1
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Goldberg D, Buchshtab N, Charni-Natan M, Goldstein I. Transcriptional cascades during fasting amplify gluconeogenesis and instigate a secondary wave of ketogenic gene transcription. Liver Int 2024; 44:2964-2982. [PMID: 39162082 DOI: 10.1111/liv.16077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS During fasting, bodily homeostasis is maintained due to hepatic production of glucose (gluconeogenesis) and ketone bodies (ketogenesis). The main hormones governing hepatic fuel production are glucagon and glucocorticoids that initiate transcriptional programs aimed at supporting gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. METHODS Using primary mouse hepatocytes as an ex vivo model, we employed transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq), genome-wide profiling of enhancer dynamics (ChIP-seq), perturbation experiments (inhibitors, shRNA), hepatic glucose production measurements and computational analyses. RESULTS We found that in addition to the known metabolic genes transcriptionally induced by glucagon and glucocorticoids, these hormones induce a set of genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) thereby initiating transcriptional cascades. Upon activation by glucocorticoids, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) induced the genes encoding two TFs: CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). We found that the GR-C/EBPβ cascade mainly serves as a secondary amplifier of primary hormone-induced gene programs. C/EBPβ augmented gluconeogenic gene expression and hepatic glucose production. Conversely, the GR-PPARα cascade initiated a secondary transcriptional wave of genes supporting ketogenesis. The cascade led to synergistic induction of ketogenic genes which is dependent on protein synthesis. Genome-wide analysis of enhancer dynamics revealed numerous enhancers activated by the GR-PPARα cascade. These enhancers were proximal to ketogenic genes, enriched for the PPARα response element and showed increased PPARα binding. CONCLUSION This study reveals abundant transcriptional cascades occurring during fasting. These cascades serve two separated purposes: the amplification of the gluconeogenic transcriptional program and the induction of a gene program aimed at enhancing ketogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Goldberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nufar Buchshtab
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meital Charni-Natan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ido Goldstein
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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2
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Nurtazina A, Voitsekhovskiy I, Kanapiyanov B, Toishimanov M, Dautov D, Karibayev K, Smail Y, Kozhakhmetova D, Dyussupov A. Associations of Amino Acids with the Risk of Prediabetes: A Case-Control Study from Kazakhstan. J Pers Med 2024; 14:1067. [PMID: 39452573 PMCID: PMC11509736 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14101067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 10/04/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high global prevalence of prediabetes requires its early identification. Amino acids (AAs) have emerged as potential predictors of prediabetes. This study investigates the association between amino acids and prediabetes in the Kazakh population. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control study, serum AAs levels were measured using the Trace GC 1310 gas chromatography system coupled with the TSQ 8000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Austin, TX, USA) followed by silylation with the BSTFA + 1% TMCS derivatization method. Biochemical parameters, including total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and Creatinine, were assessed for each participant. Trained professionals conducted anthropometric and physical examinations (which included taking blood pressure and heart rate measurements) and family history collection. RESULTS A total of 112 Kazakh individuals with prediabetes and 55 without prediabetes, aged 36-65 years, were included in the study. Only Alanine and valine showed a significant association with prediabetes risk among the 13 AAs analyzed. Our findings revealed an inverse relationship between Alanine and Valine and prediabetes in individuals of Kazakh ethnicity. CONCLUSION A lower serum level of Alanine and Valine may serve as a predictive biomarker for prediabetes in the Kazakh population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Nurtazina
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan;
- Outpatient Clinic #1, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan
| | - Ivan Voitsekhovskiy
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan
| | - Bakyt Kanapiyanov
- Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan;
| | - Maxat Toishimanov
- Food and Environment Safety Laboratory, Kazakstan-Japan Innovative Center, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan;
| | - Daulet Dautov
- Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan;
| | | | - Yerbol Smail
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Dermatology and Immunology, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan;
| | - Dana Kozhakhmetova
- Department of Internal Diseases, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan;
| | - Altay Dyussupov
- Rector Office, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan;
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3
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Pak HH, Grossberg AN, Sanderfoot RR, Babygirija R, Green CL, Koller M, Dzieciatkowska M, Paredes DA, Lamming DW. Non-canonical metabolic and molecular effects of calorie restriction are revealed by varying temporal conditions. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114663. [PMID: 39167490 PMCID: PMC11427179 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) extends lifespan and healthspan in diverse species. Comparing ad libitum- and CR-fed mice is challenging due to their significantly different feeding patterns, with CR-fed mice consuming their daily meal in 2 h and then subjecting themselves to a prolonged daily fast. Here, we examine how ad libitum- and CR-fed mice respond to tests performed at various times and fasting durations and find that the effects of CR-insulin sensitivity, circulating metabolite levels, and mechanistic target of rapamycin 1 (mTORC1) activity-result from the specific temporal conditions chosen, with CR-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity observed only after a prolonged fast, and the observed differences in mTORC1 activity between ad libitum- and CR-fed mice dependent upon both fasting duration and the specific tissue examined. Our results demonstrate that much of our understanding of the effects of CR are related to when, relative to feeding, we choose to examine the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi H Pak
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Allison N Grossberg
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Rachel R Sanderfoot
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Reji Babygirija
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cara L Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mikaela Koller
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel A Paredes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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4
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Holeček M. Origin and Roles of Alanine and Glutamine in Gluconeogenesis in the Liver, Kidneys, and Small Intestine under Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7037. [PMID: 39000145 PMCID: PMC11241752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alanine and glutamine are the principal glucogenic amino acids. Most originate from muscles, where branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, and isoleucine) are nitrogen donors and, under exceptional circumstances, a source of carbons for glutamate synthesis. Glutamate is a nitrogen source for alanine synthesis from pyruvate and a substrate for glutamine synthesis by glutamine synthetase. The following differences between alanine and glutamine, which can play a role in their use in gluconeogenesis, are shown: (i) glutamine appearance in circulation is higher than that of alanine; (ii) the conversion to oxaloacetate, the starting substance for glucose synthesis, is an ATP-consuming reaction for alanine, which is energetically beneficial for glutamine; (iii) most alanine carbons, but not glutamine carbons, originate from glucose; and (iv) glutamine acts a substrate for gluconeogenesis in the liver, kidneys, and intestine, whereas alanine does so only in the liver. Alanine plays a significant role during early starvation, exposure to high-fat and high-protein diets, and diabetes. Glutamine plays a dominant role in gluconeogenesis in prolonged starvation, acidosis, liver cirrhosis, and severe illnesses like sepsis and acts as a substrate for alanine synthesis in the small intestine. Interactions among muscles and the liver, kidneys, and intestine ensuring optimal alanine and glutamine supply for gluconeogenesis are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Holeček
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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5
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Demko J, Saha B, Takagi E, Mannis A, Weber R, Pearce D. Coordinated Regulation of Renal Glucose Reabsorption and Gluconeogenesis by mTORC2 and Potassium. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.22.600201. [PMID: 38979219 PMCID: PMC11230149 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.22.600201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Background The kidney proximal tubule is uniquely responsible for reabsorption of filtered glucose and gluconeogenesis (GNG). Insulin stimulates glucose transport and suppresses GNG in the proximal tubule, however, the signaling mechanisms and coordinated regulation of these processes remain poorly understood. The kinase complex mTORC2 is critical for regulation of growth, metabolism, solute transport, and electrolyte homeostasis in response to a wide array of inputs. Here we examined its role in the regulation of renal glucose reabsorption and GNG. Methods Rictor, an essential component of mTORC2, was knocked out using the Pax8-LC1 system to generate inducible tubule specific Rictor knockout (TRKO) mice. These animals were subjected to fasting, refeeding, and variation in dietary K + . Metabolic parameters including glucose homeostasis and renal function were assessed in balance cages. Kidneys and livers were also harvested for molecular analysis of gluconeogenic enzymes, mTORC2-regulated targets, and plasma membrane glucose transporters. Results On a normal chow diet, TRKO mice had marked glycosuria despite indistinguishable blood glucose relative to WT controls. Kidney plasma membrane showed lower SGLT2 and SGLT1 in the fed state, supporting reduced renal glucose reabsorption. Additional metabolic testing provided evidence for renal insulin resistance with elevated fasting insulin, impaired pyruvate tolerance, elevated hemoglobin A1c, and increased renal gluconeogenic enzymes in the fasted and fed states. These effects were correlated with reduced downstream phosphorylation of Akt and the transcription factor FOXO4, identifying a novel role of FOXO4 in the kidney. Interestingly, high dietary K + prevented glycosuria and excessive GNG in TRKO mice, despite persistent reduction in mTORC2 substrate phosphorylation. Conclusion Renal tubule mTORC2 is critical for coordinated regulation of sodium-glucose cotransport by SGLT2 and SGLT1 as well as renal GNG. Dietary K + promotes glucose reabsorption and suppresses GNG independently of insulin signaling and mTORC2, potentially providing an alternative signaling mechanism in states of insulin resistance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The kidney contributes to regulation of blood glucose through reabsorption of filtered glucose and gluconeogenesis. This study shows that mTORC2 and dietary potassium coordinate the regulation of sodium-glucose cotransport and glucose production in the kidney via independent mechanisms. New insights into the regulation of these processes in the kidney offer promising implications for diabetes mellitus management and treatment.
