3, and 5 min (p<0.03 for all sex x O3I category interactions with HRR). CONCLUSIONS A direct relationship between HRR and O3I values was observed in both men and women, with a steeper gradient in women. These findings suggest a potential cardioprotective mechanism for n-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathan Tintle
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD; and Department of Mathematics & Statistics; Dordt University; Sioux Center; IA
| | | | | | - William L Haskell
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA United States
| | - Jarett D Berry
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX United States
| | | | | | - William S Harris
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD; and Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD
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26
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Mak IL, Cohen TR, Vanstone CA, Weiler HA. Increased adiposity in children with obesity is associated with low red blood cell omega-3 fatty acid status and inadequate polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary intake. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12689. [PMID: 32662950 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The association between total dietary fat intake and measures of body fatness in children with obesity remains inconsistent. This study aimed to determine whether dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) and LCPUFA status relate to body composition in children with obesity. Children (n = 63, 9.0 ± 0.2 year, BMI Z-score 3.1 ± 0.2) were divided into tertiles of percentage body fat assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Diet was assessed 3-days food diaries. Fatty acid proportions in red blood cells (RBC) were measured by gas chromatography. Data stratified by sex and Tanner stages were compared with a MIXED model ANOVA. Associations between RBC fatty acid status and dietary intakes were examined with Spearman correlation. Moderate correlations were observed between RBC eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) proportions, dietary EPA and DHA (r = 0.39, P < .05) as well as fish servings (r = 0.33, P < .05). Dietary LCPUFA did not differ among tertiles. Children in tertile 3 had lower RBC α-linolenic acid (-40%) and EPA + DHA (-15%) proportions adjusted for age, Tanner stages and race compared with tertile 1. The lower omega-3 LCPUFA status in children with greater adiposity is consistent with suboptimal intakes of omega-3 LCPUFA and fish in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy L Mak
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tamara R Cohen
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Hope A Weiler
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Artiach G, Carracedo M, Plunde O, Wheelock CE, Thul S, Sjövall P, Franco-Cereceda A, Laguna-Fernandez A, Arnardottir H, Bäck M. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Decrease Aortic Valve Disease Through the Resolvin E1 and ChemR23 Axis. Circulation 2020; 142:776-789. [PMID: 32506925 PMCID: PMC7439935 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.041868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Aortic valve stenosis (AVS), which is the most common valvular heart disease, causes a progressive narrowing of the aortic valve as a consequence of thickening and calcification of the aortic valve leaflets. The beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) in cardiovascular prevention have recently been demonstrated in a large randomized, controlled trial. In addition, n-3 PUFAs serve as the substrate for the synthesis of specialized proresolving mediators, which are known by their potent beneficial anti-inflammatory, proresolving, and tissue-modifying properties in cardiovascular disease. However, the effects of n-3 PUFA and specialized proresolving mediators on AVS have not yet been determined. The aim of this study was to identify the role of n-3 PUFA–derived specialized proresolving mediators in relation to the development of AVS. Methods: Lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed in human tricuspid aortic valves. Apoe−/− mice and wire injury in C57BL/6J mice were used as models for mechanistic studies. Results: We found that n-3 PUFA incorporation into human stenotic aortic valves was higher in noncalcified regions compared with calcified regions. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry–based lipid mediator lipidomics identified that the n-3 PUFA–derived specialized proresolving mediator resolvin E1 was dysregulated in calcified regions and acted as a calcification inhibitor. Apoe−/− mice expressing the Caenorhabditis elegans Fat-1 transgene (Fat-1tg×Apoe−/−), which enables the endogenous synthesis of n-3 PUFA and increased valvular n-3 PUFA content, exhibited reduced valve calcification, lower aortic valve leaflet area, increased M2 macrophage polarization, and improved echocardiographic parameters. Finally, abrogation of the resolvin E1 receptor ChemR23 enhanced disease progression, and the beneficial effects of Fat-1tg were abolished in the absence of ChemR23. Conclusions: n-3 PUFA-derived resolvin E1 and its receptor ChemR23 emerge as a key axis in the inhibition of AVS progression and may represent a novel potential therapeutic opportunity to be evaluated in patients with AVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Artiach
- Department of Medicine (G.A., M.C., O.P., S.T., A.L.-F., H.A., M.B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miguel Carracedo
- Department of Medicine (G.A., M.C., O.P., S.T., A.L.-F., H.A., M.B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar Plunde
- Department of Medicine (G.A., M.C., O.P., S.T., A.L.-F., H.A., M.B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E. Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, (C.E.W.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silke Thul
- Department of Medicine (G.A., M.C., O.P., S.T., A.L.-F., H.A., M.B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Sjövall
- Chemistry, Biomaterials and Textiles, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås, Sweden (P.S.)
| | - Anders Franco-Cereceda
- Theme Heart and Vessels, Division of Valvular and Coronary Disease, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. (A.F.-C., M.B.)
| | - Andres Laguna-Fernandez
- Department of Medicine (G.A., M.C., O.P., S.T., A.L.-F., H.A., M.B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hildur Arnardottir
- Department of Medicine (G.A., M.C., O.P., S.T., A.L.-F., H.A., M.B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Theme Heart and Vessels, Division of Valvular and Coronary Disease, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. (A.F.-C., M.B.)
