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Hoang H, Lacadie C, Hwang J, Lam K, Elshafie A, Rosenberg SB, Watt C, Sinha R, Constable RT, Savoye M, Seo D, Belfort-DeAguiar R. Low-calorie diet-induced weight loss is associated with altered brain connectivity and food desire in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:1362-1372. [PMID: 38831482 PMCID: PMC11211061 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study is to better understand the effects of diet-induced weight loss on brain connectivity in response to changes in glucose levels in individuals with obesity. METHODS A total of 25 individuals with obesity, among whom 9 had a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans before and after an 8-week low-calorie diet. We used a two-step hypereuglycemia clamp approach to mimic the changes in glucose levels observed in the postprandial period in combination with task-mediated fMRI intrinsic connectivity distribution (ICD) analysis. RESULTS After the diet, participants lost an average of 3.3% body weight. Diet-induced weight loss led to a decrease in leptin levels, an increase in hunger and food intake, and greater brain connectivity in the parahippocampus, right hippocampus, and temporal cortex (limbic-temporal network). Group differences (with vs. without type 2 diabetes) were noted in several brain networks. Connectivity in the limbic-temporal and frontal-parietal brain clusters inversely correlated with hunger. CONCLUSIONS A short-term low-calorie diet led to a multifaceted body response in patients with obesity, with an increase in connectivity in the limbic-temporal network (emotion and memory) and hormone and eating behavior changes that may be important for recovering the weight lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hoang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Cheryl Lacadie
- Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Janice Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Division of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC
| | - Katherine Lam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ahmed Elshafie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Samuel B Rosenberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles Watt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - R. Todd Constable
- Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mary Savoye
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Dongju Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Renata Belfort-DeAguiar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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Chao AM, Wadden TA, Cao W, Zhou Y, Maldonado D, Cardel MI, Foster GD, Loughead J. Randomized Controlled Trial of Effects of Behavioral Weight Loss Treatment on Food Cue Reactivity. Nurs Res 2024; 73:91-100. [PMID: 37916843 PMCID: PMC10922238 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not known whether behavioral weight loss can attenuate blood oxygen level-dependent responses to food stimuli. OBJECTIVES This randomized controlled trial assessed the effects of a commercially available behavioral weight loss program (WW, WeightWatchers) compared to a wait-list control on blood oxygen level-dependent response to food cues. METHODS Females with obesity ( N = 61) were randomized to behavioral weight loss or wait-list control. At baseline and follow-up, participants completed assessments that included functional magnetic resonance imaging scans to assess response to images of high-calorie foods (HCF) or low-calorie foods (LCF), and neutral objects. RESULTS There were no significant between-group differences in change from baseline to follow-up in any regions of the brain in response to viewing HCF or LCF. From baseline to follow-up, participants in behavioral weight loss, compared with wait-list control, reported significantly greater increases in desire for LCF. Changes in liking and palatability of LCF and liking, palatability, and desire for HCF did not differ between groups. DISCUSSION Behavioral weight loss was associated with increased desire for LCF without changes in neural reactivity to food cues. These results suggest that alteration of neurological processes underlying responsiveness to food is difficult to achieve through behavioral weight management alone.
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Alabdulkader S, Al-Alsheikh AS, Miras AD, Goldstone AP. Obesity surgery and neural correlates of human eating behaviour: A systematic review of functional MRI studies. Neuroimage Clin 2024; 41:103563. [PMID: 38237270 PMCID: PMC10828606 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Changes in eating behaviour including reductions in appetite and food intake, and healthier food cue reactivity, reward, hedonics and potentially also preference, contribute to weight loss and its health benefits after obesity surgery. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been increasingly used to interrogate the neural correlates of eating behaviour in obesity, including brain reward-cognitive systems, changes after obesity surgery, and links with alterations in the gut-hormone-brain axis. Neural responses to food cues can be measured by changes in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in brain regions involved in reward processing, including caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, insula, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and top-down inhibitory control, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). This systematic review aimed to examine: (i) results of human fMRI studies involving obesity surgery, (ii) important methodological differences in study design across studies, and (iii) correlations and associations of fMRI findings with clinical outcomes, other eating behaviour measures and mechanistic measures. Of 741 articles identified, 23 were eligible for inclusion: 16 (69.6%) longitudinal, two (8.7%) predictive, and five (21.7%) cross-sectional studies. Seventeen studies (77.3%) included patients having Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, six (26.1%) vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), and five (21.7%) laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). The majority of studies (86.0%) were identified as having a very low risk of bias, though only six (27.3%) were controlled interventional studies, with none including randomisation to surgical and control interventions. The remaining studies (14.0%) had a low risk of bias driven by their control groups not having an active treatment. After RYGB surgery, food cue reactivity often decreased or was unchanged in brain reward systems, and there were inconsistent findings as to whether reductions in food cue reactivity was greater for high-energy than low-energy foods. There was minimal evidence from studies of VSG and LAGB surgeries for changes in food cue reactivity in brain reward systems, though effects of VSG surgery on food cue reactivity in the dlPFC were more consistently found. There was consistent evidence for post-operative increases in satiety gut hormones glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) mediating reduced food cue reactivity after RYGB surgery, including two interventional studies. Methodological heterogeneity across studies, including nutritional state, nature of food cues, post-operative timing, lack of control groups for order effects and weight loss or dietary/psychological advice, and often small sample sizes, limited the conclusions that could be drawn, especially for correlational analyses with clinical outcomes, other eating behaviour measures and potential mediators. This systematic review provides a detailed data resource for those performing or analysing fMRI studies of obesity surgery and makes suggestions to help improve reporting and design of such studies, as well as future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahd Alabdulkader
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, PO Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Alhanouf S Al-Alsheikh
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK; Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Alexander D Miras
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK; Ulster University, School of Medicine, Faculty of Life & Health Sciences, Londonderry, Northern Ireland BT48 7JL, UK.
| | - Anthony P Goldstone
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK.
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4
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Gerosa M, Canessa N, Morawetz C, Mattavelli G. Cognitive reappraisal of food craving and emotions: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2024; 19:nsad077. [PMID: 38113382 PMCID: PMC10868133 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal in down-regulating food desire. Still, the neural bases of food craving down-regulation via reappraisal, as well as their degree of overlap vs specificity compared with emotion down-regulation, remain unclear. We addressed this gap through activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies on the neural bases of (i) food craving down-regulation and (ii) emotion down-regulation, alongside conjunction and subtraction analyses among the resulting maps. Exploratory meta-analyses on activations related to food viewing compared with active regulation and up-regulation of food craving have also been performed. Food and emotion down-regulation via reappraisal consistently engaged overlapping activations in dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal, posterior parietal, pre-supplementary motor and lateral posterior temporal cortices, mainly in the left hemisphere. Its distinctive association with the right anterior/posterior insula and left inferior frontal gyrus suggests that food craving down-regulation entails a more extensive integration of interoceptive information about bodily states and greater inhibitory control over the appetitive urge towards food compared with emotion down-regulation. This evidence is suggestive of unique interoceptive and motivational components elicited by food craving reappraisal, associated with distinctive patterns of fronto-insular activity. These results might inform theoretical models of food craving regulation and prompt novel therapeutic interventions for obesity and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gerosa
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON) Center, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia 27100, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Nicola Canessa
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON) Center, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia 27100, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Pavia Institute, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Carmen Morawetz
- Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Giulia Mattavelli
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON) Center, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia 27100, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Pavia Institute, Pavia 27100, Italy
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5
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Zhou J, Wu X, Xiang T, Liu F, Gao H, Tong L, Yan B, Li Z, Zhang C, Wang L, Ou L, Li Z, Wang W, Yang T, Li F, Ma H, Zhao X, Mi N, Yu Z, Lan C, Wang Q, Li H, Wang L, Wang X, Li Y, Zeng Q. Dynamical alterations of brain function and gut microbiome in weight loss. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1269548. [PMID: 38173792 PMCID: PMC10761423 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1269548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Intermittent energy restriction (IER) is an effective weight loss strategy. However, little is known about the dynamic effects of IER on the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Methods In this study, a total of 25 obese individuals successfully lost weight after a 2-month IER intervention. FMRI was used to determine the activity of brain regions. Metagenomic sequencing was performed to identify differentially abundant gut microbes and pathways in from fecal samples. Results Our results showed that IER longitudinally reduced the activity of obese-related brain regions at different timepoints, including the inferior frontal orbital gyrus in the cognitive control circuit, the putamen in the emotion and learning circuit, and the anterior cingulate cortex in the sensory circuit. IER longitudinally reduced E. coli abundance across multiple timepoints while elevating the abundance of obesity-related Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Parabacteroides distasonis, and Bacterokles uniformis. Correlation analysis revealed longitudinally correlations between gut bacteria abundance alterations and brain activity changes. Conclusions There was dynamical alteration of BGM axis (the communication of E. coli with specific brain regions) during the weight loss under the IER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Henan Provincial Research Center of Clinical Medicine of Nephropathy, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Health Management, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tianyuan Xiang
- Health Management Institute, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Tong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhonglin Li
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Linyuan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lei Ou
- Health Management Institute, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongxia Li
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, BYHEALTH Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fengyun Li
- Department of Health Management, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huimin Ma
- Department of Health Management, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Department of Health Management, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Na Mi
- Department of Health Management, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ziya Yu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Canhui Lan
- Beijing Rexinchang Biotechnology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Health Management, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- The Institute of Geriatrics, The State Clinic Center for Geriatrics & The State Key Laboratory of Kidney, The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Li
- Department of Health Management, Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Management, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Health Management Institute, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Hayashi D, Edwards C, Emond JA, Gilbert-Diamond D, Butt M, Rigby A, Masterson TD. What Is Food Noise? A Conceptual Model of Food Cue Reactivity. Nutrients 2023; 15:4809. [PMID: 38004203 PMCID: PMC10674813 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As GLP-1 receptor agonists, like semaglutide, emerge as effective treatments for weight management, anecdotal reports from patients and clinicians alike point to a reduction in what has been colloquially termed "food noise", as patients report experiencing less rumination and obsessive preoccupation about food. In this narrative review, we discuss concepts used in studies to investigate human eating behavior that can help elucidate and define food noise, particularly food cue reactivity. We propose a conceptual model that summarizes the main factors that have been shown to determine the magnitude of the reactivity elicited by external and internal food cues and how these factors can affect short- and long-term behavioral and clinical outcomes. By integrating key research conducted in this field, the Cue-Influencer-Reactivity-Outcome (CIRO) model of food cue reactivity provides a framework that can be used in future research to design studies and interpret findings related to food noise and food cue reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hayashi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA (T.D.M.)
| | - Caitlyn Edwards
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA (T.D.M.)
| | - Jennifer A. Emond
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Melissa Butt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Andrea Rigby
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Penn State Health, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Travis D. Masterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA (T.D.M.)
