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Nuuttila OP, Uusitalo A, Kokkonen VP, Kyröläinen H. Self-Paced Field Running Test in Monitoring Fatigue and Training Adaptations in Recreational Runners. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39244198 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the reproducibility and sensitivity of a self-paced field running test (SFT) in monitoring positive and negative changes in endurance performance. METHODS A total of 27 (11 women) recreational runners participated in a 6-week training intervention. The intervention was divided into a 3-week baseline period, a 2-week overload period, and a 1-week recovery period. An incremental treadmill test was performed before the baseline period and a 3000-m running test before and after all periods (T1-T4). In addition, the participants performed once a week an SFT (SFT1-6), which consisted of submaximal (6 + 6 + 3-min test at perceived exertion of 9/20, 13/20, and 17/20) and maximal sections (6 × 3-min intervals at maximum sustainable effort). The associations between the incremental treadmill test and the SFT1 performance were examined with the Pearson correlation, and the intraclass correlation was analyzed for the parameters of SFT1 to SFT3 sessions during the baseline period. The repeated-measures correlation was calculated for the 3000-m speed at T1 to T4 and the corresponding speeds at SFT. RESULTS Significant associations (r = .68-.93; P < .001) were found between the speeds of the SFT and the peak and lactate threshold speeds of the incremental treadmill test. Intraclass correlations varied between .77 and .96, being the highest for the average speed of 6 × 3-minute intervals. Repeated-measures correlation was significant (P < .05) for the 9/20 (r = .24), 13/20 (r = .24), and 6 × 3-minute intervals (r = .29). CONCLUSIONS The SFT seemed a reproducible method to estimate endurance performance in recreational runners. The sensitivity to track short-term and small-magnitude changes in performance seems more limited and might require more standardized conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli-Pekka Nuuttila
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arja Uusitalo
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Kokkonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Sondt N, Bernier M, Kermarrec G, Vacher P. Exploring the role of mindfulness in the stress-recovery balance: 10-Day monitoring of young BMX riders in an intensive training center during a pre-competition cycle. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 74:102680. [PMID: 38797224 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Considering mindfulness as a multidimensional disposition domain-specific skill and state, this study aimed to explore the effect of the dimensions of mindfulness on the trajectories of biopsychosocial stress-recovery balance and on HRV over 10 days of a pre-competitive cycle. 24 young BMX riders completed mindfulness disposition and domain-specific skill scales. Monitoring of the recovery-stress states was based on biopsychosocial measurements (daily and biweekly). RMSSD was used to assess the organism ability to cope with the training program stimulus. After each training session, riders self-rated their state of mindfulness. Multilevel growth curve analyses examined the linear and/or quadratic trajectories of the athletes' recovery-stress states and the effect of mindfulness on these trajectories. Mindfulness states results showed that the refocusing state had a significant negative quadratic effect over time on daily recovery and sport-specific recovery, and the awareness state on general recovery and total recovery. Concerning the dispositions of mindfulness, the observing component had a significant positive quadratic effect over time on daily stress. Nonreactivity had a significant positive quadratic effect over time on daily recovery and sport-specific recovery, and a significant positive effect on RMSSD. Acting with awareness had a significant positive effect on daily recovery and a significant negative effect on RMSSD. The study offered a better understanding of the effect of mindfulness (dispositions, domain-specific skills, and states) and its different components on the stress-recovery balance. The results suggest that mindfulness could be considered a promising effective psychological recovery strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Sondt
- Univ Brest, Laboratory CREAD, F-29200 Brest, France.
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Arguedas-Soley A, Shushan T, Murphy A, Poulos N, Lovell R, Norris D. Can We Just Play? Internal Validity of Assessing Physiological State With a Semistandardized Kicking Drill in Professional Australian Football. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:882-889. [PMID: 38996450 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine associations between exercise heart rate (HRex) during a continuous-fixed submaximal fitness test (CF-SMFT) and an intermittent-variable protocol (semistandardized kicking drill [SSD]) in Australian Football athletes, controlling for external intensities, within-session scheduling, and environmental conditions. METHODS Forty-four professional male Australian Football athletes (22.8 [8.0] y) were monitored over 10 sessions involving a 3-minute CF-SMFT (12 km·h-1) as the first activity and a SSD administered 35.7 (8.0) minutes after the CF-SMFT. Initial heart rate and HRex were collected, with external intensities measured as average velocity (in meters per minute) and average acceleration-deceleration (in meters per second squared). Environmental conditions were sampled. A penalized hierarchical linear mixed model was tuned for a Bayesian information criterion minima using a 10-fold cross-validation, with out-of-sample prediction accuracy assessed via root-mean-squared error. RESULTS SSD average acceleration-deceleration, initial heart rate, temperature, and ground hardness were significant moderators in the tuned model. When model covariates were held constant, a 1%-point change in SSD HRex associated with a 0.4%-point change in CF-SMFT HRex (95% CI, 0.3-0.5). The tuned model predicted CF-SMFT HRex with an average root-mean-squared error of 2.64 (0.57) over the 10-fold cross-validation, with 74% and 86% of out-of-sample predictions falling within 2.7%-points and 3.7%-points, respectively, from observed values, representing the lower and upper limits for detecting meaningful changes in HRex according to the documented typical error. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the use of an SSD to monitor physiological state in Australian Football athletes, despite varied scheduling within session. Model predictions of CF-SMFT HRex from SSD HRex closely aligned with observed values, considering measurement imprecision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Arguedas-Soley
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of High Performance, Greater Western Sydney (GWS) Giants Football Club, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tzlil Shushan
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Murphy
- Department of High Performance, Greater Western Sydney (GWS) Giants Football Club, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Poulos
- Department of High Performance, Greater Western Sydney (GWS) Giants Football Club, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ric Lovell
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Dean Norris
- Department of High Performance, Greater Western Sydney (GWS) Giants Football Club, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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O'Connor FK, Doering TM, Chapman ND, Ritchie DM, Bartlett JD. A two-year examination of the relation between internal and external load and heart rate variability in Australian Rules Football. J Sports Sci 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39206749 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2390238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and training load in team-sport is unknown. We therefore assessed relations between completed training-load in the previous 1-, 3- and 7-days and waking HRV in professional Australian Rules Football. Linear-mixed models analysed changes in HRV, considering training load from the previous 1-, 3- and 7-days. Total Distance (TD), distance >14.4 km ‧ h-1 (HSR) and >24.9 km ‧ h-1 (Sprint-Distance), duration >85% max heart rate and Rating of Perceived Exertion were included as independent variables. Sub-group analysis of season-phase and years of professional experience was also conducted. Increased three-day Sprint-Distance reduced HRV in the first 8-weeks of pre-season (-13.1 ms, p = 0.03) and across the data collection period (-3.75 ms, p = 0.01). In first-year players, higher previous-day (-63.3 ms, p=0.04) and seven-day TD (-38.2 ms, p = 0.02) reduced HRV, whilst higher seven-day HSR increased HRV (34.5 ms, p = 0.01). In players with five-to-seven years of professional experience, higher three-day (-14.4 ms, p = 0.02) and seven-day TD (-15.7 ms, p = 0.01) reduced HRV, while higher three-day HSR increased HRV (12.5 ms, p = 0.04). In players with greater than eight years of professional experience, higher previous-day Sprint-Distance reduced HRV (-13.1 ms, p < 0.008). Completed training load across the previous 7-days influences HRV, but the relation between variables is complex and influenced by professional experience and season-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus K O'Connor
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas M Doering
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Neil D Chapman
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dean M Ritchie
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Queensland, Australia
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Olbert E, Teuschl Y, Mahringer C, Struhal W. Power modulation spectrum - a promising approach for the indispensable quality control of electrocardiogram signals from monitoring units for the detection of autonomic dysfunction. J Neurol Sci 2024; 465:123170. [PMID: 39173326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.123170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electrocardiogram (ECG) is essential for evaluating the autonomic nervous system. Ensuring the quality of real-world ECG datasets is critical, but manual control of large datasets is impractical. Thus, automated quality control is necessary. This paper introduces a new quality index, the peak-distance quality index (PDQI), based on the modulation spectrum approach. METHODS Real-life data from 1000 ECG recordings, each 600 s long, were collected at the stroke unit of the University Hospital Tulln. Each ECG was visually evaluated, including the duration of the signal, artefacts and noise, and the number of extrasystoles. The power-modulation spectrum, the percentage of ECG in each signal, and modulation spectrum-based quality index (MS-QI) and PDQI were calculated. The area under the curve (AUC) for the detection of high-quality ECGs was calculated for both quality indices, as well as the optimal threshold for each index. RESULTS The percentage of ECG signals in the recordings based on the modulation spectrum correlates with expert rating (r = 0.99, p < 0.001). The AUC for PDQI for the detection of extrasystoles is 0.96, and the AUC for MSQI for the detection of artefacts is 0.83. The optimal thresholds for PDQI and MSQI are 0.44 and 0.17, respectively CONCLUSION: The power modulation spectrum can be applied to large amounts of data to detect ECG signals within biosignals and calculate quality indices. MSQI can be used for artefact detection and PDQI for extrasystole detection in ECG signals. A combined approach using both quality indices can provide a picture of the underlying data quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Olbert
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Tulln, Alter Ziegelweg 10, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Yvonne Teuschl
- Department for Clinical Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, University for Continuing Education Krems, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | | | - Walter Struhal
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Tulln, Alter Ziegelweg 10, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Tendero-Ortiz E, Johnson MJ, Horsfall CM, Vondrasek JD, Grosicki GJ, Riemann BL, Flatt AA. Tournament Recovery Profiles and Physical Demands in a Collegiate Women's Tennis Team. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00505. [PMID: 39074238 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Tendero-Ortiz, E, Johnson, MJ, Horsfall, CM, Vondrasek, JD, Grosicki, GJ, Riemann, BL, and Flatt, AA. Tournament recovery profiles and physical demands in a collegiate women's tennis team. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-We aimed to characterize recovery profiles and tournament physical demands in women's collegiate tennis players. A Division 1 team (n = 9) participated in the study. Markers of cardiac autonomic (resting heart rate [HR], HR variability), neuromuscular (isometric handgrip strength, seated single-arm shot-put test [SSAPT], hexagon agility, countermovement jump characteristics), and perceptual recovery were obtained before the tournament (baseline) and again 1 and 2 days posttournament. Cardiorespiratory (HR) and movement characteristics from matches were quantified with wearable devices. p values < 0.05 were statistically significant. No recovery markers differed from baseline (ps > 0.05), although small effect size reductions 1 day posttournament were noted for SSAPT, hexagon agility, and select countermovement jump characteristics. In addition, hexagon agility times and SSAPT were slower (p < 0.01) and shorter (p < 0.05), respectively, at 1 versus 2 days posttournament. Similarly, relative to 1 day posttournament, perceptual makers were improved 2 days posttournament (ps < 0.05). Mean and peak HR were higher for singles versus doubles matches (ps < 0.05). Except for average speed, movement parameters were greater during singles versus doubles matches (ps < 0.05). Markers of recovery were minimally affected 1 day posttournament relative to baseline, but perceptual and select neuromuscular markers were most improved 2 days posttournament. Thus, passive rest or limited intensity training 1 day posttournament seems advisable. Competition HR and movement profiles inform practitioners of the cardiorespiratory and locomotor demands of women's collegiate tennis, which may be useful in designing preparatory conditioning programs to ensure that players attain match-specific physical capacities in training before competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tendero-Ortiz
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University-Armstrong Campus, Savannah, Georgia
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Rabbani A, Ermidis G, Clemente FM, Anderson L. Monitoring Within-Individual Dose-Response Relationships in Professional Soccer Players: The Importance of Fitness Level. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:670-676. [PMID: 38754857 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To (1) examine within-individual player dose-response associations between selected training-load measures and changes in aerobic fitness level via submaximal exercise heart rate (HRex%) and (2) measure the relationships between these dose-response associations with basal HRex% (to study the influence of fitness level on dose-response relationship). METHODS During an in-season phase, selected training-load measures including total minutes, total distance, mechanical work (the sum number of accelerations and decelerations > 3 m2), high metabolic load distance, and Edwards' training impulse were collected via Global Positioning System and heart-rate sensors for analyzing accumulated load. A submaximal warm-up test was used repeatedly before and after 9 phases to elicit HRex% and track fitness changes at an individual level. RESULTS Negative to positive extensive ranges of within-individual associations were found among players for different metrics (r = -.84 to .89). The relationship between pooled HRex% (basal fitness) and dose-response correlations showed inverse very large (r = -.71) and large (r = -.65) values for accumulated weekly minutes and distance. However, moderate values were found for all other measures (r = -.35 to -.42). CONCLUSIONS Individual players show extensive different ranges of dose-response associations with training measures. The dose-response association is influenced by players' fitness level, and players with lower fitness levels show stronger inverse relationships with accumulated minutes and total distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rabbani