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de Groot RHM, Meyer BJ. ISSFAL Official Statement Number 6: The importance of measuring blood omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in research. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 157:102029. [PMID: 31740196 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.102029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A statement on measuring blood omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels was developed and edited based on input from ISSFAL members and accepted by vote of the ISSFAL Board of Directors. Summary of Statement: Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) levels at baseline and post-intervention should be assessed and reported in future research to evaluate the efficacy of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation: b ecause; 1. there are numerous factors that affect n-3 LCPUFA levels in humans as described in the systematic literature review [1]; 2. assessing intake of n-3 LCPUFA from the diet and/or supplements is not sufficient to accurately determine n-3 LCPUFA levels in humans; 3. some studies do not provide sufficient doses of n-3 LCPUFA to produce a significant impact on bloodstream/organ content and there is substantial variability in the uptake of n-3 LPCUFA into tissues between individuals. In secondary analyses, clinical trials should consider the influence of fatty acid status (baseline, endpoint and change from baseline to endpoint) on the outcome variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate H M de Groot
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Welten Institute, Research Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419AT Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara J Meyer
- School of Medicine, Lipid Research Centre, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Ritz PP, Rogers MB, Zabinsky JS, Hedrick VE, Rockwell JA, Rimer EG, Kostelnik SB, Hulver MW, Rockwell MS. Dietary and Biological Assessment of the Omega-3 Status of Collegiate Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228834. [PMID: 32348305 PMCID: PMC7190167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA) are associated with cardiovascular health, brain function, reduction of inflammation, and several other physiological roles of importance to competitive athletes. The ω-3 FA status of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletes has not been well-described. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ω-3 FA status of NCAA Division I athletes using dietary and biological assessment methodology. Athletes from nine NCAA Division I institutions from throughout the U.S. (n = 1,528, 51% male, 34 sports represented, 19.9 ± 1.4 years of age) completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess ω-3 FA from diet and supplements. Omega-3 Index (O3i) was evaluated in a sub-set of these participants (n = 298, 55% male, 21 sports represented, 20.0 ± 1.3 years of age) using dried blood spot sampling. Only 6% (n = 93) of athletes achieved the Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics’ recommendation to consume 500 mg DHA+EPA per day. Use of ω-3 FA supplements was reported by 15% (n = 229) of participants. O3i was 4.33 ± 0.81%, with no participants meeting the O3i benchmark of 8% associated with the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease. Every additional weekly serving of fish or seafood was associated with an absolute O3i increase of 0.27%. Overall, sub-optimal ω-3 FA status was observed among a large, geographically diverse group of male and female NCAA Division I athletes. These findings may inform interventions aimed at improving ω-3 FA status of collegiate athletes. Further research on athlete-specific ω-3 FA requirements is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Ritz
- Athletics Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Mark B. Rogers
- Athletics Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer S. Zabinsky
- Athletics Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Valisa E. Hedrick
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - John A. Rockwell
- Department of Medicine, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, United States of America
| | - Ernest G. Rimer
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Athletics Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Samantha B. Kostelnik
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute Roanoke, Roanoke, VA, United States of America
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Michelle S. Rockwell
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute Roanoke, Roanoke, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Higashioka M, Hirakawa Y, Kawamura R, Honda T, Hata J, Yoshida D, Takata Y, Kitazono T, Osawa H, Ninomiya T. Ratios of serum eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid to arachidonic acid were inversely associated with serum resistin levels: The Hisayama Study. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:482-489. [PMID: 31433904 PMCID: PMC7078098 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Resistin is an adipocyte-derived polypeptide that leads to the progression of insulin resistance and subsequent atherosclerosis. Some studies have reported an association between self-reported intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and serum resistin levels. However, no studies have investigated the association between the ratio of serum levels of n-3 to serum n-6 PUFAs and the serum resistin concentration in the general population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a cross-sectional study of 3,200 community-dwelling Japanese individuals aged ≥40 years in 2002-2003. The ratios of serum eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid to arachidonic acid (AA) were categorized into quartiles. The associations of serum eicosapentaenoic acid/AA and docosahexaenoic acid/AA with the serum resistin concentration were assessed using linear regression models with adjustment for potential confounding factors. RESULTS The geometric mean of serum resistin was 10.3 ng/mL. The age- and sex-adjusted geometric mean of serum resistin decreased significantly with increased levels of serum eicosapentaenoic acid/AA (quartile 1: 11.3 ng/mL; quartile 2: 10.6 ng/mL; quartile 3: 10.3 ng/mL; quartile 4: 9.3 ng/mL; P for trend <0.001). A similar association was observed for serum docosahexaenoic acid/AA (quartile 1: 11.1 ng/mL; quartile 2: 10.6 ng/mL; quartile 3: 10.1 ng/mL; quartile 4: 9.7 ng/mL; P for trend <0.001). An adjustment for potential confounding factors did not change these associations. CONCLUSIONS Higher ratios of serum n-3 to n-6 PUFAs were associated with lower serum resistin levels. Consumption of a large amount of n-3 PUFAs might have desirable effects on resistin-mediated diseases.