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Dera AM, Shen T, Thackray AE, Hinton EC, King JA, James L, Morgan PS, Rush N, Miyashita M, Batterham RL, Stensel DJ. The influence of physical activity on neural responses to visual food cues in humans: A systematic review of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105247. [PMID: 37236384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review examined whether neural responses to visual food-cues measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are influenced by physical activity. Seven databases were searched up to February 2023 for human studies evaluating visual food-cue reactivity using fMRI alongside an assessment of habitual physical activity or structured exercise exposure. Eight studies (1 exercise training, 4 acute crossover, 3 cross-sectional) were included in a qualitative synthesis. Structured acute and chronic exercise appear to lower food-cue reactivity in several brain regions, including the insula, hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), postcentral gyrus and putamen, particularly when viewing high-energy-density food cues. Exercise, at least acutely, may enhance appeal of low-energy-density food-cues. Cross-sectional studies show higher self-reported physical activity is associated with lower reactivity to food-cues particularly of high-energy-density in the insula, OFC, postcentral gyrus and precuneus. This review shows that physical activity may influence brain food-cue reactivity in motivational, emotional, and reward-related processing regions, possibly indicative of a hedonic appetite-suppressing effect. Conclusions should be drawn cautiously given considerable methodological variability exists across limited evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman M Dera
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; College of Sport Sciences, Jeddah University, Saudi Arabia; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
| | - Tonghui Shen
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
| | - Elanor C Hinton
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Centre Diet and Physical Activity Theme, University of Bristol, UK; Oxford Medical Products Limited, Witney Business and Innovation Centre, Witney, UK
| | - James A King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
| | - Lewis James
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK
| | - Paul S Morgan
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nathan Rush
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
| | - Masashi Miyashita
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan; Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rachel L Batterham
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, UK; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan; Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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8
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Li Z, Wu X, Gao H, Xiang T, Zhou J, Zou Z, Tong L, Yan B, Zhang C, Wang L, Wang W, Yang T, Li F, Ma H, Zhao X, Mi N, Yu Z, Li H, Zeng Q, Li Y. Intermittent energy restriction changes the regional homogeneity of the obese human brain. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1201169. [PMID: 37600013 PMCID: PMC10434787 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1201169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intermittent energy restriction (IER) is an effective weight loss strategy. However, the accompanying changes in spontaneous neural activity are unclear, and the relationship among anthropometric measurements, biochemical indicators, and adipokines remains ambiguous. Methods Thirty-five obese adults were recruited and received a 2-month IER intervention. Data were collected from anthropometric measurements, blood samples, and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging at four time points. The regional homogeneity (ReHo) method was used to explore the effects of the IER intervention. The relationships between the ReHo values of altered brain regions and changes in anthropometric measurements, biochemical indicators, and adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) were analyzed. Results Results showed that IER significantly improved anthropometric measurements, biochemical indicators, and adipokine levels in the successful weight loss group. The IER intervention for weight loss was associated with a significant increase in ReHo in the bilateral lingual gyrus, left calcarine, and left postcentral gyrus and a significant decrease in the right middle temporal gyrus and right cerebellum (VIII). Follow-up analyses showed that the increase in ReHo values in the right LG had a significant positive correlation with a reduction in Three-factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ)-disinhibition and a significant negative correlation with an increase in TFEQ-cognitive control. Furthermore, the increase in ReHo values in the left calcarine had a significant positive correlation with the reduction in TFEQ-disinhibition. However, no significant difference in ReHo was observed in the failed weight loss group. Conclusion Our study provides objective evidence that the IER intervention reshaped the ReHo of some brain regions in obese individuals, accompanied with improved anthropometric measurements, biochemical indicators, and adipokines. These results illustrated that the IER intervention for weight loss may act by decreasing the motivational drive to eat, reducing reward responses to food cues, and repairing damaged food-related self-control processes. These findings enhance our understanding of the neurobiological basis of IER for weight loss in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Li
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianyuan Xiang
- Health Mangement Institute, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Henan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Immunology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhi Zou
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Tong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linyuan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fengyun Li
- Department of Health Management, Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Management, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huimin Ma
- Department of Health Management, Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Management, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhao
- Department of Health Management, Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Management, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Mi
- Department of Health Management, Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Management, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ziya Yu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Imaging and Intelligent Processing, PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Oral Health Management, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Health Mangement Institute, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Li
- Department of Health Management, Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Management, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Henan University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Redondo-Flórez L, Martín-Rodríguez A, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Neuro-Vulnerability in Energy Metabolism Regulation: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3106. [PMID: 37513524 PMCID: PMC10383861 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive narrative review explores the concept of neuro-vulnerability in energy metabolism regulation and its implications for metabolic disorders. The review highlights the complex interactions among the neural, hormonal, and metabolic pathways involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. The key topics discussed include the role of organs, hormones, and neural circuits in maintaining metabolic balance. The review investigates the association between neuro-vulnerability and metabolic disorders, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and eating disorders, considering genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that influence neuro-vulnerability and subsequent metabolic dysregulation. Neuroendocrine interactions and the neural regulation of food intake and energy expenditure are examined, with a focus on the impact of neuro-vulnerability on appetite dysregulation and altered energy expenditure. The role of neuroinflammation in metabolic health and neuro-vulnerability is discussed, emphasizing the bidirectional relationship between metabolic dysregulation and neuroinflammatory processes. This review also evaluates the use of neuroimaging techniques in studying neuro-vulnerability and their potential applications in clinical settings. Furthermore, the association between neuro-vulnerability and eating disorders, as well as its contribution to obesity, is examined. Potential therapeutic interventions targeting neuro-vulnerability, including pharmacological treatments and lifestyle modifications, are reviewed. In conclusion, understanding the concept of neuro-vulnerability in energy metabolism regulation is crucial for addressing metabolic disorders. This review provides valuable insights into the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and their implications for metabolic health. Targeting neuro-vulnerability holds promise for developing innovative strategies in the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders, ultimately improving metabolic health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | | | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
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10
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Burger KS. Food reinforcement architecture: A framework for impulsive and compulsive overeating and food abuse. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:1734-1744. [PMID: 37368515 PMCID: PMC10313138 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Few reward-based theories address key drivers of susceptibility to food cues and consumption beyond fullness. Decision-making and habit formation are governed by reinforcement-based learning processes that, when overstimulated, can drive unregulated hedonically motivated overeating. Here, a model food reinforcement architecture is proposed that uses fundamental concepts in reinforcement and decision-making to identify maladaptive eating habits that can lead to obesity. This model is unique in that it identifies metabolic drivers of reward and incorporates neuroscience, computational decision-making, and psychology to map overeating and obesity. Food reinforcement architecture identifies two paths to overeating: a propensity for hedonic targeting of food cues contributing to impulsive overeating and lack of satiation that contributes to compulsive overeating. A combination of those paths will result in a conscious and subconscious drive to overeat independent of negative consequences, leading to food abuse and/or obesity. Use of this model to identify aberrant reinforcement learning processes and decision-making systems that can serve as markers of overeating risk may provide an opportunity for early intervention in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Burger
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Fu X, Wang Y, Zhao F, Cui R, Xie W, Liu Q, Yang W. Shared biological mechanisms of depression and obesity: focus on adipokines and lipokines. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:5917-5950. [PMID: 37387537 PMCID: PMC10333059 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Depression and obesity are both common disorders currently affecting public health, frequently occurring simultaneously within individuals, and the relationship between these disorders is bidirectional. The association between obesity and depression is highly co-morbid and tends to significantly exacerbate metabolic and related depressive symptoms. However, the neural mechanism under the mutual control of obesity and depression is largely inscrutable. This review focuses particularly on alterations in systems that may mechanistically explain the in vivo homeostatic regulation of the obesity and depression link, such as immune-inflammatory activation, gut microbiota, neuroplasticity, HPA axis dysregulation as well as neuroendocrine regulators of energy metabolism including adipocytokines and lipokines. In addition, the review summarizes potential and future treatments for obesity and depression and raises several questions that need to be answered in future research. This review will provide a comprehensive description and localization of the biological connection between obesity and depression to better understand the co-morbidity of obesity and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Yicun Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Fangyi Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xie
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
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12
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Wang J, Dong D, Liu Y, Yang Y, Chen X, He Q, Lei X, Feng T, Qiu J, Chen H. Multivariate resting-state functional connectomes predict and characterize obesity phenotypes. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:8368-8381. [PMID: 37032621 PMCID: PMC10505423 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The univariate obesity-brain associations have been extensively explored, while little is known about the multivariate associations between obesity and resting-state functional connectivity. We therefore utilized machine learning and resting-state functional connectivity to develop and validate predictive models of 4 obesity phenotypes (i.e. body fat percentage, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-height ratio) in 3 large neuroimaging datasets (n = 2,992). Preliminary evidence suggested that the resting-state functional connectomes effectively predicted obesity/weight status defined by each obesity phenotype with good generalizability to longitudinal and independent datasets. However, the differences between resting-state functional connectivity patterns characterizing different obesity phenotypes indicated that the obesity-brain associations varied according to the type of measure of obesity. The shared structure among resting-state functional connectivity patterns revealed reproducible neuroimaging biomarkers of obesity, primarily comprising the connectomes within the visual cortex and between the visual cortex and inferior parietal lobule, visual cortex and orbital gyrus, and amygdala and orbital gyrus, which further suggested that the dysfunctions in the perception, attention and value encoding of visual information (e.g. visual food cues) and abnormalities in the reward circuit may act as crucial neurobiological bases of obesity. The recruitment of multiple obesity phenotypes is indispensable in future studies seeking reproducible obesity-brain associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Debo Dong
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Yong Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingkai Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ximei Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Lei
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Li S, Robert Keene J, Harris BN, Carr JA. Do categorically distinct stressors alter the attention to visual food cues? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 337:114246. [PMID: 36878394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Stressor exposure affects food intake as well as the preference for high or low palatability foods, but little is known about how stressor types impact the visual attention to food images. We used eye tracking methodology in humans to determine if activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system is associated with changes in attention to food images as determined by measuring changes in oculomotor activity. Specifically, we tested two questions: 1) Do categorically distinct stressors alter aspects of visual attention to food images as determined by oculomotor activity (i.e., saccade latency, gaze duration, and saccade bouts)? 2) Do categorically distinct stressors differentially affect visual attention to food images of high or low palatability? A total of sixty participants were randomly divided into one of three test groups: controls, an anticipatory stressor group, or a reactive stressor group. We measured salivary cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) before and after stressor exposure to confirm activation of the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system, respectively. Following stressor exposure participants performed an eye-tracking test using a standardized food picture database (Food-pics). We analyzed saccade latency, gaze duration, and saccade bouts in balanced pairs of food and non-food images. Salivary cortisol was elevated by both stressors, although the elevation in salivary cortisol to the reactive stressor was driven by women only. sAA was elevated only by the anticipatory stressor. There were main effects of image type for all three eye-tracking variables, with initial saccades of shorter latency to food images and longer gaze duration and more saccade bouts with food images. Participants exposed to the reactive stressor reduced gaze duration on food images relative to controls, and this affect was not linked to palatability or salivary cortisol levels. We conclude that the reactive stressor decreased time spent looking at food, but not non-food, images. These data are partly consistent with the idea that reactive stressors reduce attention to non-critical visual signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhe Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Justin Robert Keene
- College of Media and Communication, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
| | - Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA
| | - James A Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA.