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6
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McFarlin BE, Duffin KL, Konkar A. Incretin and glucagon receptor polypharmacology in chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E747-E766. [PMID: 38477666 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00374.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a debilitating condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In recent years, the kidney effects of incretin-based therapies, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), have garnered substantial interest in the management of type 2 diabetes and obesity. This review delves into the intricate interactions between the kidney, GLP-1RAs, and glucagon, shedding light on their mechanisms of action and potential kidney benefits. Both GLP-1 and glucagon, known for their opposing roles in regulating glucose homeostasis, improve systemic risk factors affecting the kidney, including adiposity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial function. Additionally, these hormones and their pharmaceutical mimetics may have a direct impact on the kidney. Clinical studies have provided evidence that incretins, including those incorporating glucagon receptor agonism, are likely to exhibit improved kidney outcomes. Although further research is necessary, receptor polypharmacology holds promise for preserving kidney function through eliciting vasodilatory effects, influencing volume and electrolyte handling, and improving systemic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E McFarlin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate CenterIndianapolisIndianaUnited States
| | - Kevin L Duffin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate CenterIndianapolisIndianaUnited States
| | - Anish Konkar
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate CenterIndianapolisIndianaUnited States
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7
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Martino MR, Habibi M, Ferguson D, Brookheart RT, Thyfault JP, Meyer GA, Lantier L, Hughey CC, Finck BN. Disruption of hepatic mitochondrial pyruvate and amino acid metabolism impairs gluconeogenesis and endurance exercise capacity in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E515-E527. [PMID: 38353639 PMCID: PMC11193532 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00258.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Exercise robustly increases the glucose demands of skeletal muscle. This demand is met by not only muscle glycogenolysis but also accelerated liver glucose production from hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to fuel mechanical work and prevent hypoglycemia during exercise. Hepatic gluconeogenesis during exercise is dependent on highly coordinated responses within and between muscle and liver. Specifically, exercise increases the rate at which gluconeogenic precursors such as pyruvate/lactate or amino acids are delivered from muscle to the liver, extracted by the liver, and channeled into glucose. Herein, we examined the effects of interrupting hepatic gluconeogenic efficiency and capacity on exercise performance by deleting mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 (MPC2) and/or alanine transaminase 2 (ALT2) in the liver of mice. We found that deletion of MPC2 or ALT2 alone did not significantly affect time to exhaustion or postexercise glucose concentrations in treadmill exercise tests, but mice lacking both MPC2 and ALT2 in hepatocytes (double knockout, DKO) reached exhaustion faster and exhibited lower circulating glucose during and after exercise. Use of 2H/1³C metabolic flux analyses demonstrated that DKO mice exhibited lower endogenous glucose production owing to decreased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis at rest and during exercise. Decreased gluconeogenesis was accompanied by lower anaplerotic, cataplerotic, and TCA cycle fluxes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the transition of the liver to the gluconeogenic mode is critical for preventing hypoglycemia and sustaining performance during exercise. The results also illustrate the need for interorgan cross talk during exercise as described by the Cahill and Cori cycles.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Martino and colleagues examined the effects of inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis on exercise performance and systemic metabolism during treadmill exercise in mice. Combined inhibition of gluconeogenesis from lactate/pyruvate and alanine impaired exercise endurance and led to hypoglycemia during and after exercise. In contrast, suppressing either pyruvate-mediated or alanine-mediated gluconeogenesis alone had no effect on these parameters. These findings provide new insight into the molecular nodes that coordinate the metabolic responses of muscle and liver during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Martino
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Mohammad Habibi
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Rita T Brookheart
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - Gretchen A Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Louise Lantier
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Curtis C Hughey
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Brian N Finck
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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8
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Corporeau C, Le Foll C, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Le Stunff H, Mithieux G, Magnan C, Delarue J. Fish oil minimises feed intake and improves insulin sensitivity in Zucker fa/fa rats. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:749-761. [PMID: 37877265 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain n-3 PUFA (LC n-3 PUFA) prevent, in rodents, insulin resistance (IR) induced by a high-fat and/or fructose diet but not IR induced by glucocorticoids. In humans, contrasting effects have also been reported. We investigated their effects on insulin sensitivity, feed intake (FI) and body weight gain in genetically insulin resistant male obese (fa/fa) Zucker (ZO) rats during the development of obesity. ZO rats were fed a diet supplemented with 7 % fish oil (FO) + 1 % corn oil (CO) (wt/wt) (ZOFO), while the control group was fed a diet containing 8 % fat from CO (wt/wt) (ZOCO). Male lean Zucker (ZL) rats fed either FO (ZLFO) or CO (ZLCO) diet were used as controls. FO was a marine-derived TAG oil containing EPA 90 mg/g + DHA 430 mg/g. During an oral glucose tolerance test, glucose tolerance remained unaltered by FO while insulin response was reduced in ZOFO only. Liver insulin sensitivity (euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp + 2 deoxyglucose) was improved in ZOFO rats, linked to changes in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression, activity and glucose-6-phosphatase activity. FI in response to intra-carotid insulin/glucose infusion was decreased similarly in ZOFO and ZOCO. Hypothalamic ceramides levels were lower in ZOFO than in ZOCO. Our study demonstrates that LC n-3 PUFA can minimise weight gain, possibly by alleviating hypothalamic lipotoxicity, and liver IR in genetically obese Zucker rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Corporeau
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Hospital University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brest, Plouzané, France
- Present address: Ifremer, University of Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Christelle Le Foll
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Hospital University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brest, Plouzané, France
- Present address: Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
- Present address: Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay-Université Paris-Saclay-CNRS UMR 9197, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Inserm, U855, Lyon, F-69008, France
- University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
- University of Lyon, Lyon, F-69008, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Delarue
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, ER7479 SPURBO, Hospital University, Faculty of Medicine University of Brest, Plouzane, France
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9
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Wang MY, Zhang Z, Zhao S, Onodera T, Sun XN, Zhu Q, Li C, Li N, Chen S, Paredes M, Gautron L, Charron MJ, Marciano DK, Gordillo R, Drucker DJ, Scherer PE. Downregulation of the kidney glucagon receptor, essential for renal function and systemic homeostasis, contributes to chronic kidney disease. Cell Metab 2024; 36:575-597.e7. [PMID: 38237602 PMCID: PMC10932880 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The glucagon receptor (GCGR) in the kidney is expressed in nephron tubules. In humans and animal models with chronic kidney disease, renal GCGR expression is reduced. However, the role of kidney GCGR in normal renal function and in disease development has not been addressed. Here, we examined its role by analyzing mice with constitutive or conditional kidney-specific loss of the Gcgr. Adult renal Gcgr knockout mice exhibit metabolic dysregulation and a functional impairment of the kidneys. These mice exhibit hyperaminoacidemia associated with reduced kidney glucose output, oxidative stress, enhanced inflammasome activity, and excess lipid accumulation in the kidney. Upon a lipid challenge, they display maladaptive responses with acute hypertriglyceridemia and chronic proinflammatory and profibrotic activation. In aged mice, kidney Gcgr ablation elicits widespread renal deposition of collagen and fibronectin, indicative of fibrosis. Taken together, our findings demonstrate an essential role of the renal GCGR in normal kidney metabolic and homeostatic functions. Importantly, mice deficient for kidney Gcgr recapitulate some of the key pathophysiological features of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- May-Yun Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhuzhen Zhang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shangang Zhao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Toshiharu Onodera
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xue-Nan Sun
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qingzhang Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Na Li
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shiuhwei Chen
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Megan Paredes
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Maureen J Charron
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Denise K Marciano
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ruth Gordillo
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-TanenbaumResearchInstitute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G1X5, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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10
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Hahn MK, Giacca A, Pereira S. In vivo techniques for assessment of insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. J Endocrinol 2024; 260:e230308. [PMID: 38198372 PMCID: PMC10895285 DOI: 10.1530/joe-23-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic tests are vital to determine in vivo insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in preclinical models, usually rodents. Such tests include glucose tolerance tests, insulin tolerance tests, and glucose clamps. Although these tests are not standardized, there are general guidelines for their completion and analysis that are constantly being refined. In this review, we describe metabolic tests in rodents as well as factors to consider when designing and performing these tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Hahn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Pereira
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Koeberl DD, Koch RL, Lim JA, Brooks ED, Arnson BD, Sun B, Kishnani PS. Gene therapy for glycogen storage diseases. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:93-118. [PMID: 37421310 PMCID: PMC10874648 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disorders (GSDs) are inherited disorders of metabolism resulting from the deficiency of individual enzymes involved in the synthesis, transport, and degradation of glycogen. This literature review summarizes the development of gene therapy for the GSDs. The abnormal accumulation of glycogen and deficiency of glucose production in GSDs lead to unique symptoms based upon the enzyme step and tissues involved, such as liver and kidney involvement associated with severe hypoglycemia during fasting and the risk of long-term complications including hepatic adenoma/carcinoma and end stage kidney disease in GSD Ia from glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, and cardiac/skeletal/smooth muscle involvement associated with myopathy +/- cardiomyopathy and the risk for cardiorespiratory failure in Pompe disease. These symptoms are present to a variable degree in animal models for the GSDs, which have been utilized to evaluate new therapies including gene therapy and genome editing. Gene therapy for Pompe disease and GSD Ia has progressed to Phase I and Phase III clinical trials, respectively, and are evaluating the safety and bioactivity of adeno-associated virus vectors. Clinical research to understand the natural history and progression of the GSDs provides invaluable outcome measures that serve as endpoints to evaluate benefits in clinical trials. While promising, gene therapy and genome editing face challenges with regard to clinical implementation, including immune responses and toxicities that have been revealed during clinical trials of gene therapy that are underway. Gene therapy for the glycogen storage diseases is under development, addressing an unmet need for specific, stable therapy for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight D Koeberl
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca L Koch
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeong-A Lim
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Brooks
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin D Arnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Baodong Sun
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Priya S Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Yiew NK, Deja S, Ferguson D, Cho K, Jarasvaraparn C, Jacome-Sosa M, Lutkewitte AJ, Mukherjee S, Fu X, Singer JM, Patti GJ, Burgess SC, Finck BN. Effects of hepatic mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency on de novo lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis in mice. iScience 2023; 26:108196. [PMID: 37942005 PMCID: PMC10628847 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver coordinates the systemic response to nutrient deprivation and availability by producing glucose from gluconeogenesis during fasting and synthesizing lipids via de novo lipogenesis (DNL) when carbohydrates are abundant. Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism is thought to play important roles in both gluconeogenesis and DNL. We examined the effects of hepatocyte-specific mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) deletion on the fasting-refeeding response. Rates of DNL during refeeding were impaired by hepatocyte MPC deletion, but this did not reduce intrahepatic lipid content. During fasting, glycerol is converted to glucose by two pathways; a direct cytosolic pathway and an indirect mitochondrial pathway requiring the MPC. Hepatocyte MPC deletion reduced the incorporation of 13C-glycerol into TCA cycle metabolites, but not into new glucose. Furthermore, suppression of glycerol and alanine metabolism did not affect glucose concentrations in fasted hepatocyte-specific MPC-deficient mice, suggesting multiple layers of redundancy in glycemic control in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K.H. Yiew
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stanislaw Deja
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kevin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Siteman Cancer Center, Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chaowapong Jarasvaraparn
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Miriam Jacome-Sosa
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew J. Lutkewitte
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sandip Mukherjee
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaorong Fu
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jason M. Singer
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gary J. Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Siteman Cancer Center, Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shawn C. Burgess
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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13
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Zhang J, Zheng Y, Martens L, Pfeiffer AFH. The Regulation and Secretion of Glucagon in Response to Nutrient Composition: Unraveling Their Intricate Mechanisms. Nutrients 2023; 15:3913. [PMID: 37764697 PMCID: PMC10536047 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon was initially regarded as a hyperglycemic substance; however, recent research has revealed its broader role in metabolism, encompassing effects on glucose, amino acids (AAs), and lipid metabolism. Notably, the interplay of glucagon with nutrient intake, particularly of AAs, and non-nutrient components is central to its secretion. Fasting and postprandial hyperglucagonemia have long been linked to the development and progression of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, recent studies have brought to light the positive impact of glucagon agonists on lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. This review explores the multifaceted actions of glucagon, focusing on its regulation, signaling pathways, and effects on glucose, AAs, and lipid metabolism. The interplay between glucagon and other hormones, including insulin and incretins, is examined to provide a mechanistic understanding of its functions. Notably, the liver-α-cell axis, which involves glucagon and amino acids, emerges as a critical aspect of metabolic regulation. The dysregulation of glucagon secretion and its impact on conditions such as T2DM are discussed. The review highlights the potential therapeutic applications of targeting the glucagon pathway in the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiudan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China;
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (L.M.); (A.F.H.P.)
| | - Yang Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China;
| | - Lisa Martens
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (L.M.); (A.F.H.P.)
- Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (L.M.); (A.F.H.P.)
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14
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Yiew NK, Deja S, Ferguson D, Cho K, Jarasvaraparn C, Jacome-Sosa M, Lutkewitte AJ, Mukherjee S, Fu X, Singer JM, Patti GJ, Burgess SC, Finck BN. Effects of hepatic mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency on de novo lipogenesis and glycerol-mediated gluconeogenesis in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.17.528992. [PMID: 36824879 PMCID: PMC9949129 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.17.528992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The liver coordinates the systemic response to nutrient deprivation and availability by producing glucose from gluconeogenesis during fasting and synthesizing lipids via de novo lipogenesis (DNL) when carbohydrates are abundant. Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism is thought to play important roles in both gluconeogenesis and DNL. We examined the effects of hepatocyte-specific mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) deletion on the fasting-refeeding response. Rates of DNL during refeeding were impaired by liver MPC deletion, but this did not reduce intrahepatic lipid content. During fasting, glycerol is converted to glucose by two pathways; a direct cytosolic pathway essentially reversing glycolysis and an indirect mitochondrial pathway requiring the MPC. MPC deletion reduced the incorporation of 13C-glycerol into TCA cycle metabolites but not into newly synthesized glucose. However, suppression of glycerol metabolism did not affect glucose concentrations in fasted hepatocyte-specific MPC-deficient mice. Thus, glucose production by kidney and intestine may compensate for MPC deficiency in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K.H. Yiew
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Stanislaw Deja
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Kevin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Siteman Cancer Center, Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Chaowapong Jarasvaraparn
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Miriam Jacome-Sosa
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Andrew J. Lutkewitte
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Sandip Mukherjee
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Xiaorong Fu
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Jason M. Singer
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Gary J. Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Siteman Cancer Center, Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Shawn C. Burgess
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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15
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Martino MR, Habibi M, Ferguson D, Brookheart RT, Thyfault JP, Meyer GA, Lantier L, Hughey CC, Finck BN. Disruption of Hepatic Mitochondrial Pyruvate and Amino Acid Metabolism Impairs Gluconeogenesis and Endurance Exercise Capacity in Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.22.554345. [PMID: 37662392 PMCID: PMC10473655 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.22.554345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise robustly increases the glucose demands of skeletal muscle. This demand is met not only by muscle glycogenolysis, but also by accelerated liver glucose production from hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to fuel mechanical work and prevent hypoglycemia during exercise. Hepatic gluconeogenesis during exercise is dependent on highly coordinated responses within and between muscle and liver. Specifically, exercise increases the rate at which gluconeogenic precursors such as pyruvate/lactate or amino acids are delivered from muscle to the liver, extracted by the liver, and channeled into glucose. Herein, we examined the effects of interrupting gluconeogenic efficiency and capacity on exercise performance by deleting hepatic mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 (MPC2) and/or alanine transaminase 2 (ALT2) in mice. We found that deletion of MPC2 or ALT2 alone did not significantly affect time to exhaustion or post-exercise glucose concentrations in treadmill exercise tests, but mice lacking both MPC2 and ALT2 in liver (DKO) reached exhaustion faster and exhibited lower circulating glucose during and after exercise. Use of ²H/¹³C metabolic flux analyses demonstrated that DKO mice exhibited lower endogenous glucose production owing to decreased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis at rest and during exercise. The decreased gluconeogenesis was accompanied by lower anaplerotic, cataplerotic, and TCA cycle fluxes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the transition of the liver to the gluconeogenic mode is critical for preventing hypoglycemia and sustaining performance during exercise. The results also illustrate the need for interorgan crosstalk during exercise as described by the Cahill and Cori cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Martino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mohammad Habibi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rita T. Brookheart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John P. Thyfault
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO
| | - Gretchen A. Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Louise Lantier
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Curtis C. Hughey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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16
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Shah A, Wondisford FE. Gluconeogenesis Flux in Metabolic Disease. Annu Rev Nutr 2023; 43:153-177. [PMID: 37603427 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-061121-091507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis is a critical biosynthetic process that helps maintain whole-body glucose homeostasis and becomes altered in certain medical diseases. We review gluconeogenic flux in various medical diseases, including common metabolic disorders, hormonal imbalances, specific inborn genetic errors, and cancer. We discuss how the altered gluconeogenic activity contributes to disease pathogenesis using data from experiments using isotopic tracer and spectroscopy methodologies. These in vitro, animal, and human studies provide insights into the changes in circulating levels of available gluconeogenesis substrates and the efficiency of converting those substrates to glucose by gluconeogenic organs. We highlight ongoing knowledge gaps, discuss emerging research areas, and suggest future investigations. A better understanding of altered gluconeogenesis flux may ultimately identify novel and targeted treatment strategies for such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Shah
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; ,
| | - Fredric E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; ,
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17
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Sahoo B, Srivastava M, Katiyar A, Ecelbarger C, Tiwari S. Liver or kidney: Who has the oar in the gluconeogenesis boat and when? World J Diabetes 2023; 14:1049-1056. [PMID: 37547592 PMCID: PMC10401452 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i7.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis is an endogenous process of glucose production from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. Both the liver and kidneys express the key enzymes necessary for endogenous glucose production and its export into circulation. We would be remiss to add that more recently gluconeogenesis has been described in the small intestine, especially under high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets. The contribution of the liver glucose release, the net glucose flux, towards systemic glucose is already well known. The liver is, in most instances, the primary bulk contributor due to the sheer size of the organ (on average, over 1 kg). The contribution of the kidney (at just over 100 g each) to endogenous glucose production is often under-appreciated, especially on a weight basis. Glucose is released from the liver through the process of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Renal glucose release is almost exclusively due to gluconeogenesis, which occurs in only a fraction of the cells in that organ (proximal tubule cells). Thus, the efficiency of glucose production from other carbon sources may be superior in the kidney relative to the liver or at least on the level. In both these tissues, gluconeogenesis regulation is under tight hormonal control and depends on the availability of substrates. Liver and renal gluconeogenesis are differentially regulated under various pathological conditions. The impact of one source vs the other changes, based on post-prandial state, acid-base balance, hormonal status, and other less understood factors. Which organ has the oar (is more influential) in driving systemic glucose homeostasis is still in-conclusive and likely changes with the daily rhythms of life. We reviewed the literature on the differences in gluconeogenesis regulation between the kidneys and the liver to gain an insight into who drives the systemic glucose levels under various physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Sahoo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Medha Srivastava
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Arpit Katiyar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Carolyn Ecelbarger
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
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18
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Pettway YD, Saunders DC, Brissova M. The human α cell in health and disease. J Endocrinol 2023; 258:e220298. [PMID: 37114672 PMCID: PMC10428003 DOI: 10.1530/joe-22-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
In commemoration of 100 years since the discovery of glucagon, we review current knowledge about the human α cell. Alpha cells make up 30-40% of human islet endocrine cells and play a major role in regulating whole-body glucose homeostasis, largely through the direct actions of their main secretory product - glucagon - on peripheral organs. Additionally, glucagon and other secretory products of α cells, namely acetylcholine, glutamate, and glucagon-like peptide-1, have been shown to play an indirect role in the modulation of glucose homeostasis through autocrine and paracrine interactions within the islet. Studies of glucagon's role as a counterregulatory hormone have revealed additional important functions of the α cell, including the regulation of multiple aspects of energy metabolism outside that of glucose. At the molecular level, human α cells are defined by the expression of conserved islet-enriched transcription factors and various enriched signature genes, many of which have currently unknown cellular functions. Despite these common threads, notable heterogeneity exists amongst human α cell gene expression and function. Even greater differences are noted at the inter-species level, underscoring the importance of further study of α cell physiology in the human context. Finally, studies on α cell morphology and function in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, as well as other forms of metabolic stress, reveal a key contribution of α cell dysfunction to dysregulated glucose homeostasis in disease pathogenesis, making targeting the α cell an important focus for improving treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasminye D. Pettway
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
| | - Diane C. Saunders
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
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19
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Zhou W, Simic P, Zhou IY, Caravan P, Vela Parada X, Wen D, Washington OL, Shvedova M, Pierce KA, Clish CB, Mannstadt M, Kobayashi T, Wein MN, Jüppner H, Rhee EP. Kidney glycolysis serves as a mammalian phosphate sensor that maintains phosphate homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e164610. [PMID: 36821389 PMCID: PMC10104895 DOI: 10.1172/jci164610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
How phosphate levels are detected in mammals is unknown. The bone-derived hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) lowers blood phosphate levels by reducing kidney phosphate reabsorption and 1,25(OH)2D production, but phosphate does not directly stimulate bone FGF23 expression. Using PET scanning and LC-MS, we found that phosphate increases kidney-specific glycolysis and synthesis of glycerol-3-phosphate (G-3-P), which then circulates to bone to trigger FGF23 production. Further, we found that G-3-P dehydrogenase 1 (Gpd1), a cytosolic enzyme that synthesizes G-3-P and oxidizes NADH to NAD+, is required for phosphate-stimulated G-3-P and FGF23 production and prevention of hyperphosphatemia. In proximal tubule cells, we found that phosphate availability is substrate-limiting for glycolysis and G-3-P production and that increased glycolysis and Gpd1 activity are coupled through cytosolic NAD+ recycling. Finally, we show that the type II sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter Npt2a, which is primarily expressed in the proximal tubule, conferred kidney specificity to phosphate-stimulated G-3-P production. Importantly, exogenous G-3-P stimulated FGF23 production when Npt2a or Gpd1 were absent, confirming that it was the key circulating factor downstream of glycolytic phosphate sensing in the kidney. Together, these findings place glycolysis at the nexus of mineral and energy metabolism and identify a kidney-bone feedback loop that controls phosphate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Petra Simic
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Iris Y. Zhou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xavier Vela Parada
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Donghai Wen
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Onica L. Washington
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Shvedova
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kerry A. Pierce
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clary B. Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Mannstadt
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc N. Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eugene P. Rhee
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, and
