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Sonter CA, Tighe M, Rader R, Wilson SC. Can Bees Detect Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS)? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:1638-1647. [PMID: 38721889 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is an important crop pollinator threatened by multiple stressors, including exposure to contaminants. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent global contaminant that accumulates and biomagnifies in food chains and is detected in honey. Even sublethal exposure to PFOS is detrimental to bee health, but exposure routes are unclear and nothing is known about bee response (detection, avoidance, or attraction) to PFOS. Using Y-mazes, we studied the response of individual bees to PFOS-spiked sugar syrup at four concentrations, 0.02, 30, 61 and 103 µg L-1. Bee activity, choice behavior, and drink duration for unspiked and spiked sugar syrup was recorded for 10 min in the Y-maze system. Most bees (≥80%) tasted and then drank the sugar syrup solutions, including the PFOS-contaminated syrup. Only at 61 and 103 µg L-1 did bees significantly avoid drinking PFOS-spiked syrup, and only when given a choice with unspiked syrup. When the choice of consuming unspiked syrup was removed, the bees drank PFOS-spiked syrup at all the PFOS concentrations tested, and avoidance was not evident. Avoidance was not observed in any treatment at 0.02 or 30 µg L-1 PFOS, concentrations that are frequently reported in environmental waters in contaminated areas. These findings confirm that bees will access PFOS-contaminated resources at concentrations detrimental to the colony health, and provide evidence of potential exposure pathways that may threaten crop pollination services and also human health via food chain transfer in PFOS-contaminated areas. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1638-1647. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Sonter
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew Tighe
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Romina Rader
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan C Wilson
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Massarsky A, Parker JA, Gloekler L, Donnell MT, Binczewski NR, Kozal JS, McKnight T, Patterson A, Kreider ML. Assessing potential human health and ecological implications of PFAS from leave-in dental products. Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:91-103. [PMID: 38171534 DOI: 10.1177/07482337231224990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Contaminated water and food are the main sources of documented per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure in humans. However, other sources may contribute to the overall PFAS intake. While several studies documented the presence of PFAS in consumer products, PFAS evaluation in dental products has been limited to floss and tape to date. This study estimated PFAS exposures from a convenience sample of leave-in dental products (night guards and whitening trays), which remain in contact with the mouth for longer durations than previously evaluated dental products. This analysis evaluated whether consumer usage of these dental products meaningfully contributes to oral exposure of PFAS. Leaching of PFAS upon disposal of products was also considered. Out of 24 PFAS measured, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA; 3.24-4.17 ng/product or 0.67-0.83 ng/g) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS; 7.25-16.45 ng/product or 1.2-2.3 ng/g) were detected in night guards, and no PFAS were detected in whitening trays. Non-targeted analysis showed additional possible PFAS, which could not be characterized. The findings showed that PFOS and/or PFBA present in night guards were unlikely to pose a health concern. From an ecological perspective, the dental products examined were shown to constitute a negligible contribution to environmental PFAS. In conclusion, the examined dental products do not represent a significant source of exposure to PFAS for humans or the environment. The study demonstrates how risk assessment can be integrated by the industry into product stewardship programs to evaluate the potential health and environmental impacts of chemicals in consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Taryn McKnight
- Eurofins Environment Testing Northern California, LLC, West Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Patterson
- Eurofins Environment Testing Northern California, LLC, West Sacramento, CA, USA
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Tolaymat T, Robey N, Krause M, Larson J, Weitz K, Parvathikar S, Phelps L, Linak W, Burden S, Speth T, Krug J. A critical review of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) landfill disposal in the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167185. [PMID: 37734620 PMCID: PMC10842600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Landfills manage materials containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from municipal solid waste (MSW) and other waste streams. This manuscript summarizes state and federal initiatives and critically reviews peer-reviewed literature to define best practices for managing these wastes and identify data gaps to guide future research. The objective is to inform stakeholders about waste-derived PFAS disposed of in landfills, PFAS emissions, and the potential for related environmental impacts. Furthermore, this document highlights data gaps and uncertainties concerning the fate of PFAS during landfill disposal. Most studies on this topic measured PFAS in liquid landfill effluent (leachate); comparatively fewer have attempted to estimate PFAS loading in landfills or other effluent streams such as landfill gas (LFG). In all media, the reported total PFAS heavily depends on waste types and the number of PFAS included in the analytical method. Early studies which only measured a small number of PFAS, predominantly perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), likely report a significant underestimation of total PFAS. Major findings include relationships between PFAS effluent and landfill conditions - biodegradable waste increases PFAS transformation and leaching. Based on the results of multiple studies, it is estimated that 84% of PFAS loading to MSW landfills (7.2 T total) remains in the waste mass, while 5% leaves via LFG and 11% via leachate on an annual basis. The environmental impact of landfill-derived PFAS has been well-documented. Additional research is needed on PFAS in landfilled construction and demolition debris, hazardous, and industrial waste in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabet Tolaymat
- The Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Management, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Nicole Robey
- Innovative Technical Solutions, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Max Krause
- The Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Management, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Judd Larson
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Keith Weitz
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Lara Phelps
- The Center for Environmental Measurements and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - William Linak
- The Center for Environmental Measurements and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Susan Burden
- Office of Science Advisor, Policy and Engagement, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tom Speth
- The Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Management, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan Krug
- The Center for Environmental Measurements and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Nobile M, Arioli F, Curci D, Ancillotti C, Scanavini G, Chiesa LM, Panseri S. Incidence of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Commercial Eggs and Their Impact on Consumer's Safety. Foods 2023; 12:3846. [PMID: 37893740 PMCID: PMC10605999 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggs play an important role in a balanced diet; however, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recognizes eggs as a major source of poly and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). In this study, the presence of PFASs was analysed in eggs produced by hens from Northern Italian regions, a PFASs-contaminated area. Sixty-five samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. The greatest presence of PFASs was found in eggs from Veneto and Emilia Romagna, and the most detected PFASs were perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (mean concentrations 0.30 ± 0.15 and 0.05 ± 0.00 ng g-1). Considering the most recent updates for the sum of the main four PFASs, the highest concentration found in the analysed samples was 0.05 ng g-1, well below the maximum limit set by the European Union. The PFAS intake evaluation confirmed that egg consumption does not represent a risk for Italian consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nobile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.N.); (F.A.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.N.); (F.A.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Dalia Curci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.N.); (F.A.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Claudia Ancillotti
- Biochemie Lab S.r.l., Via Limite, 27/G, 50013 Campi Bisenzio, Italy; (C.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Giulia Scanavini
- Biochemie Lab S.r.l., Via Limite, 27/G, 50013 Campi Bisenzio, Italy; (C.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Luca Maria Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.N.); (F.A.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.N.); (F.A.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
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Miralles P, Beser MI, Sanchís Y, Yusà V, Coscollà C. Determination of 21 per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in paper- and cardboard-based food contact materials by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1559-1568. [PMID: 36883520 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00083d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of the total content of 21 per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in paper- and cardboard-based food contact materials (FCMs). This method is based on green ultrasound-assisted lixiviation followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). The method was validated in various paper- and cardboard-based FCMs, showing good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99), limits of quantification (1.7-10 μg kg-1), accuracy (74-115%), and precision (RSD < 20%). The eco-friendly characteristics of the proposed analytical method were assessed according to the analytical eco-scale, demonstrating that it can be considered an excellent green analytical method (EcoScale score > 75). Finally, 16 field samples of paper- and cardboard-based FCMs, including pizza boxes, popcorn boxes, paper bags and cardboard boxes for potato fries, ice cream tubs, pastry trays, and cardboard-based packaging for cooked Spanish omelets, fresh grapes, frozen fish, and salads were analyzed, showing that they comply with the current European regulations regarding the studied PFASs. The developed method is currently accredited according to UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025 by the Spanish National Accreditation Body (ENAC) to be implemented for official control analysis of FCMs in the Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Generalitat Valenciana (Valencia, Spain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Miralles
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Beser
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Yovana Sanchís
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Yusà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain.
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Coscollà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain.