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14
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Poghosyan V, Ioannou S, Al-Amri KM, Al-Mashhadi SA, Al-Mohammed F, Al-Otaibi T, Al-Saeed W. Spatiotemporal profile of altered neural reactivity to food images in obesity: Reward system is altered automatically and predicts efficacy of weight loss intervention. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:948063. [PMID: 36845430 PMCID: PMC9944082 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.948063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity presents a significant public health problem. Brain plays a central role in etiology and maintenance of obesity. Prior neuroimaging studies have found that individuals with obesity exhibit altered neural responses to images of food within the brain reward system and related brain networks. However, little is known about the dynamics of these neural responses or their relationship to later weight change. In particular, it is unknown if in obesity, the altered reward response to food images emerges early and automatically, or later, in the controlled stage of processing. It also remains unclear if the pretreatment reward system reactivity to food images is predictive of subsequent weight loss intervention outcome. Methods In this study, we presented high-calorie and low-calorie food, and nonfood images to individuals with obesity, who were then prescribed lifestyle changes, and matched normal-weight controls, and examined neural reactivity using magnetoencephalography (MEG). We performed whole-brain analysis to explore and characterize large-scale dynamics of brain systems affected in obesity, and tested two specific hypotheses: (1) in obese individuals, the altered reward system reactivity to food images occurs early and automatically, and (2) pretreatment reward system reactivity predicts the outcome of lifestyle weight loss intervention, with reduced activity associated with successful weight loss. Results We identified a distributed set of brain regions and their precise temporal dynamics that showed altered response patterns in obesity. Specifically, we found reduced neural reactivity to food images in brain networks of reward and cognitive control, and elevated reactivity in regions of attentional control and visual processing. The hypoactivity in reward system emerged early, in the automatic stage of processing (< 150 ms post-stimulus). Reduced reward and attention responsivity, and elevated neural cognitive control were predictive of weight loss after six months in treatment. Discussion In summary, we have identified, for the first time with high temporal resolution, the large-scale dynamics of brain reactivity to food images in obese versus normal-weight individuals, and have confirmed both our hypotheses. These findings have important implications for our understanding of neurocognition and eating behavior in obesity, and can facilitate development of novel integrated treatment strategies, including tailored cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahe Poghosyan
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Vahe Poghosyan,
| | - Stephanos Ioannou
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M. Al-Amri
- Obesity, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sufana A. Al-Mashhadi
- Research Unit, National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fedaa Al-Mohammed
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani Al-Otaibi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wjoud Al-Saeed
- Research Unit, National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Rolls ET. The orbitofrontal cortex, food reward, body weight and obesity. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:6217585. [PMID: 33830272 PMCID: PMC9997078 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In primates including humans, the orbitofrontal cortex is the key brain region representing the reward value and subjective pleasantness of the sight, smell, taste and texture of food. At stages of processing before this, in the insular taste cortex and inferior temporal visual cortex, the identity of the food is represented, but not its affective value. In rodents, the whole organisation of reward systems appears to be different, with reward value reflected earlier in processing systems. In primates and humans, the amygdala is overshadowed by the great development of the orbitofrontal cortex. Social and cognitive factors exert a top-down influence on the orbitofrontal cortex, to modulate the reward value of food that is represented in the orbitofrontal cortex. Recent evidence shows that even in the resting state, with no food present as a stimulus, the liking for food, and probably as a consequence of that body mass index, is correlated with the functional connectivity of the orbitofrontal cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. This suggests that individual differences in these orbitofrontal cortex reward systems contribute to individual differences in food pleasantness and obesity. Implications of how these reward systems in the brain operate for understanding, preventing and treating obesity are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund T Rolls
- Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, UK.,Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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16
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Personalized Dietary Advice to Increase Protein Intake in Older Adults Does Not Affect the Gut Microbiota, Appetite or Central Processing of Food Stimuli in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Six-Month Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020332. [PMID: 36678203 PMCID: PMC9862486 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Expert groups argue to raise the recommended daily allowance for protein in older adults from 0.8 to 1.2 g/kg/day to prevent undernutrition. However, protein is thought to increase satiety, possibly through effects on gut microbiota and central appetite regulation. If true, raising daily protein intake may work counterproductively. In a randomized controlled trial, we evaluated the effects of dietary advice aimed at increasing protein intake to 1.2 g/kg adjusted body weight/day (g/kg aBW/day) on appetite and gut microbiota in 90 community-dwelling older adults with habitual protein intake <1.0 g/kg aBW/day (Nintervention = 47, Ncontrol = 43). Food intake was determined by 24-h dietary recalls and gut microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were performed in a subgroup of 48 participants to evaluate central nervous system responses to food-related stimuli. Both groups had mean baseline protein intake of 0.8 ± 0.2 g/kg aBW/day. At 6 months’ follow-up this increased to 1.2 ± 0.2 g/kg aBW/day for the intervention group and 0.9 ± 0.2 g/kg aBW/day for the control group. Microbiota composition was not affected, nor were appetite or brain activity in response to food-related stimuli. Increasing protein intake in older adults to 1.2 g/kg aBW/day does not negatively impact the gut microbiota or suppress appetite.
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17
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Ishida R, Ishii A, Matsuo T, Minami T, Yoshikawa T. Association between eating behavior and the immediate neural activity caused by viewing food images presented in and out of awareness: A magnetoencephalography study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275959. [PMID: 36580472 PMCID: PMC9799321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a serious health problem in modern society. Considering the fact that the outcomes of treatments targeting appetitive behavior are suboptimal, one potential reason proposed for these poor outcomes is that appetitive behavior is driven more by unconscious decision-making processes than by the conscious ones targeted by traditional behavioral treatments. In this study, we aimed to investigate both the conscious and unconscious decision-making processes related to eating behavior, and to examine whether an interaction related to eating behavior exists between conscious and unconscious neural processes. The study was conducted on healthy male volunteers who viewed pictures of food and non-food items presented both above and below the awareness threshold. The oscillatory brain activity affected by viewing the pictures was assessed by magnetoencephalography. A visual backward masking procedure was used to present the pictures out of awareness. Neural activity corresponding to the interactions between sessions (i.e., food or non-food) and conditions (i.e., visible or invisible) was observed in left Brodmann's areas 45 and 47 in the high-gamma (60-200 Hz) frequency range. The interactions were associated with eating behavior indices such as emotional eating and cognitive restraint, suggesting that conscious and unconscious neural processes are differently involved in eating behavior. These findings provide valuable clues for devising methods to assess conscious and unconscious appetite regulation in individuals with normal or abnormal eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Ishida
- Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takashi Matsuo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Minami
- Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshikawa
- Department of Sports Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Furukawa E, Bado P, da Costa RQM, Melo B, Erthal P, de Oliveira IP, Wickens JR, Moll J, Tripp G, Mattos P. Reward modality modulates striatal responses to reward anticipation in ADHD: Effects of affiliative and food stimuli. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 327:111561. [PMID: 36334392 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Altered reward sensitivity has been proposed to underlie symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have reported hypoactivation to reward-predicting cues in the ventral striatum among individuals with ADHD, using experimental designs with and without behavioral response requirements. These studies have typically used monetary incentives as rewards; however, it is unclear if these findings extend to other reward types. The current study examined striatal responses to anticipation and delivery of both affiliative and food reward images using a classical conditioning paradigm. Data from 20 typically developing young adults, and 20 individuals diagnosed with ADHD were included in a region-of-interest analysis for a priori striatal regions. Consistent with findings from studies using monetary rewards, individuals with ADHD showed decreased activation to cues predicting affiliative rewards in the bilateral ventral and dorsal striatum and increased activation to the delivery of affiliative rewards in the ventral striatum. No group differences were found in striatal responses to food reward cues or images. These results suggest hyposensitivity to reward-predicting cues in ADHD extends to affiliative rewards, with important implications for understanding and managing the learning and social functioning of those with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Furukawa
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Patricia Bado
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Melo
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pilar Erthal
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Jeff R Wickens
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jorge Moll
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gail Tripp
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Paulo Mattos
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Parnarouskis L, Leventhal AM, Ferguson SG, Gearhardt AN. Withdrawal: A key consideration in evaluating whether highly processed foods are addictive. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13507. [PMID: 36196649 PMCID: PMC9786266 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Researchers are currently debating whether theories of addiction explain compulsive overeating of highly processed (HP) foods (i.e., industrially created foods high in refined carbohydrates and/or fat), which contributes to obesity and diet-related disease. A subset of individuals consumes HP foods with behavioral phenotypes that mirror substance use disorders. Withdrawal, the emergence of aversive physical and psychological symptoms upon reduction or cessation of substance use, is a core component of addiction that was central to historical debates about other substances' addictive potential (e.g., nicotine and cocaine). However, no one has systematically considered evidence for whether HP foods cause withdrawal, which represents a key knowledge gap regarding the utility of addiction models for understanding compulsive overeating. Thus, we reviewed evidence for whether animals and humans exhibit withdrawal when reducing or eliminating HP food intake. Controlled experimental evidence indicates animals experience HP food withdrawal marked by neural reward changes and behaviors consistent with withdrawal from other addictive substances. In humans, preliminary evidence supports subjective withdrawal-like experiences. However, most current human research is limited to retrospective recall. Further experimental research is needed to evaluate this construct. We outline future research directions to investigate HP food withdrawal in humans and consider potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stuart G Ferguson
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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20
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Devoto F, Coricelli C, Paulesu E, Zapparoli L. Neural circuits mediating food cue-reactivity: Toward a new model shaping the interplay of internal and external factors. Front Nutr 2022; 9:954523. [PMID: 36276811 PMCID: PMC9579536 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francantonio Devoto
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi—Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy,*Correspondence: Francantonio Devoto