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Grants
- JP16H02644 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP16H02692 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP16H05557 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP16H05850 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP16K09244 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP17H04126 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP17K01853 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP17K09113 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP17K09114 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP18H02737 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP18K07565 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP18K09412 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP18K17382 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP18K17925 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- H29-Junkankitou-Ippan-003 Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
- H30-Shokuhin-[Sitei]-005 Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
- JP18dk0207025 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- JP18ek0210080 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- JP18ek0210082 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- JP18ek0210083 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- JP18fk0108075 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- JP18gm0610007 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- JP18km0405202 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Higashioka
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular GeneticsEhime University Graduate School of MedicineEhimeJapan
| | - Yoichiro Hirakawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of Medicine and Clinical ScienceGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Ryoichi Kawamura
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular GeneticsEhime University Graduate School of MedicineEhimeJapan
| | - Takanori Honda
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Jun Hata
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Department of Medicine and Clinical ScienceGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Center for Cohort StudiesGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Daigo Yoshida
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Yasunori Takata
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular GeneticsEhime University Graduate School of MedicineEhimeJapan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical ScienceGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Center for Cohort StudiesGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Haruhiko Osawa
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular GeneticsEhime University Graduate School of MedicineEhimeJapan
| | - Toshiharu Ninomiya
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
- Center for Cohort StudiesGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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Cross-sectional study of the combined associations of dietary and supplemental eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid on Omega-3 Index. Nutr Res 2019; 71:43-55. [PMID: 31757628 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies have linked an Omega-3 Index (O3I), which measures eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in red blood cell membranes, of ≥8% with improved health. Previous studies found that the American Heart Association (AHA) recommendation of 1-2 seafood meals per week does not achieve an O3I ≥8% even with an EPA + DHA supplement; however, these studies did not assess the frequency or amount of supplemental intake. Among participants in a predominantly US and Canadian cohort with high nutrient supplement use, we hypothesized that those adhering to the AHA guidelines would not have an average O3I ≥8% but that those taking a daily supplement would. Fish consumption and EPA + DHA supplement use were reported by 1795 participants; 985 also completed a blood spot test for O3I. A majority (71%) consumed <2 servings per week of fatty fish, and 61% took an EPA + DHA supplement. The amount of EPA + DHA for 1 serving (based on the product label) significantly differed among the >400 supplement products (50-3570 mg). O3I was ≥8.0% in 19% of participants. Among non-supplement takers, 3% of those consuming 1 fish serving per week and 17% consuming ≥2 achieved an O3I ≥8.0%. Among those consuming ≥2 fish servings per week, only those also taking an average of 1100 mg/d of supplemental EPA + DHA had a median O3I ≥8.0%. Based on the relationship between supplemental EPA + DHA intake and O3I for non-fish eaters (R2 = 0.40, P < .0001), an average of ~1300 mg/d of EPA + DHA achieved an O3I of 8.0%. This study suggests that following the AHA guidelines does not produce an O3I ≥8% nor does taking 1 serving per day of most omega-3 supplements.
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Harris WS, Jackson KH, Brenna JT, Rodriguez JC, Tintle NL, Cornish L. Survey of the erythrocyte EPA+DHA levels in the heart attack/stroke belt. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 148:30-34. [PMID: 31492431 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Omega-3 Index (O3I; erythrocyte EPA+DHA as a percent of total fatty acids) is inversely related to risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The cardioprotective target O3I is 8%-12%. O3I levels in American regions with high CVD risk are poorly characterized. PURPOSE To determine the O3I in individuals participating in a Seafood Nutrition Partnership (SNP) survey in seven US cities in the CVD "belt." METHODS Fingerstick blood samples were analyzed for the O3I. RESULTS The SNP cohort (n = 2177) had a mean (SD) O3I of 4.42% (1.12%). Only 1.2% were in the desirable range, whereas 42% had an undesirable (<4%) O3I. The mean (SD) O3I in a subset of 772 SNP subjects who were matched for age and sex with the Framingham study was 4.6% (1.2%) compared 5.3% (1.6%) in the Framingham cohort (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Individuals in the CVD "belt" had relatively low O3I levels. Since in other settings, a low O3I is associated with increased risk for CVD, this may be one factor contributing to the higher risk for CVD in this region of the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Harris
- OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
| | - K H Jackson
- OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - J T Brenna
- Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - J C Rodriguez
- Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - L Cornish
- Seafood Nutrition Partnership, Washington, DC, USA
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Chappus-McCendie H, Chevalier L, Roberge C, Plourde M. Omega-3 PUFA metabolism and brain modifications during aging. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 94:109662. [PMID: 31152862 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In Canada, 5.5 million (16% of Canadians) adults are >65 years old and projections suggest this number will be approximately 20% of Canadians by 2024. A major concern regarding old age is a decline in health, especially if this entails a loss of self-sufficiency and independence caused by a decline in cognition. The brain contains 60% of fat and is one of the most concentrated organs in long chain omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). During aging, there are physiological modifications in the metabolism of lipids that could also have consequences on brain structure and levels of DHA. This review will hence discuss the physiological modifications in the metabolism of lipids during aging with a focus on long chain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and also outline the structural and functional modifications of the brain during aging including brain lipid modifications and its relation to higher levels of DHA and cognition. Therefore, in this review, we outline the importance of collecting more data on the biology of aging since it might highly improve our understanding about what are «normal» modifications occurring during aging and what can become pathological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Chappus-McCendie
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Laurie Chevalier
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Claude Roberge
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Centre, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 Belvédère Sud, Sherbrooke J1H 4C4, Canada.
