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Vestal KA, Kattamuri C, Koyiloth M, Ongaro L, Howard JA, Deaton AM, Ticau S, Dubey A, Bernard DJ, Thompson TB. Activin E is a transforming growth factor β ligand that signals specifically through activin receptor-like kinase 7. Biochem J 2024; 481:547-564. [PMID: 38533769 PMCID: PMC11088876 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Activins are one of the three distinct subclasses within the greater Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily. First discovered for their critical roles in reproductive biology, activins have since been shown to alter cellular differentiation and proliferation. At present, members of the activin subclass include activin A (ActA), ActB, ActC, ActE, and the more distant members myostatin and GDF11. While the biological roles and signaling mechanisms of most activins class members have been well-studied, the signaling potential of ActE has remained largely unknown. Here, we characterized the signaling capacity of homodimeric ActE. Molecular modeling of the ligand:receptor complexes showed that ActC and ActE shared high similarity in both the type I and type II receptor binding epitopes. ActE signaled specifically through ALK7, utilized the canonical activin type II receptors, ActRIIA and ActRIIB, and was resistant to the extracellular antagonists follistatin and WFIKKN. In mature murine adipocytes, ActE invoked a SMAD2/3 response via ALK7, like ActC. Collectively, our results establish ActE as a specific signaling ligand which activates the type I receptor, ALK7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie A. Vestal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | - Muhasin Koyiloth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | - Luisina Ongaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James A. Howard
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Aditi Dubey
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A
| | - Daniel J. Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas B. Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
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2
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Tangseefa P, Jin H, Zhang H, Xie M, Ibáñez CF. Human ACVR1C missense variants that correlate with altered body fat distribution produce metabolic alterations of graded severity in knock-in mutant mice. Mol Metab 2024; 81:101890. [PMID: 38307384 PMCID: PMC10863331 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Genome-wide studies have identified three missense variants in the human gene ACVR1C, encoding the TGF-β superfamily receptor ALK7, that correlate with altered waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (WHR/BMI), a measure of body fat distribution. METHODS To move from correlation to causation and understand the effects of these variants on fat accumulation and adipose tissue function, we introduced each of the variants in the mouse Acvr1c locus and investigated metabolic phenotypes in comparison with a null mutation. RESULTS Mice carrying the I195T variant showed resistance to high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, increased catecholamine-induced adipose tissue lipolysis and impaired ALK7 signaling, phenocopying the null mutants. Mice with the I482V variant displayed an intermediate phenotype, with partial resistance to HFD-induced obesity, reduction in subcutaneous, but not visceral, fat mass, decreased systemic lipolysis and reduced ALK7 signaling. Surprisingly, mice carrying the N150H variant were metabolically indistinguishable from wild type under HFD, although ALK7 signaling was reduced at low ligand concentrations. CONCLUSION Together, these results validate ALK7 as an attractive drug target in human obesity and suggest a lower threshold for ALK7 function in humans compared to mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawanrat Tangseefa
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China; Peking University School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Houyu Zhang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China; Peking University School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xie
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China; Peking University School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge 14157, Sweden
| | - Carlos F Ibáñez
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 102206 Beijing, China; Peking University School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, 100871 Beijing, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden; Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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3
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Kumar V, Stewart JH. Obesity, bone marrow adiposity, and leukemia: Time to act. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13674. [PMID: 38092420 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Obesity has taken the face of a pandemic with less direct concern among the general population and scientific community. However, obesity is considered a low-grade systemic inflammation that impacts multiple organs. Chronic inflammation is also associated with different solid and blood cancers. In addition, emerging evidence demonstrates that individuals with obesity are at higher risk of developing blood cancers and have poorer clinical outcomes than individuals in a normal weight range. The bone marrow is critical for hematopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and myelopoiesis. Therefore, it is vital to understand the mechanisms by which obesity-associated changes in BM adiposity impact leukemia development. BM adipocytes are critical to maintain homeostasis via different means, including immune regulation. However, obesity increases BM adiposity and creates a pro-inflammatory environment to upregulate clonal hematopoiesis and a leukemia-supportive environment. Obesity further alters lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis via different mechanisms, which dysregulate myeloid and lymphoid immune cell functions mentioned in the text under different sequentially discussed sections. The altered immune cell function during obesity alters hematological malignancies and leukemia susceptibility. Therefore, obesity-induced altered BM adiposity, immune cell generation, and function impact an individual's predisposition and severity of leukemia, which should be considered a critical factor in leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John H Stewart