- Department of Sport Sciences, Ittihad Kalba F.C, Kalba, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Sport Science, OFI Crete F.C, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Liam Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Nuuttila O, Uusitalo A, Kokkonen V, Weerarathna N, Kyröläinen H. Monitoring fatigue state with heart rate-based and subjective methods during intensified training in recreational runners. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:857-869. [PMID: 38956784 PMCID: PMC11235883 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was firstly to examine the sensitivity of heart rate (HR)-based and subjective monitoring markers to intensified endurance training; and secondly, to investigate the validity of these markers to distinguish individuals in different fatigue states. A total of 24 recreational runners performed a 3-week baseline period, a 2-week overload period, and a 1-week recovery period. Performance was assessed before and after each period with a 3000m running test. Recovery was monitored with daily orthostatic tests, nocturnal HR recordings, questionnaires, and exercise data. The participants were divided into subgroups (overreached/OR, n = 8; responders/RESP, n = 12) based on the changes in performance and subjective recovery. The responses to the second week of the overload period were compared between the subgroups. RESP improved their baseline 3000 m time (p < 0.001) after the overload period (-2.5 ± 1.0%), and the change differed (p < 0.001) from OR (0.6 ± 1.2%). The changes in nocturnal HR (OR 3.2 ± 3.1%; RESP -2.8 ± 3.7%, p = 0.002) and HR variability (OR -0.7 ± 1.8%; RESP 2.1 ± 1.6%, p = 0.011) differed between the subgroups. In addition, the decrease in subjective readiness to train (p = 0.009) and increase in soreness of the legs (p = 0.04) were greater in OR compared to RESP. Nocturnal HR, readiness to train, and exercise-derived HR-running power index had ≥85% positive and negative predictive values in the discrimination between OR and RESP individuals. In conclusion, exercise tolerance can vary substantially in recreational runners. The results supported the usefulness of nocturnal HR and subjective recovery assessments in recognizing fatigue states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli‐Pekka Nuuttila
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion ResearchTampereFinland
| | - Arja Uusitalo
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, ClinicumUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Clinic for Sports and Exercise MedicineFoundation for Sports and Exercise MedicineHelsinkiFinland
| | | | | | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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Hung CH, Lu WA, Pagaduan JC, Kuo CD, Chen YS. Agreement of ultra-short-term heart rate variability measure after different repeated bouts of sprint ability tests. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241262150. [PMID: 39096045 PMCID: PMC11298065 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241262150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to explore: (1) the validity of post-exercise ultra-short-term heart rate variability (HRVust) after two different bouts of repeated sprint ability test (RSA), and (2) the relationship between HRVust measure and RSA performance. Twenty adolescent male futsal players voluntarily participated in this study (age: 17.65 ± 1.81 years, body height: 170.88 ± 4.98 cm, body weight: 61.78 ± 4.67 kg). The participants performed a standard RSA test (RSAstandard) and an RSA test with a 10% decrement of the best sprint time test (RSA10%decrement) on two separate occasions within a week. On both occasions, a 5-min resting electrocardiography was administered pre- and post-RSA exercise protocols. The first 30-s (HRVust30s), 60-s (HRVust60s), and 60-120-s (HRVust1-2min) were extracted and used to compare with the standard of 5-min HRV recording (HRVcriterion). The natural logarithm (ln) of the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) and root mean square of successive normal-to-normal interval differences (RMSSD) HRV indices were utilised to establish intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), coefficient of variation (%CV), and Pearson product-moment correlation (r). Results revealed the ICC values of HRVust lnSDNN (RSAstandard = 0.77-0.88; RSA10%decrement = 0.41-0.71) and lnRMSSD (RSAstandard = 0.81-0.86; RSA10%decrement = 0.57-0.82). Furthermore, significantly positive correlations between best sprint time and post-exercise HRVust indices were found in lnSDNN (r = 0.47-0.62; p < 0.05) and lnRMSSD (r = 0.45; p < 0.05). Additionally, a large CV of lnSDNN (RSAstandard = 32%-45%; RSA10%decrement = 29%-39%), lnRMSSD (RSAstandard = 50%-66%; RSA10%decrement = 48%-52%), and ratio (RSAstandard = 45%-126%; RSA10%decrement = 27%-45%) was found after the RSA protocols. In conclusion, the number of bouts of RSA exercise potentially influences the agreement of post-exercise time-domain HRVust indices to standard HRV measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hwai Hung
- Department of Physical Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City
| | - Wan-An Lu
- College of LOHAS Industry, Fo-Guang University, Yilan
- Tanyu Research Laboratory, Taipei
| | - Jeffrey Cayaban Pagaduan
- Tanyu Research Laboratory, Taipei
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Institute of Active Lifestyle, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Cheng-Deng Kuo
- Tanyu Research Laboratory, Taipei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu County
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hsiao Chung-Cheng Healthcare Group, New Taipei City
| | - Yung-Sheng Chen
- Tanyu Research Laboratory, Taipei
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei
- Exercise and Health Promotion Association, New Taipei City
- High Performance Unit, Chinese Taipei Football Association, New Taipei City
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Gielen J, Stessens L, Meeusen R, Aerts JM. Identifying time-varying dynamics of heart rate and oxygen uptake from single ramp incremental running tests. Physiol Meas 2024; 45:065008. [PMID: 38861999 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad56f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Objective.The fact that ramp incremental exercise yields quasi-linear responses for pulmonary oxygen uptake (V˙O2) and heart rate (HR) seems contradictory to the well-known non-linear behavior of underlying physiological processes. Prior research highlights this issue and demonstrates how a balancing of system gain and response time parameters causes linearV˙O2responses during ramp tests. This study builds upon this knowledge and extracts the time-varying dynamics directly from HR andV˙O2data of single ramp incremental running tests.Approach.A large-scale open access dataset of 735 ramp incremental running tests is analyzed. The dynamics are obtained by means of 1st order autoregressive and exogenous models with time-variant parameters. This allows for the estimates of time constant (τ) and steady state gain (SSG) to vary with work rate.Main results.As the work rate increases,τ-values increase on average from 38 to 132 s for HR, and from 27 to 35 s forV˙O2. Both increases are statistically significant (p< 0.01). Further, SSG-values decrease on average from 14 to 9 bpm (km·h-1)-1for HR, and from 218 to 144 ml·min-1forV˙O2(p< 0.01 for decrease parameters of HR andV˙O2). The results of this modeling approach are line with literature reporting on cardiorespiratory dynamics obtained using standard procedures.Significance.We show that time-variant modeling is able to determine the time-varying dynamics HR andV˙O2responses to ramp incremental running directly from individual tests. The proposed method allows for gaining insights into the cardiorespiratory response characteristics when no repeated measurements are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Gielen
- Biosystems Department, Research Group M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Loes Stessens
- Biosystems Department, Research Group M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Aerts
- Biosystems Department, Research Group M3-BIORES, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Mirto M, Filipas L, Altini M, Codella R, Meloni A. Heart Rate Variability in Professional and Semiprofessional Soccer: A Scoping Review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14673. [PMID: 38859758 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In modern soccer, fitness and fatigue monitoring tools tend to be focused on noninvasive, time-efficient and player-friendly measures. Heart rate variability (HRV) has been suggested as an effective method for monitoring training response and readiness to perform. However, there is still a lack of consensus on HRV monitoring when it comes to soccer. Thus, this scoping review aims to map existing evidence on HRV in professional and semiprofessional soccer settings, and to identify knowledge gaps to inform future research directions. A search of databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar) according to the PRISMA-ScR statement was employed. Studies were screened for eligibility on inclusion criteria: (1) HRV was among the topics discussed in the article; (2) adult professional or semiprofessional soccer players were involved in the study; (3) both male and female participants; (4) no geographical area exclusion; (5) articles published in English; and (6) article full text available. The search of the selected databases revealed 8456 records. The titles and abstracts of all articles were retrieved for screening of eligibility, leaving 30 articles for further consideration. Following screening against set criteria, a total of 25 studies were included in this review, the sample size of which ranged from 6 to 124 participants. The participants in the included studies were professional and semiprofessional soccer players, interviewed clubs staff, and practitioners. Along with other monitoring strategies, morning vagally mediated HRV analysis via (ultra)short-term orthostatic measurements may be an efficient way to assess training adaptations and readiness to perform in professional and semiprofessional soccer players. Further research is required to make definitive recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mirto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Filipas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Altini
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Meloni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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12
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Mandorino M, Tessitore A, Lacome M. Loading or Unloading? This Is the Question! A Multi-Season Study in Professional Football Players. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:148. [PMID: 38921842 PMCID: PMC11209073 DOI: 10.3390/sports12060148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the impact of training load periodization on neuromuscular readiness in elite football players using the Locomotor Efficiency Index (LEI) as a measure of performance optimization. Throughout the 2021/22 and 2022/23 seasons, 106 elite male players (age: 19.5 ± 3.9 years) from an Italian professional football club were monitored using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) external load data. The LEI was derived from a machine learning model, specifically random forest regression, which compared predicted and actual PlayerLoad™ values to evaluate neuromuscular efficiency. Players were categorized by weekly LEI into three readiness states: bad, normal, and good. Analysis focused on the variation in weekly LEI relative to weekly load percentage variation (large decrease, moderate decrease, no variation, moderate increase, large increase), which included total distance, high-speed distance (above 25.2 km/h), and mechanical load, defined as the sum of accelerations and decelerations. Statistical analysis showed significant differences only with variations in total distance and mechanical load. Specifically, reducing weekly loads improved LEI in players in lower readiness states, while maintaining or slightly increasing loads promoted optimal readiness. This approach enables coaches to tailor training prescriptions more effectively, optimizing workload and recovery to sustain player performance throughout a demanding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mandorino
- Performance and Analytics Department, Parma Calcio 1913, 43121 Parma, Italy;
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mathieu Lacome
- Performance and Analytics Department, Parma Calcio 1913, 43121 Parma, Italy;
- Sport Expertise and Performance Laboratory, French National Institute of Sports (INSEP), 75012 Paris, France
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13
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Addleman JS, Lackey NS, DeBlauw JA, Hajduczok AG. Heart Rate Variability Applications in Strength and Conditioning: A Narrative Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:93. [PMID: 38921629 PMCID: PMC11204851 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is defined as the fluctuation of time intervals between adjacent heartbeats and is commonly used as a surrogate measure of autonomic function. HRV has become an increasingly measured variable by wearable technology for use in fitness and sport applications. However, with its increased use, a gap has arisen between the research and the application of this technology in strength and conditioning. The goal of this narrative literature review is to discuss current evidence and propose preliminary guidelines regarding the application of HRV in strength and conditioning. A literature review was conducted searching for HRV and strength and conditioning, aiming to focus on studies with time-domain measurements. Studies suggest that HRV is a helpful metric to assess training status, adaptability, and recovery after a training program. Although reduced HRV may be a sign of overreaching and/or overtraining syndrome, it may not be a sensitive marker in aerobic-trained athletes and therefore has different utilities for different athletic populations. There is likely utility to HRV-guided programming compared to predefined programming in several types of training. Evidence-based preliminary guidelines for the application of HRV in strength and conditioning are discussed. This is an evolving area of research, and more data are needed to evaluate the best practices for applying HRV in strength and conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Addleman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Lackey
- Center for Applied Biobehavioral Sciences (CABS), Alliant International University, San Diego, CA 92131, USA;
| | - Justin A. DeBlauw
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Alexander G. Hajduczok
- Department of Cardiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
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14
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Vasquez-Bonilla A, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Gómez-Carmona CD, Olcina G, Olivares-Arancibia J, Rojas-Valverde D. Calculating Load and Intensity Using Muscle Oxygen Saturation Data. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:113. [PMID: 38668581 PMCID: PMC11054888 DOI: 10.3390/sports12040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to calculate training intensity and load using muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) during two differentiated physical tasks. 29 university athletes participated in a 40-m Maximal Shuttle Run Test (MST, 10 × 40-m with 30 s recovery between sprints) and a 3000-m time trial run. Distance and time were used to calculate external load (EL). Internal load indicators were calculated based on percentage of maximum heart rate (%HRMAX) and SmO2 variables: muscle oxygen extraction (∇%SmO2) and the cardio-muscle oxygen index (CMOI) was also provided by relating ∇%SmO2 ÷ %HRMAX, and the training load were calculated as the product of speed (m/min × IL) and the efficiency index [Effindex (m/min ÷ IL)]. A student t test was applied based on Bayesian factor analysis. As expected, EL differed in the 40-m MST (331 ± 22.8) vs. 3000-m trials (222 ± 56.8) [BF10 = 6.25e+6; p = <0.001]. Likewise, IL showed higher values in 40-m MST (39.20 ± 15.44) vs. 3000-m (30.51 ± 8.67) in CMOI: [BF10 = 1.70; p = 0.039]. Training load was greater in 40-m MST (85.77 ± 27.40) vs. 3000-m (15.55 ± 6.77) [(m/min × ∇%SmO2): BF10 = 12.5; p = 0.003] and 40-m MST (129.27 ± 49.44) vs. 3000-m (70.63 ± 32.98) [(m/min × CMOI): BF10 = 169.6; p = <0.001]. Also, the Effindex was higher in 40-m MST (10.19 ± 4.17) vs. 3000-m (6.06 ± 2.21) [(m/min × ∇%SmO2): BF10 = 137.03; p = <0.001] and 40-m MST (9.69 ± 4.11) vs. 3000-m (7.55 ± 1.87) [(m/min × CMOI): BF10 = 1.86; p = 0.035]. This study demonstrates calculations of training intensity and load based on SmO2 as an internal load indicator along with speed as an external load indicator during two differentiated exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Vasquez-Bonilla
- Grupo de Avances en Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (A.V.-B.); (G.O.)
| | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile;
| | - Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Grupo de Optimización del Entrenamiento Deportivo, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain;
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Grupo de Avances en Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (A.V.-B.); (G.O.)
| | - Jorge Olivares-Arancibia
- Grupo AFySE, Investigación en Actividad Física y Salud Escolar, Escuela de Pedagogía en Educación Física, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional, Heredia 863000, Costa Rica;
- Núcleo de Estudios en Alto Rendimiento y Salud (NARS), Escuela del Movimiento Humano y Calidad deVida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional, Heredia 863000, Costa Rica
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15
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Sargent C, Jasinski S, Capodilupo ER, Powers J, Miller DJ, Roach GD. The Night-Time Sleep and Autonomic Activity of Male and Female Professional Road Cyclists Competing in the Tour de France and Tour de France Femmes. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:39. [PMID: 38625486 PMCID: PMC11021391 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep is a critical component of recovery, but it can be disrupted following prolonged endurance exercise. The objective of this study was to examine the capacity of male and female professional cyclists to recover between daily race stages while competing in the 2022 Tour de France and the 2022 Tour de France Femmes, respectively. The 17 participating cyclists (8 males from a single team and 9 females from two teams) wore a fitness tracker (WHOOP 4.0) to capture recovery metrics related to night-time sleep and autonomic activity for the entirety of the events and for 7 days of baseline before the events. The primary analyses tested for a main effect of 'stage classification'-i.e., rest, flat, hilly, mountain or time trial for males and flat, hilly or mountain for females-on the various recovery metrics. RESULTS During baseline, total sleep time was 7.2 ± 0.3 h for male cyclists (mean ± 95% confidence interval) and 7.7 ± 0.3 h for female cyclists, sleep efficiency was 87.0 ± 4.4% for males and 88.8 ± 2.6% for females, resting HR was 41.8 ± 4.5 beats·min-1 for males and 45.8 ± 4.9 beats·min-1 for females, and heart rate variability during sleep was 108.5 ± 17.0 ms for males and 119.8 ± 26.4 ms for females. During their respective events, total sleep time was 7.2 ± 0.1 h for males and 7.5 ± 0.3 h for females, sleep efficiency was 86.4 ± 1.2% for males and 89.6 ± 1.2% for females, resting HR was 44.5 ± 1.2 beats·min-1 for males and 50.2 ± 2.0 beats·min-1 for females, and heart rate variability during sleep was 99.1 ± 4.2 ms for males and 114.3 ± 11.2 ms for females. For male cyclists, there was a main effect of 'stage classification' on recovery, such that heart rate variability during sleep was lowest after mountain stages. For female cyclists, there was a main effect of 'stage classification' on recovery, such that the percentage of light sleep (i.e., lower-quality sleep) was highest after mountain stages. CONCLUSIONS Some aspects of recovery were compromised after the most demanding days of racing, i.e., mountain stages. Overall however, the cyclists obtained a reasonable amount of good-quality sleep while competing in these physiologically demanding endurance events. This study demonstrates that it is now feasible to assess recovery in professional athletes during multiple-day endurance events using validated fitness trackers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charli Sargent
- CQUniversity, Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | | | | | - Jeremy Powers
- Whoop Inc, Data Science and Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dean J Miller
- CQUniversity, Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gregory D Roach
- CQUniversity, Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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16
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de Zambotti M, Goldstein C, Cook J, Menghini L, Altini M, Cheng P, Robillard R. State of the science and recommendations for using wearable technology in sleep and circadian research. Sleep 2024; 47:zsad325. [PMID: 38149978 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearable sleep-tracking technology is of growing use in the sleep and circadian fields, including for applications across other disciplines, inclusive of a variety of disease states. Patients increasingly present sleep data derived from their wearable devices to their providers and the ever-increasing availability of commercial devices and new-generation research/clinical tools has led to the wide adoption of wearables in research, which has become even more relevant given the discontinuation of the Philips Respironics Actiwatch. Standards for evaluating the performance of wearable sleep-tracking devices have been introduced and the available evidence suggests that consumer-grade devices exceed the performance of traditional actigraphy in assessing sleep as defined by polysomnogram. However, clear limitations exist, for example, the misclassification of wakefulness during the sleep period, problems with sleep tracking outside of the main sleep bout or nighttime period, artifacts, and unclear translation of performance to individuals with certain characteristics or comorbidities. This is of particular relevance when person-specific factors (like skin color or obesity) negatively impact sensor performance with the potential downstream impact of augmenting already existing healthcare disparities. However, wearable sleep-tracking technology holds great promise for our field, given features distinct from traditional actigraphy such as measurement of autonomic parameters, estimation of circadian features, and the potential to integrate other self-reported, objective, and passively recorded health indicators. Scientists face numerous decision points and barriers when incorporating traditional actigraphy, consumer-grade multi-sensor devices, or contemporary research/clinical-grade sleep trackers into their research. Considerations include wearable device capabilities and performance, target population and goals of the study, wearable device outputs and availability of raw and aggregate data, and data extraction, processing, and analysis. Given the difficulties in the implementation and utilization of wearable sleep-tracking technology in real-world research and clinical settings, the following State of the Science review requested by the Sleep Research Society aims to address the following questions. What data can wearable sleep-tracking devices provide? How accurate are these data? What should be taken into account when incorporating wearable sleep-tracking devices into research? These outstanding questions and surrounding considerations motivated this work, outlining practical recommendations for using wearable technology in sleep and circadian research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano de Zambotti
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Lisa Health Inc., Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Cathy Goldstein
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jesse Cook
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luca Menghini
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Altini
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Cheng
- Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca Robillard
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Canadian Sleep Research Consortium, Canada
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17
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Chiu YW, Silva RM, Ceylan HI, Clemente FM, González-Fernández FT, Chen YS. Relationships among Physical Fitness, External Loads, and Heart Rate Recovery: A Study on Futsal Players during an Overseas Congested-Weeks Training Camp. J Hum Kinet 2024; 92:73-85. [PMID: 38736601 PMCID: PMC11079921 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/176299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined relationships among players' physical characteristics, match external loads, and heart rate recovery (HRR) during match substitutions in a congested fixture of an overseas futsal training camp. Eleven under-20 national futsal players' anthropometric characteristics (age, body height, body mass, % fat, and % muscle) and physical fitness [HRmax, VO2max, maximal aerobic speed (MAS) during the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (IFT)] were determined. Additionally, locomotion profiles during field play and HRR sitting on the bench were recorded during five matches. A repeated-measures analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis. The results revealed that the overall observed correlations among anthropometry, body composition, physical fitness, and HRR were inconsistent across all the matches and substitutions. However, the numbers of moderate (1.00-1.99 m/s2), moderate-to-high (2.00-2.99 m/s2), and high (3.00-50.00 m/s2) intensities of acceleration presented negative correlations in the last match (r < -0.76; p < 0.05). HRR during match substitutions may have been influenced by uncontrolled factors across all the match play and recovery. HRR measures may be affected mainly by fatigue caused by the accumulation of accelerations throughout a congested fixture during a congested-schedule of a futsal training camp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chiu
- Department of Physical Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Rui Miguel Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer (School of Sport and Leisure), Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo (Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo), Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer (School of Sport and Leisure), Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo (Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo), Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Yung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
- Exercise and Health Promotion Association, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Tanyu Research Laboratory, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Rabbani A, Ermidis G, Clemente FM, Twist C. Variability of External Load Measures During Soccer Match Play: Influence of Player Fitness or Pacing? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:340-346. [PMID: 38198797 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to examine the variability of selected external load metrics within 15-minute intervals during soccer match play and examine their relationship with players' high-intensity intermittent fitness. METHODS A total of 18 male soccer players were monitored for their external load metrics during 26 matches, which included total distance, high-metabolic-load distance, and mechanical work (defined as the sum of accelerations and decelerations >3 m2). Additionally, players completed the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test. RESULTS Total distance had lower coefficients of variation than high-metabolic-load distance and mechanical work (effect size [ES]: 5.2 to 6.4; very large). Within-player Δ-15min showed moderate to large decreases (ES: -0.7 to -1.6) and increases (ES: 0.9 to 1.8) in absolute and coefficient-of-variation values, respectively. Large relationships (r = .55 to .61) were observed between the Intermittent Fitness Test and 15-minmean and 15-minbest in all selected external load metrics. However, small to moderate (0.27 to 0.41) associations were observed between the Intermittent Fitness Test and Δ-15min in selected external load metrics. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that players with relatively lower intermittent running capacity might show lower variability during matches, as evidenced by smaller reductions in high-intensity actions during the final 15 minutes. We attribute these observations to players' possessing better pacing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rabbani
- Sport Science Department, Ittihad Kalba F.C, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
- Sport Science Department, OFI Crete F.C, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SRINT), Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Craig Twist
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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19
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Djientcheu DFY, Azabji-Kenfack M, Kameni PM, Bilanda DC, Femoe MU, Ngoungoure MC, Kamtchouing P, Dzeufiet DPD. Analysis of Sinus Variability in a Group of Cameroonian Athletes. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE (HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION) 2024; 2024:1752677. [PMID: 38572353 PMCID: PMC10987244 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1752677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a useful method for assessing the heart's ability to adapt to endogenous and exogenous loads. Data from African population on HRV are scarce and even more so in sports populations. This study aimed to compare cardiac autonomic modulation response in Cameroonian athletes and sedentary. Methodology. We conducted a prospective and analytical study in sports teams in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. The participants in our study were divided in three groups; people who practiced little or no sporting activity (sedentary as group 1) or who were regularly physically active as part of a sports team (footballers or handballers as second and third groups). They had to be aged 18 or over and have given their informed consent. Heart rate (HR) was continuously recorded at rest for ten minutes and then transferred to a computer equipped with Kubios HRV Standard software for analysis. Means ± mean standard errors were compared using the one-way ANOVA test, followed by Tukey's post-test. The significance threshold was set at 0.05. Results Of the 60 people selected to participate to our study, 75.0% were sportsmen (40.0% handball players and 35.0% footballers). The resting HR of sedentary people was higher (p < 0.001) than that of footballers and handball players. The SDNN, RMSSD, and pNN50 of sedentary people (16.22 ± 1.04; 9.97 ± 0.46; and 0.16 ± 0.06) were lower than those of footballers (30.13 ± 2.93; 20.61 ± 2.46; and 2.99 ± 0.63, with p < 0.001) and handball players (29.00 ± 1.86; 16.44 ± 1.16; and 2.15 ± 0.38, with p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 respectively). Absolute and relative very-low-frequency (VLF) power, absolute low and high-frequency (LF and HF) power, as well as total power (TP) were lower in sedentary people (3.66 ± 0.08 and 16.21 ± 0.64; 5.04 ± 0.15 and 2.50 ± 0.16 and 246.40 ± 18.04) compared to footballers (5.09 ± 0.24 and 26.87 ± 1.76; 5.85 ± 0.32 and 3.92 ± 0.22 and 836.10 ± 103.70, with p < 0.001, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001) and handball players (4.86 ± 0.16 and 30.82 ± 2.67; 6.03 ± 0.19 and 3.46 ± 0.16 and 927.30 ± 94.12, with p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001). The LF/HF ratio was 12.1% and 20.1% lower in sedentary people (7.55 ± 0.58) compared with footballers (8.46 ± 0.50) and handball players (9.07 ± 0.60), respectively. Conclusion Sportsmen showed greater parasympathetic and global modulation when compared to sedentary people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deugoue F. Y. Djientcheu
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - M. Azabji-Kenfack
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Poumeni M. Kameni
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - D. C. Bilanda
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Membe U. Femoe
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - M. C. Ngoungoure
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - P. Kamtchouing
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Djomeni P. D. Dzeufiet
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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20
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Gąsior JS, Gąsienica-Józkowy M, Młyńczak M, Rosoł M, Makuch R, Baranowski R, Werner B. Heart rate dynamics and asymmetry during sympathetic activity stimulation and post-stimulation recovery in ski mountaineers-a pilot exploratory study. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1336034. [PMID: 38495673 PMCID: PMC10941344 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1336034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of studies on non-linear heart rate (HR) variability in athletes. We aimed to assess the usefulness of short-term HR dynamics and asymmetry parameters to evaluate the neural modulation of cardiac activity based on non-stationary RR interval series by studying their changes during sympathetic nervous system activity stimulation (isometric handgrip test) and post-stimulation recovery in professional ski mountaineers. The correlation between the changes in the parameters and the respiratory rate (RespRate) and also the duration of the career was analyzed. Short-term (5 min) and ultra-short-term (1 min) rates of patterns with no variations (0V), number of acceleration runs of length 1 (AR1), and short-term Porta's Index were greater, whereas Guzik's Index (GI) was smaller during sympathetic stimulation compared to rest. GI increased and the number of AR1 decreased during recovery. Greater increases in GI and RMSSD were associated with greater decreases in RespRate during recovery. Greater increases in RespRate from rest to short-term sympathetic stimulation were associated with greater increases in 0V (Max-min method) and AR1 but also with greater decreases in decelerations of short-term variance and accelerations and decelerations of long-term variance. Greater increases in 0V (Max-min method) and number of AR1 during sympathetic stimulation were associated with a shorter career duration. Greater decreases in these parameters during recovery were associated with a longer career duration. Changes in measures of HR dynamics and asymmetry, calculated based on short-term non-stationary RRi time series induced by sympathetic stimulation and post-stimulation recovery, reflected sympathovagal shift and were associated with condition-related alterations in RespRate and career duration in athletes who practice ski mountaineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub S. Gąsior
