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Yu H, Geng S, Li S, Wang Y, Ren X, Zhong D, Mo H, Yao M, Yu J, Li Y, Wang L. The AMPK and AKT/GSK3β pathways are involved in recombinant proteins fibroblast growth factor 1 (rFGF1 and rFGF1a) improving glycolipid metabolism in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a high carbohydrate diet. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:11-24. [PMID: 38444689 PMCID: PMC10912841 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) regulates vertebrate cell growth, proliferation and differentiation, and energy metabolism. In this study, we cloned rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fgf1 and fgf1a, prepared their recombinant proteins (rFGF1 and rFGF1a), and described the molecular mechanisms by which they improve glycolipid metabolism in carnivorous fish. A 31-d feeding trial was conducted to investigate whether they could enhance glycolipid metabolism in rainbow trout on high-carbohydrate diets (HCD). A total of 720 rainbow trout (8.9 ± 0.5 g) were equally divided into 4 groups: the chow diet (CD) group injected with PBS, the HCD group injected with PBS, the HCD group injected with rFGF1 (400 ng/g body weight), and the HCD group injected with rFGF1a (400 ng/g body weight). The results showed that short-term HCD had a significant positive effect on the specific growth rate (SGR) of rainbow trout (P < 0.05). However, it led to an increase in crude fat, serum triglyceride (TG) and glucose content, as well as serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) contents (P < 0.05), suggesting a negative health effect of HCD. Nevertheless, rFGF1 and rFGF1a showed beneficial therapeutic effects. They significantly reduced the crude fat content of the liver, serum TG, GOT, and GPT contents caused by HCD (P < 0.05). The upregulation in atgl, hsl, and acc2 mRNAs implied the promotion of TG catabolism. Moreover, rFGF1 and rFGF1a contributed to promoting lipolysis by activating the AMPK pathway and reducing lipid accumulation in the liver caused by HCD. In addition, the rFGF1 and rFGF1a-treated groups significantly reduced serum glucose levels and elevated hepatic glycogen content under HCD, and increased glucose uptake by hepatocytes. We observed a decrease in mRNA levels for pepck, g6pase, and pygl, along with an increase in mRNA levels for gys, glut2, and gk in the liver. Furthermore, these proteins regulated hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis by increasing the phosphorylation level of AKT, ultimately leading to an increase in GSK3β phosphorylation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that rFGF1 and rFGF1a can enhance lipolysis and glucose utilization in rainbow trout by activating the AMPK pathway and AKT/GSK3β axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shuo Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xin Ren
- Meixian Aquaculture Farm of Shitouhe Reservoir Administration, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712000, China
| | - Debin Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Haolin Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mingxing Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiajia Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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2
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Kim JY, Choi J, Kwon Y, Park S, Kim SG, Kim NH. Serum fibroblast growth factor 1 and its association with pancreatic beta cell function and insulin sensitivity in adults with glucose intolerance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1198311. [PMID: 37284218 PMCID: PMC10239951 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1198311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Beneficial role of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) in the regulation of glucose metabolism and adipose tissue remodeling was suggested in rodents. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum FGF1 levels and metabolic parameters in adults with glucose intolerance. Methods Serum FGF1 levels were examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 153 individuals with glucose intolerance. Associations between serum FGF1 levels and metabolic parameters, including body mass index (BMI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and 75 g oral glucose tolerance test-derived parameters, including insulinogenic index (IGI), Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and disposition index (DI), were examined. Results Serum FGF1 was detected in 35 individuals (22.9%), possibly due to the autocrine/paracrine nature of the peptide. IGI and DI levels were significantly lower in individuals with higher FGF1 levels than in those with lower FGF1 levels or undetectable FGF1 (p=0.006 and 0.005 for IGI and DI, respectively, after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI). Univariable and multivariable analyses using the Tobit regression model also revealed a negative association between FGF1 levels and IGI and DI. The regression coefficients per 1-SD of log-transformed IGI and DI were -0.461 (p=0.013) and -0.467 (p=0.012), respectively, after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI. In contrast, serum FGF1 levels were not significantly associated with ISI, BMI, or HbA1c. Conclusions The serum concentration of FGF1 was significantly elevated in individuals with low insulin secretion, suggesting a possible interaction between FGF1 and beta cell function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimi Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongkeun Kwon
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Foregut Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsoo Park
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Diseases, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Foregut Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin Gon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sun H, Lin W, Tang Y, Tu H, Chen T, Zhou J, Wang D, Xu Q, Niu J, Dong W, Liu S, Ni X, Yang W, Zhao Y, Ying L, Zhang J, Li X, Mohammadi M, Shen WL, Huang Z. Sustained remission of type 2 diabetes in rodents by centrally administered fibroblast growth factor 4. Cell Metab 2023:S1550-4131(23)00172-9. [PMID: 37167965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major health and economic burden worldwide. Despite the availability of multiple drugs for short-term management, sustained remission of T2D is currently not achievable pharmacologically. Intracerebroventricular administration of fibroblast growth factor 1 (icvFGF1) induces sustained remission in T2D rodents, propelling intense research efforts to understand its mechanism of action. Whether other FGFs possess similar therapeutic benefits is currently unknown. Here, we show that icvFGF4 also elicits a sustained antidiabetic effect in both male db/db mice and diet-induced obese mice by activating FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) expressed in glucose-sensing neurons within the mediobasal hypothalamus. Specifically, FGF4 excites glucose-excited (GE) neurons while inhibiting glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons. Moreover, icvFGF4 restores the percentage of GI neurons in db/db mice. Importantly, intranasal delivery of FGF4 alleviates hyperglycemia in db/db mice, paving the way for non-invasive therapy. We conclude that icvFGF4 holds significant therapeutic potential for achieving sustained remission of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Department of Physiology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Hongqing Tu
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Dezhong Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Biology Science Institutes, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jianlou Niu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wenliya Dong
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Sidan Liu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xinyan Ni
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wen Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yingzheng Zhao
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lei Ying