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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He L, Li H, Zhang L, Zhang J, Zhang G, Tong X, Zhang T, Wu Y, Li M, Jin L. Transcriptome analysis of norepinephrine-induced lipolysis in differentiated adipocytes of Bama pig. Gene 2023; 888:147753. [PMID: 37659599 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic innervation of white adipose tissue (WAT) plays a key role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Sympathetic activation promotes release of norepinephrine (NE), which binds to adrenergic receptors on adipocytes, promoting adipocyte lipolysis and enhanced oxidative metabolism. However, the mechanism by which sympathetic nerves regulate lipid metabolism in pig adipose tissue remains unclear. We used NE to simulate the process of sympathetic driving in pig adipocytes. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to determine the gene expression profile of pig adipocytes responding to NE stimulation. Our data suggests that the lipolytic signaling pathway is activated in pig adipocytes upon acute stimulation of NE, resulting in enhanced lipid metabolism and lipolysis, consistent with the phenomena found in humans and mice. Specifically, differentially expressed protein coding genes (PCGs) (SIRT4, SLC27A1) are mainly associated with functions that inhibit fatty acid oxidation and promote lipid synthesis. Similarly, we investigated the changes in regulatory transcripts such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and transcripts of uncertain coding potential (TUCP) in response to NE and found that differentially expressed lncRNAs (lncG47338, lncG30660, lncG29516, lncG3790) and TUCP (TUCP_G38001) were co-expressed with target genes related to the promotion of fatty acid β-oxidation, lipolysis and oxidative metabolism, thus acting as regulators. These results indicate a broad suite of gene expression alterations in response to NE stimulation and promote the understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which NE regulates lipid metabolism in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hong Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Linzhen Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiaman Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Geng Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xingyan Tong
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Long Jin
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Cho CH, Patel S, Rajbhandari P. Adipose tissue lipid metabolism: lipolysis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2023; 83:102114. [PMID: 37738733 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue stores fatty acid (FA) as triglyceride in the lipid droplet organelle of highly specialized cells known as fat cells or adipocytes. Depending on the nutritional state and energy demand, hormonal and biochemical signals converge on activating an elegant and fundamental process known as lipolysis, which involves triglyceride hydrolysis to FAs. Almost six decades of work have vastly expanded our knowledge of lipolysis from enzymatic processes to complex protein assembly, disassembly, and post-translational modification. Research in recent decades ushered in the discovery of new lipolytic enzymes and coregulators and the characterization of numerous factors and signaling pathways that regulate lipid hydrolysis on transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. This review will discuss recent developments with particular emphasis on the past two years in enzymatic lipolytic pathways and transcriptional regulation of lipolysis. We will summarize the positive and negative regulators of lipolysis, the adipose tissue microenvironment in lipolysis, and the systemic effects of lipolysis. The dynamic nature of adipocyte lipolysis is emerging as an essential regulator of metabolism and energy balance, and we will discuss recent developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Hwan Cho
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanil Patel
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prashant Rajbhandari
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place New York, NY 10029 USA.
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6
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Griffin JD, Buxton JM, Culver JA, Barnes R, Jordan EA, White AR, Flaherty SE, Bernardo B, Ross T, Bence KK, Birnbaum MJ. Hepatic Activin E mediates liver-adipose inter-organ communication, suppressing adipose lipolysis in response to elevated serum fatty acids. Mol Metab 2023; 78:101830. [PMID: 38787338 PMCID: PMC10656223 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The liver is a central regulator of energy metabolism exerting its influence both through intrinsic processing of substrates such as glucose and fatty acid as well as by secreting endocrine factors, known as hepatokines, which influence metabolism in peripheral tissues. Human genome wide association studies indicate that a predicted loss-of-function variant in the Inhibin βE gene (INHBE), encoding the putative hepatokine Activin E, is associated with reduced abdominal fat mass and cardiometabolic disease risk. However, the regulation of hepatic Activin E and the influence of Activin E on adiposity and metabolic disease are not well understood. Here, we examine the relationship between hepatic Activin E and adipose metabolism, testing the hypothesis that Activin E functions as part of a liver-adipose, inter-organ feedback loop to suppress adipose tissue lipolysis in response to elevated serum fatty acids and hepatic fatty acid exposure. METHODS The relationship between hepatic Activin E and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) released from adipose lipolysis was assessed in vivo using fasted CL 316,243 treated mice and in vitro using Huh7 hepatocytes treated with fatty acids. The influence of Activin E on adipose lipolysis was examined using a combination of Inhbe knockout mice, a mouse model of hepatocyte-specific overexpression