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marcel Młyńczak
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Rosoł
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Makuch
- Department of Physical Education, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Radom, Poland
| | - Rafał Baranowski
- Department of Heart Rhythm Disorders, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Werner
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Mandorino M, Clubb J, Lacome M. Predicting Soccer Players' Fitness Status Through a Machine-Learning Approach. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38402880 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study had 3 purposes: (1) to develop an index using machine-learning techniques to predict the fitness status of soccer players, (2) to explore the index's validity and its relationship with a submaximal run test (SMFT), and (3) to analyze the impact of weekly training load on the index and SMFT outcomes. METHODS The study involved 50 players from an Italian professional soccer club. External and internal loads were collected during training sessions. Various machine-learning algorithms were assessed for their ability to predict heart-rate responses during the training drills based on external load data. The fitness index, calculated as the difference between actual and predicted heart rates, was correlated with SMFT outcomes. RESULTS Random forest regression (mean absolute error = 3.8 [0.05]) outperformed the other machine-learning algorithms (extreme gradient boosting and linear regression). Average speed, minutes from the start of the training session, and the work:rest ratio were identified as the most important features. The fitness index displayed a very large correlation (r = .70) with SMFT outcomes, with the highest result observed during possession games and physical conditioning exercises. The study revealed that heart-rate responses from SMFT and the fitness index could diverge throughout the season, suggesting different aspects of fitness. CONCLUSIONS This study introduces an "invisible monitoring" approach to assess soccer player fitness in the training environment. The developed fitness index, in conjunction with traditional fitness tests, provides a comprehensive understanding of player readiness. This research paves the way for practical applications in soccer, enabling personalized training adjustments and injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mandorino
- Performance and Analytics Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy
| | - Jo Clubb
- Global Performance Insights Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu Lacome
- Performance and Analytics Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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22
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Bretonneau Q, Morales-Artacho A, Pla R, Bosquet L. Effect of the pre-taper level of fatigue on the taper-induced changes in performance in elite swimmers. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1353817. [PMID: 38450281 PMCID: PMC10915210 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1353817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In swimming, performance gains after tapering could be influenced by the pre-taper level of fatigue. Moreover, this level of fatigue could be associated with sleep. This study aimed to assess (1) the effect of tapering on performance according to the pre-taper level of fatigue in swimmers and (2) the association between sleep and pre-taper level of fatigue. Methods Physiological, psychological and biomechanical profiles were evaluated in 26 elite swimmers on 2 occasions to estimate the pre-taper level of fatigue: at T0 and T1, scheduled respectively 10 and 3 weeks before the main competition. Sleep quantity and quality were also evaluated at T0 and T1. Race time was officially assessed at T0, T1 and during the main competition. The level of significance was set at p ≤ .05. Results Fourteen swimmers (17 ± 2 years) were allocated to acute fatigue group (AF) and 12 swimmers (18 ± 2 years) to functional overreaching group (F-OR). From T1 to the main competition, performance was improved in AF (+1.80 ± 1.36%), while it was impaired in F-OR (-0.49 ± 1.58%, p < 0.05 vs. AF). Before taper period, total sleep time was lower in F-OR, as compared to AF. Conversely, the fragmentation index was higher in F-OR (p = .06). From wakefulness to sleep, body core temperature decreased in AF but not in F-OR. Discussion Performance gain after tapering was higher in AF swimmers than in overreached. Moreover, pre-taper sleep was poorer in overreached swimmers, which could contribute to their different response to the same training load. This poorer sleep could be linked to a lower regulation of internal temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Bretonneau
- Laboratoire MOVE (UR 20296), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Antonio Morales-Artacho
- Laboratoire Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Institut Français du Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Robin Pla
- Fédération Française de Natation (FFN), Service Optimisation de la Performance, Clichy, France
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Laboratoire MOVE (UR 20296), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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23
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Turner A, McKean M, Doyle D, Burkett B. The reliability of a linear position transducer for measuring countermovement jump performance in national-level road cyclists. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298291. [PMID: 38319955 PMCID: PMC10846725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jump tests have applications in fatigue monitoring, training intervention evaluations, and talent identification in cycling populations. Due to competitive cycling's inherent travel demands, linear position transducers (LPTs) are suitable for assessing jump performance in this population as they are a mobile and validated technology. Understanding the reliability and sensitivity of LPTs in assessing jump performance in cycling populations is required to support the development of sports science protocols. Using an LPT, this study aimed to determine the reliability and sensitivity of countermovement jump (CMJ) variables in road cyclists. METHODS Ten national-level male road cyclists performed three maximal CMJ trials twice per week for two weeks, with an LPT measuring force, power, velocity, repetition rate, vertical distance, and concentric time from each trial. Using the mean and best CMJ results from three trials per testing session, the upper limit 90% confidence interval for the coefficient of variation (CV) and smallest worthwhile change (SWC) determined inter-day and -week reliability (CV ≤ 10%) and sensitivity (acceptable sensitivity = CV ≤ SWC) for CMJ variables. RESULTS Mean power and force, velocity (mean and peak), vertical distance (VD), and concentric time had acceptable inter-day and -week reliability when using either the mean or best CMJ results (CV upper limit 90% confidence interval range = 3.54-10.13%). Moreover, the CV and SWC were typically lower when based on the mean rather than the best of three CMJ trials. Lastly, poor sensitivity (CV > SWC) was evident for all CMJ variables. CONCLUSIONS CMJ-derived mean power and force, velocity (peak and mean), VD, and concentric time have acceptable inter-day and -week reliability when assessed via an LPT in national-level road cyclists. When using an LPT, sports scientists should consider that, while they typically have poor sensitivity, the reliability of CMJ-derived variables improves when expressed as the mean of three trials in national-level road cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Turner
- High-Performance Sport, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark McKean
- High-Performance Sport, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Danielle Doyle
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brendan Burkett
- High-Performance Sport, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Swimming Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Marzano-Felisatti JM, De Lucca L, Guzmán Luján JF, Priego-Quesada JI, Pino-Ortega J. A Preliminary Investigation about the Influence of WIMU PRO TM Location on Heart Rate Accuracy: A Comparative Study in Cycle Ergometer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:988. [PMID: 38339705 PMCID: PMC10857324 DOI: 10.3390/s24030988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Technological development has boosted the use of multi-sensor devices to monitor athletes' performance, but the location and connectivity between devices have been shown to affect data reliability. This preliminary study aimed to determine whether the placement of a multi-sensor device (WIMU PROTM) could affect the heart rate signal reception (GARMINTM chest strap) and, therefore, data accuracy. Thirty-two physical education students (20 men and 12 women) performed 20 min of exercise in a cycle ergometer based on the warm-up of the Function Threshold Power 20 test in laboratory conditions, carrying two WIMU PROTM devices (Back: inter-scapula; Bicycle: bicycle's handlebar-20 cm from the chest) and two GARMINTM chest straps. A one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping test found full agreement between the two situations (inter-scapula vs. bicycle's handlebar). Excellent intra-class correlation values were obtained during the warm-up (ICC = 0.99, [1.00-1.00], p < 0.001), the time trial test (ICC = 0.99, [1.00-1.00], p < 0.001) and the cool-down (ICC = 0.99, [1.00-1.00], p < 0.001). The Bland-Altman plots confirmed the total agreement with a bias value of 0.00 ± 0.1 bpm. The interscapular back placement of the WIMU PROTM device does not affect heart rate measurement accuracy with a GARMINTM chest strap during cycling exercise in laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Martín Marzano-Felisatti
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Leonardo De Lucca
- Laboratory of Human Performance Research, Centre of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Santa Catarina State, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil;
| | - José Francisco Guzmán Luján
- Research Group in Sports Technique and Tactics (GITTE), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Biovetmed & Sportsci Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain;
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25
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Iellamo F. Acute responses and chronic adaptations to exercise in humans: a look from the autonomic nervous system window. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:137-150. [PMID: 37791830 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to give an overview on the current knowledge on the neural mechanisms of cardiovascular regulation during acute exercise and the autonomic adaptations brought about by chronic exercise, that is, exercise training. Evidence derived mainly from human studies, which supports the contribution of the different control mechanisms, namely the centralcommand, the reflex drive from active muscles and the arterial baroreflex, with the attendant modifications in autonomic nervous system activity, in determining the acute cardiovascular responses to exercise are discussed, along with some controversial issues and evolving concepts in exercise physiology. In particular, data that show how the various neural mechanisms involved in cardiovascular regulation during exercise are differently modulated by factors related to the muscular activity being performed, such as the type and intensity of exercise and the size of the active muscle masses are presented, stressing the plasticity of the neural network. Thereafter, the clinical implications pertaining neural cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training are presented and discussed, in the context of cardiac diseases. In particular, I will summarize a series of investigations performed in our laboratory that utilized a new training methodology and different exercise formats to quantify the training load in cardiac patients. The way by which individualized exercise training doses affects the autonomic nervous system and the cardiorespiratory adaptations is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Iellamo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy -
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26
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Merlin Q, Vacher P, Mourot L, Levillain G, Martinent G, Nicolas M. Psychophysiological Effects of Slow-Paced Breathing on Adolescent Swimmers' Subjective Performance, Recovery States, and Control Perception. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:23. [PMID: 38390923 PMCID: PMC10885016 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of a Slow-Paced Breath (i.e., 6 breaths per minute) without Biofeedback (SPB-NoHRVB) protocol on semi-elite adolescent swimmers' psychological and physiological states during a seven-week ecological training period. A linear mixed-effects multilevel regression analysis approach was used with 13 adolescent national-level swimmers. Athletes were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 7) and a control group (n = 6). Seven waves of assessments were completed weekly during a seven-week training preparation in ecological conditions. During the protocol, swimmers completed subjective quantitative measures (RESTQ-36-R-Sport; cognitive perceived stress and control states about the training process, training subjective performance, and subjective internal training load) and physiological heart rate (HR) (HR of exercise, absolute and normalized HR recovery during the first 60 s of recovery; HRR60 and nHRR60) and heart rate variability (HRV) (MeanRR, RMSSD, LFnu and HFnu, LF/HF ration) tests (through a submaximal heart rate (5'-5' test) once a week. Results revealed that the SPB-NoHRVB protocol significantly predicts biopsychosocial recovery states, cognitive perception of control, and training subjective performance (i.e., a significant effect of the SPB-NoHRVB protocol with the dependent variables simple time trajectories). However, no significant effects were found for biopsychosocial stress scales, cognitively perceived stress, HR, or HRV markers. Our results suggest that SPB-NoHRVB induces simple evolutions over time for crucial variables in athletes' adaptation to the training process (i.e., cognitive appraisals and biopsychosocial states). In contrast, it highlights that SPB-NoHRVB does not induce better stress states. This specific effect on the resource component is an exciting result that will be discussed in the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Merlin
- Laboratory Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Vacher
- Research Center for Education Learning and Didactics (EA 3875), Faculty of Sports Science, University Brest, 29200 Brest, France
- Maison des Sciences de l'Homme de Bretagne, Fe, MSHB, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- SINERGIES, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
- Plateforme Exercice Performance Santé Innovation, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Guillaume Levillain
- Research Center for Education Learning and Didactics (EA 3875), Faculty of Sports Science, University Brest, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Guillaume Martinent
- Laboratory L-VIS (EA 7428), University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69200 Lyon, France
| | - Michel Nicolas
- Laboratory Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
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27
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Rebelo A, Pereira JR, Cunha P, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Valente-Dos-Santos J. Training stress, neuromuscular fatigue and well-being in volleyball: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:17. [PMID: 38218879 PMCID: PMC10788005 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volleyball, with its unique calendar structure, presents distinct challenges in training and competition scheduling. Like many team sports, volleyball features an unconventional schedule with brief off-season and pre-season phases, juxtaposed against an extensive in-season phase characterized by a high density of matches and training. This compact calendar necessitates careful management of training loads and recovery periods. The effectiveness of this management is a critical factor, influencing the overall performance and success of volleyball teams. In this review, we explore the associations between training stress measures, fatigue, and well-being assessments within this context, to better inform future research and practice. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in databases including PsycINFO, MEDLINE/PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria were original research papers published in peer-reviewed journals involving volleyball athletes. RESULTS Of the 2535 studies identified, 31 were thoroughly analysed. From these 31 articles, 22 included professional athletes, seven included collegiate-level volleyball athletes, and two included young athletes. Nine studies had female volleyball players, while the remaining 22 had male volleyball athletes. CONCLUSIONS Internal training load should be collected daily after training sessions and matches with the session rating of perceived exertion method. External training load should also be measured daily according to the methods based on jump height, jump count, and kinetic energy. If force platforms are available, neuromuscular fatigue can be assessed weekly using the FT:CT ratio of a countermovement jump or, in cases where force platforms are not available, the average jump height can also be used. Finally, the Hooper Index has been shown to be a measure of overall wellness, fatigue, stress, muscle soreness, mood, and sleep quality in volleyball when used daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Rebelo
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação Em Desporto, Educação Física E Exercício E Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisbon, Portugal.