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Gautier-Stein A, Chilloux J, Soty M, Thorens B, Place C, Zitoun C, Duchampt A, Da Costa L, Rajas F, Lamaze C, Mithieux G. A caveolin-1 dependent glucose-6-phosphatase trafficking contributes to hepatic glucose production. Mol Metab 2023; 70:101700. [PMID: 36870604 PMCID: PMC10023957 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deregulation of hepatic glucose production is a key driver in the pathogenesis of diabetes, but its short-term regulation is incompletely deciphered. According to textbooks, glucose is produced in the endoplasmic reticulum by glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and then exported in the blood by the glucose transporter GLUT2. However, in the absence of GLUT2, glucose can be produced by a cholesterol-dependent vesicular pathway, which remains to be deciphered. Interestingly, a similar mechanism relying on vesicle trafficking controls short-term G6Pase activity. We thus investigated whether Caveolin-1 (Cav1), a master regulator of cholesterol trafficking, might be the mechanistic link between glucose production by G6Pase in the ER and glucose export through a vesicular pathway. METHODS Glucose production from fasted mice lacking Cav1, GLUT2 or both proteins was measured in vitro in primary culture of hepatocytes and in vivo by pyruvate tolerance tests. The cellular localization of Cav1 and the catalytic unit of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC1) were studied by western blotting from purified membranes, immunofluorescence on primary hepatocytes and fixed liver sections and by in vivo imaging of chimeric constructs overexpressed in cell lines. G6PC1 trafficking to the plasma membrane was inhibited by a broad inhibitor of vesicular pathways or by an anchoring system retaining G6PC1 specifically to the ER membrane. RESULTS Hepatocyte glucose production is reduced at the step catalyzed by G6Pase in the absence of Cav1. In the absence of both GLUT2 and Cav1, gluconeogenesis is nearly abolished, indicating that these pathways can be considered as the two major pathways of de novo glucose production. Mechanistically, Cav1 colocalizes but does not interact with G6PC1 and controls its localization in the Golgi complex and at the plasma membrane. The localization of G6PC1 at the plasma membrane is correlated to glucose production. Accordingly, retaining G6PC1 in the ER reduces glucose production by hepatic cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data evidence a pathway of glucose production that relies on Cav1-dependent trafficking of G6PC1 to the plasma membrane. This reveals a new cellular regulation of G6Pase activity that contributes to hepatic glucose production and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Gautier-Stein
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France.
| | - Julien Chilloux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France
| | - Maud Soty
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Place
- Laboratoire de Physique (UMR CNRS 5672), ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon, F-69364, Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Carine Zitoun
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France
| | - Adeline Duchampt
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France
| | - Lorine Da Costa
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR 3666, Membrane Mechanics and Dynamics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1213, F-69374, Lyon, France
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21
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Nakajima A, Yamaguchi R, Sasazaki M, Ishihara A, Yamauchi K. Adult male Xenopus laevis can tolerate months of fasting by catabolizing carbohydrates and lipids. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:227-238. [PMID: 36807773 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, has been reported to tolerate long-term fasting without dormancy. However, the strategies for energy acquisition during fasting are unclear in this species. We performed 3- and 7-month fasting experiments to investigate how the metabolism of male X. laevis changes during long-term fasting. We found that the levels of several serum biochemical parameters, such as glucose, triglycerides, and free fatty acids, as well as liver glycogen were reduced after 3 months of fasting, whereas after 7 months of fasting, triglyceride levels were reduced, and fat body wet weight was lower than that of fed group indicating the onset of lipid catabolism. In addition, transcript levels of gluconeogenic genes, such as pck1, pck2, g6pc1.1, and g6pc1.2, were increased in the livers of animals fasted for 3 months, suggesting upregulation of gluconeogenesis. Our results raise the possibility that male X. laevis can tolerate much longer fasting than previously reported by utilizing several energy storage molecules. Further investigation of the effects of prolonged fasting on the metabolic switches from carbohydrates to lipids or amino acids in X. laevis is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Nakajima
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamaguchi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Maya Sasazaki
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Akinori Ishihara
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Yamauchi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
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22
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Intestinal gluconeogenesis: metabolic benefits make sense in the light of evolution. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:183-194. [PMID: 36470967 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The intestine, like the liver and kidney, in various vertebrates and humans is able to carry out gluconeogenesis and release glucose into the blood. In the fed post-absorptive state, intestinal glucose is sensed by the gastrointestinal nervous system. The latter initiates a signal to the brain regions controlling energy homeostasis and stress-related behaviour. Intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN) is activated by several complementary mechanisms, in particular nutritional situations (for example, when food is enriched in protein or fermentable fibre and after gastric bypass surgery in obesity). In these situations, IGN has several metabolic and behavioural benefits. As IGN is activated by nutrients capable of fuelling systemic gluconeogenesis, IGN could be a signal to the brain that food previously ingested is suitable for maintaining plasma glucose for a while. This process might account for the benefits observed. Finally, in this Perspective, we discuss how the benefits of IGN in fasting and fed states could explain why IGN emerged and was maintained in vertebrates by natural selection.
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23
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Irelan D, Boyd A, Fiedler E, Lochmaier P, McDonough W, Aragon IV, Rachek L, Abou Saleh L, Richter W. Acute PDE4 Inhibition Induces a Transient Increase in Blood Glucose in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043260. [PMID: 36834669 PMCID: PMC9963939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
cAMP-phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors are currently approved for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. There is interest in expanding the therapeutic application of PDE4 inhibitors to metabolic disorders, as their chronic application induces weight loss in patients and animals and improves glucose handling in mouse models of obesity and diabetes. Unexpectedly, we have found that acute PDE4 inhibitor treatment induces a temporary increase, rather than a decrease, in blood glucose levels in mice. Blood glucose levels in postprandial mice increase rapidly upon drug injection, reaching a maximum after ~45 min, and returning to baseline within ~4 h. This transient blood glucose spike is replicated by several structurally distinct PDE4 inhibitors, suggesting that it is a class effect of PDE4 inhibitors. PDE4 inhibitor treatment does not reduce serum insulin levels, and the subsequent injection of insulin potently reduces PDE4 inhibitor-induced blood glucose levels, suggesting that the glycemic effects of PDE4 inhibition are independent of changes in insulin secretion and/or sensitivity. Conversely, PDE4 inhibitors induce a rapid reduction in skeletal muscle glycogen levels and potently inhibit the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose into muscle tissues. This suggests that reduced glucose uptake into muscle tissue is a significant contributor to the transient glycemic effects of PDE4 inhibitors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Irelan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Center for Lung Biology, Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Abigail Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Center for Lung Biology, Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Edward Fiedler
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Center for Lung Biology, Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Peter Lochmaier
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Center for Lung Biology, Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Will McDonough
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Center for Lung Biology, Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Ileana V. Aragon
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Center for Lung Biology, Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Lyudmila Rachek
- Department of Pharmacology, Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Lina Abou Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Center for Lung Biology, Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Wito Richter
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Center for Lung Biology, Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Correspondence:
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24
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Andreozzi F, Di Fatta C, Spiga R, Mannino GC, Mancuso E, Averta C, De Caro C, Tallarico M, Leo A, Citraro R, Russo E, De Sarro G, Sesti G. Glucagon induces the hepatic expression of inflammatory markers in vitro and in vivo. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:556-569. [PMID: 36305474 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon exerts multiple hepatic actions, including stimulation of glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis. The liver plays a crucial role in chronic inflammation by synthesizing proinflammatory molecules, which are thought to contribute to insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia. Whether glucagon affects hepatic expression of proinflammatory cytokines and acute-phase reactants is unknown. Herein, we report a positive relationship between fasting glucagon levels and circulating interleukin (IL)-1β (r = 0.252, p = .042), IL-6 (r = 0.230, p = .026), fibrinogen (r = 0.193, p = .031), complement component 3 (r = 0.227, p = .024) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (r = 0.230, p = .012) in individuals without diabetes. In CD1 mice, 4-week continuous treatment with glucagon induced a significant increase in circulating IL-1β (p = .02), and IL-6 (p = .001), which was countered by the contingent administration of the glucagon receptor antagonist, GRA-II. Consistent with these results, we detected a significant increase in the hepatic activation of inflammatory pathways, such as expression of NLRP3 (p < .02), and the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB; p < .02) and STAT3 (p < .01). In HepG2 cells, we found that glucagon dose-dependently stimulated the expression of IL-1β (p < .002), IL-6 (p < .002), fibrinogen (p < .01), complement component 3 (p < .01) and C-reactive protein (p < .01), stimulated the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome (p < .01) and caspase-1 (p < .05), induced the phosphorylation of TRAF2 (p < .01), NF-κB (p < .01) and STAT3 (p < .01). Preincubating cells with GRA-II inhibited the ability of glucagon to induce an inflammatory response. Using HepaRG cells, we confirmed the dose-dependent ability of glucagon to stimulate the expression of NLRP3, the phosphorylation of NF-κB and STAT3, in the absence of GRA-II. These results suggest that glucagon has proinflammatory effects that may participate in the pathogenesis of hyperglycaemia and unfavourable cardiometabolic risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Andreozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Research Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases (CR METDIS), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Concetta Di Fatta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosangela Spiga
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gaia Chiara Mannino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elettra Mancuso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Averta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmen De Caro
- Department of Science of Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Martina Tallarico
- Department of Science of Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- Department of Science of Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- Department of Science of Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Science of Health, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Sesti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome-Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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25
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Petrova IO, Smirnikhina SA. Studies on glycogen storage disease type 1a animal models: a brief perspective. Transgenic Res 2022; 31:593-606. [PMID: 36006546 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type 1 (GSD1) is a rare hereditary monogenic disease characterized by the disturbed glucose metabolism. The most widespread variant of GSD1 is GSD1a, which is a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase-ɑ. Glucose-6-phosphatase-ɑ is expressed only in liver, kidney, and intestine, and these organs are primarily affected by its deficiency, and long-term complications of GSD1a include hepatic tumors and chronic liver disease. This article is a brief overview of existing animal models for GSD1a, from the first mouse model of 1996 to modern CRISPR/Cas9-generated ones. First whole-body murine models demonstrated exact metabolic symptoms of GSD1a, but the animals did not survive weaning. The protocol for glucose treatment allowed prolonged survival of affected animals, but long-term complications, such as hepatic tumorigenesis, could not be investigated. Next, organ-specific knockout models were developed, and most of the metabolic research was performed on liver glucose-6-phosphate-deficient mice. Naturally occuring mutation was also discovered in dogs. All these models are widely used to study GSD1a from metabolic and physiological standpoints and to develop possible treatments involving gene therapy. Research performed using these models helped elucidate the role of glycogen and lipid accumulation, hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and autophagy impairment in long-term complications of GSD1a, including hepatic tumorigenesis. Recently, gene replacement therapy and genome editing were tested on described models, and some of the developed approaches have reached clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina O Petrova
- Laboratory of Genome Editing, Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechye 1, Moscow, Russia, 115478.