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Zhou M, Zhao F, Chen M, Yu Q, Liu P, Wu K, Wang H, Liu Y, Wang Q, Liu X, Wu Y, Gong Z. Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Crayfish from the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:825-835. [PMID: 36583663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a novel class of emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) owing to their environmental persistence and bioaccumulation. Red swamp crayfish is a major source of exposure to PFASs, while the dietary intake of PFASs from crayfish is still unclear. We investigated the concentrations of PFASs in 130 batches of crayfish and 100 environmental samples from Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Delta. Seven Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), 3 Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), and 6:2 Cl-PFESA were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Meanwhile, PFASs exposure levels were examined concretely in four tissues of crayfish and different circulation links. The average daily intake (ADI) risk model was used to evaluate the human health risk of consuming crayfish and suggested that the risk of PFASs exposure is at a low level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxin Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - QingQing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - PinPin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kejia Wu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Wuhan Institute for Food and Cosmetic Control, Wuhan430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing100021, China
| | - Zhiyong Gong
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (The Chinese Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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7
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EOF and target PFAS analysis in surface waters affected by sewage treatment effluents in Berlin, Germany. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1195-1204. [PMID: 36633619 PMCID: PMC9899726 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging organic pollutants and can occur in surface and groundwater. To identify the degree of pollution in surface water with PFAS, often targeted HPLC-ESI-MS/MS has been employed in which commonly 30-40 compounds are analyzed. However, other PFAS and organofluorines remain undetected. We sampled surface water of the river Spree and the Teltow Canal in Berlin, Germany, which are affected by the effluent discharge of wastewater treatment plants. Here, we employed high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) for measuring extractable organofluorines (EOF) and compared in a mass balance approach the total fluorine to the identified and quantified PFAS from the targeted analysis. The analysis highlights that the EOF are in the range expected for an urban river system (Winchell et al. in Sci Total Environ 774, 2021). However, downstream of an effluent discharge, the EOF increased by one order of magnitude, e.g., 40.3 to 574 ng F L-1, along the Teltow Canal. From our target analytes, mostly short-chained perfluorinated carboxylic acids and sulfonates occur in the water, which however makes up less than 10% of the EOF. The increase in EOF in the Teltow Canal correlates well with the increase of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), indicating that PFHxA is characteristic for the discharged EOF but not responsible for the increase. Hence, it points to PFHxA precursor discharge. The study highlights that EOF screening using HR-CS-GFMAS is necessary to identify the full scale of pollution with regard to PFAS and other organofluorines such as pharmaceutical compounds from the effluent of WWTPs.
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Chen X, Feng X, Sun X, Li Y, Yang Y, Shan G, Zhu L. Quantifying Indirect Contribution from Precursors to Human Body Burden of Legacy PFASs Based on Paired Blood and One-Week Duplicate Diet. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5632-5640. [PMID: 35417148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The restriction on legacy perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has led to increasing application and contamination of their precursors and novel alternatives. However, the indirect contribution from precursors has not been well characterized. In this study, 24 PFASs were measured in the paired human blood and urine from general volunteers (n = 20), as well as their corresponding exposure matrices (7 day duplicate diet, drinking water and dust). Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was predominant, followed by 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), contributing 21.6-47.0 and 6.6-20.0% of the total concentrations, respectively. Total oxidable precursor (TOP) assay and isomeric analysis coupled with a toxicokinetic model suggested that around 19% of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in human was contributed by its precursors. The strong correlation between the estimated daily intake (EDI) and human blood concentration for 6:2 Cl-PFESA suggested that it was mainly contributed by direct exposure. The bioavailability of 6:2 Cl-PFESA in the food matrices was estimated as 18.6% by comparing the estimated and measured blood concentrations, implying that human exposure might be overestimated if the bioavailability of PFASs in food was not considered. Assuming that they had a similar bioavailability, it was estimated that ca. 20% of PFOS body burden was from indirect exposure to its precursors, which was supported by TOP assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xuemin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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9
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Zhu Y, Jia Y, Wang X, Yi S, Li Y, Zhong W, Zhu L. Mechanisms Underlying the Impacts of Lipids on the Diverse Bioavailability of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Foods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3613-3622. [PMID: 35195405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Food is a major source of human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), yet little is known about their bioavailability in food matrices. Here, the relative bioavailability (RBA) of PFASs in foods was determined using an in vivo mouse model. Pork, which had the highest lipid content, exhibited the greatest effect on bioavailability by increasing the RBAs of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) while reducing those of fluorotelomer phosphate diesters (diPAPs). During intestinal digestion of lipids, the bioaccessibility of PFAAs increased due to their greater partition into the stable mixed micelles. However, diPAPs were more likely to partition into the undigested oil phase due to their strong hydrophobicity. Both in vitro incubation and molecular docking results indicated that the PFAAs exhibited stronger binding affinities with mouse blood chylomicrons (CMs) than with diPAPs. Collectively, both lipid digestion in the intestine and the carrier effect of CMs played important roles in modulating the bioavailability of PFASs in food. More attention should be given to further evaluating the health risks of PFASs associated with the intake of high-lipid foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yibo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Shujun Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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10
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Savvaides T, Koelmel JP, Zhou Y, Lin EZ, Stelben P, Aristizabal-Henao JJ, Bowden JA, Godri Pollitt KJ. Prevalence and Implications of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Settled Dust. Curr Environ Health Rep 2022; 8:323-335. [PMID: 34985714 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-021-00326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a family of more than 7,000 fluorinated compounds. The carbon-fluorine bond of PFAS provides desirable hydrophobic and oleophobic properties and stability that has led to widespread usage in consumer products and industrial applications. The strength of the carbon-fluorine bond also prevents appreciable degradation once released into the environment. Consequently, various household products can release volatile and nonvolatile PFAS into the indoor environment that often concentrate in dust. We discuss the diversity of PFAS in settled dust, emission sources of these chemicals, changes in PFAS profiles in dust over the past century, and the implications for human health. RECENT FINDINGS Sources of PFAS found in dust include building materials and furnishings and consumer products used in typical indoor spaces. Daycares and workplaces are emphasized as locations with widespread exposure due to the presence of treated carpeting and industrial-strength cleaners. Comparison and interpretation of findings across studies are complicated by the different ways in which PFAS are screened across studies. We further discuss recent developments in non-targeted software for the comprehensive annotation of PFAS in indoor dust and emphasize the need for comprehensive and harmonized analytical workflows. We highlight the detection and diversity of PFAS in settled dust collected from various indoor spaces, including locations with vulnerable subpopulations. There are opportunities for future research to leverage settled dust as a sentinel environmental matrix to evaluate the link between inhalation and ingestion routes of PFAS exposure to adverse health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Savvaides
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 510, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy P Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 510, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Yakun Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 510, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Elizabeth Z Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 510, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Paul Stelben
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 510, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Juan J Aristizabal-Henao
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 510, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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11
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Ramírez Carnero A, Lestido-Cardama A, Vazquez Loureiro P, Barbosa-Pereira L, Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós A, Sendón R. Presence of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Food Contact Materials (FCM) and Its Migration to Food. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071443. [PMID: 34206351 PMCID: PMC8306913 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemical compounds widely used in different industry fields including food contact materials (FCM), providing resistance to fat and humidity, and non-stick properties. PFAS enter into the food chain directly from the intake of contaminated food or indirectly from the migration of the FCM into the food. This exposure published in different research highlights a public health concern. Therefore, it is necessary to perform analysis of the content of different FCM and evaluate the migration from the FCM under normal conditions of use and storage. This bibliographical review proves that different perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl compounds are detected in fast food packaging, microwave popcorn bags, and frying pans, among others. Furthermore, it shows the conditions or factors that favor the migration of the PFAS from the FCM into the food.