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Translating plasma eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations into erythrocyte percentages of eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid during treatment with icosapent ethyl. J Clin Lipidol 2019; 13:771-777. [PMID: 31401072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT) study demonstrated that 4 g/d of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ethyl esters (icosapent ethyl [IPE]) reduced risk for major cardiovascular events by 25% in statin-treated patients with residual hypertriglyceridemia. How this treatment affected red blood cell (RBC) EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels (ie, the Omega-3 Index [O3I]) was not reported, but effects on plasma EPA concentrations were reported. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to estimate baseline and final O3I levels in REDUCE-IT. METHODS First, deidentified data from our laboratory on RBC and plasma EPA and DHA from 2311 patients with similar lipid profiles as those in REDUCE-IT were used to generate a regression equation, which was then used to estimate the O3I from plasma FA concentrations. Second, previously published data on the effects of IPE on RBC FA concentrations were also converted to the O3I. RESULTS Both approaches (from calculations and prior publications) suggested that baseline and follow-up O3I levels were about 5% and 7%, respectively. In addition, plasma EPA levels (but not the O3I) were noted to be influenced by triglyceride levels. CONCLUSION For patients using 4 g of IPE, an estimated O3I value of about 7% reflects a cardioprotective state. Plasma EPA concentrations may be ill-suited as treatment targets because they are confounded by triglyceride levels.
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Gunash J, Aristizabal-Henao JJ, Stark KD. Quantitating fatty acids in dried blood spots on a common collection card versus a novel wicking sampling device. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 145:1-6. [PMID: 31126514 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Blood biomarkers of n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can serve as indicators of dietary intake and benefits and/or disease risk. The use of dried blood spots for fatty acid analyses is increasing but most of the reported data is qualitative (relative percentages of total fatty acids). The ability to quantitate concentrations of fatty acids on a common blood spot collection card and a novel wicking device designed to collect 10 µL of blood was compared with a wet blood sample in ten young adult participants. Prior to this comparison, the collection materials were screened for contaminants by gas chromatography with flame ionization and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, and the blood volume and blood spot area relationship of the collection card was confirmed using technical replicates. Palmitate and stearate were detected as free fatty acids on both collection materials and as lysophosphatidylcholines on the wicking device. The low amounts (<1.0 µg) did not affect the quantitation of these fatty acids in either material. The relationship between blood volume and blood spot area was linear (r = 0.99, p < 0.001) and it was determined that a 6 mm hole punch contained 9.6 µL of blood. When compared with wet blood, the fatty acid determinations from the dried blood spots were largely similar although there were some minor differences in low abundant fatty acids. Quantitative fatty acid determinations of dried blood spots are possible and should be reported along with relative percentage data to improve interpretation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gunash
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Zehr KR, Segovia A, Shah M, Walsh-Wilcox MT, Brumbach BH, Anderson JR, Walker MK. Associations of medium and long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with blood pressure in Hispanic and non-Hispanic smokers and nonsmokers. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 144:10-15. [PMID: 31088622 PMCID: PMC6521860 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiology studies and clinical trials have shown that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are inversely associated with blood pressure. We sought to determine the influence of cigarette smoking and Hispanic ethnicity on this association. Age- and sex-matched smokers and nonsmokers (n = 98) 19-50 years old lacking cardiovascular disease were recruited. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), heart rate, HbA1c, lipids, BMI, and RBC fatty acids were measured. The omega-3 index (percent eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, EPA+DHA, in RBCs) was significantly lower in smokers (Smokers: 3.19 ± 0.86%; Nonsmokers, 3.88 ± 1.05%, p = 0.001) and Hispanics (Hispanic 3.32 ± 0.93%; Non-Hispanic, 3.82 ± 1.03%, p = 0.006). DHA exhibited a significant inverse association with BP in both smokers and nonsmokers, while alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) exhibited a significant positive association with BP only in smokers. Multiple regression analyses showed that BMI, DHA, smoking status, and smoking status*ALA interaction significantly predicted SBP (p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.44) and DBP (p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.33), while ethnicity had no effect. The observed lower BP when DHA levels are high suggests a possible protective role of DHA on BP in normotensive smokers and nonsmokers. Additionally, the observed higher BP when ALA levels are high only in smokers suggests that ALA may influence the BP-lowering effects of chronic smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla R Zehr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, MSC09 5360, 2703 Frontier Ave NE, Albuquerque 87109, NM, USA
| | - Allison Segovia
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Meera Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, MSC09 5360, 2703 Frontier Ave NE, Albuquerque 87109, NM, USA
| | - Mary T Walsh-Wilcox
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, MSC09 5360, 2703 Frontier Ave NE, Albuquerque 87109, NM, USA
| | | | - Joe R Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Mary K Walker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, MSC09 5360, 2703 Frontier Ave NE, Albuquerque 87109, NM, USA.
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to consider the effects of the long-chain n-3 fatty acids found in marine foods, EPA and DHA, on risk for CVD, particularly fatal outcomes. It will examine both epidemiological and randomised controlled trial findings. The former studies usually examine associations between the dietary intake or the blood levels of EPA + DHA and CVD outcomes or, on occasion, total mortality. For example, our studies in the Framingham Heart Study and in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study have demonstrated significant inverse relations between erythrocyte EPA + DHA levels (i.e. the Omega-3 Index) and total mortality. Recent data from the Cardiovascular Health Study reported the same relations between plasma phospholipid n-3 levels and overall healthy ageing. As regards randomised trials, studies in the 1990s and early 2000s were generally supportive of a cardiovascular benefit for fish oils (which contain EPA + DHA), but later trials were generally not able to duplicate these findings, at least for total CVD events. However, when restricted to effects on risk for fatal events, meta-analyses have shown consistent benefits for n-3 treatment. Taken together, the evidence is strong for a cardioprotective effect of EPA + DHA, especially when consumed in sufficient amounts to raise blood levels into healthy ranges. Establishing target EPA + DHA intakes to reduce risk for cardiovascular death is a high priority.