| | - Carol Coricelli
- Psychology Department, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Eraldo Paulesu
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi—Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy,fMRI Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Zapparoli
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi—Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy,fMRI Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Galeazzi, Milan, Italy,Laura Zapparoli
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21
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Kullmann S, Veit R, Crabtree DR, Buosi W, Androutsos O, Johnstone AM, Manios Y, Preissl H, Smeets PAM. The effect of hunger state on hypothalamic functional connectivity in response to food cues. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 44:418-428. [PMID: 36056618 PMCID: PMC9842901 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural underpinnings of the integration of internal and external cues that reflect nutritional status are poorly understood in humans. The hypothalamus is a key integrative area involved in short- and long-term energy intake regulation. Hence, we examined the effect of hunger state on the hypothalamus network using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In a multicenter study, participants performed a food cue viewing task either fasted or sated on two separate days. We evaluated hypothalamic functional connectivity (FC) using psychophysiological interactions during high versus low caloric food cue viewing in 107 adults (divided into four groups based on age and body mass index [BMI]; age range 24-76 years; BMI range 19.5-41.5 kg/m2 ). In the sated compared to the fasted condition, the hypothalamus showed significantly higher FC with the bilateral caudate, the left insula and parts of the left inferior frontal cortex. Interestingly, we observed a significant interaction between hunger state and BMI group in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Participants with normal weight compared to overweight and obesity showed higher FC between the hypothalamus and DLPFC in the fasted condition. The current study showed that task-based FC of the hypothalamus can be modulated by internal (hunger state) and external cues (i.e., food cues with varying caloric content) with a general enhanced communication in the sated state and obesity-associated differences in hypothalamus to DLPFC communication. This could potentially promote overeating in persons with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of TübingenGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)TübingenGermany,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and NephrologyEberhard Karls University TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Ralf Veit
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of TübingenGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)TübingenGermany
| | - Daniel R. Crabtree
- The Rowett InstituteUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenScotland,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Health ScienceUniversity of the Highlands and IslandsInvernessUK
| | - William Buosi
- The Rowett InstituteUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenScotland
| | - Odysseas Androutsos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and DieteticsUniversity of ThessalyVolosGreece
| | | | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition‐Dietetics, School of Health Science and EducationHarokopio UniversityAthensGreece
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of TübingenGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)TübingenGermany,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and NephrologyEberhard Karls University TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Paul A. M. Smeets
- Division of Human Nutrition and HealthWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands,Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain CenterUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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22
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Koenis MMG, Ng J, Anderson B, Stevens MC, Tishler DS, Papasavas PK, Stone A, McLaughlin T, Verhaak A, Domakonda MJ, Pearlson GD. Food cue reactivity in successful laparoscopic gastric banding: A sham-deflation-controlled pilot study. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:902192. [PMID: 36092648 PMCID: PMC9454014 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.902192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) offers a unique opportunity to examine the underlying neuronal mechanisms of surgically assisted weight loss due to its instant, non-invasive, adjustable nature. Six participants with stable excess weight loss (%EWL ≥ 45) completed 2 days of fMRI scanning 1.5-5 years after LAGB surgery. In a within-subject randomized sham-controlled design, participants underwent (sham) removal of ∼ 50% of the band's fluid. Compared to sham-deflation (i.e., normal band constriction) of the band, in the deflation condition (i.e., decreasing restriction) participants showed significantly lower activation in the anterior (para)cingulate, angular gyrus, lateral occipital cortex, and frontal cortex in response to food images (p < 0.05, whole brain TFCE-based FWE corrected). Higher activation in the deflation condition was seen in the fusiform gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, lingual gyrus, lateral occipital cortex. The findings of this within-subject randomized controlled pilot study suggest that constriction of the stomach through LAGB may indirectly alter brain activation in response to food cues. These neuronal changes may underlie changes in food craving and food preference that support sustained post-surgical weight-loss. Despite the small sample size, this is in agreement with and adds to the growing literature of post-bariatric surgery changes in behavior and control regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinka M. G. Koenis
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Janet Ng
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Beth Anderson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Michael C. Stevens
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Darren S. Tishler
- Division of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Pavlos K. Papasavas
- Division of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Andrea Stone
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Tara McLaughlin
- Division of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Allison Verhaak
- Division of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Mirjana J. Domakonda
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Godfrey D. Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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23
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Abstract
The modern obesogenic environment contains an abundance of food cues (e.g., sight, smell of food) as well cues that are associated with food through learning and memory processes. Food cue exposure can lead to food seeking and excessive consumption in otherwise food-sated individuals, and a high level of food cue responsivity is a risk factor for overweight and obesity. Similar food cue responses are observed in experimental rodent models, and these models are therefore useful for mechanistically identifying the neural circuits mediating food cue responsivity. This review draws from both experimental rodent models and human data to characterize the behavioral and biological processes through which food-associated stimuli contribute to overeating and weight gain. Two rodent models are emphasized - cue-potentiated feeding and Pavlovian-instrumental transfer - that provide insight in the neural circuits and peptide systems underlying food cue responsivity. Data from humans are highlighted that reveal physiological, psychological, and neural mechanisms that connect food cue responsivity with overeating and weight gain. The collective literature identifies connections between heightened food cue responsivity and obesity in both rodents and humans, and identifies underlying brain regions (nucleus accumbens, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus) and endocrine systems (ghrelin) that regulate food cue responsivity in both species. These species similarities are encouraging for the possibility of mechanistic rodent model research and further human research leading to novel treatments for excessive food cue responsivity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Kanoski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kerri N Boutelle
- Department of Pediatrics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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24
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van Ruiten CC, Veltman DJ, Wijdeveld M, ten Kulve JS, Kramer MHH, Nieuwdorp M, IJzerman RG. Combination therapy with exenatide decreases the dapagliflozin-induced changes in brain responses to anticipation and consumption of palatable food in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:1588-1597. [PMID: 35491524 PMCID: PMC9546212 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors induce less weight loss than expected. This may be explained by sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor-induced alterations in central reward- and satiety circuits, leading to increased appetite and food intake. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists reduce appetite and body weight because of direct and indirect effects on the brain. We investigated the separate and combined effects of dapagliflozin and exenatide on the brain in response to the anticipation and consumption of food in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS As part of a larger study, this was a 16 week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes were randomized (1:1:1:1) to dapagliflozin 10 mg with exenatide-matched placebo, exenatide twice-daily 10 μg with dapagliflozin-matched placebo, dapagliflozin plus exenatide, or double placebo. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the effects of treatments on brain responses to the anticipation of food and food receipt were assessed after 10 days and 16 weeks. RESULTS After 10 days, dapagliflozin increased activation in right amygdala and right caudate nucleus in response to the anticipation of food, and tended to decrease activation in right amygdala in response to actual food receipt. After 16 weeks, no changes in brain activation were observed with dapagliflozin. Dapagliflozin plus exenatide reduced activation in right caudate nucleus and amygdala to the anticipation of food, and decreased activation in the right amygdala in response to food receipt after 16 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The dapagliflozin-induced changes in brain activation may contribute to the discrepancy between observed and expected weight loss with dapagliflozin. Exenatide blunted the dapagliflozin-induced changes in brain activation, which may contribute to the additional weight loss with combined treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C. van Ruiten
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dick J. Veltman
- Department of PsychiatryAmsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Madelief Wijdeveld
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jennifer S ten Kulve
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Vascular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mark H. H. Kramer
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Vascular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Richard G. IJzerman
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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25
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Moore H, White MJ, Finlayson G, King N. Exploring acute and non-specific effects of mobile app-based response inhibition training on food evaluation and intake. Appetite 2022; 178:106181. [PMID: 35870536 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that response inhibition training can modify the appeal of palatable and energy-dense foods, thus serving as a potential intervention for weight management, via changes in food selection and intake. However, empirical findings of efficacy have been inconsistent across studies due to heterogenous approaches to measuring salient appetitive outcomes, training implementation strategies, and sample recruitment. Systematic assessment of both affective and motivational components of food reward may help characterise to what extent devaluation can be generalised to nutritionally similar foods post-training. In this mixed factorial experiment, a non-clinical, adult sample completed time-matched single sessions with mobile app-based response inhibition training and control tasks of short (12 min; n = 27) or long (20 min; n = 25) duration. Participants were assessed on two discrete facets of food reward pre- and post-training: pleasure (i.e., explicit liking) and desire (i.e., implicit wanting) for non-specific (i.e., novel) food stimuli differing in energy-density. Consumption of snacks categorised by energy density was also assessed in a laboratory ad libitum taste test post-training. No significant differences were found between intervention and control sessions on explicit liking or implicit wanting for non-specific energy-dense foods. Moreover, participants ate a similar volume of snack foods during both sessions. Training duration did not significantly moderate differences between intervention and control sessions in primary outcomes. Variance between intervention and control sessions in chocolate intake and frequency of choice for energy-dense foods, but not explicit liking, was associated with a higher BMI. Methodological and theoretical implications for appropriate intervention implementation and underlying mechanisms, respectively, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halim Moore
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia.