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Department of Physiology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wei L Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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Alonge KM, Porte D, Schwartz MW. Distinct Roles for Brain and Pancreas in Basal and Postprandial Glucose Homeostasis. Diabetes 2023; 72:547-556. [PMID: 37146276 PMCID: PMC10130484 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The glucose homeostasis system ensures that the circulating glucose level is maintained within narrow physiological limits both in the fasting (or basal) state and following a nutrient challenge. Although glucose homeostasis is traditionally conceptualized as a single overarching system, evidence reviewed here suggests that basal glycemia and glucose tolerance are governed by distinct control systems. Specifically, whereas glucose tolerance appears to be determined largely by interactions between insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, basal-state glucose homeostasis is predominated by insulin-independent mechanisms governed largely by the brain. In addition to a new perspective on how glucose homeostasis is achieved, this "dual control system" hypothesis offers a feasible and testable explanation for observations that are otherwise difficult to reconcile and sheds new light on the integration of central and peripheral metabolic control mechanisms. The implications of this model for the pathogenesis and treatment of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Alonge
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel Porte
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael W. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA
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Schwartz MW, Krinsley JS, Faber CL, Hirsch IB, Brownlee M. Brain Glucose Sensing and the Problem of Relative Hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 2023; 46:237-244. [PMID: 36701597 PMCID: PMC9887623 DOI: 10.2337/dc22-1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
"Relative hypoglycemia" is an often-overlooked complication of diabetes characterized by an increase in the glycemic threshold for detecting and responding to hypoglycemia. The clinical relevance of this problem is linked to growing evidence that among patients with critical illness, higher blood glucose in the intensive care unit is associated with higher mortality among patients without diabetes but lower mortality in patients with preexisting diabetes and an elevated prehospitalization HbA1c. Although additional studies are needed, the cardiovascular stress associated with hypoglycemia perception, which can occur at normal or even elevated glucose levels in patients with diabetes, offers a plausible explanation for this difference in outcomes. Little is known, however, regarding how hypoglycemia is normally detected by the brain, much less how relative hypoglycemia develops in patients with diabetes. In this article, we explore the role in hypoglycemia detection played by glucose-responsive sensory neurons supplying peripheral vascular beds and/or circumventricular organs. These observations support a model wherein relative hypoglycemia results from diabetes-associated impairment of this neuronal glucose-sensing process. By raising the glycemic threshold for hypoglycemia perception, this impairment may contribute to the increased mortality risk associated with standard glycemic management of critically ill patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - James S. Krinsley
- Stamford Hospital, Stamford, CT
- Columbia Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Chelsea L. Faber
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Irl B. Hirsch
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael Brownlee
- Einstein Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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6
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Jin L, Yang R, Geng L, Xu A. Fibroblast Growth Factor-Based Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Obesity-Related Metabolic Complications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:359-382. [PMID: 36100222 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-032322-093904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, which comprises 22 structurally related proteins, plays diverse roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, development, and metabolism. Among them, two classical members (FGF1 and FGF4) and two endocrine members (FGF19 and FGF21) are important regulators of whole-body energy homeostasis, glucose/lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Preclinical studies have consistently demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of these FGFs for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Several genetically engineered FGF19 and FGF21 analogs with improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties have been developed and progressed into various stages of clinical trials. These FGF analogs are effective in alleviating hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, and liver fibrosis in biopsy-confirmed NASH patients, whereas their antidiabetic and antiobesity effects are mildand vary greatly in different clinical trials. This review summarizes recent advances in biopharmaceutical development of FGF-based therapies against obesity-related metabolic complications, highlights major challenges in clinical implementation, and discusses possible strategies to overcome these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ranyao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leiluo Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
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Nies VJM, Struik D, Liu S, Liu W, Kruit JK, Downes M, van Zutphen T, Verkade HJ, Evans RM, Jonker JW. Autocrine FGF1 signaling promotes glucose uptake in adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122382119. [PMID: 36161959 PMCID: PMC9546606 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122382119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is an autocrine growth factor released from adipose tissue during over-nutrition or fasting to feeding transition. While local actions underlie the majority of FGF1's anti-diabetic functions, the molecular mechanisms downstream of adipose FGF receptor signaling are unclear. We investigated the effects of FGF1 on glucose uptake and its underlying mechanism in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in ex vivo adipose explants from mice. FGF1 increased glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and epididymal WAT (eWAT) and inguinal WAT (iWAT). Conversely, glucose uptake was reduced in eWAT and iWAT of FGF1 knockout mice. We show that FGF1 acutely increased adipocyte glucose uptake via activation of the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter GLUT4, involving dynamic crosstalk between the MEK1/2 and Akt signaling proteins. Prolonged exposure to FGF1 stimulated adipocyte glucose uptake by MEK1/2-dependent transcription of the basal glucose transporter GLUT1. We have thus identified an alternative pathway to stimulate glucose uptake in adipocytes, independent from insulin, which could open new avenues for treating patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera J. M. Nies
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dicky Struik
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sihao Liu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Weilin Liu
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janine K. Kruit
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Tim van Zutphen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J. Verkade
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald M. Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Johan W. Jonker
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Liu Y, Chen Q, Li Y, Bi L, He Z, Shao C, Jin L, Peng R, Zhang X. Advances in FGFs for diabetes care applications. Life Sci 2022; 310:121015. [PMID: 36179818 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine and metabolic disease caused by a variety of pathogenic factors, including genetic factors, environmental factors and behavior. In recent decades, the number of cases and the prevalence of diabetes have steadily increased, and it has become one of the most threatening diseases to human health in the world. Currently, insulin is the most effective and direct way to control hyperglycemia for diabetes treatment at a low cost. However, hypoglycemia is often a common complication of insulin treatment. Moreover, with the extension of treatment time, insulin resistance, considered the typical adverse symptom, can appear. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new targets and more effective and safer drugs for diabetes treatment to avoid adverse reactions and the insulin tolerance of traditional hypoglycemic drugs. SCOPE OF REVIEW In recent years, it has been found that some fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), including FGF1, FGF19 and FGF21, can safely and effectively reduce hyperglycemia and have the potential to be developed as new drugs for the treatment of diabetes. FGF23 is also closely related to diabetes and its complications, which provides a new approach for regulating blood glucose and solving the problem of insulin tolerance. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS This article reviews the research progress on the physiology and pharmacology of fibroblast growth factor in the treatment of diabetes. We focus on the application of FGFs in diabetes care and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinai Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yaoqi Li