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Jackson KH, Polreis JM, Tintle NL, Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS. Association of reported fish intake and supplementation status with the omega-3 index. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 142:4-10. [PMID: 30773210 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An Omega-3 Index (O3I; EPA+DHA as a % of erythrocyte total fatty acids) in the desirable range (8%-12%) has been associated with improved heart and brain health. OBJECTIVE To determine the combination of fish intake and supplement use that is associated with an O3I of >8%. DESIGN Two cross-sectional studies comparing the O3I to EPA+DHA/fish intake. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING The first study included 28 individuals and assessed their fish and EPA+DHA intake using both a validated triple-pass 24-hr recall dietary survey and a single fish-intake question. The second study used de-identified data from 3,458 adults (84% from US) who self-tested their O3I and answered questions about their fish intake and supplement use. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Study 1, chi-squared, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlations were computed. In Study 2, multi-variable regression models were used to predict O3I levels from reported fish/supplement intakes. RESULTS The mean ± SD O3I was 4.87 ± 1.32%, and 5.99 ± 2.29% in the first and second studies, respectively. Both studies showed that for every increase in fish intake category the O3I increased by 0.50-0.65% (p < 0.0001). In the second study, about half of the population was taking omega-3 supplements, 32% reported no fish intake and 17% reported eating fish >2 times per week. Taking an EPA+DHA supplement increased the O3I by 2.2% (p < 0.0001). The odds of having an O3I of ≥8% were 44% in the highest intake group (≥3 servings/week and supplementation) and 2% in the lowest intake group (no fish intake or supplementation); and in those consuming 2 fish meals per week but not taking supplements (as per recommendations), 10%. CONCLUSIONS Current AHA recommendations are unlikely to produce a desirable O3I. Consuming at least 3 fish servings per week plus taking an EPA+DHA supplement markedly increases the likelihood of achieving this target level.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Jackson
- OmegaQuant, LLC, 5009W. 12th St., Suite 8, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States.
| | - J M Polreis
- OmegaQuant, LLC, 5009W. 12th St., Suite 8, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States
| | - N L Tintle
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dordt College, Sioux Center, IA, United States
| | - P M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - W S Harris
- OmegaQuant, LLC, 5009W. 12th St., Suite 8, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
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Abstract
Numerous health benefits are attributed to the n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA); EPA and DHA. A systematic literature review was conducted to investigate factors, other than diet, that are associated with the n-3 LCPUFA levels. The inclusion criteria were papers written in English, carried out in adult non-pregnant humans, n-3 LCPUFA measured in blood or tissue, data from cross-sectional studies, or baseline data from intervention studies. The search revealed 5076 unique articles of which seventy were included in the qualitative synthesis. Three main groups of factors potentially associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were identified: (1) unmodifiable factors (sex, genetics, age), (2) modifiable factors (body size, physical activity, alcohol, smoking) and (3) bioavailability factors (chemically bound form of supplements, krill oil v. fish oil, and conversion of plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) to n-3 LCPUFA). Results showed that factors positively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were age, female sex (women younger than 50 years), wine consumption and the TAG form. Factors negatively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were genetics, BMI (if erythrocyte EPA and DHA levels are <5·6 %) and smoking. The evidence for girth, physical activity and krill oil v. fish oil associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels is inconclusive. There is also evidence that higher ALA consumption leads to increased levels of EPA but not DHA. In conclusion, sex, age, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking and the form of n-3 LCPUFA are all factors that need to be taken into account in n-3 LCPUFA research.
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40
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Adams S, Lopata AL, Smuts CM, Baatjies R, Jeebhay MF. Relationship between Serum Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Asthma Endpoints. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 16:E43. [PMID: 30585204 PMCID: PMC6338947 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the potential protective role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in asthma. This study aimed at determining the association between seafood intake, serum PUFA composition and clinical endpoints of asthma in adults. A cross-sectional study of 642 subjects used the European Committee Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) questionnaire, skin prick tests, spirometry and methacholine challenge tests following ATS guidelines. Sera was analysed for n-3 and n-6 PUFA composition. Subjects had a mean age of 34 years, were largely female (65%) and 51% were current smokers. While 99% reported fish consumption, rock lobster, mussels, squid and abalone were also consumed less frequently. The prevalence of asthma symptoms was 11%, current asthma (ECRHS definition) was 8% and non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness (NSBH) was much higher (26%) In adjusted models the n-3 PUFAs 20:5 (EPA) and 22:5 (DPA) were significantly associated with a decreased risk of having NSBH. Total n-3 PUFA composition was associated with decreased NSBH risk (OR = 0.92), while high n-6 PUFA composition was associated with an increased risk (OR = 1.14).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahieda Adams
- Occupational Medicine Division and Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Andreas L Lopata
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Douglas, QLD 4814, Australia.
| | - Cornelius M Smuts
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Roslynn Baatjies
- Occupational Medicine Division and Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT), Cape Town 7535, South Africa.