| | - Melanie J White
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Psychology and Counselling, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia
| | | | - Neil King
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia
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26
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Xinyuan L, Ximei C, Qingqing L, Guangcan X, Wei L, Mingyue X, Xiaoli D, Shiqing S, Yong L, Hong C. Altered resting-state functional connectivity of medial frontal cortex in overweight individuals: Link to food-specific intentional inhibition and weight gain. Behav Brain Res 2022; 433:114003. [PMID: 35811002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Numerous findings from functional neuroimaging research suggest that overweight may be associated with alterations in reactive inhibition. However, there is a dearth of research investigating the functional connectivity that mediates intentional inhibition in overweight individuals. To explore this issue, 55 overweight and 45 normal-weight adults completed an assessment consisting of a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan, a behavioural task measuring food-specific intentional inhibition, and a 1-year longitudinal measurement of BMI change. A seed-based approach was employed to examine the group-difference of the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the medial frontal cortex (MFC) (dorsal fronto-medial cortex [dFMC], pre-supplementary motor area, and premotor cortex) regions involved in intentional inhibition. Compared with normal-weight adults, the overweight individuals exhibited higher rsFC between the MFC seeds and (i) cerebellum, (ii) postcentral gyrus, (iii) middle temporal gyrus, and (iv) posterior cingulate cortex, while lower rsFC strength were observed between MFC seeds and (i) putamen and (ii) insula. The overweight individuals with higher dFMC-cerebellum rsFC strength showed poorer performance in food-specific intentional inhibition and gained more weight a year later than those of normal-weight participants. Results suggested that altered functional connections between MFC and regions associated with reward and maladaptive eating may be key neural mechanisms of food-specific intentional inhibition in overweight status. Therefore, individuals are encouraged to make informed decisions about their health and reduce their consumption of obesogenic foods from the perspective of intentional inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Xinyuan
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Chen Ximei
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Li Qingqing
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Xiang Guangcan
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Li Wei
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Xiao Mingyue
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Du Xiaoli
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Song Shiqing
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Liu Yong
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Chen Hong
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
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27
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Alterations in Functional and Structural Connectivity of Basal Ganglia Network in Patients with Obesity. Brain Topogr 2022; 35:453-463. [PMID: 35780276 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-022-00906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is related to overconsumption of high-calorie (HiCal) food, which is modulated by brain reward and inhibitory control circuitries. The basal ganglia (BG) are a key set of nuclei within the reward circuitry, but obesity-associated functional and structural abnormalities of BG have not been well studied. Resting-state functional MRI with independent component analysis (ICA) and probabilistic tractography were employed to investigate differences in BG-related functional-(FC) and structural connectivity (SC) between 32 patients with obesity (OB) and 35 normal-weight (NW) participants. Compared to NW, OB showed significantly lower FC strength in the caudate nucleus within the BG network, and seed-based FC analysis showed lower FC between caudate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which was negatively correlated with craving for HiCal food cues. Further SC analysis revealed that OB showed lower SC than NW between left caudate and left DLPFC as measured with fractional anisotropy (FA). Alterations in FC and SC between caudate and DLPFC in obese patients, which highlights the role of BG network in modulating the balance between reward and inhibitory-control.
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28
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Searching for individual multi-sensory fingerprints and their links with adiposity – New insights from meta-analyses and empirical data. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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29
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Delestre F, Lehéricey G, Estellat C, Diallo MH, Hansel B, Giral P. Hypnosis reduces food impulsivity in patients with obesity and high levels of disinhibition: HYPNODIET randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:1637-1645. [PMID: 35170724 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The obesogenic environment of Western countries raises questions about its current management. Some clinical studies have explored hypnosis, although the current state of knowledge does not lead to definitive conclusions about its efficacy. OBJECTIVES We assessed the impact of Ericksonian hypnosis and self-hypnosis on disinhibition of eating in adults with obesity and high food impulsivity levels, compared with standard nutritional education. METHODS From September 2014 to July 2015, adults with BMI (in kg/m2) of 30-40 and a high disinhibition score [>8 on the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-51)] were included in a randomized controlled trial. The control and hypnosis groups received the same standard nutrition education in 8 workshops. In the hypnosis group, subjects had 8 sessions of hypnosis combined with training in self-hypnosis. Disinhibition (primary outcome) and other scores from the TFEQ-51 as well as anthropometric, food intake, cardiometabolic, and physical activity variables were collected at inclusion and at 8 mo. RESULTS Of 82 randomly assigned adults, 70 participated in all sessions; 80 participated in ≥1 session and were included in the main analysis (hypnosis group, n = 41; control group, n = 39). After 8 mo of follow-up, disinhibition scores adjusted for baseline values were lower in the hypnosis group, with a mean between-group difference of 4.2 (95% CI: 2.8, 5.5; P < 0.001); 67.7% of adults in the hypnosis group had normalized their disinhibition (compared with 11.1% in control; P < 0.0001). Differences for weight (1.8 kg; 95% CI: -0.1, 3.7 kg; P = 0.052), BMI (0.8; 95% CI: 0.1, 1.4; P = 0.028), susceptibility to hunger score (2.2; 95% CI: 1.0, 3.3; P < 0.001), and its 2 subscales also favored the hypnosis group. CONCLUSIONS In the management of adults with obesity and a high disinhibition score, hypnosis and self-hypnosis can significantly improve the deep mechanisms of eating behaviors and seem to have a beneficial effect on weight loss.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02292108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Delestre
- Dietetics Department, Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Lehéricey
- Dietetics Department, Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Candice Estellat
- PEPITES team, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sorbonne University, INSERM, Paris, France.,Clinical Research Unit (URC), Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Pharmacoepidemiology Center (Cephepi), Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M Hassimiou Diallo
- Clinical Research Unit (URC), Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Boris Hansel
- INSERM U1148, University of Paris, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Giral
- Endocrinology-Metabolism Department, Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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30
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van Ruiten CC, Veltman DJ, Schrantee A, van Bloemendaal L, Barkhof F, Kramer MHH, Nieuwdorp M, IJzerman RG. Effects of Dapagliflozin and Combination Therapy With Exenatide on Food-Cue Induced Brain Activation in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2590-e2599. [PMID: 35134184 PMCID: PMC9113812 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) cause less weight loss than expected based on urinary calorie excretion. This may be explained by SGLT2i-induced alterations in central reward and satiety circuits, leading to increased appetite and food intake. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are associated with reduced appetite and body weight, mediated by direct and indirect central nervous system (CNS) effects. OBJECTIVE We investigated the separate and combined effects of dapagliflozin and exenatide on the CNS in participants with obesity and type 2 diabetes. METHODS This was a 16-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Obese participants with type 2 diabetes (n = 64, age 63.5 ± 0.9 years, BMI 31.7 ± 0.6 kg/m2) were randomized (1:1:1:1) to dapagliflozin 10 mg with exenatide-matched placebo, exenatide twice daily 10 µg with dapagliflozin-matched placebo, dapagliflozin and exenatide, or double placebo. Using functional MRI, the effects of treatments on CNS responses to viewing food pictures were assessed after 10 days and 16 weeks of treatment. RESULTS After 10 days, dapagliflozin increased, whereas exenatide decreased CNS activation in the left putamen. Combination therapy had no effect on responses to food pictures. After 16 weeks, no changes in CNS activation were observed with dapagliflozin, but CNS activation was reduced with dapagliflozin-exenatide in right amygdala. CONCLUSION The early increase in CNS activation with dapagliflozin may contribute to the discrepancy between observed and expected weight loss. In combination therapy, exenatide blunted the increased CNS activation observed with dapagliflozin. These findings provide further insights into the weight-lowering mechanisms of SGLT2i and GLP-1 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C van Ruiten
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liselotte van Bloemendaal
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark H H Kramer
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G IJzerman
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Sadler JR, Persky S, Gu C, Aghababian AH, Carnell S. Is obesity in the brain? Parent perceptions of brain influences on obesity. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12881. [PMID: 34939352 PMCID: PMC9373357 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies demonstrate associations of brain structure and function with children's eating behaviour and body weight, and the feasibility of integrating brain measures into obesity risk assessment and intervention is growing. However, little is known about lay perceptions of how the brain influences obesity. We investigated parent perceptions of brain contributions to obesity in three separate studies: 1) a study of mothers of adolescents recruited for neuroimaging research (n = 88), 2) a study of ethnically Chinese parents of 5-13 year olds participating in a parent feeding survey (n = 277), and 3) a study of parents of 3-15 year olds completing an online survey (n = 113). In general, parents believed that brain factors influence obesity, but considered them less influential than behaviours such as diet and exercise. Causal attributions for brain factors were correlated with attributions for genetic factors and biological factors (e.g., metabolism). Parents who perceived their child to be overweight or had a high concern about their child becoming overweight in the future rated brain factors as more important in determining their child's weight and more likely to lessen their child's ability to control their weight. Our results suggest that parents attribute obesity to the brain to a moderate degree, and that education or feedback regarding brain influences on obesity could be a promising obesity intervention component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Sadler
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Persky
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cihang Gu
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anahys H Aghababian
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Carnell
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Kirson D, Spierling Bagsic SR, Murphy J, Chang H, Vlkolinsky R, Pucci SN, Prinzi J, Williams CA, Fang SY, Roberto M, Zorrilla EP. Decreased excitability of leptin-sensitive anterior insula pyramidal neurons in a rat model of compulsive food demand. Neuropharmacology 2022; 208:108980. [PMID: 35122838 PMCID: PMC9055870 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Compulsive eating is an overlapping construct with binge eating that shares many characteristics with substance use disorders. Compulsive eating may impact millions of Americans; presenting in some cases of binge eating disorders, overweight/obesity, and among individuals who have not yet been diagnosed with a recognized eating disorder. To study the behavioral and neurobiological underpinnings of compulsive eating, we employ a published rodent model using cyclic intermittent access to a palatable diet to develop a self-imposed binge-withdrawal cycle. Here, we further validated this model of compulsive eating in female Wistar rats, through the lens of behavioral economic analyses and observed heightened demand intensity, inelasticity and essential value as well as increased food-seeking during extinction. Using electrophysiological recordings in the anterior insular cortex, a region previously implicated in modulating compulsive-like eating in intermittent access models, we observed functional adaptations of pyramidal neurons. Within the same neurons, application of leptin led to further functional adaptations, suggesting a previously understudied, extrahypothalamic role of leptin in modulating feeding-related cortical circuits. Collectively, the findings suggest that leptin may modulate food-related motivation or decision-making via a plastic cortical circuit that is influenced by intermittent access to a preferred diet. These findings warrant further study of whether behavioral economics analysis of compulsive eating can impact disordered eating outcomes in humans and of the translational relevance of a leptin-sensitive anterior insular circuit implicated in these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Kirson
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, 71 S Manassas, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA
| | - Samantha R Spierling Bagsic
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Scripps Health, Scripps Whittier Diabetes Institute, 10140 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jiayuan Murphy
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hang Chang
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Roman Vlkolinsky
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sarah N Pucci
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Julia Prinzi
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Casey A Williams
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Savannah Y Fang
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eric P Zorrilla
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Zhang P, Wu GW, Tang LR, Yu FX, Li MY, Wang Z, Yang ZH, Zhang ZT, Lv H, Liu Y, Wang ZC. Altered Brain Structural Reorganization and Hierarchical Integrated Processing in Obesity. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:796792. [PMID: 35368267 PMCID: PMC8971659 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.796792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain receives sensory information about food, evaluates its desirability and value, and responds with approach or withdrawal. The evaluation process of food in the brain with obesity may involve a variety of neurocircuit abnormalities in the integration of internal and external information processing. There is a lack of consistency of the results extant reported for aberrant changes in the brain with obesity that prohibits key brain alterations to be identified. Moreover, most studies focus on the observation of neural plasticity of function or structure, and the evidence for functional and structural correlations in the neuronal plasticity process of obesity is still insufficient. The aims of this article are to explore the key neural structural regions and the hierarchical activity pattern of key structural nodes and evaluate the correlation between changes in functional modulation and eating behavior. Forty-two participants with obesity and 33 normal-weight volunteers were recruited. Gray matter volume (GMV) and Granger causality analysis (GCA) were performed using the DPARSF, CAT12, and DynamicBC toolbox. Compared with the normal weight group, the obesity group exhibited significantly increased GMV in the left parahippocampal gyrus (PG). The obesity group showed decreased causal inflow to the left PG from the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), right calcarine, and bilateral supplementary motor area (SMA). Decreased causal outflow to the left OFC, right precuneus, and right SMA from the left PG, as well as increased causal outflow to the left middle occipital gyrus (MOG) were observed in the obesity group. Negative correlations were found between DEBQ-External scores and causal outflow from the left PG to the left OFC, and DEBQ-Restraint scores and causal inflow from the left OFC to the left PG in the obesity group. Positive correlation was found between DEBQ-External scores and causal outflow from the left PG to the left MOG. These results show that the increased GMV in the PG may play an important role in obesity, which may be related to devalued reward system, altered behavioral inhibition, and the disengagement of attentional and visual function for external signals. These findings have important implications for understanding neural mechanisms in obesity and developing individual-tailored strategies for obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-wei Wu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Li-rong Tang