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Liuliu Bi
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhiying He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chuxiao Shao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Lishui Central Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Renyi Peng
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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9
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Hwang E, Scarlett JM, Baquero AF, Bennett CM, Dong Y, Chau D, Brown JM, Mercer AJ, Meek TH, Grove KL, Phan BAN, Morton GJ, Williams KW, Schwartz MW. Sustained inhibition of NPY/AgRP neuronal activity by FGF1. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e160891. [PMID: 35917179 PMCID: PMC9536267 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodent models of type 2 diabetes (T2D), central administration of FGF1 normalizes elevated blood glucose levels in a manner that is sustained for weeks or months. Increased activity of NPY/AgRP neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) is implicated in the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia in these animals, and the ARC is a key brain area for the antidiabetic action of FGF1. We therefore sought to determine whether FGF1 inhibits NPY/AgRP neurons and, if so, whether this inhibitory effect is sufficiently durable to offer a feasible explanation for sustained diabetes remission induced by central administration of FGF1. Here, we show that FGF1 inhibited ARC NPY/AgRP neuron activity, both after intracerebroventricular injection in vivo and when applied ex vivo in a slice preparation; we also showed that the underlying mechanism involved increased input from presynaptic GABAergic neurons. Following central administration, the inhibitory effect of FGF1 on NPY/AgRP neurons was also highly durable, lasting for at least 2 weeks. To our knowledge, no precedent for such a prolonged inhibitory effect exists. Future studies are warranted to determine whether NPY/AgRP neuron inhibition contributes to the sustained antidiabetic action elicited by intracerebroventricular FGF1 injection in rodent models of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsang Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jarrad M. Scarlett
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Arian F. Baquero
- Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Camdin M. Bennett
- Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yanbin Dong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dominic Chau
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jenny M. Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Copenhagen, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aaron J. Mercer
- Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas H. Meek
- Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Discovery Technologies & Genomics, Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin L. Grove
- Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bao Anh N. Phan
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gregory J. Morton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin W. Williams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael W. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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10
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Douton JE, Acharya NK, Stoltzfus B, Sun D, Grigson PS, Nyland JE. Acute glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide prevents cue-, stress-, and drug-induced heroin-seeking in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:364-378. [PMID: 35695511 PMCID: PMC9308649 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorder is challenging to treat due to its relapsing nature. In the last decade, opioid use disorder has been a threat to public health, being declared an epidemic by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This is a tragic situation, considering there currently are only three effective, yet not ideal, treatments to prevent relapse to opioids. Recent research has shown that hormones that modulate hunger and satiety also can modulate motivated behavior for drugs of abuse. For example, the short-acting analog of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone that regulates homeostatic feeding, has been shown to reduce responding for rewarding stimuli such as food, cocaine, heroin, and nicotine when administered over several days or weeks. This may serve as an effective adjuvant during treatment; however, whether it would be effective when used acutely to bridge a patient between cessation of use and onset of medication for the treatment of an opioid addiction is unknown. Here, we tested the acute effects of the longer acting GLP-1 analog, liraglutide, on heroin-seeking. In rats with heroin self-administration experience, we found that subcutaneous administration of an acute dose of 0.3-mg/kg liraglutide was effective in preventing drug-seeking after exposure to three major precipitators: drug-associated cues, stress (yohimbine-induced), and the drug itself. Finally, we confirmed that the reduction in drug-seeking is not due to a locomotor impairment, as liraglutide did not significantly alter performance in a rotarod test. As such, acute use of GLP-1 analogs may serve as a new and effective nonopioid bridge to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin E Douton
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nikhil K Acharya
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Brooke Stoltzfus
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patricia S Grigson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Jennifer E Nyland
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine
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11
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Krzyscik MA, Opaliński Ł, Szymczyk J, Otlewski J. Cyclic and dimeric fibroblast growth factor 2 variants with high biomedical potential. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:243-258. [PMID: 35878661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a pleiotropic protein engaged in the regulation of key cellular processes in a wide spectrum of cells. FGF2 is an important object of basic research as well as a molecule used in regenerative medicine, in vitro cell culture maintenance, and as an anticancer drug carrier. However, the unsatisfactory stability and pleiotropic activities of the wild-type FGF2 largely limit its use as a medical product. To overcome these limitations, we have designed a set of FGF2-based macromolecules via sortase A-mediated cyclization and oligomerization. We obtained heparin-switchable FGF2 variants with enhanced stability and improved ability to stimulate cell proliferation and migration. We have shown that stimulation of glucose uptake by adipocytes is modulated by the architecture of FGF2 oligomers. Moreover, we used hyper-stable FGF2 variants for the construction of highly effective drug carriers for selective killing of FGFR1-overproducing cancer cells. The strategy for FGF2 engineering presented in this work provides novel insights into the design of growth factor variants for regenerative and anti-cancer precise medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz A Krzyscik
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Szymczyk
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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12
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Combined micro-osmotic pump infusion and intracerebroventricular injection to study FGF1 signaling pathways in the mouse brain. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101329. [PMID: 35479117 PMCID: PMC9035806 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) elicits remission of diabetic hyperglycemia in rodent models of type 2 diabetes. Here, we present an optimized protocol to study the intracellular signaling pathways underlying the FGF1-induced sustained glucose lowering in the mouse brain. This protocol combines icv injection of FGF1 and osmotic mini-pump infusion of U0126, an inhibitor of MAPK/ERK signaling. We describe the surgical procedure and verification of U0126 inhibition of FGF1-stimulated hypothalamic MAPK/ERK signaling via western blot. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Brown et al. (2021).