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12
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Genualdi S, Young W, DeJager L, Begley T. Method Development and Validation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Foods from FDA's Total Diet Study Program. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5599-5606. [PMID: 33983731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through the US diet has not been well-characterized. Highly consumed foods are routinely monitored through FDA's Total Diet Study program. Portions of these samples were used to develop and validate a method for PFAS in a wide variety of foods. The extraction of 16 PFAS was performed using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method and analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Method optimizations are described including investigations into the QuEChERS sorbents, matrix effects, and solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. The use of a custom push-through SPE cartridge showed promising results as a rapid cleanup option for food samples. Challenges in ion confirmation are discussed, and the use of enhanced product ion (EPI) full-scan MS/MS spectra is presented as a potential option for verifying false positives. The validated method was then used for the analysis of 179 total diet study samples, and positive detects for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were found in two fish and one meat sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Genualdi
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Wendy Young
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Lowri DeJager
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Timothy Begley
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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13
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Brown JB, Conder JM, Arblaster JA, Higgins CP. Assessing Human Health Risks from Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS)-Impacted Vegetable Consumption: A Tiered Modeling Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15202-15214. [PMID: 33200604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation water or soil contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) raises concerns among regulators tasked with protecting human health from potential PFAS-contaminated food crops, with several studies identifying crop uptake as an important exposure pathway. We estimated daily dietary exposure intake of individual PFASs in vegetables for children and adults using Monte Carlo simulation in a tiered stochastic modeling approach: exposures were the highest for young children (1-2 years > adults > 3-5 years > 6-11 years > 12-19 years). Using the lowest available human health toxicity reference values (RfDs) and no additional exposure, estimated fifth percentile risk-based threshold concentrations in irrigation water were 38 ng/L (median 180 ng/L) for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and 140 ng/L (median 850 ng/L) for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Thus, consumption of vegetables irrigated with PFAS-impacted water that meets the current 70 ng/L of PFOA and PFOS U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's lifetime health advisory for drinking water may or may not be protective of vegetable exposures to these contaminants. Hazard analyses using real-world PFAS-contaminated groundwater data for a hypothetical farm showed estimated exposures to most PFASs exceeding available or derived RfDs, indicating water-to-crop transfer is an important exposure pathway for communities with PFAS-impacted irrigation water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane B Brown
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1500 Illinois St., Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jason M Conder
- Geosyntec Consultants, 2100 Main St., Suite 150, Huntington Beach, California 92648, United States
| | | | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1500 Illinois St., Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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14
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Bonato M, Corrà F, Bellio M, Guidolin L, Tallandini L, Irato P, Santovito G. PFAS Environmental Pollution and Antioxidant Responses: An Overview of the Impact on Human Field. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8020. [PMID: 33143342 PMCID: PMC7663035 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties, perfluorinated substances (PFAS) are widely used in multiple industrial and commercial applications, but they are toxic for animals, humans included. This review presents some available data on the PFAS environmental distribution in the world, and in particular in Europe and in the Veneto region of Italy, where it has become a serious problem for human health. The consumption of contaminated food and drinking water is considered one of the major source of exposure for humans. Worldwide epidemiological studies report the negative effects that PFAS have on human health, due to environmental pollution, including infertility, steroid hormone perturbation, thyroid, liver and kidney disorders, and metabolic disfunctions. In vitro and in vivo researches correlated PFAS exposure to oxidative stress effects (in mammals as well as in other vertebrates of human interest), produced by a PFAS-induced increase of reactive oxygen species formation. The cellular antioxidant defense system is activated by PFAS, but it is only partially able to avoid the oxidative damage to biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paola Irato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (L.G.); (L.T.)
| | - Gianfranco Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (L.G.); (L.T.)
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15
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Awad R, Zhou Y, Nyberg E, Namazkar S, Yongning W, Xiao Q, Sun Y, Zhu Z, Bergman Å, Benskin JP. Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2023-2030. [PMID: 32940316 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Twenty per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were determined in human milk from residents of three Chinese cities (Shanghai, Jiaxing, and Shaoxing; [n = 10 individuals per city]), sampled between 2010 and 2016. These data were compared to a combination of new and previously reported PFAS concentrations in human milk from Stockholm, Sweden, collected in 2016 (n = 10 individuals). Across the three Chinese cities, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA; sum isomers), 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanone-1-sulfonic acid (9Cl-PF3ONS; also known as 6:2 Cl-PFESA or by its trade name "F53-B"), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; sum isomers) occurred at the highest concentrations among all PFAS (up to 411, 976, and 321 pg mL-1, respectively), while in Stockholm, PFOA and PFOS were dominant (up to 89 and 72 pg mL-1, respectively). 3H-Perfluoro-3-[(3-methoxy-propoxy)propanoic acid] (ADONA) was intermittently detected but at concentrations below the method quantification limit (i.e. <10 pg mL-1) in Chinese samples, and was non-detectable in Swedish milk. The extremely high concentrations of F53-B in Chinese milk suggest that human exposure assessments focused only on legacy substances may severely underestimate overall PFAS exposure in breastfeeding infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed Awad
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Ceccatelli S, Cravedi J, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, Knutsen HK, Rose M, Roudot A, Van Loveren H, Vollmer G, Mackay K, Riolo F, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06223. [PMID: 32994824 PMCID: PMC7507523 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food. Based on several similar effects in animals, toxicokinetics and observed concentrations in human blood, the CONTAM Panel decided to perform the assessment for the sum of four PFASs: PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS. These made up half of the lower bound (LB) exposure to those PFASs with available occurrence data, the remaining contribution being primarily from PFASs with short half-lives. Equal potencies were assumed for the four PFASs included in the assessment. The mean LB exposure in adolescents and adult age groups ranged from 3 to 22, the 95th percentile from 9 to 70 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week. Toddlers and 'other children' showed a twofold higher exposure. Upper bound exposure was 4- to 49-fold higher than LB levels, but the latter were considered more reliable. 'Fish meat', 'Fruit and fruit products' and 'Eggs and egg products' contributed most to the exposure. Based on available studies in animals and humans, effects on the immune system were considered the most critical for the risk assessment. From a human study, a lowest BMDL 10 of 17.5 ng/mL for the sum of the four PFASs in serum was identified for 1-year-old children. Using PBPK modelling, this serum level of 17.5 ng/mL in children was estimated to correspond to long-term maternal exposure of 0.63 ng/kg bw per day. Since accumulation over time is important, a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 4.4 ng/kg bw per week was established. This TWI also protects against other potential adverse effects observed in humans. Based on the estimated LB exposure, but also reported serum levels, the CONTAM Panel concluded that parts of the European population exceed this TWI, which is of concern.
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Lin HW, Feng HX, Chen L, Yuan XJ, Tan Z. Maternal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors during pregnancy is associated with pediatric germ cell tumors. NAGOYA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 2020. [PMID: 32581411 PMCID: PMC7276419 DOI: 10.18999/nagjms.82.2.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) are natural or synthetic chemical compounds that interfere with normal endocrine function in both wildlife and humans. Previous studies have indicated that EEDs may contribute to oncogenesis. This study explores the relationship between EEDs and pediatric germ cell tumors (GCTs). A case-control study was conducted in 84 pediatric patients from 2014 to 2017, including 42 subjects with immature teratoma, yolk sac tumor, or germinoma, and 42 controls who experienced pneumonia or trauma. Serum PFASs, including PFBS, PFHpA, PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFUA, PFOSA, and PFDoA, were measured in each subject, and their history of possible EED exposure was reviewed. Six of the 10 measured PFASs were significantly increased in the GCT group relative to the control group. With respect to lifestyle history, only PFHxS levels were statistically significantly associated with GCTs as determined by logistic regression analysis. The odds ratio for a 1 ng/L increase in PFHxS was 19.47 (95% CI: 4.20-90.26). Furthermore, in the GCT and control groups, both parental consumption of barbecued foods and hair dye use among parents were significantly correlated with elevated serum PFHxS levels (ρ = 0.383, 0.325 in the patient group and ρ = 0.370, 0.339 in the control group; p < 0.05). Our study confirmed that children with GCTs from our institute had relatively high serum levels of PFASs relative to those of tumor-free pediatric patients. Serum PFHxS levels were independently associated with germ cell tumor occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Wei Lin
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai
Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care
Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai-Xia Feng
- Department of Pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, Xinhua Hospital
Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental
Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine,
Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yuan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to
Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to
Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Ingelido AM, Abballe A, Gemma S, Dellatte E, Iacovella N, De Angelis G, Marra V, Russo F, Vazzoler M, Testai E, De Felip E. Serum concentrations of perfluorinated alkyl substances in farmers living in areas affected by water contamination in the Veneto Region (Northern Italy). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 136:105435. [PMID: 31935559 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) is a major public health concern because in the last decades several cases of overexposure of people to PFASs, in particular through contaminated water, occurred worldwide. In 2013-2017 a PFAS drinking water contamination was discovered and investigated in northern Italy (Veneto region) and high PFAS serum levels were detected in exposed people. 629 subjects were enrolled: 257 residing in municipalities in the areas under impact, 250 residing in municipalities in areas at presumed background exposure and 122 farmers living in contaminated rural areas producing and consuming own livestock and vegetables and frequently using well water. The highest PFAS serum concentrations (median PFOA concentrations 40 ng/g) were found in the subgroup of farmers. The main factors influencing PFAS serum levels of farmers were residence area and the related extent of drinking water contamination, gender, years of residence in the municipalities, well water consumption and consumption of own produced food. PFOA serum concentrations in farmers residing in the areas of the Veneto region impacted by PFAS contamination are among the highest found worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Ingelido
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Abballe
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Simonetta Gemma
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Elena Dellatte
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Nicola Iacovella
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Angelis
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Marra
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Russo
- Direzione Prevenzione, Sicurezza Alimentare e Veterinaria della Regione Veneto, Rio Novo - Dorsoduro 3493, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Marina Vazzoler
- Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Veneto, Via Ospedale Civile 24, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Elena De Felip
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
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19
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Han JS, Jang S, Son HY, Kim YB, Kim Y, Noh JH, Kim MJ, Lee BS. Subacute dermal toxicity of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids: comparison with different carbon-chain lengths in human skin equivalents and systemic effects of perfluoroheptanoic acid in Sprague Dawley rats. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:523-539. [PMID: 31797001 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are used in various fields but raise concerns regarding human health and environmental consequences. Among PFASs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (SC PFCAs) are detectable in skin-contact consumer products and have dermal absorption potential. Here, we investigated the effects of dermal exposure to PFOA and SC PFCAs using in vitro and in vivo models. Human skin equivalents were topically treated with 0.25 mM and 2.5 mM PFOA and SC PFCAs (perfluoropentanoic acid, PFPeA; perfluorohexanoic acid, PFHxA; and perfluoroheptanoic acid, PFHpA) for 6 days, and cell viability, interleukin (IL)-1α, oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, MDA; and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG), and histopathology were examined. MDA levels were significantly higher in the PFASs groups than in controls. Compared with SC PFCAs, 2.5 mM PFOA caused more IL-1α (p < 0.001) release, decreased skin thickness and microscopic abnormalities. To evaluate systemic effects, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were dermally treated with 250 and 1000 mg/kg PFHpA for 2 weeks and clinical and anatomic pathology were assessed. At 1000 mg/kg, 83% of the rats died, with severe ulcerative dermatitis at the application site. Adverse PFHpA-treated systemic changes were observed in the kidney, liver and testes, and histopathologic lesions such as renal tubular necrosis, hepatocellular necrosis, and germ cell degeneration were seen at 250 and 1000 mg/kg. Our study suggests that SC PFCAs have fewer effects on the skin than PFOA, but SC PFCAs can have adverse effects on major organs with systemic exposure at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Seok Han
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Jang
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Son
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Bum Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Younhee Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Noh
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- Research Institute, T&R Biofab Co., Ltd., 242 Pangyo Digital Center, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13487, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Kowalczyk J, Flor M, Karl H, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in beaked redfish (Sebastes mentella) and cod (Gadus morhua) from arctic fishing grounds of Svalbard. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2019; 13:34-44. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2019.1690052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Kowalczyk
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Flor
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - H. Karl
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Kedikoglou K, Costopoulou D, Vassiliadou I, Leondiadis L. Preliminary assessment of general population exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances through diet in Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108617. [PMID: 31398561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Food and drinking water intake are the major routes of exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) for humans. In this study an initial oral exposure assessment of the non-occupationally exposed general Greek population to PFASs is presented. Levels of PFOA and PFOS determined in the present study in 128 food items from the Greek market and previously published analytical results of 43 water samples and 76 egg samples from Greece were combined with food availability data of the DAFNE-ANEMOS database for the calculation of oral intake of PFASs. Fish form the food group with the highest concentration in both PFOA and PFOS. For the general Greek population the estimated average daily intake in PFOA and PFOS when applying the lowerbound mean concentrations in food and drinking water samples is 0.49 and 0.91 ng kg-1 body weight (b.w.) respectively. The main contributor to oral PFAS intake is fish. A pharmacokinetic model is applied to estimate total intake from blood serum levels reported previously and the predicted values are in agreement with lowerbound estimated values. Weekly intake estimated values are below the tolerable weekly intake recently proposed by EFSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleopatra Kedikoglou
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310, Athens, Greece
| | - Danae Costopoulou
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Vassiliadou
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310, Athens, Greece
| | - Leondios Leondiadis
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310, Athens, Greece.
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22
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Wang Y, Liu J, Li J, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Dietary Exposure of Chinese Adults to Perfluoroalkyl Acids via Animal-Origin Foods: Chinese Total Diet Study (2005-2007 and 2011-2013). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6048-6055. [PMID: 31070369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diet has been regarded as the main exposure source of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), but the national dietary survey of PFAAs in China was limited. Here, eight typical PFAAs were detected in milk, aquatic food, meat, and eggs from the Chinese Total Diet Studies (TDSs) during 2005-2007 and 2011-2013. Aquatic food was found to be the main source of PFAAs among animal-origin foods. The estimated dietary intakes of ∑PFAAs from animal foods (EDIanimal-origin foods) in coastal areas were relatively higher than in inland areas. The highest EDIanimal-origin foods of PFOS [4.07 and 2.02 ng kg-1 of body weight (bw) day-1] and PFOA (2.19 ng kg-1 of bw day-1) found in Shanghai and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA, 2.72 ng kg-1 of bw day-1) in Fujian approach or exceed current minimal risk levels from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and tolerable weekly intakes from the European Food Safety Authority, suggesting potential risk of PFAA exposure from animal-origin foods in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health , China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA) , 7 Panjiayuan Nanli , Beijing 100021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health , China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA) , 7 Panjiayuan Nanli , Beijing 100021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health , China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA) , 7 Panjiayuan Nanli , Beijing 100021 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health , China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA) , 7 Panjiayuan Nanli , Beijing 100021 , People's Republic of China
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Bodin L, Cravedi JP, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, van Loveren H, Gergelova P, Mackay K, Levorato S, van Manen M, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food. EFSA J 2018. [PMID: 32625773 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194','32625773', '10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2743')">Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194" />
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in food. Regarding PFOS and PFOA occurrence, the final data set available for dietary exposure assessment contained a total of 20,019 analytical results (PFOS n = 10,191 and PFOA n = 9,828). There were large differences between upper and lower bound exposure due to analytical methods with insufficient sensitivity. The CONTAM Panel considered the lower bound estimates to be closer to true exposure levels. Important contributors to the lower bound mean chronic exposure were 'Fish and other seafood', 'Meat and meat products' and 'Eggs and egg products', for PFOS, and 'Milk and dairy products', 'Drinking water' and 'Fish and other seafood' for PFOA. PFOS and PFOA are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, excreted in urine and faeces, and do not undergo metabolism. Estimated human half-lives for PFOS and PFOA are about 5 years and 2-4 years, respectively. The derivation of a health-based guidance value was based on human epidemiological studies. For PFOS, the increase in serum total cholesterol in adults, and the decrease in antibody response at vaccination in children were identified as the critical effects. For PFOA, the increase in serum total cholesterol was the critical effect. Also reduced birth weight (for both compounds) and increased prevalence of high serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (for PFOA) were considered. After benchmark modelling of serum levels of PFOS and PFOA, and estimating the corresponding daily intakes, the CONTAM Panel established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 13 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week for PFOS and 6 ng/kg bw per week for PFOA. For both compounds, exposure of a considerable proportion of the population exceeds the proposed TWIs.