- Department of Clinical Psychology Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-xia Yu
- Medical Imaging Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-yi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-han Yang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-tao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Han Lv
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Han Lv,
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
- Yang Liu,
| | - Zhen-chang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Zhen-chang Wang,
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van Ruiten CC, Ten Kulve JS, van Bloemendaal L, Nieuwdorp M, Veltman DJ, IJzerman RG. Eating behavior modulates the sensitivity to the central effects of GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment: a secondary analysis of a randomized trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 137:105667. [PMID: 35033928 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated if individuals with higher emotional eating scores are less sensitive to the effects of a GLP-1RA on central responses to food cues. Additionally, we investigated the associations of higher external and restraint eating scores with the sensitivity to the central effects of GLP-1RA. METHODS This secondary analysis of a randomized crossover study in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes, consisted of two periods of 12-week treatment with liraglutide or insulin glargine. Using functional MRI, we assessed the relation between baseline eating behavior and the effects of the GLP-1RA liraglutide compared with insulin after 10 days and 12 weeks of treatment on brain responses to food cues. RESULTS After 10 days, higher emotional eating scores were associated with less pronounced GLP-1RA induced reductions in brain responses to food pictures in the amygdala, insula and caudate nucleus. In addition, higher emotional eating scores tended to be associated with less pronounced GLP-1RA increases in brain responses to chocolate milk receipt in the caudate nucleus and insula. After 12 weeks, there were no significant associations between emotional eating scores and liraglutide-induced changes in brain responses to food cues. After 10 days, baseline external eating scores were associated with less pronounced GLP-1RA induced reductions in brain responses to food pictures in the insula, amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. After 12 weeks, baseline restraint eating scores were associated with more GLP-1RA induced reductions in brain responses to food pictures in the insula and caudate nucleus, and with more GLP-1RA induced reductions in brain responses to the anticipation of chocolate milk in the caudate nucleus. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that individuals with higher baseline emotional eating scores are less sensitive to the central effect of GLP-1RA treatment. Additionally, external eating may also decrease, whereas restraint eating may increase the sensitivity to the treatment effects of GLP-1RAs. These insights may help to optimize treatment strategies for obesity and to select patient groups with better efficacy of GLP-1RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C van Ruiten
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jennifer S Ten Kulve
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liselotte van Bloemendaal
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G IJzerman
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Legget KT, Cornier MA, Erpelding C, Lawful BP, Bear JJ, Kronberg E, Tregellas JR. An implicit priming intervention alters brain and behavioral responses to high-calorie foods: a randomized controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:1194-1204. [PMID: 35030242 PMCID: PMC8970978 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conditioned food cues (e.g., smell, sight) can affect intake of foods associated with those cues, regardless of homeostatic need. As such, altering automatic associations with food cues could support weight loss or maintenance efforts by affecting the salience of those cues and the effort required to resist consumption. OBJECTIVES This study investigated neuronal and behavioral effects of an implicit priming (IP) intervention, in which negatively valenced images were paired with high-calorie foods and positively valenced images with low-calorie foods. Priming images were presented immediately before food images, but below conscious perception (20 ms). We hypothesized that this evaluative conditioning approach could alter food cue responses by modifying affective associations. METHODS The final sample included 41 adults with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (n = 22, active IP; n = 19, control IP). In control IP, food images were primed with neutral, scrambled images. Participants completed a visual food cue task during fMRI, both before and after IP. To determine the replicability of prior behavioral findings, food image ratings were completed before and after IP as a secondary outcome. RESULTS In a whole-brain analysis, reduced dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) response to high-calorie foods was observed after active compared with control IP (t = 4.93, P = 0.033). With a region of interest analysis, reduced response to high-calorie foods in active compared with control IP was also observed in the striatum (t = 2.40, P = 0.009) and insula (t = 2.38, P = 0.010). Active compared with control IP was associated with reduced high-calorie food ratings (F = 4.70, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS Reduced insula and striatum response to high-calorie foods after active compared with control IP suggests effectiveness of IP in altering food cue salience. Reduced dlPFC response to high-calorie foods after active compared with control IP may reflect fewer attentional resources being directed to those images and reduced engagement of inhibitory processes.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02347527.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christina Erpelding
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin P Lawful
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joshua J Bear
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eugene Kronberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jason R Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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36
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Li L, Yu H, Zhong M, Liu S, Wei W, Meng Y, Li ML, Li T, Wang Q. Gray matter volume alterations in subjects with overweight and obesity: Evidence from a voxel-based meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:955741. [PMID: 36226110 PMCID: PMC9548618 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.955741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a multi-systemic disease with complex etiology. And consistent evidence indicated obesity or overweight subjects render brain structure changes. Increasing evidence indicates these subjects have shown widespread structural brain gray matter volume (GMV) changes. However, results from other neuroimaging studies have been inconsistent. Consequently, the question remains whether body mass index (BMI), a gold standard to define obesity/overweight, is associated with brain structural changes. METHODS This study will apply an updated meta-analysis of voxel-based GMV studies to compare GMV changes in overweight and obese subjects. Online databases were used to build on relevant studies published before May 2022. The updated Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images (SDM-PSI) explores GMV changes in individuals with overweight and obesity and further examines the correlation between GMV and obesity-related variables, specifically body mass index (BMI). RESULTS This research included fourteen studies and provided a whole-brain analysis of GMV distribution in overweight and obese individuals. It revealed lower GMV in brain regions, including the left putamen and right precentral gyrus, in individuals with overweight and obesity compared to lean controls. Further, meta-regression analyses revealed GMV in the left middle occipital gyrus was negatively correlated with the BMI of the whole sample. CONCLUSION GMV decreased was reported in reward circuit processing areas and sensorimotor processing areas of individuals with overweight and obesity diagnoses, suggesting an underlying structural basis for reward processing and sensorimotor processing dysregulation in overweight and obese subjects. Our results also suggest that GMV in occipital gyrus, a key region for food visual and gustatory encoding, is negatively associated with BMI. These results provide further evidence for the dysregulated reward circuit in individuals with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Sport and Health Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Siyi Liu
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajing Meng
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming-Li Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chengdu, China
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Foldi CJ, Morris MJ, Oldfield BJ. Executive function in obesity and anorexia nervosa: Opposite ends of a spectrum of disordered feeding behaviour? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110395. [PMID: 34217755 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Higher-order executive functions such as decision-making, cognitive flexibility and behavioural control are critical to adaptive success in all aspects of life, including the maintenance of a healthy body weight by regulating food intake. Performance on tasks designed to assess these aspects of cognition is impaired in individuals with obesity and anorexia nervosa (AN); conditions at either end of a spectrum of body weight disturbance. While the conceptualisation of obesity and AN as mirror images of each other makes some sense from a metabolic point of view, whether or not these conditions also reflect opposing states of executive function is less clear. Here, we review evidence from neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies to compare the direction and extent of executive dysfunction in subjects with obesity and AN and how these are underpinned by changes in structure and function of subregions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Both conditions of extreme body weight disturbance are associated with impaired decision-making and cognitive inflexibility, however, impulsive behaviour presents in opposing directions; obesity being associated with reduced behavioural control and AN being associated with elevated control over behaviour with respect to food and feeding. Accordingly, the subregions of the PFC that guide inhibitory control and valuation of action outcomes (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex) show opposite patterns of activation in subjects with obesity compared to those with AN, whereas the subregions implicated in cognitive and behavioural flexibility (ventromedial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex) show alterations in the same direction in both conditions but with differential extent of dysfunction. We synthesise these findings in the context of the utility of animal models of obesity and AN to interrogate the detail of the neurobiological contributions to cognition in patient populations and the utility of such detail to inform future treatment strategies that specifically target executive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Foldi
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton 3800, Australia; Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 23 Innovation Walk, Clayton 3800, Australia.
| | - Margaret J Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Randwick 2052, Australia
| | - Brian J Oldfield
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton 3800, Australia; Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 23 Innovation Walk, Clayton 3800, Australia
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Yang Y, Wu Q, Morys F. Brain Responses to High-Calorie Visual Food Cues in Individuals with Normal-Weight or Obesity: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11121587. [PMID: 34942889 PMCID: PMC8699077 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Overconsumption of high-calorie or unhealthy foods commonly leads to weight gain. Understanding people’s neural responses to high-calorie food cues might help to develop better interventions for preventing or reducing overeating and weight gain. In this review, we conducted a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of viewing high-calorie food cues in both normal-weight people and people with obesity. Electronic databases were searched for relevant articles, retrieving 59 eligible studies containing 2410 unique participants. The results of an activation likelihood estimation indicate large clusters in a range of structures, including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), amygdala, insula/frontal operculum, culmen, as well as the middle occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus, and fusiform gyrus. Conjunction analysis suggested that both normal-weight people and people with obesity activated OFC, supporting that the two groups share common neural substrates of reward processing when viewing high-calorie food cues. The contrast analyses did not show significant activations when comparing obesity with normal-weight. Together, these results provide new important evidence for the neural mechanism underlying high-calorie food cues processing, and new insights into common and distinct brain activations of viewing high-calorie food cues between people with obesity and normal-weight people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkai Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13164407461
| | - Qian Wu
- The Lab of Mental Health and Social Adaptation, Faculty of Psychology, Research Center of Mental Health Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Filip Morys
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada;
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Aberrant neural representation of food stimuli in women with acute anorexia nervosa predicts treatment outcome and is improved in weight restored individuals. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:532. [PMID: 34657121 PMCID: PMC8520531 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) has been associated with altered reward processing. We recently reported greater neural response in secondary visual areas when processing visual food stimuli in acutely underweight AN patients (acAN). In order to examine whether the observed alterations are indicative of acute undernutrition or a potential trait marker of AN, we set out to assess neural responses in acAN and in individuals weight-recovered from AN (recAN). FMRI data were collected from a total of 126 female volunteers, 35 acAN, 33 recAN, and 58 age-matched healthy controls (HC) while they viewed streams of food, social and neutral stimuli. A standard general linear model (GLM) was used to interrogate neural responses to the different stimuli in recAN vs. age-matched HC. Moreover, within-subject multivoxel pattern analyses (MVPA) in the two matched samples (acAN/HC and recAN/HC) were used to estimate neural representation of food vs. neutral, and social vs. neutral stimuli. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to test associations between the accuracy of the neural representation and treatment outcome. The GLM revealed no group differences between recAN and HC. The MVPAs showed greater classification accuracy of food stimuli in the posterior fusiform gyrus in acAN but not recAN. Classification accuracy was associated with better treatment outcome. Our findings suggest that the neural representation of food stimuli is altered in secondary visual areas in acAN and normalizes with weight recovery. Possibly this altered representation reflects attentional engagement motivating food intake, which may promote the recovery process.