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13
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Gasser E, Sancar G, Downes M, Evans RM. Metabolic Messengers: fibroblast growth factor 1. Nat Metab 2022; 4:663-671. [PMID: 35681108 PMCID: PMC9624216 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 is expressed in multiple tissues, only adipose-derived and brain FGF1 have been implicated in the regulation of metabolism. Adipose FGF1 production is upregulated in response to dietary stress and is essential for adipose tissue plasticity in these conditions. Similarly, in the brain, FGF1 secretion into the ventricular space and the adjacent parenchyma is increased after a hypercaloric challenge induced by either feeding or glucose infusion. Potent anorexigenic properties have been ascribed to both peripheral and centrally injected FGF1. The ability of recombinant FGF1 and variants with reduced mitogenicity to lower glucose, suppress adipose lipolysis and promote insulin sensitization elevates their potential as candidates in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated comorbidities. Here, we provide an overview of the known metabolic functions of endogenous FGF1 and discuss its therapeutic potential, distinguishing between peripherally or centrally administered FGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Gasser
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gencer Sancar
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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14
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Cotero V, Graf J, Miwa H, Hirschstein Z, Qanud K, Huerta TS, Tai N, Ding Y, Jimenez-Cowell K, Tomaio JN, Song W, Devarajan A, Tsaava T, Madhavan R, Wallace K, Loghin E, Morton C, Fan Y, Kao TJ, Akhtar K, Damaraju M, Barenboim L, Maietta T, Ashe J, Tracey KJ, Coleman TR, Di Carlo D, Shin D, Zanos S, Chavan SS, Herzog RI, Puleo C. Stimulation of the hepatoportal nerve plexus with focused ultrasound restores glucose homoeostasis in diabetic mice, rats and swine. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:683-705. [PMID: 35361935 PMCID: PMC10127248 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00870-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neurons that sense glucose relay signals of glucose availability to integrative clusters of neurons in the brain. However, the roles of such signalling pathways in the maintenance of glucose homoeostasis and their contribution to disease are unknown. Here we show that the selective activation of the nerve plexus of the hepatic portal system via peripheral focused ultrasound stimulation (pFUS) improves glucose homoeostasis in mice and rats with insulin-resistant diabetes and in swine subject to hyperinsulinemic-euglycaemic clamps. pFUS modulated the activity of sensory projections to the hypothalamus, altered the concentrations of metabolism-regulating neurotransmitters, and enhanced glucose tolerance and utilization in the three species, whereas physical transection or chemical blocking of the liver-brain nerve pathway abolished the effect of pFUS on glucose tolerance. Longitudinal multi-omic profiling of metabolic tissues from the treated animals confirmed pFUS-induced modifications of key metabolic functions in liver, pancreas, muscle, adipose, kidney and intestinal tissues. Non-invasive ultrasound activation of afferent autonomic nerves may represent a non-pharmacologic therapy for the restoration of glucose homoeostasis in type-2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Cotero
- General Electric (GE) Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - John Graf
- General Electric (GE) Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - Hiromi Miwa
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Khaled Qanud
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Tomás S Huerta
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | | | - Yuyan Ding
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevin Jimenez-Cowell
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Weiguo Song
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Alex Devarajan
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Tea Tsaava
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Radhika Madhavan
- General Electric (GE) Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - Kirk Wallace
- General Electric (GE) Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - Evelina Loghin
- General Electric (GE) Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - Christine Morton
- General Electric (GE) Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - Ying Fan
- General Electric (GE) Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - Tzu-Jen Kao
- General Electric (GE) Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Ashe
- General Electric (GE) Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | | | - Dino Di Carlo
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Stavros Zanos
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Chris Puleo
- General Electric (GE) Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, USA.
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15
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Tu L, Fukuda M, Tong Q, Xu Y. The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus: watchdog of whole-body glucose homeostasis. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:71. [PMID: 35619170 PMCID: PMC9134642 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain, particularly the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), has been long known for its involvement in glucose sensing and whole-body glucose homeostasis. However, it is still not fully understood how the brain detects and responds to the changes in the circulating glucose levels, as well as brain-body coordinated control of glucose homeostasis. In this review, we address the growing evidence implicating the brain in glucose homeostasis, especially in the contexts of hypoglycemia and diabetes. In addition to neurons, we emphasize the potential roles played by non-neuronal cells, as well as extracellular matrix in the hypothalamus in whole-body glucose homeostasis. Further, we review the ionic mechanisms by which glucose-sensing neurons sense fluctuations of ambient glucose levels. We also introduce the significant implications of heterogeneous neurons in the VMH upon glucose sensing and whole-body glucose homeostasis, in which sex difference is also addressed. Meanwhile, research gaps have also been identified, which necessities further mechanistic studies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Tu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street #8066, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Makoto Fukuda
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street #8066, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street #8066, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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16
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Mirzadeh Z, Faber CL, Schwartz MW. Central Nervous System Control of Glucose Homeostasis: A Therapeutic Target for Type 2 Diabetes? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 62:55-84. [PMID: 34990204 PMCID: PMC8900291 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052220-010446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Historically, pancreatic islet beta cells have been viewed as principal regulators of glycemia, with type 2 diabetes (T2D) resulting when insulin secretion fails to compensate for peripheral tissue insulin resistance. However, glycemia is also regulated by insulin-independent mechanisms that are dysregulated in T2D. Based on evidence supporting its role both in adaptive coupling of insulin secretion to changes in insulin sensitivity and in the regulation of insulin-independent glucose disposal, the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged as a fundamental player in glucose homeostasis. Here, we review and expand upon an integrative model wherein the CNS, together with the islet, establishes and maintains the defended level of glycemia. We discuss the implications of this model for understanding both normal glucose homeostasis and T2D pathogenesis and highlight centrally targeted therapeutic approaches with the potential to restore normoglycemia to patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaman Mirzadeh
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA;
| | - Chelsea L Faber
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA;
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
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17
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Sancar G, Liu S, Gasser E, Alvarez JG, Moutos C, Kim K, van Zutphen T, Wang Y, Huddy TF, Ross B, Dai Y, Zepeda D, Collins B, Tilley E, Kolar MJ, Yu RT, Atkins AR, van Dijk TH, Saghatelian A, Jonker JW, Downes M, Evans RM. FGF1 and insulin control lipolysis by convergent pathways. Cell Metab 2022; 34:171-183.e6. [PMID: 34986332 PMCID: PMC8863067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Inexorable increases in insulin resistance, lipolysis, and hepatic glucose production (HGP) are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes. Previously, we showed that peripheral delivery of exogenous fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) has robust anti-diabetic effects mediated by the adipose FGF receptor (FGFR) 1. However, its mechanism of action is not known. Here, we report that FGF1 acutely lowers HGP by suppressing adipose lipolysis. On a molecular level, FGF1 inhibits the cAMP-protein kinase A axis by activating phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D), which separates it mechanistically from the inhibitory actions of insulin via PDE3B. We identify Ser44 as an FGF1-induced regulatory phosphorylation site in PDE4D that is modulated by the feed-fast cycle. These findings establish the FGF1/PDE4 pathway as an alternate regulator of the adipose-HGP axis and identify FGF1 as an unrecognized regulator of fatty acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gencer Sancar