| | - Svetlana A Smirnikhina
- Laboratory of Genome Editing, Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechye 1, Moscow, Russia, 115478
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26
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Selen ES, Rodriguez S, Cavagnini KS, Kim HB, Na CH, Wolfgang MJ. Requirement of hepatic pyruvate carboxylase during fasting, high fat, and ketogenic diet. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102648. [PMID: 36441025 PMCID: PMC9694104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate has two major fates upon entry into mitochondria, the oxidative decarboxylation to acetyl-CoA via the pyruvate decarboxylase complex or the biotin-dependent carboxylation to oxaloacetate via pyruvate carboxylase (Pcx). Here, we have generated mice with a liver-specific KO of pyruvate carboxylase (PcxL-/-) to understand the role of Pcx in hepatic mitochondrial metabolism under disparate physiological states. PcxL-/- mice exhibited a deficit in hepatic gluconeogenesis and enhanced ketogenesis as expected but were able to maintain systemic euglycemia following a 24 h fast. Feeding a high-fat diet to PcxL-/- mice resulted in animals that were resistant to glucose intolerance without affecting body weight. However, we found that PcxL-/- mice fed a ketogenic diet for 1 week became severely hypoglycemic, demonstrating a requirement for hepatic Pcx for long-term glycemia under carbohydrate-limited diets. Additionally, we determined that loss of Pcx was associated with an induction in the abundance of lysine-acetylated proteins in PcxL-/- mice regardless of physiologic state. Furthermore, liver acetyl-proteomics revealed a biased induction in mitochondrial lysine-acetylated proteins. These data show that Pcx is important for maintaining the proper balance of pyruvate metabolism between oxidative and anaplerotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru S. Selen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susana Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kyle S. Cavagnini
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Han-Byeol Kim
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chan Hyun Na
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael J. Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,For correspondence: Michael J. Wolfgang
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27
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Sui X, Wang H, Wu F, Yang C, Zhang H, Xu Z, Guo Y, Guo Z, Xin B, Ma T, Li Y, Dai Z. Hepatic metabolite responses to 4-day complete fasting and subsequent refeeding in rats. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14009. [PMID: 36157064 PMCID: PMC9504452 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fasting has been widely used to improve various metabolic diseases in humans. Adaptive fasting is necessary for metabolic adaptation during prolonged fasting, which could overcome the great advantages of short-term fasting. The liver is the main organ responsible for energy metabolism and metabolic homeostasis. To date, we lack literature that describes the physiologically relevant adaptations of the liver during prolonged fasting and refeeding. For that reason, this study aims to evaluate the response of the liver of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to prolonged fasting and refeeding. Methods Sixty-six male SD rats were divided into the fasting groups, which were fasted for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, or 96 h, and the refeeding groups, which were refed for 1, 3, or 6 days after 96 h of fasting. Serum glucose, TG, FFA, β-hydroxybutyrate, insulin, glucagon, leptin, adiponectin and FGF21 levels were assessed. The glucose content, PEPCK activity, TG concentration and FFA content were measured in liver tissue, and the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis (PEPCK and G6Pase), ketogenesis (PPARα, CPT-1a and HMGCS2) and the protein expression of nutrient-sensing signaling molecules (AMPK, mTOR and SIRT1) were determined by RT-qPCR and western blotting, respectively. Results Fasting significantly decreased the body weight, which was totally recovered to baseline after 3 days of refeeding. A 4-day fast triggered an energy metabolic substrate shift from glucose to ketones and caused serum hormone changes and changes in the protein expression levels of nutrient-sensing signaling molecules. Glycogenolysis served as the primary fuel source during the first 24 h of fasting, while gluconeogenesis supplied the most glucose thereafter. Serum FFA concentrations increased significantly with 48 h of fasting. Serum FFAs partly caused high serum β-hydroxybutyrate levels, which became an important energy source with the prolongation of the fasting duration. One day of refeeding quickly reversed the energy substrate switch. Nutrient-sensing signaling molecules (AMPK and SIRT1 but not mTOR signaling) were highly expressed at the beginning of fasting (in the first 4 h). Serum insulin and leptin decreased with fasting initiation, and serum glucagon increased, but adiponectin and FGF21 showed no significant changes. Herein, we depicted in detail the timing of the metabolic response and adaptation of the liver to a 4-day water-only fast and subsequent refeeding in rats, which provides helpful support for the design of safe prolonged and intermittent fasting regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiukun Sui
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China,Space Science and Technology Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxiu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - ZhiFeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bingmu Xin
- Space Science and Technology Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Ma
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongquan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
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28
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Pinho RM, Garas LC, Huang BC, Weimer BC, Maga EA. Malnourishment affects gene expression along the length of the small intestine. Front Nutr 2022; 9:894640. [PMID: 36118759 PMCID: PMC9478944 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.894640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnourishment is a risk factor for childhood mortality, jeopardizing the health of children by aggravating pneumonia/acute respiratory infections and diarrheal diseases. Malnourishment causes morphophysiological changes resulting in stunting and wasting that have long-lasting consequences such as cognitive deficit and metabolic dysfunction. Using a pig model of malnutrition, the interplay between the phenotypic data displayed by the malnourished animals, the gene expression pattern along the intestinal tract, microbiota composition of the intestinal contents, and hepatic metabolite concentrations from the same animals were correlated using a multi-omics approach. Samples from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of malnourished (protein and calorie-restricted diet) and full-fed (no dietary restrictions) piglets were subjected to RNA-seq. Gene co-expression analysis and phenotypic correlations were made with WGCNA, while the integration of transcriptome with microbiota composition and the hepatic metabolite profile was done using mixOmics. Malnourishment caused changes in tissue gene expression that influenced energetic balance, cell proliferation, nutrient absorption, and response to stress. Repression of antioxidant genes, including glutathione peroxidase, in coordination with induction of metal ion transporters corresponded to the hepatic metabolite changes. These data indicate oxidative stress in the intestine of malnourished animals. Furthermore, several of the phenotypes displayed by these animals could be explained by changes in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel M. Pinho
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Raquel M. Pinho
| | - Lydia C. Garas
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - B. Carol Huang
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bart C. Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Maga
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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29
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Sharma R, Sahoo B, Srivastava A, Tiwari S. Reduced insulin signaling and high glucagon in early insulin resistance impaired fast-fed regulation of renal gluconeogenesis via insulin receptor substrate. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1327-1339. [PMID: 35644013 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis is one of the key processes through which the kidney contributes to glucose homeostasis. Urinary exosomes (uE) have been used to study renal gene regulation noninvasively in humans and rodents. Recently, we demonstrated fast-fed regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), the rate-limiting enzyme for gluconeogenesis, in human uE. The regulation was impaired in subjects with early insulin resistance. Here, we studied primary human proximal tubule cells (hPT) and human uE to elucidate a potential link between insulin resistance and fast-fed regulation of renal PEPCK. We demonstrate that fasted hPTs had higher PEPCK and insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS2) mRNA and protein levels, relative to fed cells. The fast-fed regulation was, however, attenuated in insulin receptor knockdown (IRKO) hPTs. The IRKO was confirmed by the blunted insulin-induced response on PEPCK, PGC1α, p-IR, and p-AKT expression in IRKO cells. Exosomes secreted by the wild-type or IRKO hPT showed similar regulation to the respective hPT. Similarly, in human uE, the relative abundance of IRS-2 mRNA (to IRS1) was higher in the fasted state relative to the fed condition. However, the fast-fed difference was absent in subjects with early insulin resistance. These subjects had higher circulating glucagon levels relative to subjects with optimal insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, in hPT cells, glucagon significantly induced PEPCK and IRS2 gene, and gluconeogenesis. IR knockdown in hPT cells further increased the gene expression levels. Together the data suggest that reduced insulin sensitivity and high glucagon in early insulin resistance may impair renal gluconeogenesis via IRS2 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Sharma
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Biswajit Sahoo
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Aneesh Srivastava
- Department of Urology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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30
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Rodgers RL. Glucagon, cyclic AMP, and hepatic glucose mobilization: A half‐century of uncertainty. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15263. [PMID: 35569125 PMCID: PMC9107925 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For at least 50 years, the prevailing view has been that the adenylate cyclase (AC)/cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A pathway is the predominant signal mediating the hepatic glucose‐mobilizing actions of glucagon. A wealth of evidence, however, supports the alternative, that the operative signal most of the time is the phospholipase C (PLC)/inositol‐phosphate (IP3)/calcium/calmodulin pathway. The evidence can be summarized as follows: (1) The consensus threshold glucagon concentration for activating AC ex vivo is 100 pM, but the statistical hepatic portal plasma glucagon concentration range, measured by RIA, is between 28 and 60 pM; (2) Within that physiological concentration range, glucagon stimulates the PLC/IP3 pathway and robustly increases glucose output without affecting the AC/cAMP pathway; (3) Activation of a latent, amplified AC/cAMP pathway at concentrations below 60 pM is very unlikely; and (4) Activation of the PLC/IP3 pathway at physiological concentrations produces intracellular effects that are similar to those produced by activation of the AC/cAMP pathway at concentrations above 100 pM, including elevated intracellular calcium and altered activities and expressions of key enzymes involved in glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen synthesis. Under metabolically stressful conditions, as in the early neonate or exercising adult, plasma glucagon concentrations often exceed 100 pM, recruiting the AC/cAMP pathway and enhancing the activation of PLC/IP3 pathway to boost glucose output, adaptively meeting the elevated systemic glucose demand. Whether the AC/cAMP pathway is consistently activated in starvation or diabetes is not clear. Because the importance of glucagon in the pathogenesis of diabetes is becoming increasingly evident, it is even more urgent now to resolve lingering uncertainties and definitively establish glucagon’s true mechanism of glycemia regulation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Rodgers
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA
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31
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Bian X, Jiang H, Meng Y, Li YP, Fang J, Lu Z. Regulation of gene expression by glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:786-799. [PMID: 35300892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gene transcription and cell metabolism are two fundamental biological processes that mutually regulate each other. Upregulated or altered expression of glucose metabolic genes in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is a major driving force of enhanced aerobic glycolysis in tumor cells. Importantly, glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes in tumor cells acquire moonlighting functions and directly regulate gene expression by modulating chromatin or transcriptional complexes. The mutual regulation between cellular metabolism and gene expression in a feedback mechanism constitutes a unique feature of tumor cells and provides specific molecular and functional targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Bian
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nanchang University Medical College, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hongfei Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Ying-Ping Li
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Jing Fang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease of The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310029, China.