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, 1600-464, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - João R Pereira
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação Em Desporto, Educação Física E Exercício E Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisbon, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, 1600-464, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Cunha
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação Em Desporto, Educação Física E Exercício E Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- FCDEF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Valente-Dos-Santos
- CIDEFES, Centro de Investigação Em Desporto, Educação Física E Exercício E Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024, Lisbon, Portugal
- COD, Center of Sports Optimization, Sporting Clube de Portugal, 1600-464, Lisbon, Portugal
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Pichot V, Corbier C, Chouchou F, Barthélémy JC, Roche F. CVRanalysis: a free software for analyzing cardiac, vascular and respiratory interactions. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1224440. [PMID: 38250656 PMCID: PMC10797906 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1224440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Simultaneous beat-to-beat R-R intervals, blood pressure and respiration signals are routinely analyzed for the evaluation of autonomic cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory regulations for research or clinical purposes. The more recognized analyses are i) heart rate variability and cardiac coherence, which provides an evaluation of autonomic nervous system activity and more particularly parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic arms; ii) blood pressure variability which is mainly linked to sympathetic modulation and myogenic vascular function; iii) baroreflex sensitivity; iv) time-frequency analyses to identify fast modifications of autonomic activity; and more recently, v) time and frequency domain Granger causality analyses were introduced for assessing bidirectional causal links between each considered signal, thus allowing the scrutiny of many physiological regulatory mechanisms. Methods: These analyses are commonly applied in various populations and conditions, including mortality and morbidity predictions, cardiac and respiratory rehabilitation, training and overtraining, diabetes, autonomic status of newborns, anesthesia, or neurophysiological studies. Results: We developed CVRanalysis, a free software to analyze cardiac, vascular and respiratory interactions, with a friendly graphical interface designed to meet laboratory requirements. The main strength of CVRanalysis resides in its wide scope of applications: recordings can arise from beat-to-beat preprocessed data (R-R, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure, respiration) or raw data (ECG, continuous blood pressure and respiratory waveforms). It has several tools for beat detection and correction, as well as setting of specific areas or events. In addition to the wide possibility of analyses cited above, the interface is also designed for easy study of large cohorts, including batch mode signal processing to avoid running repetitive operations. Results are displayed as figures or saved in text files that are easily employable in statistical softwares. Conclusion: CVRanalysis is freely available at this website: anslabtools.univ-st-etienne.fr. It has been developed using MATLAB® and works on Windows 64-bit operating systems. The software is a standalone application avoiding to have programming skills and to install MATLAB. The aims of this paper area are to describe the physiological, research and clinical contexts of CVRanalysis, to introduce the methodological approach of the different techniques used, and to show an overview of the software with the aid of screenshots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pichot
- SAINBIOSE U1059, Inserm, Saint-Etienne Jean-Monnet University, Clinical Physiology and Exercise, CHU of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Christophe Corbier
- LASPI EA3059, Saint-Etienne Jean-Monnet University, Roanne Technology University Institute, Roanne, France
| | - Florian Chouchou
- IRISSE EA4075, UFR SHE, University of La Réunion, Le Tampon, France
| | - Jean-Claude Barthélémy
- SAINBIOSE U1059, Inserm, Saint-Etienne Jean-Monnet University, Clinical Physiology and Exercise, CHU of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Frédéric Roche
- SAINBIOSE U1059, Inserm, Saint-Etienne Jean-Monnet University, Clinical Physiology and Exercise, CHU of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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Nikitakis IS, Bogdanis GC, Paradisis GP, Toubekis AG. Physiological Responses and Swimming-Performance Changes Induced by Altering the Sequence of Training Sets. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:53-61. [PMID: 37890838 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interval-training sets may be applied in a different sequence within a swimming training session. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different set sequences on performance and physiological responses in a training session. METHODS Twelve highly trained male swimmers performed 4 sessions in randomized order. Each session included a different combination of 2 training sets: set A-set C, set C-set A, set B-set C, or set C-set B. Set A consisted of 8 × 200 m at speed corresponding to lactate threshold (30-s recovery), set B included 8 × 100 m at maximum aerobic speed (30-s recovery), and set C included 4 × 50-m all-out swimming (2-min recovery). Performance and physiological responses (lactate concentration, pH, base excess, bicarbonate, heart rate, and heart-rate variability) were measured. RESULTS Performance in each set was similar between sessions irrespective of set sequence. Blood lactate, heart rate, and acid-base responses during set C were similar in all sessions, but blood lactate was higher in sets A and B during C-A and C-B sessions (P = .01). The overall blood lactate and acid-base response was higher in C-A and C-B sessions compared with A-C and B-C sessions, respectively (P = .01). Heart-rate variability in each set, separately as well as the overall session effect, did not differ and was thus independent to the set sequence applied. CONCLUSIONS Training sessions including all-out swimming as a first set increase the magnitude of metabolic responses to the subsequent aerobic-dominated training set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis S Nikitakis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giorgos P Paradisis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyris G Toubekis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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30
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Huyghe T, Calleja-González J, Bird SP, Alcaraz PE. Pupillometry as a new window to player fatigue? A glimpse inside the eyes of a Euro Cup Women's Basketball team. Biol Sport 2024; 41:3-15. [PMID: 38188113 PMCID: PMC10765450 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.125590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A rapidly emerging area of interest in high-pressure environments is that of pupillometry, where handheld quantitative infrared pupillometers (HQIPs) are able to track psycho-physiological fatigue in a fast, objective, valid, reliable, and non-invasive manner. However, the application of HQIPs in the context of athlete monitoring is yet to be determined. Therefore, the main aim of this pilot study was to examine the potential usefulness of a HQIP to monitor game-induced fatigue inside a professional female basketball setting by determining its (1) test-retest repeatability, (2) relationship with other biomarkers of game-induced fatigue, and (3) time-course from rested to fatigued states. A non-ophthalmologic practitioner performed a standardized Pupil Light Reflex (PLR) test using a medically graded HQIP among 9 professional female basketball players (2020-2021 Euro Cup) at baseline, 24-h pre-game (GD-1), 24-h post-game (GD+1) and 48-h post-game (GD+2). This was repeated over four subsequent games, equalling a total of 351 observations per eye. Two out of seven pupillometrics displayed good ICCs (0.95-0.99) (MinD and MaxD). Strong significant relationships were found between MaxD, MinD, and all registered biomarkers of game-induced fatigue (r = 0.69-0.82, p < 0.05), as well as between CV, MCV, and cognitive, lower-extremity muscle, and physiological fatigue markers (r = 0.74-0.76, p < 0.05). Three pupillometrics were able to detect a significant difference between rested and fatigued states. In particular, PC (right) (F = 5.173, η2 = 0.115 p = 0.028) and MCV (right) (F = 3.976, η2 = 0.090 p = 0.049) significantly decreased from baseline to GD+2, and LAT (left) (F = 4.023, η2 = 0.109 p = 0.009) significantly increased from GD-1 to GD+2. HQIPs have opened a new window of opportunity for monitoring game-induced fatigue in professional female basketball players. However, future research initiatives across larger and heterogenous samples, and longer investigation periods, are required to expand upon these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Huyghe
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stephen P Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich QLD, Australia
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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31
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Pérez-Ifrán P, Magallanes CA, de S Castro FA, Astorino TA, Benítez-Flores S. Extremely Low-Volume Burpee Interval Training Equivalent to 8 Minutes Per Session Improves Vertical Jump Compared with Sprint Interval Training in Real-World Circumstances. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:10-20. [PMID: 37639674 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pérez-Ifrán, P, Magallanes, CA, de S. Castro, FA, Astorino, TA, and Benítez-Flores, S. Extremely low-volume burpee interval training equivalent to 8 minutes per session improves vertical jump compared with sprint interval training in real-world circumstances. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 10-20, 2024-The aim of this study was to compare the cardiometabolic and physical effects of 2 time-matched high-intensity programs in a real-world environment. Forty-three active and healthy adults (sex = 31 men and 12 women; age = 27 ± 5 years; peak heart rate [HR peak ] = 190.7 ± 10.6 beat·min -1 ) were randomized to 2 very low-volume protocols (∼8 minutes): sprint interval training (SIT) ( n = 15), burpee interval training (BIT) ( n = 15), and control (CON) ( n = 13). Subjects in SIT and BIT performed 5 days of 10 × 4 second "all-out" efforts with 30 seconds of recovery. Body composition, blood pressure, countermovement jump (CMJ), 10-m sprint, shuttle run test (SRT), autonomic modulation , self-efficacy, and intention were evaluated before and after training. Sprint interval training elicited a higher %HR peak , energy expenditure, rating of perceived exertion category ratio 10 scale, and feeling scale than BIT ( p < 0.05). SRT distance was significantly improved in SIT ( p = 0.03, d = 0.62), whereas CMJ height was significantly enhanced in BIT ( p = 0.0014, d = 0.72). Self-efficacy progressively worsened for SIT than for BIT as sessions increased, and significant differences were found in 5× a week frequency between protocols ( p = 0.040, d = 0.79). No differences in intention to engage were detected between the regimens ( p > 0.05). No changes were observed in body composition, blood pressure, 10-m sprint, SRTV̇O 2max , or autonomic variables with training ( p > 0.05). Results exhibit that extremely low-volume SIT improved running performance, whereas BIT increased the vertical jump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Pérez-Ifrán
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Higher Institute of Physical Education, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos A Magallanes
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Higher Institute of Physical Education, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Flávio A de S Castro
- Aquatic Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and
| | - Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, California
| | - Stefano Benítez-Flores
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Higher Institute of Physical Education, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Nikitakis IS, Bogdanis GC, Paradisis GP, Toubekis AG. Effects of Training Sets Sequence on Swimming Performance, Training Load and Physiological Responses. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:240. [PMID: 38133107 PMCID: PMC10747448 DOI: 10.3390/sports11120240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The study examined the effect of set sequence on performance and physiological responses in a training session and in each set separately. Twelve male swimmers performed four sessions in a randomized order, including a combination of two training sets: (i) set A-set C, (ii) set C-set A, (iii) set B-set C, (iv) set C-set B. Set A consisted of 8 × 200 m at a speed corresponding to lactate threshold (30 s recovery), set B included 8 × 100 m at the maximal aerobic speed (30 s recovery), set C included 8 × 50 m sprints at 95% of the maximum 50 m speed (30 s recovery). Speed, blood lactate, pH, base excess, bicarbonate and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured. Speed in each set was similar between sessions irrespective of set sequence (p > 0.05). Physiological responses during sets A and C were similar in all sessions (p > 0.05). In set B, when applied after set C, the metabolic response increased, and HRV decreased (p < 0.05). Overall, session biochemical disturbance was higher when set C was applied before sets A and B (p < 0.05). The magnitude of metabolic and HRV responses in a set conducted at maximal aerobic speed, but not at lactate threshold intensity, is increased when applied after sprint intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis S. Nikitakis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece;
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (G.C.B.); (G.P.P.)