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sihao Liu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emanuel Gasser
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jacqueline G Alvarez
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher Moutos
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kyeongkyu Kim
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tim van Zutphen
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Timothy F Huddy
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brittany Ross
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yang Dai
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Zepeda
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brett Collins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emma Tilley
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew J Kolar
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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18
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Brown JM, Bentsen MA, Rausch DM, Phan BA, Wieck D, Wasanwala H, Matsen ME, Acharya N, Richardson NE, Zhao X, Zhai P, Secher A, Morton GJ, Pers TH, Schwartz MW, Scarlett JM. Role of hypothalamic MAPK/ERK signaling and central action of FGF1 in diabetes remission. iScience 2021; 24:102944. [PMID: 34430821 PMCID: PMC8368994 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the brain to elicit sustained remission of hyperglycemia in rodent models of type 2 diabetes following intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is well established. Here, we show that following icv FGF1 injection, hypothalamic signaling by extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, is induced for at least 24 h. Further, we show that this prolonged response is required for the sustained antidiabetic action of FGF1 since it is abolished by sustained (but not acute) pharmacologic blockade of hypothalamic MAPK/ERK signaling. We also demonstrate that FGF1 R50E, a FGF1 mutant that activates FGF receptors but induces only transient hypothalamic MAPK/ERK signaling, fails to mimic the sustained glucose lowering induced by FGF1. These data identify sustained activation of hypothalamic MAPK/ERK signaling as playing an essential role in the mechanism underlying diabetes remission induced by icv FGF1 administration. FGF1 action in the brain induces remission of diabetic hyperglycemia FGF1 induces sustained activation of hypothalamic MAPK/ERK signaling Blockade of hypothalamic MAPK/ERK signaling abolishes the antidiabetic action of FGF1 FGF1 increases hypothalamic astrocyte-neuron interaction by transcriptomic analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie A Bentsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dylan M Rausch
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bao Anh Phan
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Danielle Wieck
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Huzaifa Wasanwala
- Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Miles E Matsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nikhil Acharya
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nicole E Richardson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Xin Zhao
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research China, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peng Zhai
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research China, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Anna Secher
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Gregory J Morton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tune H Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, 750 Republican St, F770, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98145, USA
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19
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Nauck MA, Wefers J, Meier JJ. Treatment of type 2 diabetes: challenges, hopes, and anticipated successes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021; 9:525-544. [PMID: 34181914 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the successful development of new therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, the search for novel treatment options that can provide better glycaemic control and at reduce complications is a continuous effort. The present Review aims to present an overview of novel targets and mechanisms and focuses on glucose-lowering effects guiding this search and developments. We discuss not only novel developments of insulin therapy (eg, so-called smart insulin preparation with a glucose-dependent mode of action), but also a group of drug classes for which extensive research efforts have not been rewarded with obvious clinical impact. We discuss the potential clinical use of the salutary adipokine adiponectin and the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, among others. A GLP-1 peptide receptor agonist (semaglutide) is now available for oral absorption, and small molecules activating GLP-1 receptors appear on the horizon. Bariatric surgery and its accompanying changes in the gut hormonal milieu offer a background for unimolecular peptides interacting with two or more receptors (for GLP-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon, and peptide YY) and provide more substantial glycaemic control and bodyweight reduction compared with selective GLP-1 receptor agonists. These and additional approaches will help expand the toolbox of effective medications needed for optimising the treatment of well delineated subgroups of type 2 diabetes or help develop personalised approaches for glucose-lowering drugs based on individual characteristics of our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nauck
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Juris J Meier
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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20
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Myers MG, Affinati AH, Richardson N, Schwartz MW. Central nervous system regulation of organismal energy and glucose homeostasis. Nat Metab 2021; 3:737-750. [PMID: 34158655 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates the brain in the regulation of both immediate fuel availability (for example, circulating glucose) and long-term energy stores (that is, adipose tissue mass). Rather than viewing the adipose tissue and glucose control systems separately, we suggest that the brain systems that control them are components of a larger, highly integrated, 'fuel homeostasis' control system. This conceptual framework, along with new insights into the organization and function of distinct neuronal systems, provides a context within which to understand how metabolic homeostasis is achieved in both basal and postprandial states. We also review evidence that dysfunction of the central fuel homeostasis system contributes to the close association between obesity and type 2 diabetes, with the goal of identifying more effective treatment options for these common metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Myers
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alison H Affinati
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicole Richardson
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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21
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ARC GHR Neurons Regulate Muscle Glucose Uptake. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051093. [PMID: 34063647 PMCID: PMC8147615 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone receptor (GHR) is expressed in brain regions that are known to participate in the regulation of energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism. We generated a novel transgenic mouse line (GHRcre) to characterize GHR-expressing neurons specifically in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). Here, we demonstrate that ARCGHR+ neurons are co-localized with agouti-related peptide (AgRP), growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), and somatostatin neurons, which are activated by GH stimulation. Using the designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) technique to control the ARCGHR+ neuronal activity, we demonstrate that the activation of ARCGHR+ neurons elevates a respiratory exchange ratio (RER) under both fed and fasted conditions. However, while the activation of ARCGHR+ promotes feeding, under fasting conditions, the activation of ARCGHR+ neurons promotes glucose over fat utilization in the body. This effect was accompanied by significant improvements in glucose tolerance, and was specific to GHR+ versus GHRH+ neurons. The activation of ARCGHR+ neurons increased glucose turnover and whole-body glycolysis, as revealed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies. Remarkably, the increased insulin sensitivity upon the activation of ARCGHR+ neurons was tissue-specific, as the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was specifically elevated in the skeletal muscle, in parallel with the increased expression of muscle glycolytic genes. Overall, our results identify the GHR-expressing neuronal population in the ARC as a major regulator of glycolysis and muscle insulin sensitivity in vivo.