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32
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Venable AH, Lee LE, Feola K, Santoyo J, Broomfield T, Huen SC. Fasting-induced renal HMGCS2 expression does not contribute to circulating ketones. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F460-F467. [PMID: 35224990 PMCID: PMC9076412 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00447.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in ketogenesis. The liver expresses high levels of HMGCS2 constitutively as the main ketogenic organ. It has been suggested that the kidney could be ketogenic as HMGCS2 is expressed in the kidney during fasting and diabetic conditions. However, definitive proof of the capacity for the kidney to produce ketones is lacking. We demonstrate that during fasting, HMGCS2 expression is induced in the proximal tubule of the kidney and is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha dependent. Mice with kidney-specific Hmgcs2 deletion show a minor, likely physiologically insignificant, decrease in circulating ketones during fasting. Conversely, liver-specific Hmgcs2 knockout mice exhibit a complete loss of fasting ketosis. Together, these findings indicate renal HMGCS2 does not significantly contribute to global ketone production, and during fasting, the increase in circulating ketones is solely dependent on hepatic HMGCS2. Proximal tubule HMGCS2 serves functions other than systemic ketone provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Venable
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Lauren Elizabeth Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Kyle Feola
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - John Santoyo
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Tatyana Broomfield
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sarah C Huen
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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High Protein Diet Feeding Aggravates Hyperaminoacidemia in Mice Deficient in Proglucagon-Derived Peptides. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050975. [PMID: 35267952 PMCID: PMC8912298 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Protein stimulates the secretion of glucagon (GCG), which can affect glucose metabolism. This study aimed to analyze the metabolic effect of a high-protein diet (HPD) in the presence or absence of proglucagon-derived peptides, including GCG and GLP-1. (2) Methods: The response to HPD feeding for 7 days was analyzed in mice deficient in proglucagon-derived peptides (GCGKO). (3) Results: In both control and GCGKO mice, food intake and body weight decreased with HPD and intestinal expression of Pepck increased. HPD also decreased plasma FGF21 levels, regardless of the presence of proglucagon-derived peptides. In control mice, HPD increased the hepatic expression of enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism without the elevation of plasma amino acid levels, except branched-chain amino acids. On the other hand, HPD-induced changes in the hepatic gene expression were attenuated in GCGKO mice, resulting in marked hyperaminoacidemia with lower blood glucose levels; the plasma concentration of glutamine exceeded that of glucose in HPD-fed GCGKO mice. (4) Conclusions: Increased plasma amino acid levels are a common feature in animal models with blocked GCG activity, and our results underscore that GCG plays essential roles in the homeostasis of amino acid metabolism in response to altered protein intake.
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Green CL, Pak HH, Richardson NE, Flores V, Yu D, Tomasiewicz JL, Dumas SN, Kredell K, Fan JW, Kirsh C, Chaiyakul K, Murphy ME, Babygirija R, Barrett-Wilt GA, Rabinowitz J, Ong IM, Jang C, Simcox J, Lamming DW. Sex and genetic background define the metabolic, physiologic, and molecular response to protein restriction. Cell Metab 2022; 34:209-226.e5. [PMID: 35108511 PMCID: PMC8865085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Low-protein diets promote metabolic health in humans and rodents. Despite evidence that sex and genetic background are key factors in the response to diet, most protein intake studies examine only a single strain and sex of mice. Using multiple strains and both sexes of mice, we find that improvements in metabolic health in response to reduced dietary protein strongly depend on sex and strain. While some phenotypes were conserved across strains and sexes, including increased glucose tolerance and energy expenditure, we observed high variability in adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and circulating hormones. Using a multi-omics approach, we identified mega-clusters of differentially expressed hepatic genes, metabolites, and lipids associated with each phenotype, providing molecular insight into the differential response to protein restriction. Our results highlight the importance of sex and genetic background in the response to dietary protein level, and the potential importance of a personalized medicine approach to dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Heidi H Pak
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nicole E Richardson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Victoria Flores
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Deyang Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jay L Tomasiewicz
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Sabrina N Dumas
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Katherine Kredell
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jesse W Fan
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Charlie Kirsh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Krittisak Chaiyakul
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michaela E Murphy
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Reji Babygirija
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Joshua Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Irene M Ong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Judith Simcox
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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35
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Khodadadi M, Jafari-Gharabaghlou D, Zarghami N. An update on mode of action of metformin in modulation of meta-inflammation and inflammaging. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:310-322. [PMID: 35067907 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common chronic metabolic condition. Several genetic and environmental factors are involved in developing T2DM. Aging, inflammation, and obesity are the main contributors to the initiation of T2DM. They cause chronic sterile meta-inflammation and insulin resistance, thereby making a person more susceptible to developing T2DM. Metformin, a natural cationic biguanide, is widely used as the first-line treatment of T2DM. The exact action mechanism behind the glucose-lowering effect of metformin is not clear, but, presumably, metformin utilizes a broad spectrum of molecular mechanisms to control blood glucose including decreasing intestinal glucose absorption, inhibition of the hepatic gluconeogenesis, decreasing insulin resistance, etc. Recent studies have shown that metformin exerts its effects through the inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex 1 and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, but it has been identified in the other studies that AMPK is not the sole hub in metformin mode of action or there are other unknown mechanisms which are involved and yet to be explored. Therefore, here, we discuss the updated findings of the mechanism of action of metformin that contributes to the meta-inflammation and inflammaging action. It is proposed that figuring out the precise mechanism of action of metformin could improve its application in the fields of obesity, inflammation, aging, and inflammaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Khodadadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davoud Jafari-Gharabaghlou
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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36
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Gonzalez-Rellan MJ, Fondevila MF, Dieguez C, Nogueiras R. O-GlcNAcylation: A Sweet Hub in the Regulation of Glucose Metabolism in Health and Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:873513. [PMID: 35527999 PMCID: PMC9072661 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.873513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a posttranslational modification ruled by the activity of a single pair of enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). These two enzymes carry out the dynamic cycling of O-GlcNAcylation on a wide range of cytosolic, nuclear, and mitochondrial proteins in a nutrient- and stress-responsive manner. To maintain proper glucose homeostasis, a precise mechanism to sense blood glucose levels is required, to adapt cell physiology to fluctuations in nutrient intake to maintain glycemia within a narrow range. Disruptions in glucose homeostasis generates metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. In this review we will discuss and summarize emerging findings that points O-GlcNAcylation as a hub in the control of systemic glucose homeostasis, and its involvement in the generation of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Gonzalez-Rellan
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Maria J. Gonzalez-Rellan, ; Marcos F. Fondevila,
| | - Marcos F. Fondevila
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Maria J. Gonzalez-Rellan, ; Marcos F. Fondevila,
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Maeda T. Alterations of hepatic gluconeogenesis and amino acid metabolism in CTRP3-deficient mice. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1617-1622. [PMID: 34811637 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue secretes various adipocytokines that play important roles in lipid and glucose metabolism. C1q and tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 (CTRP3) is a paralog of adiponectin, which has been extensively studied. Previously, we showed that epididymal white adipose tissue size is decreased in high fat diet-fed Ctrp3 knockout (KO) mice. Here, I examined metabolic roles of CTRP3 in non-obese mice under starvation conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were increased in 20-h-fasted standard chow-fed Ctrp3 KO mice compared with wild-type (WT) controls. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that ALT1, AST2, and glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA expressions were increased in the liver of Ctrp3 KO mice after a 20-h fast. Upon intraperitoneal alanine administration, Ctrp3 KO mice showed a modest but significant increase in the conversion of alanine to glucose. To characterize hepatic metabolism in fasted Ctrp3 KO mice, I further analyzed metabolomic profiles in the liver. Unexpectedly, metabolome analysis of the liver of 20-h-fasted Ctrp3 KO mice revealed that the relative concentrations of 10 of the 20 amino acids were lower than in WT controls. The relative concentrations of ornithine and argininosuccinate, which are urea cycle intermediates, were also decreased in the Ctrp3 KO liver. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, my results indicate that CTRP3 has novel roles in regulating both gluconeogenesis and amino acid metabolism in the liver during starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Maeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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38
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Carter RN, Gibbins MTG, Barrios-Llerena ME, Wilkie SE, Freddolino PL, Libiad M, Vitvitsky V, Emerson B, Le Bihan T, Brice M, Su H, Denham SG, Homer NZM, Mc Fadden C, Tailleux A, Faresse N, Sulpice T, Briand F, Gillingwater T, Ahn KH, Singha S, McMaster C, Hartley RC, Staels B, Gray GA, Finch AJ, Selman C, Banerjee R, Morton NM. The hepatic compensatory response to elevated systemic sulfide promotes diabetes. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109958. [PMID: 34758301 PMCID: PMC8595646 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes. Increased sulfide production or sulfide donor compounds may beneficially regulate hepatic metabolism. Disposal of sulfide through the sulfide oxidation pathway (SOP) is critical for maintaining sulfide within a safe physiological range. We show that mice lacking the liver- enriched mitochondrial SOP enzyme thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (Tst-/- mice) exhibit high circulating sulfide, increased gluconeogenesis, hypertriglyceridemia, and fatty liver. Unexpectedly, hepatic sulfide levels are normal in Tst-/- mice because of exaggerated induction of sulfide disposal, with associated suppression of global protein persulfidation and nuclear respiratory factor 2 target protein levels. Hepatic proteomic and persulfidomic profiles converge on gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism, revealing a selective deficit in medium-chain fatty acid oxidation in Tst-/- mice. We reveal a critical role of TST in hepatic metabolism that has implications for sulfide donor strategies in the context of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick N Carter
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Matthew T G Gibbins
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Martin E Barrios-Llerena
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Stephen E Wilkie
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Glasgow Ageing Research Network (GARNER), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Peter L Freddolino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marouane Libiad
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Victor Vitvitsky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Barry Emerson
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - Madara Brice
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Huizhong Su
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Scott G Denham