| | - Giorgos P. Paradisis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (G.C.B.); (G.P.P.)
| | - Argyris G. Toubekis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece;
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (G.C.B.); (G.P.P.)
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Van Hooren B, Bongers BC, Rogers B, Gronwald T. The Between-Day Reliability of Correlation Properties of Heart Rate Variability During Running. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2023; 48:453-460. [PMID: 37516677 PMCID: PMC10582140 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-023-09599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The short-term scaling exponent of detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA-a1) of heart rate variability may be a helpful tool to assess autonomic balance as a prelude to daily, individualized training. For this concept to be useful, between-session reliability should be acceptable. The aim of this study was to explore the reliability of DFA-a1 during a low-intensity exercise session in both a non-fatigued and a fatigued condition in healthy males and females. Ten participants completed two sessions with each containing an exhaustive treadmill ramp protocol. Before and after the fatiguing ramp, a standardized submaximal low-intensity exercise bout was performed during which DFA-a1, heart rate, and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured. We compared between-session reliability of all metrics prior to the ramps (i.e., non-fatigued status) and after the first ramp (i.e., fatigued status). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), the standard error of measurement, and the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) were determined. The ICC and SWC pre fatiguing ramp were 0.85 (95% CI 0.39-0.96) and 5.5% for DFA-a1, 0.85 (0.38-0.96) and 2.2% for heart rate, and 0.84 (0.31-0.96) and 3.1% for VO2. Post fatiguing ramp, the ICC and SWC were 0.55 (0.00-0.89) and 7.9% for DFA-a1, 0.91 (0.62-0.98) and 1.6% for heart rate, and 0.80 (0.17-0.95) and 3.0% for VO2. DFA-a1 shows generally acceptable to good between-session reliability with a SWC of 0.06 and 0.07 (5.5-7.9%) during non-fatigued and fatigued conditions. This suggests that this metric may be useful to inform on training readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart C Bongers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce Rogers
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Romanchuk O. Cardiorespiratory dynamics during respiratory maneuver in athletes. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3389/fnetp.2023.1276899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The modern practice of sports medicine and medical rehabilitation requires the search for subtle criteria for the development of conditions and recovery of the body after diseases, which would have a prognostic value for the prevention of negative effects of training and rehabilitation tools, and also testify to the development and course of mechanisms for counteracting pathogenetic processes in the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the informative directions of the cardiorespiratory system parameters dynamics during the performing a maneuver with a change in breathing rate, which may indicate the body functional state violation.Methods: The results of the study of 183 healthy men aged 21.2 ± 2.3 years who regularly engaged in various sports were analyzed. The procedure for studying the cardiorespiratory system included conducting combined measurements of indicators of activity of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in a sitting position using a spiroarteriocardiograph device. The duration of the study was 6 min and involved the sequential registration of three measurements with a change in breathing rate (spontaneous breathing, breathing at 0.1 Hz and 0.25 Hz).Results: Performing a breathing maneuver at breathing 0.1 Hz and breathing 0.25 Hz in comparison with spontaneous breathing leads to multidirectional significant changes in heart rate variability indicators–TP (ms2), LF (ms2), LFHF (ms2/ms2); of blood pressure variability indicators–TPDBP (mmHg2), LFSBP (mmHg2), LFDBP (mmHg2), HFSBP (mmHg2); of volume respiration variability indicators - LFR, (L×min-1)2; HFR, (L×min-1)2; LFHFR, (L×min-1)2/(L×min-1)2; of arterial baroreflex sensitivity indicators - BRLF (ms×mmHg-1), BRHF (ms×mmHg-1). Differences in indicators of systemic hemodynamics and indicators of cardiovascular and respiratory systems synchronization were also informative.Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it is shown that during performing a breathing maneuver with a change in the rate of breathing, there are significant changes in cardiorespiratory parameters, the analysis of which the increments made it possible to determine of the changes directions dynamics, their absolute values and informative limits regarding the possible occurrence of the cardiorespiratory interactions dysregulation.
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Romanchuk O. Cardiorespiratory dynamics during respiratory maneuver in athletes. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1276899. [PMID: 38020241 PMCID: PMC10643240 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1276899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The modern practice of sports medicine and medical rehabilitation requires the search for subtle criteria for the development of conditions and recovery of the body after diseases, which would have a prognostic value for the prevention of negative effects of training and rehabilitation tools, and also testify to the development and course of mechanisms for counteracting pathogenetic processes in the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the informative directions of the cardiorespiratory system parameters dynamics during the performing a maneuver with a change in breathing rate, which may indicate the body functional state violation. Methods: The results of the study of 183 healthy men aged 21.2 ± 2.3 years who regularly engaged in various sports were analyzed. The procedure for studying the cardiorespiratory system included conducting combined measurements of indicators of activity of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in a sitting position using a spiroarteriocardiograph device. The duration of the study was 6 min and involved the sequential registration of three measurements with a change in breathing rate (spontaneous breathing, breathing at 0.1 Hz and 0.25 Hz). Results: Performing a breathing maneuver at breathing 0.1 Hz and breathing 0.25 Hz in comparison with spontaneous breathing leads to multidirectional significant changes in heart rate variability indicators-TP (ms2), LF (ms2), LFHF (ms2/ms2); of blood pressure variability indicators-TPDBP (mmHg2), LFSBP (mmHg2), LFDBP (mmHg2), HFSBP (mmHg2); of volume respiration variability indicators - LFR, (L×min-1)2; HFR, (L×min-1)2; LFHFR, (L×min-1)2/(L×min-1)2; of arterial baroreflex sensitivity indicators - BRLF (ms×mmHg-1), BRHF (ms×mmHg-1). Differences in indicators of systemic hemodynamics and indicators of cardiovascular and respiratory systems synchronization were also informative. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it is shown that during performing a breathing maneuver with a change in the rate of breathing, there are significant changes in cardiorespiratory parameters, the analysis of which the increments made it possible to determine of the changes directions dynamics, their absolute values and informative limits regarding the possible occurrence of the cardiorespiratory interactions dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Romanchuk
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Ukrainian Research Institute of Medical Rehabilitation and Resort Therapy of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Odesa, Ukraine
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Harper B, Price P, Steele M. The efficacy of manual therapy on HRV in those with long-standing neck pain: a systematic review. Scand J Pain 2023; 23:623-637. [PMID: 37261845 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2023-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Long-standing neck pain (LNP) is a clinical condition frequently encountered in the physical therapy clinic. LNP is a complex, multifactorial condition affecting multiple body systems including the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Traditionally, research on the impact of physical therapy on LNP has focused on self-report measures and pain scales. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an objective measure of the ANS, allowing for quantification of effects of treatment. This systematic review is intended to evaluate if manual therapy acutely affects heart rate variability in adults with long-standing neck pain. METHODS Pubmed, Medline, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Cochrane library were used to retrieve the randomized controlled trials for this review between the years 2010-2021. Search terms included: chronic neck pain, neck pain, cervical pain, manual therapy, mobilization, manipulation, osteopathy, osteopathic or chiropractic. Heart rate variability, HRV, heart rate variation, effects, outcomes, benefits, impacts or effectiveness. RESULTS Of 139 articles located and screened, three full-text articles were selected for full qualitative synthesis, with a combined population of 112 subjects, 91 of which were female, with an average age of 33.7 ± 6.8 years for all subjects. MT techniques in three studies were statistically significant in improving HRV in people with LNP; however, techniques were differed across studies, while one study showed no benefit. The studies were found to be of high quality with PEDro scores ≥6. CONCLUSIONS Although no clear cause and effect relationship can be established between improvement in HRV with manual therapy, results supported the use of MT for an acute reduction in HRV. No one particular method of MT has proven superior, MT has been found to produce a statistically significant change in HRV. These HRV changes are consistent with decreased sympathetic tone and subjective pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Harper
- Department of Physical Therapy, Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA, USA
| | - Parker Price
- Department of Physical Therapy, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA, USA
| | - Megan Steele
- Department of Physical Therapy, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA, USA
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Chiang JK, Lin YC, Kao YH. Oscillation of Sympathetic Activity in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea during the First Hour of Sleep. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2701. [PMID: 37830738 PMCID: PMC10572314 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11192701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Snoring is a cardinal symptom of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and has been suggested to potentially increase sympathetic activity. On the other hand, sleep itself usually leads to a decrease in sympathetic activity. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a non-invasive technique used to assess autonomic nervous system function. However, there is limited research on the combined impact of sleep and snoring on sympathetic activity in individuals with OSA, particularly during the first hour of sleep (non-rapid eye movement sleep). The current study aims to investigate the net effect of sleep and snoring on sympathetic activity and explore factors that might contribute to increased sympathetic activity in individuals with OSA during the first hour of sleep. (2) Methods: The participants were referred from the outpatient department for OSA diagnosis and underwent whole-night polysomnography (PSG). Electrocardiogram (EKG) data from the PSG were downloaded for HRV analysis. HRV measurements were conducted in both the time and frequency domain, including the root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD) and the ratio of the absolute power of the low-frequency (LF) band (0.04-0.15 Hz) to the absolute power of the high-frequency (HF) band (0.15-0.4 Hz) (LF/HF ratio), respectively. (3) Results: A total of 45 participants (38 men and 7 women) were included in the analysis. The RMSSD gradually increased from 0-5 min to 50-60 min (p = 0.024), while the LF/HF ratio decreased (p < 0.001) during the first hour of sleep (non-rapid eye movement sleep). The LF/HF ratios of the "S" (snoring) episodes were compared with those of the pre-S episodes. An elevated LF/HF ratio during the S episode was associated with the first snoring episode occurring more than 20 min after lying down to sleep (Odds ratio, OR = 10.9, p = 0.004) and with patients diagnosed with severe OSA (OR = 5.01, p = 0.045), as determined by logistic regression. (4) Conclusions: The study observed an increase in the value of RMSSD and a decrease in the value of the LF/HF ratio during the first hour of sleep for patients with OSA. Higher LF/HF ratios were associated with the first occurrence of snoring while lying down for more than 20 min and with patients with severe OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Kun Chiang
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 2, Minsheng Road, Dalin, Chiayi 622, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Chang Lin
- Nature Dental Clinic, Puli Township, Nantou 404, Taiwan;
| | - Yee-Hsin Kao