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Choi H, Bae IA, Choi JC, Park SJ, Kim M. Perfluorinated compounds in food simulants after migration from fluorocarbon resin-coated frying pans, baking utensils, and non-stick baking papers on the Korean market. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:264-272. [PMID: 30052135 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1499677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are used in manufacturing food contact materials, including non-stick cookware coatings and oil- and moisture-resistant paper coatings. The chemical stability of PFCs poses an issue for human safety, as they do not degrade well naturally and hence may accumulate in the body. In terms of food safety, since dietary intake is thought to be a major source of exposure to PFCs, it is necessary to assess the migration of PFCs from food packaging articles to food under typical cooking and storage conditions. An analytical method was developed for assessing the migration of 16 PFCs from food contact materials to food simulants using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The applicability of the method for regular inspection was assessed by monitoring 312 samples. Based on the results of the exposure assessment, all food contact materials deemed to be safe for use, which evaluated migrated concentrations and dietary food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeju Choi
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ae Bae
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Chun Choi
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jong Park
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
| | - MeeKyung Kim
- a Food Additives and Packaging Division , National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju-si , Republic of Korea
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Nonlinear associations between dietary exposures to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and type 2 diabetes risk in women: Findings from the E3N cohort study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:1054-1060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Perfluoroalkyl substances in human bone: concentrations in bones and effects on bone cell differentiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6841. [PMID: 28754927 PMCID: PMC5533791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), including two most commonly studied compounds perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are widely distributed environmental pollutants, used extensively earlier. Due to their toxicological effects the use of PFAS is now regulated. Based on earlier studies on PFOA’s distribution in bone and bone marrow in mice, we investigated PFAS levels and their possible link to bone microarchitecture of human femoral bone samples (n = 18). Soft tissue and bone biopsies were also taken from a 49-year old female cadaver for PFAS analyses. We also studied how PFOA exposure affects differentiation of human osteoblasts and osteoclasts. PFAS were detectable from all dry bone and bone marrow samples, PFOS and PFOA being the most prominent. In cadaver biopsies, lungs and liver contained the highest concentrations of PFAS, whereas PFAS were absent in bone marrow. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) was present in the bones, PFOA and PFOS were absent. In vitro results showed no disturbance in osteogenic differentiation after PFOA exposure, but in osteoclasts, lower concentrations led to increased resorption, which eventually dropped to zero after increase in PFOA concentration. In conclusion, PFAS are present in bone and have the potential to affect human bone cells partly at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Trasande L, Koshy TT, Gilbert J, Burdine LK, Attina TM, Ghassabian A, Honda M, Marmor M, Chu DB, Han X, Shao Y, Kannan K. Serum perfluoroalkyl substances in children exposed to the world trade center disaster. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:212-221. [PMID: 28104511 PMCID: PMC5328959 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The World Trade Center (WTC) disaster released large amounts of various chemical substances into the environment, including perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Yet, no studies have examined exposures in children living or attending schools near the disaster site. We measured serum PFASs in WTC Health Registry (WTCHR) respondents who were ≤8 years of age on September 11, 2001 and a sociodemographically-matched comparison group. We also examined the relationship of PFASs levels with dust cloud exposure; home dust exposure, and with traumatic exposure, the latter to take into account differences related to possible mental health consequences and associated behavioral problems. Serum samples, collected between 2014 and 2016, were analyzed from 123 WTCHR participants and from 185 participants in the comparison group. In the WTCHR group, median perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) levels were 1.81ng/mL and 3.72ng/mL, respectively. Controlling for sex, caloric intake, race/ethnicity, and date of birth, significant increases among WTCHR participants compared with the matched comparison group were detected for perfluorohexanesulfonate (0.23ng/mL increase or 0.24log unit increase, p=0.006); PFOS (0.86ng/mL increase or 0.16log unit increase, p=0.011); PFOA (0.35ng/mL increase or 0.18log unit increase, p<0.001); perfluorononanoic acid (0.12ng/mL increase or 0.17log unit increase, p=0.003); perfluorodecanoic acid (0.06ng/mL increase or 0.42log unit increase, p<0.001); and perfluoroundecanoic acid (0.03ng/mL increase or 0.32log unit increase, p=0.019). Stronger associations were identified for home dust exposures and traumatic exposures than dust cloud. These findings highlight the importance of conducting longitudinal studies in this population to assess possible cardiometabolic and renal consequences related to these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; NYU Wagner School of Public Service, New York, NY, USA; NYU College of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Tony T Koshy
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren K Burdine
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teresa M Attina
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Masato Honda
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Michael Marmor
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dinh Binh Chu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Han
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Banzhaf S, Filipovic M, Lewis J, Sparrenbom CJ, Barthel R. A review of contamination of surface-, ground-, and drinking water in Sweden by perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). AMBIO 2017; 46:335-346. [PMID: 27844420 PMCID: PMC5347527 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0848-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are found in aquatic systems, flora, and fauna worldwide. These potentially harmful compounds are also frequently detected in Sweden and have already resulted in severe problems for public drinking water supply, i.e., some wells had to be closed due to high PFAS concentrations both in raw water and produced drinking water. Knowledge on PFAS occurrence in Sweden is still quite low, although monitoring is currently ongoing. This work describes potential sources for PFASs to enter the drinking water supply in Sweden and compares different occurrences of PFASs in raw and drinking water in the country. Moreover, the monitoring history, the legal situation, and remediation actions taken are presented. Finally, future challenges and the way forward in Sweden are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Banzhaf
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Jeffrey Lewis
- Tyréns AB, Västra Norrlandsgatan 10B, 903 27 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Roland Barthel
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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Domingo JL, Nadal M. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Food and Human Dietary Intake: A Review of the Recent Scientific Literature. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:533-543. [PMID: 28052194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Because of the important environmental presence and the potential human toxicity of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs), in recent years the social and scientific interest in these compounds has notably increased. Special attention has been paid to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), the most extensively investigated PFASs. Although human exposure to PFASs may occur through different pathways, dietary intake seems to be the main route of exposure to these compounds. In 2012, we published a wide revision on the state of the science regarding the concentrations of PFASs in foodstuffs, the human dietary exposure to these compounds, and their health risks. In the present review, we have updated the information recently (2011-2016) published in the scientific literature. As in our previous review, we have also observed considerable differences in the PFASs detected-and their concentrations-in the food items analyzed in samples from a number of regions and countries. However, fish and other seafood seem to be the food group in which more PFASs are detected and where the concentrations of these compounds are higher. On the basis of the recommendations of the EFSA on the maximum dietary intakes of PFOS and PFOA, human health risks would not be of concern for nonoccupationally exposed populations, at least in the very limited countries for which recent data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
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Zafeiraki E, Vassiliadou I, Costopoulou D, Leondiadis L, Schafft HA, Hoogenboom RLAP, van Leeuwen SPJ. Perfluoroalkylated substances in edible livers of farm animals, including depuration behaviour in young sheep fed with contaminated grass. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 156:280-285. [PMID: 27179427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) present a potential health risk for consumers. In animals these compounds are known to accumulate in livers. In order to determine potential PFASs contamination in commercially available livers, samples from farmed sheep, horses, cows, pigs and chicken were collected from the Dutch market. PFOS was the only detectable PFAS and its concentration was higher in free ranging animals like cows and sheep. The detected levels of PFOS in the liver samples were very low (up to 4.5 ng g(-1) ww). To further study the kinetic behaviour in foraging animals, samples from a study in which sheep were fed with grass obtained from a river floodplain, were examined. PFOS was the only detectable PFAS in the contaminated grass pellets, showing a level of about 0.5 μg kg(-1). Young blackhead sheep were fed with either clean or contaminated grass for a period up to 112 days. A time-dependent increase in liver PFOS concentrations was observed from 2.4 to 10.9 ng g(-1) ww after 8 and 112 days respectively. A time-dependent depuration was observed in livers of animals switched to clean grass after 56 days of exposure, from 9.2 to 4.7 ng g(-1) ww after 64 and 112 days respectively. The percentage of PFOS ingested from the grass and retained in the liver was estimated to be 12% at day 56, and decreased gradually to 6% after 56 days on clean grass, showing that the decrease in levels is not only caused by an increase in liver weight. Levels detected in commercial livers but also those in the sheep study would not lead to exceedance of the current TDI for PFOS set by EFSA. Therefore, it can be assumed that they do not present a risk for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Vassiliadou
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, NCSR 'Demokritos', Neapoleos 27, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Danae Costopoulou
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, NCSR 'Demokritos', Neapoleos 27, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Leondios Leondiadis
- Mass Spectrometry and Dioxin Analysis Laboratory, NCSR 'Demokritos', Neapoleos 27, 15310 Athens, Greece
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31
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The perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs) contamination level in spices. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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32
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Surma M, Zieliński H, Piskuła M. Levels of Contamination by Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Honey from Selected European Countries. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:112-8. [PMID: 27234259 PMCID: PMC4916191 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1840-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are man-made chemicals manufactured for numerous applications. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of 10 PFASs in selected types of honey samples from selected eastern, northern and southern European countries. A total of 26 samples of honey were analyzed. PFCAs (perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids) were detected in almost all (92 %) analyzed samples in the range of 0.124-0.798 ng g(-1) ww (wet weight). The average concentrations of particular PFCAs (ng g(-1) ww) in honey samples increased in the following order: perfluorononanoic acid (0.164) < perfluorooctanoic acid (0.189) < perfluoroheptanoic acid (0.271) < perfluorodecanoic acid (0.278). Amongst perfluoroalkane sulfonates, only perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) was identified in four of 26 analyzed samples, and its concentrations ranged from 0.080 to 0.191 ng g(-1) ww. Italian eucalyptus honey contained the highest total content of PFASs (0.878 ng g(-1) ww). Samples originating from an industrial region of Poland showed 20 % higher concentrations of PFCAs compared to those from non-industrial regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Surma
- Malopolska Centre of Food Monitoring, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 122, Balicka str., 30-149, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Henryk Zieliński
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 10, Tuwima str., 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mariusz Piskuła
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 10, Tuwima str., 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
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Emma MG, Lombardo M, Trombini C, Quintavalla A. The Organocatalytic α-Fluorination of Chiral γ-Nitroaldehydes: the Challenge of Facing the Construction of a Quaternary Fluorinated Stereocenter. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giuseppe Emma