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22
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Li RJW, Batchuluun B, Zhang SY, Abraham MA, Wang B, Lim YM, Yue JTY, Lam TKT. Nutrient infusion in the dorsal vagal complex controls hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism in rats. iScience 2021; 24:102366. [PMID: 33870148 PMCID: PMC8044434 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis is emerging, but whether the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) senses nutrients and regulates hepatic nutrient metabolism remains unclear. Here, we found in rats DVC oleic acid infusion suppressed hepatic secretion of triglyceride-rich very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-TG), which was disrupted by inhibiting DVC long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase that in parallel disturbed lipid homeostasis during intravenous lipid infusion. DVC glucose infusion elevated local glucose levels similarly as intravenous glucose infusion and suppressed hepatic glucose production. This was independent of lactate metabolism as inhibiting lactate dehydrogenase failed to disrupt glucose sensing and neither could DVC lactate infusion recapitulate glucose effect. DVC oleic acid and glucose infusion failed to lower VLDL-TG secretion and glucose production in high-fat fed rats, while inhibiting DVC farnesoid X receptor enhanced oleic acid but not glucose sensing. Thus, an impairment of DVC nutrient sensing may lead to the disruption of lipid and glucose homeostasis in metabolic syndrome. DVC oleic acid infusion lowers hepatic secretion of VLDL-TG in chow but not HF rats Inhibition of ACSL in the DVC negates lipid sensing DVC glucose infusion lowers hepatic glucose production in chow but not HF rats Inhibition of FXR in the DVC enhances oleic acid but not glucose sensing in HF rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa J W Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Song-Yang Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mona A Abraham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Beini Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yu-Mi Lim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessica T Y Yue
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
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23
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Wean JB, Smith BN. FGF19 in the Hindbrain Lowers Blood Glucose and Alters Excitability of Vagal Motor Neurons in Hyperglycemic Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6127285. [PMID: 33534906 PMCID: PMC7906449 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is a protein hormone that produces antidiabetic effects when administered intracerebroventricularly in the forebrain. However, no studies have examined how FGF19 affects hindbrain neurons that participate directly in autonomic control of systemic glucose regulation. Within the dorsal hindbrain, parasympathetic motor neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) express fibroblast growth factor receptors and their activity regulates visceral homeostatic processes, including energy balance. This study tested the hypothesis that FGF19 acts in the hindbrain to alter DMV neuron excitability and lower blood glucose concentration. Fourth ventricle administration of FGF19 produced no effect on blood glucose concentration in control mice, but induced a significant, peripheral muscarinic receptor-dependent decrease in systemic hyperglycemia for up to 12 h in streptozotocin-treated mice, a model of type 1 diabetes. Patch-clamp recordings from DMV neurons in vitro revealed that FGF19 application altered synaptic and intrinsic membrane properties of DMV neurons, with the balance of FGF19 effects being significantly modified by a recent history of systemic hyperglycemia. These findings identify central parasympathetic circuitry as a novel target for FGF19 and suggest that FGF19 acting in the dorsal hindbrain can alter vagal output to produce its beneficial metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan B Wean
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Bret N Smith
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Correspondence: Bret N Smith, PhD, Department of Neuroscience, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298.
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24
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Wean JB, Smith BN. Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 Increases the Excitability of Pre-Motor Glutamatergic Dorsal Vagal Complex Neurons From Hyperglycemic Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:765359. [PMID: 34858337 PMCID: PMC8632226 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.765359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular administration of the protein hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) to the hindbrain produces potent antidiabetic effects in hyperglycemic mice that are likely mediated through a vagal parasympathetic mechanism. FGF19 increases the synaptic excitability of parasympathetic motor neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) from hyperglycemic, but not normoglycemic, mice but the source of this synaptic input is unknown. Neurons in the area postrema (AP) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) express high levels of FGF receptors and exert glutamatergic control over the DMV. This study tested the hypothesis that FGF19 increases glutamate release in the DMV by increasing the activity of glutamatergic AP and NTS neurons in hyperglycemic mice. Glutamate photoactivation experiments confirmed that FGF19 increases synaptic glutamate release from AP and NTS neurons that connect to the DMV in hyperglycemic, but not normoglycemic mice. Contrary to expectations, FGF19 produced a mixed effect on intrinsic membrane properties in the NTS with a trend towards inhibition, suggesting that another mechanism was responsible for the observed effects on glutamate release in the DMV. Consistent with the hypothesis, FGF19 increased action potential-dependent glutamate release in the NTS in hyperglycemic mice only. Finally, glutamate photoactivation experiments confirmed that FGF19 increases the activity of glutamatergic AP neurons that project to the NTS in hyperglycemic mice. Together, these results support the hypothesis that FGF19 increases glutamate release from AP and NTS neurons that project to the DMV in hyperglycemic mice. FGF19 therefore modifies the local vago-vagal reflex circuitry at several points. Additionally, since the AP and NTS communicate with several other metabolic regulatory nuclei in the brain, FGF19 in the hindbrain may alter neuroendocrine and behavioral aspects of metabolism, in addition to changes in parasympathetic output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan B. Wean
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Bret N. Smith
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Bret N. Smith,
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25
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Alonge KM, D'Alessio DA, Schwartz MW. Brain control of blood glucose levels: implications for the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:5-14. [PMID: 33043401 PMCID: PMC7718404 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite a rapidly growing literature, the role played by the brain in both normal glucose homeostasis and in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In this review, we introduce a framework for understanding the brain's essential role in these processes based on evidence that the brain, like the pancreas, is equipped to sense and respond to changes in the circulating glucose level. Further, we review evidence that glucose sensing by the brain plays a fundamental role in establishing the defended level of blood glucose, and that defects in this control system contribute to type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. We also consider the possibility that the close association between obesity and type 2 diabetes arises from a shared defect in the highly integrated neurocircuitry governing energy homeostasis and glucose homeostasis. Thus, whereas obesity is characterised by an increase in the defended level of the body's fuel stores (e.g. adipose mass), type 2 diabetes is characterised by an increase in the defended level of the body's available fuel (e.g. circulating glucose), with the underlying pathogenesis in each case involving impaired sensing of (or responsiveness to) relevant humoral negative feedback signals. This perspective is strengthened by growing preclinical evidence that in type 2 diabetes the defended level of blood glucose can be restored to normal by therapies that restore the brain's ability to properly sense the circulating glucose level. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Alonge
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A D'Alessio
- Duke Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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26
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Roberts BL, Kim EJ, Lindsley SR, Tennant KG, Kievit P. Fibroblast Growth Factor-1 Activates Neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus and Dorsal Vagal Complex. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:772909. [PMID: 34987476 PMCID: PMC8720974 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.772909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central administration of fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF1) results in long-lasting resolution of hyperglycemia in various rodent models, but the pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms mediating the central effects of FGF1 are unknown. Here we utilize electrophysiology recordings from neuronal populations in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and area postrema (AP) to investigate the mechanisms underlying FGF1 actions. While FGF1 did not alter membrane potential in ARH-NPY-GFP neurons, it reversibly depolarized 83% of ARH-POMC-EGFP neurons and decreased the frequency of inhibitory inputs onto ARH-POMC-EGFP neurons. This depolarizing effect persisted in the presence of FGF receptor (R) blocker FIIN1, but was blocked by pretreatment with the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX). Non-FGF1 subfamilies can activate vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR). Surprisingly, the VEGFR inhibitors axitinib and BMS605541 blocked FGF1 effects on ARH-POMC-EGFP neurons. We also demonstrate that FGF1 induces c-Fos in the dorsal vagal complex, activates NTS-NPY-GFP neurons through a FGFR mediated pathway, and requires VGSCs to activate AP neurons. We conclude that FGF1 acts in multiple brain regions independent of FGFRs. These studies present anatomical and mechanistic pathways for the future investigation of the pharmacological and physiological role of FGF1 in metabolic processes.