- Department of Family Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), 670 Chung-Te Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Kuhlman NM, Jones MT, Jagim AR, Feit MK, Aziz R, Crabill T, Fields JB. Relationships between external loads, sRPE-load, and self-reported soreness across a men's collegiate soccer season. Biol Sport 2023; 40:1141-1150. [PMID: 37867741 PMCID: PMC10588591 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.125587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose was to examine relationships between external loads (ELs), perceived exertion, and soreness. Collegiate men soccer players (n = 19) were monitored for 72 sessions (training: n = 53; matches: n = 19). Likert scale assessments (0-6) of lower body soreness were collected prior to each session, and ELs were collected using positional monitoring technology. Session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE-load) was calculated by multiplying perceived exertion values (Borg CR-10 Scale) by respective session duration to determine internal load. Multiple analyses of variance were used to determine differences in ELs across seasons (pre-season, in-season, post-season) and sessions (training, match). Bivariate Pearson correlation coefficients and linear regression analyses were used to evaluate relationships among soreness, ELs, and sRPE-load. Greatest ELs were observed during pre-season and post-season phases (p < 0.001). Sessions with high perceived exertion and low soreness were associated with higher ELs (p < 0.05). Duration (t = 16.13), total distance (t = 9.17), sprint distance (t = 7.54), player load (t = 4.22), top speed (t = 4.69), and acceleration (t = 2.02) positively predicted sRPE-load (F = 412.9, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.75). Soreness was weakly and trivially correlated with ELs (p < 0.05). The very strong relationship between ELs and sRPE-load highlights the utility of sRPE-load as a practical means to estimate workload; however, more research into the relationship between soreness and workload is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Kuhlman
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA
| | - Margaret T. Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - Andrew R. Jagim
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
- Sports Medicine Department, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI
| | - Mary Kate Feit
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA
| | - Richard Aziz
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA
| | - Thomas Crabill
- Physical Education and Health Education, Springfield College, Springfield, MA
| | - Jennifer B. Fields
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
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Malta ES, Lopes VHF, Esco MR, Zagatto AM. Repeated cold-water immersion improves autonomic cardiac modulation following five sessions of high-intensity interval exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1939-1948. [PMID: 37103570 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to investigate the effect of repeated cold-water immersion (CWI) after high-intensity interval exercise sessions on cardiac-autonomic modulation, neuromuscular performance, muscle damage markers, and session internal load. METHODS Twenty-one participants underwent five sessions of high-intensity interval exercise (6-7 bouts of 2 min; pause of 2 min) over a two-week period. Participants were allocated randomly into either a group that underwent CWI (11-min; 11 °C) or a group that performed passive recovery after each exercise session. Before the exercise sessions were performed, countermovement jump (CMJ) and heart rate variability were recorded (i.e., rMSSD, low and high frequency power and its ratio, SD1 and SD2). Exercise heart rate was calculated by recording the area under the curve (AUC) response. Internal session load was evaluated 30 min after each session. Blood concentrations of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were analyzed before the first visit and 24 h after the last sessions. RESULTS The CWI group presented higher rMSSD than the control group at each time point (group-effect P = 0.037). The SD1 was higher in CWI group when compared to the control group following the last exercise session (interaction P = 0.038). SD2 was higher in CWI group compared to the control group at each time point (group-effect P = 0.030). Both groups presented equal CMJ performance (P > 0.05), internal load (group-effect P = 0.702; interaction P = 0.062), heart rate AUC (group-effect P = 0.169; interaction P = 0.663), and creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase blood concentrations (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Repeated post-exercise CWI improves cardiac-autonomic modulation. However, no differences in neuromuscular performance, muscle damage markers, or session internal load were demonstrated between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Souza Malta
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance -LAFIDE and Post-graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem LimpaBauru, SP, CEP 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Vithor Hugo Fialho Lopes
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance -LAFIDE and Post-graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem LimpaBauru, SP, CEP 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Michael R Esco
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Alessandro Moura Zagatto
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance -LAFIDE and Post-graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem LimpaBauru, SP, CEP 17033-360, Brazil.
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Papadakis Z, Grandjean PW, Forsse JS. Effects of Acute Exercise on Cardiac Autonomic Response and Recovery in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:812-825. [PMID: 35522981 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2057401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Heart rate variability (HRV) has gained acceptance as a key marker of cardiovascular health. We compared HRV responses after continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CMIE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) matched for intensity and duration in individuals with midspectrum chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: Twenty men and women (age 62.0 ± 10 yrs.) diagnosed with CKD stages G3a and G3b participated in a 2 (condition) x 4 (time point) repeated cross-over measures design study. HRV time-domain indices were based on the standard deviation of all NN intervals (SDNN) and the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals (RMSSD) and frequency domain. High-frequency (HF), low-frequency (LF), total power (TP) were examined. CMIE consisted of treadmill walking for 30 minutes at a 2% incline and speed corresponding to 60%-65% of reserve volume of oxygen (VO2R). HIIE included five intervals of 3 minutes at 90% of VO2R and 2 minutes at 20% VO2R intervals. Conditions were designed to be of the same average intensity (60% to 65% of VO2R) and caloric expenditure (~144 kcal). Results: Immediately following exercise SDNN, RMSSD, HF, LF, and TP were significantly lower compared to before exercise (p <.05). HRV responses were not different between conditions and conditions X time (p >.05). Conclusions: Thirty minutes of either CMIE or HIIE decreased HRV indices, pointing to an autonomic imbalance favoring vagal mediation. HRV's responses regarding HIIE were no different from CMIE, therefore, from an autonomic function point of view this similarity may be useful for CKD exercise prescription and programming.
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DeBlauw JA, Stein JA, Blackman C, Haas M, Makle S, Echevarria I, Edmonds R, Ives SJ. Heart rate variability of elite female rowers in preparation for and during the national selection regattas: a pilot study on the relation to on water performance. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1245788. [PMID: 37691642 PMCID: PMC10483281 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1245788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite athletes require a delicate balance of physiological and psychological stress and recovery-essential for achieving optimal performance. Monitoring heart rate variability (HRV) provides a non-invasive estimation of both physiological and psychological stress levels, offering potentially valuable insights into health, performance, and adaptability. Previous studies, primarily conducted on male participants, have shown an association between HRV and performance in the context of rowing training. However, given the rigorous nature of rowing training, it is crucial to investigate HRV in elite rowers, particularly during the U.S. national selection regattas (NSR). Purpose To comprehensively analyze elite female rowers, evaluating acute changes in HRV and subjective psychometrics during the NSR. Methods Five elite female rowers (26 ± 2 years, 180 ± 8 cm, 82 ± 8 kg, 19 ± 6%fat) were recruited and tracked prior to and during NSR I and II. Morning HRV measures were completed using photoplethysmography (HRV4training) along with self-reported levels of fatigue, soreness, rating of perceived exertion, mentally energy and physical condition. Results Significant decreases were observed in log transformed root-mean square of successive differences (LnRMSSD; p = 0.0014) and fatigue (p = 0.01) from pre-to-during NSR, while mental energy (p = 0.01), physical condition (p = 0.01), and motivation (p = 0.006) significantly increased. These psychometric measures returned to pre-NSR levels, at post-NSR (all p < 0.05), though HRV remained slightly suppressed. NSR on-water performance was not correlated to LnRMSSD or the change in LnRMSSD (p > 0.05). Discussion HRV and psychometric measures are sensitive to the stress of elite rowing competition in females. However, HRV was not associated with on-water rowing performance during an elite rowing competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. DeBlauw
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Jesse A. Stein
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, United States
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Carolyn Blackman
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Melissa Haas
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Seraya Makle
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Isis Echevarria
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Rohan Edmonds
- Department of Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Ives
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
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Thurlow F, Weakley J, Townshend AD, Timmins RG, Morrison M, McLaren SJ. The Acute Demands of Repeated-Sprint Training on Physiological, Neuromuscular, Perceptual and Performance Outcomes in Team Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1609-1640. [PMID: 37222864 PMCID: PMC10356687 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01853-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated-sprint training (RST) involves maximal-effort, short-duration sprints (≤ 10 s) interspersed with brief recovery periods (≤ 60 s). Knowledge about the acute demands of RST and the influence of programming variables has implications for training prescription. OBJECTIVES To investigate the physiological, neuromuscular, perceptual and performance demands of RST, while also examining the moderating effects of programming variables (sprint modality, number of repetitions per set, sprint repetition distance, inter-repetition rest modality and inter-repetition rest duration) on these outcomes. METHODS The databases Pubmed, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE and Scopus were searched for original research articles investigating overground running RST in team sport athletes ≥ 16 years. Eligible data were analysed using multi-level mixed effects meta-analysis, with meta-regression performed on outcomes with ~ 50 samples (10 per moderator) to examine the influence of programming factors. Effects were evaluated based on coverage of their confidence (compatibility) limits (CL) against elected thresholds of practical importance. RESULTS From 908 data samples nested within 176 studies eligible for meta-analysis, the pooled effects (± 90% CL) of RST were as follows: average heart rate (HRavg) of 163 ± 9 bpm, peak heart rate (HRpeak) of 182 ± 3 bpm, average oxygen consumption of 42.4 ± 10.1 mL·kg-1·min-1, end-set blood lactate concentration (B[La]) of 10.7 ± 0.6 mmol·L-1, deciMax session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) of 6.5 ± 0.5 au, average sprint time (Savg) of 5.57 ± 0.26 s, best sprint time (Sbest) of 5.52 ± 0.27 s and percentage sprint decrement (Sdec) of 5.0 ± 0.3%. When compared with a reference protocol of 6 × 30 m straight-line sprints with 20 s passive inter-repetition rest, shuttle-based sprints were associated with a substantial increase in repetition time (Savg: 1.42 ± 0.11 s, Sbest: 1.55 ± 0.13 s), whereas the effect on sRPE was trivial (0.6 ± 0.9 au). Performing two more repetitions per set had a trivial effect on HRpeak (0.8 ± 1.0 bpm), B[La] (0.3 ± 0.2 mmol·L-1), sRPE (0.2 ± 0.2 au), Savg (0.01 ± 0.03) and Sdec (0.4; ± 0.2%). Sprinting 10 m further per repetition was associated with a substantial increase in B[La] (2.7; ± 0.7 mmol·L-1) and Sdec (1.7 ± 0.4%), whereas the effect on sRPE was trivial (0.7 ± 0.6). Resting for 10 s longer between repetitions was associated with a substantial reduction in B[La] (-1.1 ± 0.5 mmol·L-1), Savg (-0.09 ± 0.06 s) and Sdec (-1.4 ± 0.4%), while the effects on HRpeak (-0.7 ± 1.8 bpm) and sRPE (-0.5 ± 0.5 au) were trivial. All other moderating effects were compatible with both trivial and substantial effects [i.e. equal coverage of the confidence interval (CI) across a trivial and a substantial region in only one direction], or inconclusive (i.e. the CI spanned across substantial and trivial regions in both positive and negative directions). CONCLUSIONS The physiological, neuromuscular, perceptual and performance demands of RST are substantial, with some of these outcomes moderated by the manipulation of programming variables. To amplify physiological demands and performance decrement, longer sprint distances (> 30 m) and shorter, inter-repetition rest (≤ 20 s) are recommended. Alternatively, to mitigate fatigue and enhance acute sprint performance, shorter sprint distances (e.g. 15-25 m) with longer, passive inter-repetition rest (≥ 30 s) are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Thurlow
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia.