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”; Alma Mater Studiorum; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Lombardo
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”; Alma Mater Studiorum; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Claudio Trombini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”; Alma Mater Studiorum; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Arianna Quintavalla
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”; Alma Mater Studiorum; University of Bologna; Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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Shan G, Wang Z, Zhou L, Du P, Luo X, Wu Q, Zhu L. Impacts of daily intakes on the isomeric profiles of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 89-90:62-70. [PMID: 26826363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been well studied in human daily intake for assessment of potential health risks. However, little is known about the isomeric compositions of PFASs in daily intake and their impacts on isomeric profiles in humans. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of PFASs with isomeric analysis in various human exposure matrices including foodstuffs, tap water and indoor dust. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and/or perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were predominant in these exposure matrices collected in Tianjin, China. In fish and meat, linear (n-) PFOA was enriched with a percentage of 92.2% and 99.6%, respectively. Although n-PFOS was higher in fish (84.8%) than in technical PFOS (ca. 70%), it was much lower in meat (63.1%) and vegetables (58.5%). Dietary intake contributed >99% of the estimated daily intake (EDI) for the general population. The isomeric profiles of PFOA and PFOS in human serum were predicted based on the EDI and a one-compartment, first-order pharmacokinetic model. The isomeric percentage of n-PFOA in the EDI (98.6%) was similar to that in human serum (predicted: 98.2%, previously measured: 99.7%) of Tianjin residents. The results suggest direct PFOA intake plays an important role in its isomeric compositions in humans. For PFOS, the predicted n-PFOS (69.3%) was much higher than the previously measured values (59.2%) in human serum. This implies that other factors, such as indirect exposure to PFOS precursors and multiple excretion pathways, may contribute to the lower percentage of n-PFOS in humans than of technical PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lianqiu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Pin Du
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Qiannian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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van Esterik JCJ, Bastos Sales L, Dollé MET, Håkansson H, Herlin M, Legler J, van der Ven LTM. Programming of metabolic effects in C57BL/6JxFVB mice by in utero and lactational exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:701-15. [PMID: 25827101 PMCID: PMC4754331 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is known to cause developmental toxicity and is a suggested endocrine disrupting compound (EDC). Early life exposure to EDCs has been implicated in programming of the developing organism for chronic diseases later in life. Here we study perinatal metabolic programming by PFOA using an experimental design relevant for human exposure. C57BL/6JxFVB hybrid mice were exposed during gestation and lactation via maternal feed to seven low doses of PFOA at and below the NOAEL used for current risk assessment (3-3000 µg/kg body weight/day). After weaning, offspring were followed for 23-25 weeks without further exposure. Offspring showed a dose-dependent decrease in body weight from postnatal day 4 to adulthood. Growth under high fat diet in the last 4-6 weeks of follow-up was increased in male and decreased in female offspring. Both sexes showed increased liver weights, hepatic foci of cellular alterations and nuclear dysmorphology. In females, reductions in perigonadal and perirenal fat pad weights, serum triglycerides and cholesterol were also observed. Endocrine parameters, such as glucose tolerance, serum insulin and leptin, were not affected. In conclusion, our study with perinatal exposure to PFOA in mice produced metabolic effects in adult offspring. This is most likely due to disrupted programming of metabolic homeostasis, but the assayed endpoints did not provide a mechanistic explanation. The BMDL of the programming effects in our study is below the current point of departure used for calculation of the tolerable daily intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C J van Esterik
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Bastos Sales
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M E T Dollé
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - H Håkansson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Herlin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Legler
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L T M van der Ven
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Die Eignung des Wildschweins als Bioindikator für die Kontamination der Umwelt mit perfluorierten Alkylsubstanzen. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-015-1010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Martín J, Rodríguez-Gómez R, Zafra-Gómez A, Alonso E, Vílchez JL, Navalón A. Validated method for the determination of perfluorinated compounds in placental tissue samples based on a simple extraction procedure followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Talanta 2015; 150:169-76. [PMID: 26838396 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic exposure during pregnancy is inevitable. Determination of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), chemicals described as environmental contaminants by Public Health Authorities due to their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, is a challenge. In the present work, a method based on a simplified sample treatment involving freeze-drying, solvent extraction and dispersive clean-up of the extracts using C18 sorbents followed by an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis was developed and validated for the determination of five perfluorinated carboxylic acids (C4-C8) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in placental tissue samples. The most influential parameters affecting the extraction method and clean-up were optimized using Design of Experiments (DOE). The method was validated using matrix-matched calibration. Found limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.03 to 2 ng g(-1) and limits of quantification (LOQs) from 0.08 to 6 ng g(-1), while inter- and intra-day variability was under 14% in all cases. Recovery rates for spiked samples ranged from 94% to 113%. The method was satisfactorily applied for the determination of compounds in human placental tissue samples collected at delivery from 25 randomly selected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Superior Polytechnic School, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - R Rodríguez-Gómez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - A Zafra-Gómez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - E Alonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Superior Polytechnic School, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África 7, E-41011 Seville, Spain
| | - J L Vílchez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - A Navalón
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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Kowalczyk J, Riede S, Schafft H, Breves G, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M. Can perfluoroalkyl acids biodegrade in the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC)? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2015; 27:30. [PMID: 27752431 PMCID: PMC5044947 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-015-0063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The behaviour of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in tissues of ruminants has been shown to differ from that of monogastrics (J Agric Food Chem 61(12):2903-2912 doi:10.1021/jf304680j, 2013; J Agric Food Chem 62(28):6861-6870, 2014). This may be a consequence of the complex microbial ecosystem in the rumen. To evaluate this hypothesis, the recovery of PFAAs was studied using the rumen simulation technique as an indication for biodegradation in rumen. The PFAA-recovery from a microbial fermentation of feed containing PFAAs was compared to the same feed in the absence of ruminal microorganisms (MOs). RESULTS Release of PFAAs from feed into fermentation fluid was found to be faster for perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) than for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). Differences between perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) could not be observed. Proportions of PFAAs recovered in the fermentation fluids decreased by increasing chain lengths for the perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) (31 % PFBS, 28 % perfluorohexane sulfonic acid [PFHxS], 20 % perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid [PFHpS], 11 % PFOS) and PFCAs (33 % perfluorohexane carboxylic acid [PFHxA], 32 % perfluoroheptane carboxylic acid [PFHpA], 24 % perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA]). In contrast, levels in feed increased with increasing chain length for both PFSAs and PFCAs. CONCLUSION The attachment of MOs to feed particles was assumed to account for higher PFAA levels in fermented feeds and for lower levels in the fermentation fluids. Total recovery of PFAAs was significantly lower in presence of ruminal MOs compared to experimental procedure under sterile conditions. Although, there are optimal reductive conditions for MOs in rumen, our results do not univocally indicate whether PFAAs were degraded by ruminal fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kowalczyk
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Riede
- Department Institute of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer, Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - H. Schafft
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Breves
- Department Institute of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer, Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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Góralczyk K, Pachocki KA, Hernik A, Struciński P, Czaja K, Lindh CH, Jönsson BAG, Lenters V, Korcz W, Minorczyk M, Matuszak M, Ludwicki JK. Perfluorinated chemicals in blood serum of inhabitants in central Poland in relation to gender and age. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 532:548-555. [PMID: 26100734 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to determine concentrations of seven selected perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs): perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA) in the blood serum of men and women of reproductive age from the central region of Poland. The relation between sex of tested subjects and the levels of compounds in blood serum of humans will also be considered and analysed as an element of the risk assessment. The study was made on the blood serum samples collected from 253 women and 176 men of reproductive age between 20 and 44 years from Warsaw and surrounding areas. Higher concentrations of five (PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA) from among seven selected PFASs were observed in men in comparison to women from the same populations. Only the concentrations of PFHxS and PFDoDA were slightly higher in women than in men. These differences were statistically significant in all cases, except for PFUnDA. The hypothesis that the concentrations of said compounds increase with age of the test subjects, regardless of gender has not been confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Góralczyk
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof A Pachocki
- Department of Radiation Hygiene and Radiobiology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Hernik
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł Struciński
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Czaja
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sweden Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Bo A G Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sweden Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Virissa Lenters
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wojciech Korcz
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maria Minorczyk
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Matuszak
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jan K Ludwicki
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
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Vandermeersch G, Lourenço HM, Alvarez-Muñoz D, Cunha S, Diogène J, Cano-Sancho G, Sloth JJ, Kwadijk C, Barcelo D, Allegaert W, Bekaert K, Fernandes JO, Marques A, Robbens J. Environmental contaminants of emerging concern in seafood--European database on contaminant levels. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:29-45. [PMID: 26123540 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine pollution gives rise to concern not only about the environment itself but also about the impact on food safety and consequently on public health. European authorities and consumers have therefore become increasingly worried about the transfer of contaminants from the marine environment to seafood. So-called "contaminants of emerging concern" are chemical substances for which no maximum levels have been laid down in EU legislation, or substances for which maximum levels have been provided but which require revision. Adequate information on their presence in seafood is often lacking and thus potential risks cannot be excluded. Assessment of food safety issues related to these contaminants has thus become urgent and imperative. A database (www.ecsafeseafooddbase.eu), containing available information on the levels of contaminants of emerging concern in seafood and providing the most recent data to scientists and regulatory authorities, was developed. The present paper reviews a selection of contaminants of emerging concern in seafood including toxic elements, endocrine disruptors, brominated flame retardants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and derivatives, microplastics and marine toxins. Current status on the knowledge of human exposure, toxicity and legislation are briefly presented and the outcome from scientific publications reporting on the levels of these compounds in seafood is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griet Vandermeersch
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium.