| | - Mohamed F Jeebhay
- Occupational Medicine Division and Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
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Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Obesity Attenuates Response to Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation During Pregnancy. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121908. [PMID: 30518052 PMCID: PMC6315963 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with adverse offspring outcomes. Inflammation and deficiency of anti-inflammatory nutrients like omega(n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may contribute to these associations. Fetal supply of n-3 PUFA is dependent on maternal levels and studies have suggested that improved offspring outcomes are associated with higher maternal intake. However, little is known about how maternal obesity affects the response to n-3 supplementation during pregnancy. We sought to determine (1) the associations of obesity with PUFA concentrations and (2) if the systemic response to n-3 supplementation differs by body mass index (BMI). This was a secondary analysis of 556 participants (46% lean, 28% obese) in the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network trial of n-3 (Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) supplementation, in which participants had 2g/day of n-3 (n = 278) or placebo (n = 278) from 19 to 22 weeks until delivery. At baseline, obese women had higher plasma n-6 arachidonic acid concentrations (β: 0.96% total fatty acids; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.13, 1.79) and n-6/n-3 ratio (β: 0.26 unit; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.48) compared to lean women. In the adjusted analysis, women in all BMI groups had higher n-3 concentrations following supplementation, although obese women had attenuated changes (β = -2.04%, CI: -3.19, -0.90, interaction p = 0.000) compared to lean women, resulting in a 50% difference in the effect size. Similarly, obese women also had an attenuated reduction (β = 0.94 units, CI: 0.40, 1.47, interaction p = 0.046) in the n-6/n-3 ratio (marker of inflammatory status), which was 65% lower compared to lean women. Obesity is associated with higher inflammation and with an attenuated response to n-3 supplementation in pregnancy.
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Castro-Marrero J, Zaragozá MC, Domingo JC, Martinez-Martinez A, Alegre J, von Schacky C. Low omega-3 index and polyunsaturated fatty acid status in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 139:20-24. [PMID: 30471769 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that low levels of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are associated with cardiovascular risk, major depression, sleep problems, inflammation and other health-related issues. So far, however, erythrocyte PUFA status in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) has not been established. This study aimed to determine whether n-3 PUFA content and omega-3 index are associated with measures in CFS/ME patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS PUFA levels and omega-3 index were measured in 31 Spanish CFS/ME patients using the HS-Omega-3 Index method. Demographic and clinical characteristics and self-reported outcome measures were also recorded. RESULTS A low mean omega-3 index (5.75%) was observed in 92.6% of the sample. Omega-3 index was inversely correlated with the AA/EPA ratio (p = 0.00002) and the BMI (p = 0.0106). In contrast, the AA/EPA ratio was positively associated with the BMI (p = 0.0038). No association for FIS-40 and PSQI measures was found (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The low omega-3 index found in our CFS/ME patients may indicate increased risks for cardiovascular health, which should be further investigated. A low omega-3 index also suggests a pro-inflammatory state in these patients. Attempts should be made to increase the omega-3 index in CFS/ME patients, based on intervention trials assessing a potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Castro-Marrero
- CFS/ME Unit (Lab 145 - 1st floor), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig de Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona E-08035, Spain.
| | - Maria Cleofé Zaragozá
- CFS/ME Unit (Lab 145 - 1st floor), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig de Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona E-08035, Spain; Clinical Research Department, Laboratorios Viñas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Domingo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Martinez-Martinez
- CFS/ME Unit (Lab 145 - 1st floor), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig de Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona E-08035, Spain
| | - José Alegre
- CFS/ME Unit (Lab 145 - 1st floor), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig de Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona E-08035, Spain
| | - Clemens von Schacky
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Medizinische Klinik I, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Omegametrix, Martinsried, Germany
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43
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Thota RN, Ferguson JJA, Abbott KA, Dias CB, Garg ML. Science behind the cardio-metabolic benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: biochemical effects vs. clinical outcomes. Food Funct 2018; 9:3576-3596. [PMID: 29904777 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00348c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lower incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Greenland Inuit, Northern Canada and Japan has been attributed to their consumption of seafood rich in long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA). While a large majority of pre-clinical and intervention trials have demonstrated heart health benefits of LCn-3PUFA, some studies have shown no effects or even negative effects. LCn-3PUFA have been shown to favourably modulate blood lipid levels, particularly a reduction in circulating levels of triglycerides. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are elevated following dietary supplementation with LCn-3PUFA. Although LCn-3PUFA have been shown to increase low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, the increase is primarily in the large-buoyant particles that are less atherogenic than small-dense LDL particles. The anti-inflammatory effects of LCn-3PUFA have been clearly outlined with inhibition of NFkB mediated cytokine production being the main mechanism. In addition, reduction in adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule, ICAM and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, VCAM-1) and leukotriene production have also been demonstrated following LCn-3PUFA supplementation. Anti-aggregatory effects of LCn-3PUFA have been a subject of controversy, however, recent studies showing sex-specific effects on platelet aggregation have helped resolve the effects on hyperactive platelets. Improvements in endothelium function, blood flow and blood pressure after LCn-3PUFA supplementation add to the mechanistic explanation on their cardio-protective effects. Modulation of adipose tissue secretions including pro-inflammatory mediators and adipokines by LCn-3PUFA has re-ignited interest in their cardiovascular health benefits. The aim of this narrative review is to filter out the reasons for possible disparity between cohort, mechanistic, pre-clinical and clinical studies. The focus of the article is to provide possible explanation for the observed controversies surrounding heart health benefits of LCn-3PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohith N Thota