of Activin E, and mouse brown adipocytes treated with Activin E enriched media. RESULTS Increasing hepatocyte NEFA exposure in vivo by inducing adipose lipolysis through fasting or CL 316,243 treatment increased hepatic Inhbe expression. Similarly, incubation of Huh7 human hepatocytes with fatty acids increased expression of INHBE. Genetic ablation of Inhbe in mice increased fasting circulating NEFA and hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Treatment of mouse brown adipocytes with Activin E conditioned media and overexpression of Activin E in mice suppressed adipose lipolysis and reduced serum FFA levels, respectively. The suppressive effects of Activin E on lipolysis were lost in CRISPR-mediated ALK7 deficient cells and ALK7 kinase deficient mice. Disruption of the Activin E-ALK7 signaling axis in Inhbe KO mice reduced adiposity upon HFD feeding, but caused hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggest that Activin E functions as part of a liver-adipose feedback loop, such that in response to increased serum free fatty acids and elevated hepatic triglyceride, Activin E is released from hepatocytes and signals in adipose through ALK7 to suppress lipolysis, thereby reducing free fatty acid efflux to the liver and preventing excessive hepatic lipid accumulation. We find that disrupting this Activin E-ALK7 inter-organ communication network by ablation of Inhbe in mice increases lipolysis and reduces adiposity, but results in elevated hepatic triglyceride and impaired insulin sensitivity. These results highlight the liver-adipose, Activin E-ALK7 signaling axis as a critical regulator of metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Griffin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc.,1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Joanne M Buxton
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc.,1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Culver
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc.,1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert Barnes
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc.,1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emily A Jordan
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc.,1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alexis R White
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc.,1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephen E Flaherty
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc.,1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Barbara Bernardo
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc.,1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Trenton Ross
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc.,1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kendra K Bence
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc.,1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Morris J Birnbaum
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc.,1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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7
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Kang Q, Zhu X, Ren D, Ky A, MacDougald OA, O'Rourke RW, Rui L. Adipose METTL14-Elicited N 6 -Methyladenosine Promotes Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and NAFLD Through Suppressing β Adrenergic Signaling and Lipolysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301645. [PMID: 37526326 PMCID: PMC10558699 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) lipolysis releases free fatty acids as a key energy substance to support metabolism in fasting, cold exposure, and exercise. Atgl, in concert with Cgi-58, catalyzes the first lipolytic reaction. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulates lipolysis via neurotransmitter norepinephrine that activates adipocyte β adrenergic receptors (Adrb1-3). In obesity, adipose Adrb signaling and lipolysis are impaired, contributing to pathogenic WAT expansion; however, the underling mechanism remains poorly understood. Recent studies highlight importance of N6 -methyladenosine (m6A)-based RNA modification in health and disease. METTL14 heterodimerizes with METTL3 to form an RNA methyltransferase complex that installs m6A in transcripts. Here, this work shows that adipose Mettl3 and Mettl14 are influenced by fasting, refeeding, and insulin, and are upregulated in high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity. Adipose Adrb2, Adrb3, Atgl, and Cgi-58 transcript m6A contents are elevated in obesity. Mettl14 ablation decreases these transcripts' m6A contents and increases their translations and protein levels in adipocytes, thereby increasing Adrb signaling and lipolysis. Mice with adipocyte-specific deletion of Mettl14 are resistant to HFD-induced obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These results unravel a METTL14/m6A/translation pathway governing Adrb signaling and lipolysis. METTL14/m6A-based epitranscriptomic reprogramming impairs adipose Adrb signaling and lipolysis, promoting obesity, NAFLD, and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Kang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Elizabeth Weiser Caswell Diabetes InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Xiaorong Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of EndocrinologyBeijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing Diabetes InstituteBeijing100730China
| | - Decheng Ren
- Department of MedicineUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Alexander Ky
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Ormond A. MacDougald
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Elizabeth Weiser Caswell Diabetes InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Robert W. O'Rourke
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of SurgeryVeterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare SystemAn ArborMI48105USA
| | - Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Elizabeth Weiser Caswell Diabetes InstituteUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMI48109USA
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8