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Yunker AG, Alves JM, Luo S, Angelo B, DeFendis A, Pickering TA, Monterosso JR, Page KA. Obesity and Sex-Related Associations With Differential Effects of Sucralose vs Sucrose on Appetite and Reward Processing: A Randomized Crossover Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2126313. [PMID: 34581796 PMCID: PMC8479585 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.26313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) are used as an alternative to nutritive sweeteners to quench desire for sweets while reducing caloric intake. However, studies have shown mixed results concerning the effects of NNSs on appetite, and the associations between sex and obesity with reward and appetitive responses to NNS compared with nutritive sugar are unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine neural reactivity to different types of high-calorie food cues (ie, sweet and savory), metabolic responses, and eating behavior following consumption of sucralose (NNS) vs sucrose (nutritive sugar) among healthy young adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In a randomized, within-participant, crossover trial including 3 separate visits, participants underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging task measuring blood oxygen level-dependent signal in response to visual cues. For each study visit, participants arrived at the Dornsife Cognitive Neuroimaging Center of University of Southern California at approximately 8:00 am after a 12-hour overnight fast. Blood was sampled at baseline and 10, 35, and 120 minutes after participants received a drink containing sucrose, sucralose, or water to measure plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide(7-36), acyl-ghrelin, total peptide YY, and leptin. Participants were then presented with an ad libitum meal. Participants were right-handed, nonsmokers, weight-stable for at least 3 months before the study visits, nondieters, not taking medication, and with no history of eating disorders, illicit drug use, or medical diagnoses. Data analysis was performed from March 2020 to March 2021. INTERVENTIONS Participants ingested 300-mL drinks containing either sucrose (75 g), sucralose (individually sweetness matched), or water (as a control). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes of interest were the effects of body mass index (BMI) status and sex on blood oxygen level-dependent signal to high-calorie food cues, endocrine, and feeding responses following sucralose vs sucrose consumption. Secondary outcomes included neural, endocrine, and feeding responses following sucrose vs water and sucralose vs water (control) consumption, and cue-induced appetite ratings following sucralose vs sucrose (and vs water). RESULTS A total of 76 participants were randomized, but 2 dropped out, leaving 74 adults (43 women [58%]; mean [SD] age, 23.40 [3.96] years; BMI range, 19.18-40.27) who completed the study. In this crossover design, 73 participants each received water (drink 1) and sucrose (drink 2), and 72 participants received water (drink 1), sucrose (drink 2), and sucralose (drink 3). Sucrose vs sucralose was associated with greater production of circulating glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 and suppression of acyl-ghrelin, but no differences were found for peptide YY or leptin. BMI status by drink interactions were observed in the medial frontal cortex (MFC; P for interaction < .001) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; P for interaction = .002). Individuals with obesity (MFC, β, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.83; P < .001; OFC, β, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.43; P = .002), but not those with overweight (MFC, β, 0.02; 95% CI, -0.19 to 0.23; P = .87; OFC, β, -0.06; 95% CI, -0.21 to 0.09; P = .41) or healthy weight (MFC, β, -0.13; 95% CI, -0.34 to 0.07; P = .21; OFC, β, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.23 to 0.06; P = .16), exhibited greater responsivity in the MFC and OFC to savory food cues after sucralose vs sucrose. Sex by drink interactions were observed in the MFC (P for interaction = .03) and OFC (P for interaction = .03) after consumption of sucralose vs sucrose. Female participants had greater MFC and OFC responses to food cues (MFC high-calorie vs low-calorie cues, β, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.37; P = .01; MFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.42; P = .03; OFC food vs nonfood cues, β, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.22; P = .03; and OFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.27; P = .01), but male participants' responses did not differ (MFC high-calorie vs low-calorie cues, β, 0.01; 95% CI, -0.19 to 0.21; P = .90; MFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.26 to 0.18; P = .69; OFC food vs nonfood cues, β, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.24 to 0.08; P = .32; OFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, -0.11; 95% CI, -0.31 to 0.09; P = .31). A sex by drink interaction on total calories consumed during the buffet meal was observed (P for interaction = .03). Female participants consumed greater total calories (β, 1.73; 95% CI, 0.38 to 3.08; P = .01), whereas caloric intake did not differ in male participants (β, 0.68; 95% CI, -0.99 to 2.35; P = .42) after sucralose vs sucrose ingestion. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that female individuals and those with obesity may be particularly sensitive to disparate neural responsivity elicited by sucralose compared with sucrose consumption. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02945475.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G. Yunker
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Jasmin M. Alves
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Brendan Angelo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Alexis DeFendis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Trevor A. Pickering
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - John R. Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Kathleen A. Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Syan SK, McIntyre-Wood C, Minuzzi L, Hall G, McCabe RE, MacKillop J. Dysregulated resting state functional connectivity and obesity: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:270-292. [PMID: 34425125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been variously linked to differences in brain functional connectivity in regions associated with reward, emotional regulation and cognition, potentially revealing neural mechanisms contributing to its development and maintenance. This systematic review summarizes and critically appraises the existing literature on differences in resting state functional connectivity (Rs-FC) between overweight and individuals with obesity in relation healthy-BMI controls. Twenty-nine studies were identified and the results consistently support the hypothesis that obesity is associated with differences in Rs-FC. Specifically, obesity/overweight was consistently associated with (i) DMN hypoconnectivity and salience network hyperconnectivity; (ii) increased Rs-FC between the hypothalamus and reward, limbic and salience networks, and decreased Rs-FC between the hypothalamus and cognitive regions; (iii) increased power within regions associated with inhibition/emotional reasoning; (iv) decreased nodal efficiency, degree centrality, and global efficiency. Collectively, the results suggest obesity is associated with disrupted connectivity of brain networks responsible for cognition, reward, self-referential processing and emotional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina K Syan
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Canada; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Carly McIntyre-Wood
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Canada
| | - Luciano Minuzzi
- Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Randi E McCabe
- Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Canada; Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Ginieis R, Abeywickrema S, Oey I, Franz EA, Perry T, Keast RSJ, Peng M. The role of an individual's olfactory discriminability in influencing snacking and habitual energy intake. Appetite 2021; 167:105646. [PMID: 34390779 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed close links between human olfaction, appetite, and food choice. However, it remains unclear whether olfactory sensitivity plays a direct role in determining food and energy intake. The present study addresses this question by assessing relationships between individual olfactory discriminability (at a suprathreshold level), snacking, and habitual energy intake. A total of 92 healthy Caucasian males (mean age = 26.1, SD = 5.8) were tested for their olfactory discriminability (measured by d') to three food-related odorants (O1 - Vanillin, O2 - Methional, and O3 - Maltol/Furaneol mixture) with a 2-AFC method of constant stimuli. These sensory data were then analysed with two separate measures of food consumption - (1) snack energy intake within an ad libitum buffet setting; (2) habitual energy intake using four-day weighed food records. Univariate analyses of variance revealed significant results with regards to O1. Specifically, individuals with higher discriminability consumed significantly less energy from snacking as opposed to their less sensitive counterparts (p = 0.05). However, no significant relationship was found between individual olfactory discriminability and habitual energy intake. While recent years have seen increasing research focus on how external olfactory cues affect food consumption, our study offers particularly novel insights regarding the role of individual olfactory sensitivity in shaping eating behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ginieis
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sashie Abeywickrema
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Indrawati Oey
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Tracy Perry
- Division of Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Russell S J Keast
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mei Peng
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Hwang JJ. Food for Thought. J Nutr 2021; 151:2089-2091. [PMID: 34195820 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janice J Hwang
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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45
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Tan Z, Li G, Zhang W, Wang J, Hu Y, Li H, Zhang L, Lv S, Jia Z, Li X, Han Y, Cui G, Manza P, Volkow ND, Nie Y, Ji G, Wang GJ, Zhang Y. Obese Individuals Show Disrupted Dynamic Functional Connectivity between Basal Ganglia and Salience Networks. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5676-5685. [PMID: 34240115 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have showed obesity (OB)-related alterations in intrinsic functional connectivity (FC) within and between different resting-state networks (RSNs). However, few studies have examined dynamic functional connectivity (DFC). Thus, we employed resting-state fMRI with independent component analysis (ICA) and DFC analysis to investigate the alterations in FC within and between RSNs in 56 individuals with OB and 46 normal-weight (NW) controls. ICA identified six RSNs, including basal ganglia (BG), salience network (SN), right executive control network/left executive control network, and anterior default-mode network (aDMN)/posterior default-mode network. The DFC analysis identified four FC states. OB compared with NW had more occurrences and a longer mean dwell time (MDT) in state 2 (positive connectivity of BG with other RSN) and also had higher FC of BG-SN in other states. Body mass index was positively correlated with MDT and FCs of BG-aDMN (state 2) and BG-SN (state 4). DFC analysis within more refined nodes of RSNs showed that OB had more occurrences and a longer MDT in state 1 in which caudate had positive connections with the other network nodes. The findings suggest an association between caudate-related and BG-related positive FC in OB, which was not revealed by traditional FC analysis, highlighting the utility of adding DFC to the more conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxin Tan
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Guanya Li
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Hao Li
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Shuai Lv
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Zhenzhen Jia
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Guangbin Cui
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Gang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710071, China