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
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Al-Ghannami SS, Sedlak E, Hussein IS, Min Y, Al-Shmmkhi SM, Al-Oufi HS, Al-Mazroui A, Clough P, Ghebremeskel K. DHA-enriched re-esterified triacylglycerol fish oil supplementation and oily fish consumption enhance red blood n-3 fatty acid index in Omani pre-adolescent schoolchildren. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 135:74-82. [PMID: 30103936 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dietary habits of Omani population particularly of children and young adults have changed significantly. Consumption of imported calorie-dense foods, vegetable oils, milled and polished grains and carbonated beverages have become the norm. Concomitantly, there has been an exponential increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases. The impact of the westernisation of eating habits on children has not been evaluated. We have investigated blood fatty acid profile of male (n = 125) and female (n = 160) children aged 9 and 10 (9.8 ± 0.4) years enrolled from three state-funded schools. The schools, which are homogenous with respect to socio-economic background of their pupils, were randomised into fish oil (n = 98), oily fish (n = 82) or control (n = 105) group. Subsequently, the children were given during morning tea break for 12 weeks: 1. DHA-enriched re-esterified triacylglycerol fish oil capsule with cheese/salad sandwich (fish oil group), 2. Lightly grilled oily fish with salad (fish group) or 3. Cheese/salad sandwich (control group). At baseline, the males had higher myristic, palmitic and oleic and lower adrenic acids than the females (p < 0.05). There was no difference in n-3 fatty acid index (4.86 ± 1.95 vs. 5.12 ± 1.67, p > 0.05) or AA (14.6 ± 1.9 vs. 14.9 ± 1.8, p > 0.05) between the genders. There was no difference in any of the fatty acids between the three groups at baseline. Post-intervention, the oily fish group had lower n-3 fatty acid index (EPA + DHA, 6.03 ± 1.39 vs. 6.60 ± 1.63, p < 0.05) and higher AA (15.2 ± 1.8 vs. 13.7 ± 2.0, p = 0.0001) and n-3 DPA (1.40 ± 0.27 vs. 1.07 ± 0.22, p = 0.0001) compared with those who received fish oil capsules. In both the fish oil and oily fish groups, fatty acid index correlated positively with AA (r = 0.394, p = 0.0001; r = 0.231, p = 0.038) and negatively with total saturated (r = - 0.816, p = 0.0001; r = - 0.439, p = 0.0001) and total mono-unsaturated (r = - 0.431, p = 0.0001; r = - 0.231, p = 0.037) fatty acids. Although seafood is an integral part of traditional Omani cuisine the children had a low level of n-3 fatty acids index. There is a need to address this nutritional insufficiency through school feeding programme, targeted intervention with n-3 fatty acid enriched food products and/or family education programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Al-Ghannami
- Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK; Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - E Sedlak
- Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - I S Hussein
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth, Muscat, Oman
| | - Y Min
- Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
| | | | - H S Al-Oufi
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth, Muscat, Oman
| | - A Al-Mazroui
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth, Muscat, Oman
| | - P Clough
- Cobden Research Limited, Grayburn Garden House, Newbegin, Beverley, UK
| | - K Ghebremeskel
- Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK.
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45
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Brenna JT, Plourde M, Stark KD, Jones PJ, Lin YH. Best practices for the design, laboratory analysis, and reporting of trials involving fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:211-227. [PMID: 29931035 PMCID: PMC6084616 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are among the most studied nutrients in human metabolism and health. Endogenous fatty acid status influences health and disease via multiple mechanisms at all stages of the life cycle. Despite widespread interest, attempts to summarize the results of multiple studies addressing similar fatty acid-related outcomes via meta-analyses and systematic reviews have been disappointing, largely because of heterogeneity in study design, sampling, and laboratory and data analyses. Our purpose is to recommend best practices for fatty acid clinical nutrition and medical studies. Key issues in study design include judicious choice of sampled endogenous pools for fatty acid analysis, considering relevant physiologic state, duration of intervention and/or observation, consideration of specific fatty acid dynamics to link intake and endogenous concentrations, and interpretation of results with respect to known fatty acid ranges. Key laboratory considerations include proper sample storage, use of sample preparation methods known to be fit-for-purpose via published validation studies, detailed reporting or methods to establish proper fatty acid identification, and quantitative analysis, including calibration of differential response, quality control procedures, and reporting of data on a minimal set of fatty acids to enable comprehensive interpretation. We present a checklist of recommendations for fatty acid best practices to facilitate design, review, and evaluation of studies with the intention of improving study reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Nutrition, and Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.,Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J Jones
- Richardson Center for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yu-Hong Lin
- Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD
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Harris WS. The Omega-6:Omega-3 ratio: A critical appraisal and possible successor. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 132:34-40. [PMID: 29599053 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The well-known health effects of the long-chain, marine omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs) has led to a growing interest in the prognostic value that blood levels of these FAs might have vis-à-vis cardiovascular and neurocognitive diseases. The measurement and expression of n-3 FA levels is not straight-forward, however, and a wide variety of means of expression of n-3 FA status have been used in research and clinical medicine. This has led to considerable confusion as to what "optimal" n-3 FA status is. The n-6:n-3 ratio has enjoyed relatively widespread use, but this apparently simple metric has both theoretical and practical difficulties that have contributed to misunderstandings in this field. Just as the once-popular polyunsaturated:saturated FA ratio has largely disappeared from the nutritional and medical literature, it may be time to replace the n-6:n-3 ratio with a newer metric that focuses on the primary deficiency in Western diets - the lack of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA and DHA). The Omega-3 Index (red blood cell EPA+DHA) has much to recommend it in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Harris
- OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC and Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, United States.