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Clare Mc Fadden
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U101-EGID, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Nourdine Faresse
- Physiogenex S.A.S, Prologue Biotech, 516 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670 Labège, France
| | - Thierry Sulpice
- Physiogenex S.A.S, Prologue Biotech, 516 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670 Labège, France
| | - Francois Briand
- Physiogenex S.A.S, Prologue Biotech, 516 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670 Labège, France
| | - Tom Gillingwater
- College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School (Anatomy), Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Kyo Han Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Subhankar Singha
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Claire McMaster
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Richard C Hartley
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Bart Staels
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U101-EGID, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Gillian A Gray
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Andrew J Finch
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Colin Selman
- Glasgow Ageing Research Network (GARNER), Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Rutten MG, Derks TG, Huijkman NC, Bos T, Kloosterhuis NJ, van de Kolk KC, Wolters JC, Koster MH, Bongiovanni L, Thomas RE, de Bruin A, van de Sluis B, Oosterveer MH. Modeling Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1a Liver Disease in Mice by Somatic CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9-Mediated Gene Editing. Hepatology 2021; 74:2491-2507. [PMID: 34157136 PMCID: PMC8597008 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients with glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD-1a) primarily present with life-threatening hypoglycemia and display severe liver disease characterized by hepatomegaly. Despite strict dietary management, long-term complications still occur, such as liver tumor development. Variations in residual glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC1) activity likely contribute to phenotypic heterogeneity in biochemical symptoms and complications between patients. However, lack of insight into the relationship between G6PC1 activity and symptoms/complications and poor understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms pose major challenges to provide optimal health care and quality of life for GSD-1a patients. Currently available GSD-1a animal models are not suitable to systematically investigate the relationship between hepatic G6PC activity and phenotypic heterogeneity or the contribution of gene-gene interactions (GGIs) in the liver. APPROACH AND RESULTS To meet these needs, we generated and characterized a hepatocyte-specific GSD-1a mouse model using somatic CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated gene editing. Hepatic G6pc editing reduced hepatic G6PC activity up to 98% and resulted in failure to thrive, fasting hypoglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatomegaly, hepatic steatosis (HS), and increased liver tumor incidence. This approach was furthermore successful in simultaneously modulating hepatic G6PC and carbohydrate response element-binding protein, a transcription factor that is activated in GSD-1a and protects against HS under these conditions. Importantly, it also allowed for the modeling of a spectrum of GSD-1a phenotypes in terms of hepatic G6PC activity, fasting hypoglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatomegaly and HS. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we show that somatic CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing allows for the modeling of a spectrum of hepatocyte-borne GSD-1a disease symptoms in mice and to efficiently study GGIs in the liver. This approach opens perspectives for translational research and will likely contribute to personalized treatments for GSD-1a and other genetic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn G.S. Rutten
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Terry G.J. Derks
- Section of Metabolic DiseasesBeatrix Children’s HospitalUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Nicolette C.A. Huijkman
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Trijnie Bos
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Kloosterhuis
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Kees C.W.A. van de Kolk
- Central Animal FacilityGroningen Small Animal Imaging Facility (Gronsai)University Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Justina C. Wolters
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam H. Koster
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Dutch Molecular Pathology CenterFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityCL UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Rachel E. Thomas
- Dutch Molecular Pathology CenterFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityCL UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands,Dutch Molecular Pathology CenterFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityCL UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Maaike H. Oosterveer
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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40
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Rahim M, Hasenour CM, Bednarski TK, Hughey CC, Wasserman DH, Young JD. Multitissue 2H/13C flux analysis reveals reciprocal upregulation of renal gluconeogenesis in hepatic PEPCK-C-knockout mice. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e149278. [PMID: 34156032 PMCID: PMC8262479 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the major source of glucose production during fasting under normal physiological conditions. However, the kidney may also contribute to maintaining glucose homeostasis in certain circumstances. To test the ability of the kidney to compensate for impaired hepatic glucose production in vivo, we developed a stable isotope approach to simultaneously quantify gluconeogenic and oxidative metabolic fluxes in the liver and kidney. Hepatic gluconeogenesis from phosphoenolpyruvate was disrupted via liver-specific knockout of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C; KO). 2H/13C isotopes were infused in fasted KO and WT littermate mice, and fluxes were estimated from isotopic measurements of tissue and plasma metabolites using a multicompartment metabolic model. Hepatic gluconeogenesis and glucose production were reduced in KO mice, yet whole-body glucose production and arterial glucose were unaffected. Glucose homeostasis was maintained by a compensatory rise in renal glucose production and gluconeogenesis. Renal oxidative metabolic fluxes of KO mice increased to sustain the energetic and metabolic demands of elevated gluconeogenesis. These results show the reciprocity of the liver and kidney in maintaining glucose homeostasis by coordinated regulation of gluconeogenic flux through PEPCK-C. Combining stable isotopes with mathematical modeling provides a versatile platform to assess multitissue metabolism in various genetic, pathophysiological, physiological, and pharmacological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Rahim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and
| | | | | | - Curtis C Hughey
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jamey D Young
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Cao J, Choi M, Guadagnin E, Soty M, Silva M, Verzieux V, Weisser E, Markel A, Zhuo J, Liang S, Yin L, Frassetto A, Graham AR, Burke K, Ketova T, Mihai C, Zalinger Z, Levy B, Besin G, Wolfrom M, Tran B, Tunkey C, Owen E, Sarkis J, Dousis A, Presnyak V, Pepin C, Zheng W, Ci L, Hard M, Miracco E, Rice L, Nguyen V, Zimmer M, Rajarajacholan U, Finn PF, Mithieux G, Rajas F, Martini PGV, Giangrande PH. mRNA therapy restores euglycemia and prevents liver tumors in murine model of glycogen storage disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3090. [PMID: 34035281 PMCID: PMC8149455 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen Storage Disease 1a (GSD1a) is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase-α). G6Pase-α is critical for maintaining interprandial euglycemia. GSD1a patients exhibit life-threatening hypoglycemia and long-term liver complications including hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) and carcinomas (HCCs). There is no treatment for GSD1a and the current standard-of-care for managing hypoglycemia (Glycosade®/modified cornstarch) fails to prevent HCA/HCC risk. Therapeutic modalities such as enzyme replacement therapy and gene therapy are not ideal options for patients due to challenges in drug-delivery, efficacy, and safety. To develop a new treatment for GSD1a capable of addressing both the life-threatening hypoglycemia and HCA/HCC risk, we encapsulated engineered mRNAs encoding human G6Pase-α in lipid nanoparticles. We demonstrate the efficacy and safety of our approach in a preclinical murine model that phenotypically resembles the human condition, thus presenting a potential therapy that could have a significant therapeutic impact on the treatment of GSD1a.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maud Soty
- INSERM UMR1213, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Marine Silva
- INSERM UMR1213, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Jenny Zhuo
- Rare Diseases, Moderna, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shi Liang
- Rare Diseases, Moderna, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ling Yin
- Rare Diseases, Moderna, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Becca Levy
- Platform, Moderna, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Erik Owen
- Platform, Moderna, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joe Sarkis
- Platform, Moderna, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wei Zheng
- Platform, Moderna, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lei Ci
- Platform, Moderna, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Rice
- Rare Diseases, Moderna, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vi Nguyen
- Rare Diseases, Moderna, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mike Zimmer
- Rare Diseases, Moderna, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Gilles Mithieux
- INSERM UMR1213, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- INSERM UMR1213, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Sharma R, Tiwari S. Renal gluconeogenesis in insulin resistance: A culprit for hyperglycemia in diabetes. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:556-568. [PMID: 33995844 PMCID: PMC8107972 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i5.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal gluconeogenesis is one of the major pathways for endogenous glucose production. Impairment in this process may contribute to hyperglycemia in cases with insulin resistance and diabetes. We reviewed pertinent studies to elucidate the role of renal gluconeogenesis regulation in insulin resistance and diabetes. A consensus on the suppressive effect of insulin on kidney gluconeogenesis has started to build up. Insulin-resistant models exhibit reduced insulin receptor (IR) expression and/or post-receptor signaling in their kidney tissue. Reduced IR expression or post-receptor signaling can cause impairment in insulin’s action on kidneys, which may increase renal gluconeogenesis in the state of insulin resistance. It is now established that the kidney contributes up to 20% of all glucose production via gluconeogenesis in the post-absorptive phase. However, the rate of renal glucose release excessively increases in diabetes. The rise in renal glucose release in diabetes may contribute to fasting hyperglycemia and increased postprandial glucose levels. Enhanced glucose release by the kidneys and renal expression of the gluconeogenic-enzyme in diabetic rodents and humans further point towards the significance of renal gluconeogenesis. Overall, the available literature suggests that impairment in renal gluconeogenesis in an insulin-resistant state may contribute to hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Sharma
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
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43
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Cronin P, Joyce SA, O’Toole PW, O’Connor EM. Dietary Fibre Modulates the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051655. [PMID: 34068353 PMCID: PMC8153313 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibre has long been established as a nutritionally important, health-promoting food ingredient. Modern dietary practices have seen a significant reduction in fibre consumption compared with ancestral habits. This is related to the emergence of low-fibre “Western diets” associated with industrialised nations, and is linked to an increased prevalence of gut diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, type II diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. The characteristic metabolic parameters of these individuals include insulin resistance, high fasting and postprandial glucose, as well as high plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Gut microbial signatures are also altered significantly in these cohorts, suggesting a causative link between diet, microbes and disease. Dietary fibre consumption has been hypothesised to reverse these changes through microbial fermentation and the subsequent production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which improves glucose and lipid parameters in individuals who harbour diseases associated with dysfunctional metabolism. This review article examines how different types of dietary fibre can differentially alter glucose and lipid metabolism through changes in gut microbiota composition and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (S.A.J.); (P.W.O.)
| | - Susan A. Joyce
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (S.A.J.); (P.W.O.)