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27
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Alonge KM, Mirzadeh Z, Scarlett JM, Logsdon AF, Brown JM, Cabrales E, Chan CK, Kaiyala KJ, Bentsen MA, Banks WA, Guttman M, Wight TN, Morton GJ, Schwartz MW. Hypothalamic perineuronal net assembly is required for sustained diabetes remission induced by fibroblast growth factor 1 in rats. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1025-1033. [PMID: 32895577 PMCID: PMC7572652 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that perineuronal nets (PNNs) enmesh glucoregulatory neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH)1, but whether these PNNs play a role in either the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) or its treatment remains unclear. Here we show that PNN abundance within the Arc is markedly reduced in the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat model of T2D, compared with normoglycaemic rats, correlating with altered PNN-associated sulfation patterns of chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans in the MBH. Each of these PNN-associated changes is reversed following a single intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) at a dose that induces sustained diabetes remission in male ZDF rats. Combined with previous work localizing this FGF1 effect to the Arc area2-4, our finding that enzymatic digestion of Arc PNNs markedly shortens the duration of diabetes remission following icv FGF1 injection in these animals identifies these extracellular matrix structures as previously unrecognized participants in the mechanism underlying diabetes remission induced by the central action of FGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Alonge
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zaman Mirzadeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aric F Logsdon
- Department of Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jenny M Brown
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine Cabrales
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Christina K Chan
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karl J Kaiyala
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marie A Bentsen
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William A Banks
- Department of Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gregory J Morton
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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28
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Faber CL, Deem JD, Campos CA, Taborsky GJ, Morton GJ. CNS control of the endocrine pancreas. Diabetologia 2020; 63:2086-2094. [PMID: 32894319 PMCID: PMC7983553 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that, although pancreatic islets can function autonomously to detect and respond to changes in the circulating glucose level, the brain cooperates with the islet to maintain glycaemic control. Here, we review the role of the central and autonomic nervous systems in the control of the endocrine pancreas, including mechanisms whereby the brain senses circulating blood glucose levels. We also examine whether dysfunction in these systems might contribute to complications of type 1 diabetes and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Faber
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer D Deem
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carlos A Campos
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gerald J Taborsky
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gregory J Morton
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 750 Republican St, Box 358062, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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29
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Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor co-agonists for treating metabolic disease. Mol Metab 2020; 46:101090. [PMID: 32987188 PMCID: PMC8085566 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are approved to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. They elicit robust improvements in glycemic control and weight loss, combined with cardioprotection in individuals at risk of or with pre-existing cardiovascular disease. These attributes make GLP-1 a preferred partner for next-generation therapies exhibiting improved efficacy yet retaining safety to treat diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and related cardiometabolic disorders. The available clinical data demonstrate that the best GLP-1R agonists are not yet competitive with bariatric surgery, emphasizing the need to further improve the efficacy of current medical therapy. Scope of review In this article, we discuss data highlighting the physiological and pharmacological attributes of potential peptide and non-peptide partners, exemplified by amylin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and steroid hormones. We review the progress, limitations, and future considerations for translating findings from preclinical experiments to competitive efficacy and safety in humans with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Major conclusions Multiple co-agonist combinations exhibit promising clinical efficacy, notably tirzepatide and investigational amylin combinations. Simultaneously, increasing doses of GLP-1R agonists such as semaglutide produces substantial weight loss, raising the bar for the development of new unimolecular co-agonists. Collectively, the available data suggest that new co-agonists with robust efficacy should prove superior to GLP-1R agonists alone to treat metabolic disorders. GLP-1 is a preferred partner for co-agonist development. Co-agonist combinations must exhibit improved weight loss beyond GLP-1 alone. Unimolecular coagonists must exhibit retained or improved cardioprotection. Obesity represents an optimal condition for the development of new GLP-1 co-agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie L Baggio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5 Canada.
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30
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Bergman RN, Piccinini F, Kabir M, Ader M. Novel aspects of the role of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism. Metabolism 2019; 99:119-125. [PMID: 31158368 PMCID: PMC7216693 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Malfunction of the liver is a central factor in metabolic disease. Glucose production by liver is complex and controlled via indirect mechanisms; insulin regulates adipose tissue lipolysis, and free fatty acids in turn regulate liver glucose output. This latter concept is confirmed by studies in L-Akt-Foxo1 knockout mice. The adipocyte is a likely locus of hepatic insulin resistance. Also, kidneys play a role in regulating glucose production; denervated kidneys abrogate the effect of fat feeding to cause insulin resistance. Glucose itself is an important regulator of liver metabolism ("glucose effectiveness"); after entering liver, glucose is phosphorylated and can be exported as lactate. Using the dynamic glucose/lactate relationship, we have been able to estimate glucose effectiveness in intact animals and human subjects. Families have been identified with a glucokinase regulatory protein defect; modeling demonstrates elevated glucokinase activity. Insulin clearance by liver is highly variable among normal individuals, and is under environmental control: high fat diet reduces clearance by 30%. Liver insulin clearance is significantly lower in African American (AA) adults and children compared to European American participants, accounting for fasting hyperinsulinemia in AA. We hypothesize that reduced hepatic insulin clearance causes peripheral insulin resistance and increased Type 2 diabetes in AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - Francesca Piccinini
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Morvarid Kabir
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Marilyn Ader
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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31
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Brown JM, Scarlett JM, Schwartz MW. Rethinking the role of the brain in glucose homeostasis and diabetes pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3035-3037. [PMID: 31329157 PMCID: PMC6668663 DOI: 10.1172/jci130904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M. Brown
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Jarrad M. Scarlett
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael W. Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, and
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32