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47
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Beyer K, Lie SA, Kjellevold M, Dahl L, Brun JG, Bolstad AI. Marine ω-3, vitamin D levels, disease outcome and periodontal status in rheumatoid arthritis outpatients. Nutrition 2018; 55-56:116-124. [PMID: 30031313 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Marine ω-3 fatty acids (FAs) and Vitamin D (VitD) are reportedly capable of down-regulating inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal disease. This study was undertaken to relate marine FA and VitD status to RA disease status and periodontal conditions. METHODS RA outpatients (age ≥35 y) were consecutively recruited. Rheumatologic clinical data were collected and periodontal status obtained. A food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate fish and supplement intake. FA profiles in whole-blood and serum VitD levels were determined. RESULTS A total of 78 RA patients (age 57 ± 12 y, disease duration 15 ± 11 y) were included, 58% had active RA. Periodontitis was diagnosed in 82% of the patients, 18% had severe periodontitis. Seropositivity for rheumatoid factor and/or anticitrullinated protein antibodies was related to higher prevalence of periodontitis (P= 0.008). Seafood intake in accordance with nutritional recommendations was associated with better RA disease outcome (largest P= 0.008). An ω-3 index >8, present in 14% of the patients, correlated with a more desirable patient global health assessment scored on a visual analog scale (VAS; P= 0.004), lower periodontal probing depth (PD; P= 0.021), and ω-3 supplementation (P= 0.001). Serum VitD levels >50 nmol/L were found in 89%, of these 48% had VitD levels ≥75 nmol/L, no differences were found for RA disease activity and periodontal measurements. CONCLUSIONS Seropositive RA patients had a higher prevalence of periodontitis than seronegative patients. An ω-3 index >8 was related to ω-3 supplementation and more desirable VAS and lower PD. VitD status was satisfactory for most patients and was not associated with differences in RA severity or periodontal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Beyer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Stein Atle Lie
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Johan G Brun
- Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Isine Bolstad
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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48
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Jackson KH, Harris WS. Blood Fatty Acid Profiles: New Biomarkers for Cardiometabolic Disease Risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2018; 20:22. [PMID: 29556735 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-018-0722-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fatty acid (FA) profiles in different blood compartments are reflections of both diet and metabolism, and some FA levels are related to disease risk. RECENT FINDINGS Perhaps the most studied FA-disease relationship is between long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite null results from recent large omega-3 FA supplementation trials, new research continues to support past studies showing that blood levels of EPA + DHA are inversely related to risk for total mortality and fatal CVD events. But blood levels of other FAs may also be useful markers of risk for a variety of diseases. The essential omega-6 FA linoleic acid is inversely associated with risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), whereas risk for T2D is directly related to biomarkers of de novo lipogenesis (palmitic and palmitoleic acids). Levels of industrially produced trans FAs have been linked to higher risk for CVD. Thus, blood levels of several individual FAs are emerging as modifiable biomarkers for risk of major chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina H Jackson
- OmegaQuant, LLC, 5009 W. 12th St., Suite 8, Sioux Falls, SD, 57106, USA.
| | - William S Harris
- OmegaQuant, LLC, 5009 W. 12th St., Suite 8, Sioux Falls, SD, 57106, USA.,Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota; and OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD 5009 W. 12th St, Suite 8, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, USA.
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50
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Nayak S, Koven W, Meiri I, Khozin-Goldberg I, Isakov N, Zibdeh M, Zilberg D. Dietary arachidonic acid affects immune function and fatty acid composition in cultured rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:46-53. [PMID: 28684322 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The marbled spinefoot rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus) is an economically valuable fish species that has potential for commercial production in aquaculture. To overcome challenges in its sustainable production, a formulated diet is required for imparting health and robustness. This study evaluates the effect of dietary supplementation with arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6) on growth, survival, immune function and fatty acid composition of red blood cells (RBCs) in rabbitfish. We conducted two feeding trials using juvenile fish (to evaluate growth and survival) and adults (to evaluate immune function and fatty acid incorporation). Fish were fed diets supplemented with three different levels of ARA (in % of total fatty acids): 0.6 (unsupplemented control), 2.6 (moderate) and 4.7 (high). The fish fed with moderate ARA levels exhibited improved (p < 0.05) growth over the control and the high ARA level groups. During an outbreak of Streptococcus iniae, fish fed with moderate ARA survived significantly (p < 0.05) better (89%) than the control and the high ARA groups (59% and 48%, respectively). Moderate ARA supplementation resulted in elevated lysozyme and complement levels in the plasma of rabbitfish. A significant increase in the total serum immunoglobulin levels was observed in both the medium and the high ARA level groups; however, a decrease in antiprotease activity was recorded in the supplemented groups as compared to the control. Fatty acid analysis in fish red blood cells revealed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the proportion of ARA of total fatty acids in the groups fed with the medium and the high ARA level diets (9.5% and 11.2%, respectively, compared to 7.1% in the control). Concomitantly, there was a decrease in the proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), dihomo-γ linolenic acid (DGLA; 20:3n-6) and several 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids in these groups. In conclusion, ARA in rabbitfish feeds improved growth, survival as well as innate and acquired humoral immune functions. Thus ARA supplementation in the diet of this species could be a valuable step towards establishing the commercial culture of rabbitfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Nayak
- The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - William Koven
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Centre for Mariculture, Eilat 8812, Israel
| | - Iris Meiri
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Centre for Mariculture, Eilat 8812, Israel
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Mohammad Zibdeh
- Marine Science Station, University of Jordan/Yarmouk University, Aqaba, Jordan
| | - Dina Zilberg
- The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel.
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