| | - Helena Maria Lourenço
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Sara Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institute of Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - German Cano-Sancho
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Rovirai Virgili University (URV), Reus, Spain
| | - Jens J Sloth
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU Food), Søborg, Denmark
| | - Christiaan Kwadijk
- Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (IMARES), Wageningen University and Research Center, Ijmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wim Allegaert
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Karen Bekaert
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - José Oliveira Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonio Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Johan Robbens
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
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Fromme H, Dreyer A, Dietrich S, Fembacher L, Lahrz T, Völkel W. Neutral polyfluorinated compounds in indoor air in Germany--the LUPE 4 study. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:572-578. [PMID: 26340371 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl- and polyfluoroalkyl-substances (PFAS) have been detected in many types of environmental media and biota including humans. We determined volatile PFAS, including fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorotelomer acrylates (FTACs), perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), and perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs), in indoor air of residences and schools in Germany. FTOHs, FTACs, FOSEs, and FOSAs were quantified with median levels in schools (in residences) of 11,783pg/m(3) (13,198pg/m(3)), 737pg/m(3) (450pg/m(3)), 130pg/m(3) (278pg/m(3)), and 243pg/m(3) (110pg/m(3)), respectively. Using our data and previously published results in a simplified model based on the medians and 95th percentiles, the "typical" and "high" daily non-dietary exposures were calculated to be 4.2ng/kg body weight (9.9ng/kgb.w.) for Σ-FTOHs and 0.1ng/kgb.w. (0.8ng/kgb.w.) for Σ-FOSEs/FOSAs in children. Inhalation was the dominant intake pathway for FTOHs; however, dust ingestion contributed significantly to the total intake of FOSEs/FOSAs. In organisms, 8:2 FTOH is degraded to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). Assuming that 1% of 8:2 FTOH is converted to PFOA, 8:2 FTOH exposure in Germany has a negligible contribution to the total daily PFOA exposure, which is mainly driven by dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Fromme
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany; Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Silvio Dietrich
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig Fembacher
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Lahrz
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Protection, Invalidenstr. 60, D-10557 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Völkel
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany
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La Rocca C, Tait S, Guerranti C, Busani L, Ciardo F, Bergamasco B, Perra G, Mancini FR, Marci R, Bordi G, Caserta D, Focardi S, Moscarini M, Mantovani A. Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors and Nuclear Receptors Gene Expression in Infertile and Fertile Men from Italian Areas with Different Environmental Features. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:12426-45. [PMID: 26445054 PMCID: PMC4626977 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121012426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Internal levels of selected endocrine disruptors (EDs) (i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP), mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP), and bisphenol A (BPA)) were analyzed in blood/serum of infertile and fertile men from metropolitan, urban and rural Italian areas. PFOS and PFOA levels were also evaluated in seminal plasma. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of same subjects, gene expression levels of a panel of nuclear receptors (NRs), namely estrogen receptor α (ERα) estrogen receptor β (ERβ), androgen receptor (AR), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) were also assessed. Infertile men from the metropolitan area had significantly higher levels of BPA and gene expression of all NRs, except PPARγ, compared to subjects from other areas. Subjects from urban areas had significantly higher levels of MEHP, whereas subjects from rural area had higher levels of PFOA in both blood and seminal plasma. Interestingly, ERα, ERβ, AR, PXR and AhR expression is directly correlated with BPA and inversely correlated with PFOA serum levels. Our study indicates the relevance of the living environment when investigating the exposure to specific EDs. Moreover, the NRs panel in PBMCs demonstrated to be a potential biomarker of effect to assess the EDs impact on reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia La Rocca
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Tait
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Guerranti
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy.
- Bioscience Research Center, Orbetello (GR) 58015, Italy.
| | - Luca Busani
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy.
| | - Francesca Ciardo
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecological Sciences and Urological Sciences, University of Roma Sapienza, S. Andrea Hospital, Roma 00189, Italy.
| | - Bruno Bergamasco
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy.
| | - Guido Perra
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Francesca Romana Mancini
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy.
| | - Roberto Marci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies, Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44124, Italy.
| | - Giulia Bordi
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecological Sciences and Urological Sciences, University of Roma Sapienza, S. Andrea Hospital, Roma 00189, Italy.
| | - Donatella Caserta
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecological Sciences and Urological Sciences, University of Roma Sapienza, S. Andrea Hospital, Roma 00189, Italy.
| | - Silvano Focardi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Massimo Moscarini
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecological Sciences and Urological Sciences, University of Roma Sapienza, S. Andrea Hospital, Roma 00189, Italy.
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy.
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De Felip E, Abballe A, Albano FL, Battista T, Carraro V, Conversano M, Franchini S, Giambanco L, Iacovella N, Ingelido AM, Maiorana A, Maneschi F, Marra V, Mercurio A, Nale R, Nucci B, Panella V, Pirola F, Porpora MG, Procopio E, Suma N, Valentini S, Valsenti L, Vecchiè V. Current exposure of Italian women of reproductive age to PFOS and PFOA: A human biomonitoring study. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 137:1-8. [PMID: 25965289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentrations were determined in serum samples collected in 2011-2012 from 549 nulliparous Italian women of reproductive age who resided in six different Italian Regions. Assessment of exposure to perfluorinated compounds was part of a large human biomonitoring study (Project Life Plus "Womenbiopop") that aimed at examining the exposure of women of reproductive age to priority organic pollutants. The median concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were 2.43, and 1.55 ng g(-1), respectively. Significant differences in the concentrations of both compounds were observed among the six Regions. Women from central Italy had the highest levels of both compounds, followed by women from northern Italy, and southern Italy. No differences in the PFOS concentrations were found between women from urban/industrial areas and women from rural areas, whereas the levels of PFOA were significantly higher in women residing in urban/industrial areas than in women residing in rural areas. Taken together, the observed concentrations confirm that the overall exposure of the Italian population is among the lowest observed in industrialized countries. A downward temporal trend in exposure was observed for both compounds when comparing the results from the present study with those assessed in a study conducted in 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Felip
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy
| | - Annalisa Abballe
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy
| | - Fulvia Lucia Albano
- Ospedale Ostetrico Ginecologico Sant'Anna, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Valter Carraro
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari della Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Unità Operativa Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Silva Franchini
- Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari della Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Unità Operativa Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Giambanco
- Azienda di rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione, Ospedale Civico di Palermo, U.O.C. di Ginecologia e Ostetricia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Iacovella
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Ingelido
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy.