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W. O’Toole
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (S.A.J.); (P.W.O.)
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Eibhlís M. O’Connor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (S.A.J.); (P.W.O.)
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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Sun EW, Martin AM, de Fontgalland D, Sposato L, Rabbitt P, Hollington P, Wattchow DA, Colella AD, Chataway T, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Spencer NJ, Young RL, Keating DJ. Evidence for Glucagon Secretion and Function Within the Human Gut. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6127286. [PMID: 33534908 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon is secreted by pancreatic α cells in response to hypoglycemia and increases hepatic glucose output through hepatic glucagon receptors (GCGRs). There is evidence supporting the notion of extrapancreatic glucagon but its source and physiological functions remain elusive. Intestinal tissue samples were obtained from patients undergoing surgical resection of cancer. Mass spectrometry analysis was used to detect glucagon from mucosal lysate. Static incubations of mucosal tissue were performed to assess glucagon secretory response. Glucagon concentration was quantitated using a highly specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A cholesterol uptake assay and an isolated murine colonic motility assay were used to assess the physiological functions of intestinal GCGRs. Fully processed glucagon was detected by mass spectrometry in human intestinal mucosal lysate. High glucose evoked significant glucagon secretion from human ileal tissue independent of sodium glucose cotransporter and KATP channels, contrasting glucose-induced glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion. The GLP-1 receptor agonist Exendin-4 attenuated glucose-induced glucagon secretion from the human ileum. GCGR blockade significantly increased cholesterol uptake in human ileal crypt culture and markedly slowed ex vivo colonic motility. Our findings describe the human gut as a potential source of extrapancreatic glucagon and demonstrate a novel enteric glucagon/GCGR circuit with important physiological functions beyond glycemic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Sun
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Alyce M Martin
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | | | - Luigi Sposato
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Philippa Rabbitt
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Paul Hollington
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - David A Wattchow
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Alexander D Colella
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Tim Chataway
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | | | - Nick J Spencer
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Adelaide Medical School and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lifelong Health, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Damien J Keating
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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Xu S, Wu X, Dong Y, Xu M, Li Z, Chen S, Zhuo Y, Lin Y, Che L, Fang Z, Feng B, Li J, Wang J, Wu D, Ren Z. Glucose activates the primordial follicle through the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Clin Transl Med 2020. [PMCID: PMC7418812 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously found that the energy level in sows affects the activation of primordial follicles. Glucose is the primary metabolic substrate of dietary energy and its effect and mechanism of action with regards to the activation and development of primordial follicle remain unclear. Studies utilizing several different animal cells have shown that energy stress, induced by glucose starvation, activates AMPK and participates in a variety of cellular processes by regulating the Hippo and mTOR signaling pathways. However, whether glucose can affect primordial follicle activation through the above pathways has not been reported. Methods We developed an in vitro culture system for mouse ovaries to investigate the effects of glucose on the primordial follicle activation. Protein expression of AMPK‐Hippo‐YAP and AMPK‐mTOR pathway was investigated under glucose starvation and optimal glucose level treatment. Then, ovaries were treated with AICAR or Compound C in vitro to explore the effect of AMPK activation or inhibition on primordial follicle activation, and the changes of AMPK‐Hippo‐YAP and AMPK‐mTOR signaling pathways. Finally, investigated the signaling pathways affected by glucose potentially affecting the primordial follicle activation in vivo. Results The glucose was an essential nutrient for primordial follicle activation and we identified 25 mM glucose as the optimal level (P < .05) for the primordial follicle activation in vitro. The glycolysis pathway was involved in primordial follicle activation (P < .05) of ovaries cultured in vitro. The glucose affected the activation of primordial follicles in vitro through AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway by AMPK activation or inhibition treatment and follicle ratio count (P < .05). Moreover, glucose affected the primordial follicle activation of ovary in vivo via mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusions This study demonstrates that glucose affects the primordial follicle activation through the AMPK/mTOR rather than the AMPK/Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Xu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease‐resistant Nutrition, Ministry of EducationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease‐resistant Nutrition, Ministry of EducationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Yanpeng Dong
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease‐resistant Nutrition, Ministry of EducationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease‐resistant Nutrition, Ministry of EducationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Zimei Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease‐resistant Nutrition, Ministry of EducationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Sirun Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease‐resistant Nutrition, Ministry of EducationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease‐resistant Nutrition, Ministry of EducationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease‐resistant Nutrition, Ministry of EducationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease‐resistant Nutrition, Ministry of EducationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease‐resistant Nutrition, Ministry of EducationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Bin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease‐resistant Nutrition, Ministry of EducationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease‐resistant Nutrition, Ministry of EducationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease‐resistant Nutrition, Ministry of EducationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - De Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease‐resistant Nutrition, Ministry of EducationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Province Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Sichuan P. R. China
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A method for the generation of human stem cell-derived alpha cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2241. [PMID: 32382023 PMCID: PMC7205884 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of pancreatic cell types from renewable cell sources holds promise for cell replacement therapies for diabetes. Although most effort has focused on generating pancreatic beta cells, considerable evidence indicates that glucagon secreting alpha cells are critically involved in disease progression and proper glucose control. Here we report on the generation of stem cell-derived human pancreatic alpha (SC-alpha) cells from pluripotent stem cells via a transient pre-alpha cell intermediate. These pre-alpha cells exhibit a transcriptional profile similar to mature alpha cells and although they produce proinsulin protein, they do not secrete significant amounts of processed insulin. Compound screening identified a protein kinase c activator that promotes maturation of pre-alpha cells into SC-alpha cells. The resulting SC-alpha cells do not express insulin, share an ultrastructure similar to cadaveric alpha cells, express and secrete glucagon in response to glucose and some glucagon secretagogues, and elevate blood glucose upon transplantation in mice.
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Sharma R, Kumari M, Prakash P, Gupta S, Tiwari S. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in urine exosomes reflect impairment in renal gluconeogenesis in early insulin resistance and diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F720-F731. [PMID: 32036699 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00507.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired insulin-induced suppression of renal gluconeogenesis could be a risk for hyperglycemia. Diabetes is associated with elevated renal gluconeogenesis; however, its regulation in early insulin resistance is unclear in humans. A noninvasive marker of renal gluconeogenesis would be helpful. Here, we show that human urine exosomes (uE) contain three gluconeogenic enzymes: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose 6-phosphatase. Their protein levels were positively associated with whole body insulin sensitivity. PEPCK protein in uE exhibited a meal-induced suppression. However, subjects with lower insulin sensitivity had blunted meal-induced suppression. Also, uE from subjects with prediabetes and diabetic rats had higher PEPCK relative to nondiabetic controls. Moreover, uE-PEPCK was higher in drug-naïve subjects with diabetes relative to drug-treated subjects with diabetes. To determine whether increased renal gluconeogenesis is associated with hyperglycemia or PEPCK expression in uE, acidosis was induced in rats by 0.28 M NH4Cl with 0.5% sucrose in drinking water. Control rats were maintained on 0.5% sucrose. At the seventh day posttreatment, gluconeogenic enzyme activity in the kidneys, but not in the liver, was higher in acidotic rats. These rats had elevated PEPCK in their uE and a significant rise in blood glucose relative to controls. The induction of gluconeogenesis in human proximal tubule cells increased PEPCK expression in both human proximal tubules and human proximal tubule-secreted exosomes in the media. Overall, gluconeogenic enzymes are detectable in human uE. Elevated PEPCK and its blunted meal-induced suppression in human urine exosomes are associated with diabetes and early insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Sharma
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Manju Kumari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Prem Prakash
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sushil Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Effects of stress-induced increases of corticosterone on circulating triglyceride levels, biliverdin concentration, and heme oxygenase expression. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 240:110608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Benedé-Ubieto R, Estévez-Vázquez O, Ramadori P, Cubero FJ, Nevzorova YA. Guidelines and Considerations for Metabolic Tolerance Tests in Mice. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:439-450. [PMID: 32110077 PMCID: PMC7038777 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s234665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemic of the century, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is continuously rising. Intensive research is urgently needed whereby experimental models represent an essential tool to optimise the diagnostic strategy and to improve therapy. In this review, we describe the central principles of the metabolic tests available in order to study glucose and insulin homeostasis in mice, focusing on the most widely used - the glucose and insulin tolerance tests. We provide detailed experimental procedures as well as the practical implementation of these methods and discuss the main factors that should be taken into account when using this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Benedé-Ubieto
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Estévez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pierluigi Ramadori
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yulia A Nevzorova
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence: Yulia A Nevzorova Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, c/José A. Novais, 2, Madrid28040, SpainTel +49-(0)241-80-80662Fax +49-(0)241-80-82455 Email
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50
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Rajas F, Gautier-Stein A, Mithieux G. Glucose-6 Phosphate, A Central Hub for Liver Carbohydrate Metabolism. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9120282. [PMID: 31756997 PMCID: PMC6950410 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9120282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells efficiently adjust their metabolism according to the abundance of nutrients and energy. The ability to switch cellular metabolism between anabolic and catabolic processes is critical for cell growth. Glucose-6 phosphate is the first intermediate of glucose metabolism and plays a central role in the energy metabolism of the liver. It acts as a hub to metabolically connect glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen synthesis, de novo lipogenesis, and the hexosamine pathway. In this review, we describe the metabolic fate of glucose-6 phosphate in a healthy liver and the metabolic reprogramming occurring in two pathologies characterized by a deregulation of glucose homeostasis, namely type 2 diabetes, which is characterized by fasting hyperglycemia; and glycogen storage disease type I, where patients develop severe hypoglycemia during short fasting periods. In these two conditions, dysfunction of glucose metabolism results in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which may possibly lead to the development of hepatic tumors. Moreover, we also emphasize the role of the transcription factor carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP), known to link glucose and lipid metabolisms. In this regard, comparing these two metabolic diseases is a fruitful approach to better understand the key role of glucose-6 phosphate in liver metabolism in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Rajas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, F-69008 Lyon, France; (A.G.-S.); (G.M.)
- Université de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Amandine Gautier-Stein
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, F-69008 Lyon, France; (A.G.-S.); (G.M.)
- Université de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, F-69008 Lyon, France; (A.G.-S.); (G.M.)
- Université de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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