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Nakamura Y, Ando S, Yamasaki S, Okada N, Nishida A, Kasai K, Tanaka S, Nakatani H, Koike S. Dietary Restraint Related to Body Weight Maintenance and Neural Processing in Value-Coding Areas in Adolescents. J Nutr 2021; 151:2059-2067. [PMID: 33847349 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an alarming increase in the obesity prevalence among children in an environment of increasing availability of preprocessed high-calorie foods. However, some people maintain a healthy weight even in such obesogenic environments. This difference in body weight management could be attributed to individual differences in dietary restraint; however, its underlying neurocognitive mechanisms in adolescents remain unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to elucidate these neurocognitive mechanisms in adolescents by examining the relationships between dietary restraint and the food-related value-coding region located in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). METHODS The association between dietary restraint and BMI was tested using a multilinear regression analysis in a large early adolescent cohort (n = 2554; age, 12.2 ± 0.3 years; BMI, 17.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2; 1354 boys). Further, an fMRI experiment was designed to assess the association between the vmPFC response to food images and dietary restraint in 30 adolescents (age, 17.6 ± 1.9 years; BMI, 20.7 ± 2.2 kg/m2; 13 boys). Additionally, using 54 individuals from the cohort (age, 14.5 ± 0.6 years; BMI, 18.8 ± 2.6 kg/m2; 31 boys), we assessed the association between dietary restraint and intrinsic vmPFC-related functional connectivity. RESULTS In the cohort, adolescents with increased dietary restraint showed a lower BMI (β = -0.38; P < 0.001; B = -0.06; SE = 0.003). The fMRI results showed a decreased vmPFC response to high-calorie food were correlated with greater dietary restraint. Moreover, there was an association of attenuated intrinsic vmPFC-related functional connectivity in the superior and middle frontal gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus with greater dietary restraint. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that dietary restraint in adolescents could be a preventive factor for weight gain; its effect involves modulating the vmPFC, which is associated with food value coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- The Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ando
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syudo Yamasaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- The Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan.,University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Tanaka
- Advanced Telecommunications Research (ATR) Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Nakatani
- Department of Information Media Technology, Tokai University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- The Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan.,University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Sewaybricker LE, Melhorn SJ, Rosenbaum JL, Askren MK, Tyagi V, Webb MF, De Leon MRB, Grabowski TJ, Schur EA. Reassessing relationships between appetite and adiposity in people at risk of obesity: A twin study using fMRI. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113504. [PMID: 34147511 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies suggest that appetitive drive is enhanced in obesity. OBJECTIVE To test if appetitive drive varies in direct proportion to the level of body adiposity after accounting for genetic factors that contribute to both brain response and obesity risk. SUBJECTS/METHODS Participants were adult monozygotic (n = 54) and dizygotic (n = 30) twins with at least one member of the pair with obesity. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Hormonal and appetite measures were obtained in response to a standardized meal that provided 20% of estimated daily caloric needs and to an ad libitum buffet meal. Pre- and post-meal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) assessed brain response to visual food cues in a set of a priori appetite-regulating regions. Exploratory voxelwise analyses outside a priori regions were performed with correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS In a group of 84 adults, the majority with obesity (75%), body fat mass was not associated with hormonal responses to a meal (glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin, all P>0.40), subjective feelings of hunger (β=-0.01 mm [95% CI -0.35, 0.34] P = 0.97) and fullness (β=0.15 mm [-0.15, 0.44] P = 0.33), or buffet meal intake in relation to estimated daily caloric needs (β=0.28% [-0.05, 0.60] P = 0.10). Body fat mass was also not associated with brain response to high-calorie food cues in appetite-regulating regions (Pre-meal β=-0.12 [-0.32, 0.09] P = 0.26; Post-meal β=0.18 [-0.02, 0.37] P = 0.09; Change by a meal β=0.29 [-0.02, 0.61] P = 0.07). Conversely, lower fat mass was associated with being weight reduced (β=-0.05% [-0.07, -0.03] P<0.001) and greater pre-meal activation to high-calorie food cues in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Z = 3.63 P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS In a large study of adult twins, the majority with overweight or obesity, the level of adiposity was not associated with excess appetitive drive as assessed by behavioral, hormonal, or fMRI measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia E Sewaybricker
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Susan J Melhorn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Jennifer L Rosenbaum
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Mary K Askren
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Vidhi Tyagi
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Mary F Webb
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Mary Rosalynn B De Leon
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Thomas J Grabowski
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Ellen A Schur
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St. Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA.
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Bhargava A, Arnold AP, Bangasser DA, Denton KM, Gupta A, Hilliard Krause LM, Mayer EA, McCarthy M, Miller WL, Raznahan A, Verma R. Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Basic and Clinical Studies: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:219-258. [PMID: 33704446 PMCID: PMC8348944 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) stated its intent to "require applicants to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) in the design and analysis of NIH-funded research involving animals and cells." Since then, proposed research plans that include animals routinely state that both sexes/genders will be used; however, in many instances, researchers and reviewers are at a loss about the issue of sex differences. Moreover, the terms sex and gender are used interchangeably by many researchers, further complicating the issue. In addition, the sex or gender of the researcher might influence study outcomes, especially those concerning behavioral studies, in both animals and humans. The act of observation may change the outcome (the "observer effect") and any experimental manipulation, no matter how well-controlled, is subject to it. This is nowhere more applicable than in physiology and behavior. The sex of established cultured cell lines is another issue, in addition to aneuploidy; chromosomal numbers can change as cells are passaged. Additionally, culture medium contains steroids, growth hormone, and insulin that might influence expression of various genes. These issues often are not taken into account, determined, or even considered. Issues pertaining to the "sex" of cultured cells are beyond the scope of this Statement. However, we will discuss the factors that influence sex and gender in both basic research (that using animal models) and clinical research (that involving human subjects), as well as in some areas of science where sex differences are routinely studied. Sex differences in baseline physiology and associated mechanisms form the foundation for understanding sex differences in diseases pathology, treatments, and outcomes. The purpose of this Statement is to highlight lessons learned, caveats, and what to consider when evaluating data pertaining to sex differences, using 3 areas of research as examples; it is not intended to serve as a guideline for research design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bhargava
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arthur P Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kate M Denton
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arpana Gupta
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lucinda M Hilliard Krause
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Margaret McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Walter L Miller
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ragini Verma
- Diffusion and Connectomics In Precision Healthcare Research (DiCIPHR) lab, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Nakamura Y, Koike S. Association of Disinhibited Eating and Trait of Impulsivity With Insula and Amygdala Responses to Palatable Liquid Consumption. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:647143. [PMID: 34012386 PMCID: PMC8128107 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.647143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating behavior is not only influenced by the current energy balance, but also by the behavioral characteristics of eating. One of the recognized eating behavior constructs is ‘disinhibited eating,’ which refers to the tendency to overeat in response to negative emotional states or the presence of highly palatable foods. Food-related disinhibition is involved in binge eating, weight gain, and obesity and is also associated with the trait of impulsivity, which in turn, is linked to weight gain or maladaptive eating. However, the relationships among food-related disinhibition, the trait of impulsivity, and the neural substrates of eating behaviors in adolescence remain unclear. Therefore, we designed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to examine the associations between brain responses to palatable liquid consumption and disinhibited eating behavior or impulsivity in healthy adolescents. Thirty-four adolescents (mean age ± standard deviation = 17.12 ± 1.91 years, age range = 14–19 years, boys = 15, girls = 19) participated in this study. Disinhibited eating was assessed with the disinhibition subscale of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, while impulsivity was assessed using the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Participants received two fMRI sessions−a palatable liquid consumption fMRI and a resting-state fMRI. The fMRI experiment showed that increased disinhibited eating was positively associated with a greater insular response to palatable liquid consumption, while increased impulsivity was positively correlated with a greater amygdala response. The resting-state fMRI experiment showed that increased disinhibited eating was positively correlated with strengthened intrinsic functional connectivity between the insula and the amygdala, adjusting for sex (estimates of the beta coefficients = 0.146, standard error = 0.068, p = 0.040). Given that the amygdala and insular cortex are structurally and functionally connected and involved in trait impulsivity and ingestive behavior, our findings suggest that increased disinhibited eating would be associated with impulsivity via strengthened intrinsic functional connectivity between the insula and amygdala and linked to maladaptive eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Neurointelligence, The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, Tokyo, Japan.,UTokyo Institute for Diversity and Adaptation of Human Mind, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Li G, Hu Y, Zhang W, Ding Y, Wang Y, Wang J, He Y, Lv G, Deneen KM, Zhao Y, Chen A, Han Y, Cui G, Ji G, Manza P, Tomasi D, Volkow ND, Nie Y, Wang G, Zhang Y. Resting activity of the hippocampus and amygdala in obese individuals predicts their response to food cues. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12974. [PMID: 33084195 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obese individuals exhibit brain functional abnormalities in multiple regions implicated in reward/motivation, emotion/memory, homeostatic regulation, and executive control when exposed to food cues and during rest. However, it remains unclear whether abnormal brain responses to food cues might account for or relate to their abnormal activity in resting state. This information would be useful for understanding the neural mechanisms behind hyperactive responses to food cues, a critical marker of obesity. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) and a cue-reactivity fMRI task with high- (HiCal) and low-caloric (LoCal) food cues were employed to investigate brain baseline activity and food cue-induced activation differences in 44 obese participants (OB), in 37 overweight participants (OW), and in 37 normal weight (NW) controls. One-way analyses of variance showed there was a group difference in the left hippocampus/amygdala activity during resting state and during food-cue stimulation (pFWE < 0.05); post-hoc tests showed the OB group had both greater basal activity and greater food cue-induced activation than the OW and NW groups; OW had higher activity in the hippocampus/amygdala than the NW group, which was only significant during resting state. In the OB group, resting-state activity in the left hippocampus/amygdala was positively correlated with activation induced by HiCal food cues, and both of these measures correlated with body mass index (BMI). Mediation analysis showed that the relationship between BMI and hippocampus/amygdala response to HiCal food cues was mediated by their resting-state activity. These findings suggest a close association between obesity and brain functional abnormality in the hippocampus/amygdala. They also indicate that resting-state activity in the hippocampus/amygdala may impact these regions' responses to food cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanya Li
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Yang Hu
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Yueyan Ding
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Jia Wang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Yang He
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Ganggang Lv
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Karen M. Deneen
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Antao Chen
- Department of Psychology Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Guangbin Cui
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Gang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Gene‐Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Brain Imaging, School of Life Science and Technology Xidian University Xi'an China
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