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew D Townshend
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ryan G Timmins
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew Morrison
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shaun J McLaren
- Newcastle Falcons Rugby Club, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Petek BJ, Al-Alusi MA, Moulson N, Grant AJ, Besson C, Guseh JS, Wasfy MM, Gremeaux V, Churchill TW, Baggish AL. Consumer Wearable Health and Fitness Technology in Cardiovascular Medicine: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 82:245-264. [PMID: 37438010 PMCID: PMC10662962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of consumer wearable devices (CWDs) to track health and fitness has rapidly expanded over recent years because of advances in technology. The general population now has the capability to continuously track vital signs, exercise output, and advanced health metrics. Although understanding of basic health metrics may be intuitive (eg, peak heart rate), more complex metrics are derived from proprietary algorithms, differ among device manufacturers, and may not historically be common in clinical practice (eg, peak V˙O2, exercise recovery scores). With the massive expansion of data collected at an individual patient level, careful interpretation is imperative. In this review, we critically analyze common health metrics provided by CWDs, describe common pitfalls in CWD interpretation, provide recommendations for the interpretation of abnormal results, present the utility of CWDs in exercise prescription, examine health disparities and inequities in CWD use and development, and present future directions for research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Petek
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mostafa A Al-Alusi
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathaniel Moulson
- Division of Cardiology and Sports Cardiology BC, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aubrey J Grant
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cyril Besson
- Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Sport Science, University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Sawalla Guseh
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meagan M Wasfy
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vincent Gremeaux
- Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Sport Science, University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Timothy W Churchill
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron L Baggish
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Sport Science, University of Lausanne (ISSUL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Haller N, Behringer M, Reichel T, Wahl P, Simon P, Krüger K, Zimmer P, Stöggl T. Blood-Based Biomarkers for Managing Workload in Athletes: Considerations and Recommendations for Evidence-Based Use of Established Biomarkers. Sports Med 2023; 53:1315-1333. [PMID: 37204619 PMCID: PMC10197055 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Blood-based biomarkers can provide an objective individualized measure of training load, recovery, and health status in order to reduce injury risk and maximize performance. Despite enormous potentials, especially owing to currently evolving technology, such as point-of-care testing, and advantages, in terms of objectivity and non-interference with the training process, there are several pitfalls in the use and interpretation of biomarkers. Confounding variables such as preanalytical conditions, inter-individual differences, or an individual chronic workload can lead to variance in resting levels. In addition, statistical considerations such as the detection of meaningful minimal changes are often neglected. The lack of generally applicable and individual reference levels further complicates the interpretation of level changes and thus load management via biomarkers. Here, the potentials and pitfalls of blood-based biomarkers are described, followed by an overview of established biomarkers currently used to support workload management. Creatine kinase is discussed in terms of its evidence for workload management to illustrate the limited applicability of established markers for workload management to date. We conclude with recommendations for best practices in the use and interpretation of biomarkers in a sport-specific context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Haller
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria
| | - Michael Behringer
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, Salzburg, 5400 Hallein-Rif, Austria.
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria.
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Zacher J, Branahl A, Predel HG, Laborde S. Effects of Covid-19 on the autonomic nervous system in elite athletes assessed by heart rate variability. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37360977 PMCID: PMC10191822 DOI: 10.1007/s11332-023-01067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Covid-19 is a viral airway and systemic infection which can negatively affect the function of the autonomic nervous system. Cardiovascular autonomic function is essential for peak athletic performance. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a Covid-19 disease on the autonomic nervous system of German elite athletes using heart rate variability (HRV). Methods 60 elite athletes (aged 22.88 ± 4.71 years) were recruited, 30 of whom had undergone a Covid-19 disease. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured during rest and during an orthostatic challenge. Results At rest and after orthostatic stress blood pressure and the root mean square of successive differences (RMSDD) were significantly lower in Covid-19 athletes (COV) than in control athletes (CON) (p = 0.002 and p = 0.004, respectively); heart rate was significantly higher (p = 0.001). COV showed a significantly greater reduction in blood pressure and elevation of heart rate than CON, but the change in RMSSD did not differ significantly during the orthostatic challenge. Conclusion These results show a change in cardiac parasympathetic activity and cardiovascular autonomic function in German elite athletes after Covid-19. These findings further the understanding of effects of the Covid-19 disease on the cardiovascular physiology in athletes. Heart rate variability may be a helpful tool in the return-to-play assessment of elite athletes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11332-023-01067-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Zacher
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aike Branahl
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Predel
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sylvain Laborde
- Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Normandie Université, EA 4260, UFR STAPS, Caen, France
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Croteau F, Gaudet S, Briand J, Clément J. Case study of IMU loads and self-reported fatigue monitoring of water polo goalkeepers preparing for the Olympic games. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1198003. [PMID: 37255727 PMCID: PMC10225700 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1198003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Measurement of training in water polo goalkeepers has focused first on psycho-physiological variables, but also on external volume estimated with wearable sensors. However, there are limited studies exploring training monitoring in water polo goalkeepers longitudinally. Methods Three female senior national team goalkeepers participated in this study from May to August 2021. Internal loads were defined using session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Tri-axial accelerations and angular velocities were measured with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) placed on the lower back to measure external loads. Relationships between self-reported and IMU-derived metrics were explored using Spearman correlations. Two-way ANOVAs were used to assess differences between session types and between athletes. Results In total, 247 sessions were collected (159 practices, 67 matches and 21 game warm up), with 155 sessions having complete data. IMU metrics, such as number of kicks, number of jumps or player-load showed high correlation with each other (ρ = 0.80-0.88). There was also a moderate correlation (ρ = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.33-0.58) between sRPE and player-load measured with the IMU. ANOVA tests showed that there were significant differences between athletes for sRPE (p < 0.01) but not for player load (p = 0.47). There were no interactions between athletes and training types, except for index score (p < 0.01). Conclusions This study shows that monitoring of training loads can be performed successfully in water polo goalkeepers using a combination of self-reported and IMU measures. Self-reported outcomes can be expected to vary significantly across athletes within the same session, while IMU metrics vary across training situations. Finally, coaches should be mindful of missing data, as they can skew the interpretation of training loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Croteau
- Institut national du sport du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Water Polo Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvain Gaudet
- Institut national du sport du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Water Polo Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jeremy Briand
- Institut national du sport du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Clément
- Institut national du sport du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Water Polo Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Génie des Systèmes, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Campos BT, Nakamura FY, Penna EM, Moraes RGSD, Rodrigues JGDAS, Albuquerque MR, Prado LS. Monitoring Training Loads in Judo Athletes: Different Time Courses of Physiological, Neuromuscular, and Perceptual Responses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2023; 16:638-653. [PMID: 37621711 PMCID: PMC10446951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to elucidate the internal load, performance, physiological, and perceptual recovery responses during four weeks of traditional judo training. Ten cadet and junior judo athletes were evaluated daily for four weeks, in which their perception of recovery, heart rate variability, handgrip strength, and countermovement jump performance were assessed. A one-way repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to analyze the variables across the weeks. A significant time effect in internal load (F = 6.51; p = 0.001) has been observed. Handgrip test performance showed significantly higher values in the 3rd and 4th weeks (p <0.001), while countermovement jump performance was significantly higher in the 4th week (p =0.0007). The heart rate variability's coefficient of variation was lower in both the 3rd and 4th weeks (p =0.02). Regarding perceptual aspects, the Hooper Index showed a significant time effect (p =0.04), but pairwise comparison did not reveal differences between weeks. The present study indicates that neuromuscular, physiological, and perceptual responses to training load alterations present different time courses. This must be considered for the adequate monitoring of training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno T Campos
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BRAZIL
| | | | - Eduardo M Penna
- Physical and Sports Training Study Group, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Pará, BRAZIL
| | - Renato G S D Moraes
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BRAZIL
| | - João Gabriel DA S Rodrigues
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BRAZIL
| | - Maicon R Albuquerque
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BRAZIL
- Sports Training Center (CTE), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), BRAZIL
| | - Luciano S Prado
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BRAZIL
- Sports Training Center (CTE), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), BRAZIL
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Clavel P, Leduc C, Morin JB, Buchheit M, Lacome M. Reliability of individual acceleration-speed profile in-situ in elite youth soccer players. J Biomech 2023; 153:111602. [PMID: 37163953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to describe differences in the acceleration-speed (A-S) profile in-situ and to assess the week-to-week reliability of the A-S profile in-situ over a given training cycle of elite youth soccer players, in relation to the number of sessions included and analyse the effect of the inclusion or not of a specific sprint session. In this retrospective study, 18 male elite U19 football players (179.4 ± 7.1 cm; 69.0 ± 9.5 kg) participated. GPS data collected from three consecutive typical training weeks were used to calculate different combinations of A-S profile in-situ variables (theoretical maximal acceleration [A0], theoretical maximal speed [S0] and the slope of the acceleration-speed [ASslope]). The number (and content) of sessions affected mainly S0 while A0 remained similar with or without a sprint session. The reliability of the A-S profile in-situ is more related to the spread of points rather than a specific number of sessions (and thus points) and was improved when a high percentage of maximum speed (i.e. ≥ 95%) was reached. The present study showed low week-to-week variability for A0, S0 and ASslope. However, practitioners need to make sure that the values cover a sufficient range of raw data [20-95% of maximum speed] to build a clear and consistent linear regression, and in turn extrapolate meaningful A-S profile values.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Clavel
- Performance Department, Paris Saint-Germain FC, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France; French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France.
| | - C Leduc
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Center, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; Sport Science and Medicine Department, Crystal Palace FC, London United Kingdom
| | - J-B Morin
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - M Buchheit
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France; HIITScience, Revelstoke, BC, Canada; Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland; Lille OSC, Performance Department, Lille, France
| | - M Lacome
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France; Performance and Analytics Department, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy
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Delling AC, Jakobsmeyer R, Coenen J, Christiansen N, Reinsberger C. Home-Based Measurements of Nocturnal Cardiac Parasympathetic Activity in Athletes during Return to Sport after Sport-Related Concussion. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094190. [PMID: 37177393 PMCID: PMC10181314 DOI: 10.3390/s23094190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sport-related concussions (SRC) are characterized by impaired autonomic control. Heart rate variability (HRV) offers easily obtainable diagnostic approaches to SRC-associated dysautonomia, but studies investigating HRV during sleep, a crucial time for post-traumatic cerebral regeneration, are relatively sparse. The aim of this study was to assess nocturnal HRV in athletes during their return to sports (RTS) after SRC in their home environment using wireless wrist sensors (E4, Empatica, Milan, Italy) and to explore possible relations with clinical concussion-associated sleep symptoms. Eighteen SRC athletes wore a wrist sensor obtaining photoplethysmographic data at night during RTS as well as one night after full clinical recovery post RTS (>3 weeks). Nocturnal heart rate and parasympathetic activity of HRV (RMSSD) were calculated and compared using the Mann-Whitney U Test to values of eighteen; matched by sex, age, sport, and expertise, control athletes underwent the identical protocol. During RTS, nocturnal RMSSD of SRC athletes (Mdn = 77.74 ms) showed a trend compared to controls (Mdn = 95.68 ms, p = 0.021, r = -0.382, p adjusted using false discovery rate = 0.126) and positively correlated to "drowsiness" (r = 0.523, p = 0.023, p adjusted = 0.046). Post RTS, no differences in RMSSD between groups were detected. The presented findings in nocturnal cardiac parasympathetic activity during nights of RTS in SRC athletes might be a result of concussion, although its relation to recovery still needs to be elucidated. Utilization of wireless sensors and wearable technologies in home-based settings offer a possibility to obtain helpful objective data in the management of SRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Carina Delling
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Exercise and Health, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Rasmus Jakobsmeyer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Exercise and Health, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Jessica Coenen
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Exercise and Health, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Nele Christiansen
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Exercise and Health, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Claus Reinsberger
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Exercise and Health, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Garrett JM, Leduc C, Akyildiz Z, van den Hoek DJ, Clemente FM, Yildiz M, Nobari H. Comparison of the neuromuscular response to three different Turkish, semi-professional football training sessions typically used within the tactical periodization training model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6467. [PMID: 37081074 PMCID: PMC10119100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the neuromuscular responses to three typical football (soccer) training sessions and the reliability of peak speed (PS) measured during a submaximal running test (SRT) for identifying neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) status. Jump height (CMJH) and peak velocity (CMJPV) were collected from a CMJ test, while peak speed (PS) was collected during an SRT before and after each training session. Large effect size (ES) decreases were observed in each variable post-training (ES; - 1.42 to - 2.32). Significant differences (> 0.001) were detected between each football session's external load variables. Coefficients of variations were small (< 10%) with moderate (CMJPV; 0.53, PS; 0.44) and strong (CMJH; 0.72) intraclass correlation coefficients between pre-test measures. The demands of each football session aligned with the principles of tactical periodization and were sufficient to produce the fatigue necessary to elicit physiological adaptations. PS was also shown to be a viable measure of monitoring NMF status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M Garrett
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Cedric Leduc
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Sport Science and Medicine Department, Crystal Palace FC, London, UK
| | - Zeki Akyildiz
- Training and Movement Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Daniel J van den Hoek
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mehmet Yildiz
- Sports Science Faculty, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
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