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Tennant KG, Lindsley SR, Kirigiti MA, True C, Kievit P. Central and Peripheral Administration of Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 Improves Pancreatic Islet Insulin Secretion in Diabetic Mouse Models. Diabetes 2019; 68:1462-1472. [PMID: 31048370 PMCID: PMC6609981 DOI: 10.2337/db18-1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) has been shown to reverse hyperglycemia in diabetic rodent models through peripheral and central administration routes. Previous studies demonstrated that insulin is required for central and peripheral FGF1 metabolic improvements; however, it is unknown if FGF1 targets insulin secretion at the islet level. Here we show for the first time that FGF1 increases islet insulin secretion in diabetic mouse models. FGF1 was administered via a single intracerebroventricular or multiple subcutaneous injections to leptin receptor-deficient (db/db), diet-induced obese, and control mice; pancreatic islets were isolated 7 days later for analysis of insulin secretion. Central and peripheral FGF1 significantly lowered blood glucose in vivo and increased ex vivo islet insulin secretion from diabetic, but not control, mice. FGF1 injections to the cisterna magna mimicked intracerebroventricular outcomes, pointing to a novel therapeutic potential. Central effects of FGF1 appeared dependent on reductions in food intake, whereas peripheral FGF1 had acute actions on islet function prior to significant changes in food intake or blood glucose. Additionally, peripheral, but not central, FGF1 increased islet β-cell density, suggesting that peripheral FGF1 may induce long-term changes in islet structure and function that are not present with central treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Tennant
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR
| | - Sarah R Lindsley
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR
| | - Melissa A Kirigiti
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR
| | - Cadence True
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR
| | - Paul Kievit
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR
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33
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Struik D, Dommerholt MB, Jonker JW. Fibroblast growth factors in control of lipid metabolism: from biological function to clinical application. Curr Opin Lipidol 2019; 30:235-243. [PMID: 30893110 PMCID: PMC6530965 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family have been identified as key regulators of energy metabolism in rodents and nonhuman primates. Translational studies show that their metabolic actions are largely conserved in humans, which led to the development of various FGF-based drugs, including FGF21-mimetics LY2405319, PF-05231023, and pegbelfermin, and the FGF19-mimetic NGM282. Recently, a number of clinical trials have been published that examined the safety and efficacy of these novel therapeutic proteins in the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and cholestatic liver disease. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of FGFs in metabolic regulation and their clinical potential. RECENT FINDINGS FGF21-based drugs induce weight loss and improve dyslipidemia in patients with obesity and T2D, and reduce steatosis in patients with NASH. FGF19-based drugs reduce steatosis in patients with NASH, and ameliorate bile acid-induced liver damage in patients with cholestasis. In contrast to their potent antidiabetic effects in rodents and nonhuman primates, FGF-based drugs do not appear to improve glycemia in humans. In addition, various safety concerns, including elevation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, modulation of bone homeostasis, and increased blood pressure, have been reported as well. SUMMARY Clinical trials with FGF-based drugs report beneficial effects in lipid and bile acid metabolism, with clinical improvements in dyslipidemia, steatosis, weight loss, and liver damage. In contrast, glucose-lowering effects, as observed in preclinical models, are currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicky Struik
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Fuente-Martín E, Mellado-Gil JM, Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Martín-Montalvo A, Romero-Zerbo SY, Diaz Contreras I, Hmadcha A, Soria B, Martin Bermudo F, Reyes JC, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, Lorenzo PI, Gauthier BR. Dissecting the Brain/Islet Axis in Metabesity. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050350. [PMID: 31072002 PMCID: PMC6562925 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), together with the fact that current treatments are only palliative and do not avoid major secondary complications, reveals the need for novel approaches to treat the cause of this disease. Efforts are currently underway to identify therapeutic targets implicated in either the regeneration or re-differentiation of a functional pancreatic islet β-cell mass to restore insulin levels and normoglycemia. However, T2DM is not only caused by failures in β-cells but also by dysfunctions in the central nervous system (CNS), especially in the hypothalamus and brainstem. Herein, we review the physiological contribution of hypothalamic neuronal and glial populations, particularly astrocytes, in the control of the systemic response that regulates blood glucose levels. The glucosensing capacity of hypothalamic astrocytes, together with their regulation by metabolic hormones, highlights the relevance of these cells in the control of glucose homeostasis. Moreover, the critical role of astrocytes in the response to inflammation, a process associated with obesity and T2DM, further emphasizes the importance of these cells as novel targets to stimulate the CNS in response to metabesity (over-nutrition-derived metabolic dysfunctions). We suggest that novel T2DM therapies should aim at stimulating the CNS astrocytic response, as well as recovering the functional pancreatic β-cell mass. Whether or not a common factor expressed in both cell types can be feasibly targeted is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Fuente-Martín
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Jose M Mellado-Gil
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Martín-Montalvo
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Silvana Y Romero-Zerbo
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Irene Diaz Contreras
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Abdelkrim Hmadcha
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bernat Soria
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Martin Bermudo
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose C Reyes
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Bermúdez-Silva
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Petra I Lorenzo
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Benoit R Gauthier
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Brown JM, Scarlett JM, Matsen ME, Nguyen HT, Secher A, Jorgensen R, Morton GJ, Schwartz MW. The Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus-Median Eminence Is a Target for Sustained Diabetes Remission Induced by Fibroblast Growth Factor 1. Diabetes 2019; 68:1054-1061. [PMID: 30796029 PMCID: PMC6477902 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In rodent models of type 2 diabetes (T2D), sustained remission of diabetic hyperglycemia can be induced by a single intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1). To identify the brain areas responsible for this effect, we first used immunohistochemistry to map the hypothalamic distribution of phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2), a marker of mitogen-activated protein kinase-ERK signal transduction downstream of FGF receptor activation. Twenty minutes after icv FGF1 injection in adult male Wistar rats, pERK1/2 staining was detected primarily in two hypothalamic areas: the arcuate nucleus-median eminence (ARC-ME) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). To determine whether an action of FGF1 localized to either the ARC-ME or the PVN is capable of mimicking the sustained antidiabetic effect elicited by icv FGF1, we microinjected either saline vehicle or a low dose of FGF1 (0.3 µg/side) bilaterally into either the ARC-ME area or PVN of Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats, a model of T2D, and monitored daily food intake, body weight, and blood glucose levels over a 3-week period. Whereas bilateral intra-arcuate microinjection of saline vehicle was without effect, remission of hyperglycemia lasting >3 weeks was observed following bilateral microinjection of FGF1 into the ARC-ME. This antidiabetic effect cannot be attributed to leakage of FGF1 into cerebrospinal fluid and subsequent action on other brain areas, since icv injection of the same total dose was without effect. Combined with our finding that bilateral microinjection of the same dose of FGF1 into the PVN was without effect on glycemia or other parameters, we conclude that the ARC-ME area (but not the PVN) is a target for sustained remission of diabetic hyperglycemia induced by FGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Brown
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Miles E Matsen
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Hong T Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Anna Secher
- Diabetes Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Jorgensen
- Diabetes Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Gregory J Morton
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Thorens B. Targeting the Brain to Cure Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2019; 68:476-478. [PMID: 30787069 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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