| | - Antonio Maiorana
- Azienda di rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione, Ospedale Civico di Palermo, U.O.C. di Ginecologia e Ostetricia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Maneschi
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Latina, P.O. Nord "S. Maria Goretti", U.O.C. Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Latina, Italy
| | - Valentina Marra
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Mercurio
- Azienda di rilievo Nazionale e di Alta Specializzazione, Ospedale Civico di Palermo, U.O.C. di Ginecologia e Ostetricia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Nale
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Latina, P.O. Nord "S. Maria Goretti", U.O.C. Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Latina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maria Grazia Porpora
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ginecologiche e Ostetriche eScienze Urologiche - Università di Roma, "Sapienza" Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Valentini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Roma, Italy
| | - Luisa Valsenti
- ex ASL 4 Terni (now ASL Umbria 2), U.O.C. Igiene e Sanità Pubblica, Terni, Italy
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D'Hollander W, Herzke D, Huber S, Hajslova J, Pulkrabova J, Brambilla G, De Filippis SP, Bervoets L, de Voogt P. Occurrence of perfluorinated alkylated substances in cereals, salt, sweets and fruit items collected in four European countries. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 129:179-185. [PMID: 25455675 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the context of a European project, 12 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were determined in 14 food items collected in four European countries representing northern, southern, eastern and western Europe. This study presents the results of PFAAs measured in fruit, cereals, sweets and salt. Out of the 12 PFAAs, 10 PFAAs were detected in 67% of the samples. Overall, PFOA was the most abundant compound and the highest concentrations were found for PFOS but all were less than 1ngg(-1). When comparing the four countries, highest levels and detection frequencies were observed in Belgium (Western Europe), followed by the Czech Republic (Eastern Europe), Italy (Southern Europe) and finally Norway (Northern Europe). Comparison of profiles and levels is difficult due to variations in constitution of the food categories in the investigated countries and countries of origin of the food items. Dietary intake assessments for PFOS and PFOA show that the daily intake of PFAAs is far below the existing tolerable levels. However, they contribute to the total dietary intake and should therefore be included in future dietary exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy D'Hollander
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicology Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Dorte Herzke
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, FRAM-Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sandra Huber
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, FRAM-Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pulkrabova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Lieven Bervoets
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicology Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Góralczyk K, Struciński P, Wojtyniak B, Rabczenko D, Lindh CH, Jönsson BA, Toft G, Lenters V, Czaja K, Hernik A, Bonde JP, Pedersen HS, Zvyezday V, Ludwicki JK. Is the fact of parenting couples cohabitation affecting the serum levels of persistent organohalogen pollutants? Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:392-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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46
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47
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Yu Y, Xu D, Lu M, Zhou S, Peng T, Yue Z, Zhou Y. QuEChERs Combined with Online Interference Trapping LC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of 20 Polyfluoroalkane Substances in Dietary Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4087-4095. [PMID: 25843108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a highly sensitive and reliable method for the determination of 20 polyfluoroalkane substances (PFASs) in milk was established using the QuEChERS approach and an online interference trapping LC-MS/MS analysis. By a calibration with stable-isotope-labeled internal standards, we showed that the method displayed excellent linear dynamic ranges for 20 PFASs (correlation coefficients ≥0.997). The LOQs for the two types of PFASs, perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs), were 0.010 and 0.050 μg/L, respectively. At the three spiking levels, the average recoveries for PFCAs ranged from 78.5 to 111% with the RSD (n = 6) within 1.20-13.1%, and those for PFSAs ranged from 72.8 to 105% with the RSD (n = 6) within 3.53-14.9%. By the developed method, 16 PFASs were found to be positive in 46 milk samples, and the levels for the PFASs with longer chains were significantly higher than those reported from other known regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Yu
- †Xiamen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Xiamen 361026, China
- ‡School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Dunming Xu
- †Xiamen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Xiamen 361026, China
- ‡School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Meiling Lu
- §Agilent Technologies (China) Limited, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- §Agilent Technologies (China) Limited, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Tao Peng
- ∥Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Zhenfeng Yue
- ⊥Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- †Xiamen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Xiamen 361026, China
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48
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Couderc M, Poirier L, Zalouk-Vergnoux A, Kamari A, Blanchet-Letrouvé I, Marchand P, Vénisseau A, Veyrand B, Mouneyrac C, Le Bizec B. Occurrence of POPs and other persistent organic contaminants in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from the Loire estuary, France. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:199-215. [PMID: 25461022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The chemical contamination of the Loire estuary by three classes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs): the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and the perfluorinated and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), and three families of organic contaminants, the alkylphenols (APs), the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites (OH-PAHs) and the bisphenol A (BPA) were investigated in the muscles and bile of European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Yellow eels (n=30) were caught in three different points along the estuary to highlight variations between sites and sources of contaminations. Silver eels (n=15) were also studied to compare contaminant impregnation between different life stages of the species. Average concentrations in the muscles of the eel ranged between: 857 and 4358 ng/gLW for the PCBs, 26 and 46 ng/gLW for the PBDEs, 130 and 1293 ng/gLW for the PFAS; and in bile: 31 and 286 μg/g protein for the APs, 9 and 26 μg/g protein for the OH-PAHs and ND-1213 μg/g protein for the BPA. Among PCBs, PCB 153 (40% contribution to the sum of PCBs) was predominant in all eel muscles. PBDE 47 (60%) was the most predominant PBDE congeners, while perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (85%) was the most widely detected PFAS. For APs, 4p-nonylphenol (91%) was the most abundant and for the OH-PAHs, it was 1OH-Pyrene (63%). All the eels exceeded the environmental quality standards (EQS) for biota for the PBDEs and about 75% were higher than the EQS specific to PFOS. Finally, 20% of the analyzed eels presented TEQ concentrations above the maximum limits for lipid-rich species. These results supplied new data on the occurrence, levels, and patterns of 53 organic chemicals in the eels from the Loire estuary and they highlighted the need of further investigations focused notably on the potential effects of these chemicals on this species and their analysis in the water and sediments of the estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Couderc
- LUNAM Université, Université de Nantes, MMS, EA 2160, Nantes F-44322, France.
| | - L Poirier
- LUNAM Université, Université de Nantes, MMS, EA 2160, Nantes F-44322, France
| | - A Zalouk-Vergnoux
- LUNAM Université, Université de Nantes, MMS, EA 2160, Nantes F-44322, France
| | - A Kamari
- LUNAM Université, Université de Nantes, MMS, EA 2160, Nantes F-44322, France
| | - I Blanchet-Letrouvé
- LUNAM Université, Université de Nantes, MMS, EA 2160, Nantes F-44322, France
| | - P Marchand
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes F-44307, France
| | - A Vénisseau
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes F-44307, France
| | - B Veyrand
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes F-44307, France
| | - C Mouneyrac
- LUNAM Université, Université Catholique de l'Ouest, MMS, EA 2160, Angers F-49000, France
| | - B Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes F-44307, France
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49
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Abstract
AbstractTwenty three paper based packaging materials commercially used for food packaging in the Czech Republic were analysed with regard to 2-phenylphenol (OPP) content using HPLC technique with fluorimetric detection. The HPLC method was modified with the aim to increase its sensitivity. OPP was detected in quantities ranging from 10 mg kg−1 to 527 mg kg−1 in twenty tested samples. The level of OPP in packaging materials was in close correlation to the content of recycled pulp in used paper material. The migration of OPP from two packaging materials comprised of paperboard coated with low density polyethylene (LDPE) into food simulants was determined at 40°C for 10 days. The levels of migration into 3% acetic acid, 10% ethanol and olive oil were below the limit of detection of used analytical procedure. In the case of 95% ethanol, 13% and 21% of OPP present in tested samples were transferred into simulant. The found occurrence of OPP in paper packages does not pose any significant safety risk for food consumer, but OPP could be considered as wide spread contaminant in paper materials.
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50
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Miniero R, Abate V, Brambilla G, Davoli E, De Felip E, De Filippis SP, Dellatte E, De Luca S, Fanelli R, Fattore E, Ferri F, Fochi I, Rita Fulgenzi A, Iacovella N, Iamiceli AL, Lucchetti D, Melotti P, Moret I, Piazza R, Roncarati A, Ubaldi A, Zambon S, di Domenico A. Persistent toxic substances in Mediterranean aquatic species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 494-495:18-27. [PMID: 25020099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fish and fishery products may represent one of the main sources of dietary exposure to persistent toxic substances (PTSs) such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls; polybromodiphenyl ethers; organochlorine pesticides; perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate; and inorganic mercury and methyl mercury. In this study, PTS contamination of Mediterranean fish and crustaceans caught in Italian coastal waters was investigated in order to increase the representativeness of the occurrence database for wild species. The objectives were to verify the suitability of regulatory limits for PTSs, identify background concentrations values, if any, and examine the possible sources of variability when assessing the chemical body burdens of aquatic species. Twelve wild species of commercial interest and two farmed fish species were chosen. Excluding methyl mercury, chemical concentrations found in wild species fell generally towards the low ends of the concentration ranges found in Europe according to EFSA database and were quite lower than the tolerable maximum levels established in the European Union; farmed fish always showed contamination levels quite lower than those detected in wild species. The data obtained for wild species seemed to confirm the absence of local sources of contamination in the chosen sampling areas; however, species contamination could exceed regulatory levels even in the absence of specific local sources of contamination as a result of the position in the food web and natural variability in species' lifestyle. A species-specific approach to the management of contamination in aquatic organisms is therefore suggested as an alternative to a general approach based only on contaminant body burden. A chemical-specific analysis performed according to organism position in the food chain strengthened the need to develop this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Miniero
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute for Health, Rome, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Abate
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute for Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Brambilla
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute for Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Davoli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Elena De Felip
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute for Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania P De Filippis
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute for Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Dellatte
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute for Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia De Luca
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute for Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Fanelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Fattore
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiola Ferri
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute for Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Igor Fochi
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute for Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Fulgenzi
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute for Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Iacovella
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute for Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Iamiceli
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute for Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Lucchetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Melotti
- School of Veterinary Medical Sciences, EAEVE Certificate, Camerino University, Matelica, Italy
| | - Ivo Moret
- National Research Council, Venice, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Roncarati
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale sulle Tecnologie e l'Igiene delle Piccole Specie, Department of Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna University, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ubaldi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro di Domenico
- Department of the Environment and Primary Prevention, Italian National Institute for Health, Rome, Italy
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