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Lan Q, Liufu S, Liu X, Ai N, Xu X, Li X, Yu Z, Yin Y, Liu M, Ma H. Comprehensive analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles uncovered the age-induced dynamic development pattern of subcutaneous fat in Ningxiang pig. Gene 2023; 880:147624. [PMID: 37422178 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing meat production and quality is the eternal theme for pig breeding industries. Fat deposition has always been the focus of research in practical production because it is closely linked to pig production efficiency and pork quality. In the current study, multi-omics techniques were performed to explore the modulatory mechanisms of backfat (BF) accumulation at three core developmental stages for Ningxiang pigs. Our results identified that 15 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 9 significantly changed metabolites (SCMs) contributed to the BF development via the cAMP signaling pathway, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Herein, we found a series of candidate genes such as adrenoceptor beta 1 (ADRB1), adenylate cyclase 5 (ADCY5), ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 1 (ATP1B1), ATPase plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting 3 (ATP2B3), ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 2 (ATP1A2), perilipin 1 (PLIN1), patatin like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3), ELOVL fatty acid elongase 5 (ELOVL5) and metabolites like epinephrine, cAMP, arachidonic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid existed age-specificeffects and played important roles in lipolysis, fat accumulation, and fatty acid composition. Our findings provide a reference for molecular mechanisms in BF tissue development and the optimization of carcass quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Sui Liufu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Nini Ai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Xueli Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Xintong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Zonggang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, PR China
| | - Mei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
| | - Haiming Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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9
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Adam RC, Pryce DS, Lee JS, Zhao Y, Mintah IJ, Min S, Halasz G, Mastaitis J, Atwal GS, Aykul S, Idone V, Economides AN, Lotta LA, Murphy AJ, Yancopoulos GD, Sleeman MW, Gusarova V. Activin E-ACVR1C cross talk controls energy storage via suppression of adipose lipolysis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309967120. [PMID: 37523551 PMCID: PMC10410708 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309967120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Body fat distribution is a heritable risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disease. In humans, rare Inhibin beta E (INHBE, activin E) loss-of-function variants are associated with a lower waist-to-hip ratio and protection from type 2 diabetes. Hepatic fatty acid sensing promotes INHBE expression during fasting and in obese individuals, yet it is unclear how the hepatokine activin E governs body shape and energy metabolism. Here, we uncover activin E as a regulator of adipose energy storage. By suppressing β-agonist-induced lipolysis, activin E promotes fat accumulation and adipocyte hypertrophy and contributes to adipose dysfunction in mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that activin E elicits its effect on adipose tissue through ACVR1C, activating SMAD2/3 signaling and suppressing PPARG target genes. Conversely, loss of activin E or ACVR1C in mice increases fat utilization, lowers adiposity, and drives PPARG-regulated gene signatures indicative of healthy adipose function. Our studies identify activin E-ACVR1C as a metabolic rheostat promoting liver-adipose cross talk to restrain excessive fat breakdown and preserve fat mass during prolonged fasting, a mechanism that is maladaptive in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuanqi Zhao
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY10591
| | | | - Soo Min
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY10591
| | | | | | | | - Senem Aykul
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY10591
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10
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Guilherme A, Rowland LA, Wang H, Czech MP. The adipocyte supersystem of insulin and cAMP signaling. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:340-354. [PMID: 35989245 PMCID: PMC10339226 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue signals to brain, liver, and muscles to control whole body metabolism through secreted lipid and protein factors as well as neurotransmission, but the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Adipocytes sequester triglyceride (TG) in fed conditions stimulated by insulin, while in fasting catecholamines trigger TG hydrolysis, releasing glycerol and fatty acids (FAs). These antagonistic hormone actions result in part from insulin's ability to inhibit cAMP levels generated through such G-protein-coupled receptors as catecholamine-activated β-adrenergic receptors. Consistent with these antagonistic signaling modes, acute actions of catecholamines cause insulin resistance. Yet, paradoxically, chronically activating adipocytes by catecholamines cause increased glucose tolerance, as does insulin. Recent results have helped to unravel this conundrum by revealing enhanced complexities of these hormones' signaling networks, including identification of unexpected common signaling nodes between these canonically antagonistic hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Guilherme
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Leslie A Rowland
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) displays the unique capacity to generate heat through uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation that makes it a very attractive therapeutic target for cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we review BAT cellular metabolism, its regulation by the central nervous and endocrine systems and circulating metabolites, the plausible roles of this tissue in human thermoregulation, energy balance, and cardiometabolic disorders, and the current knowledge on its pharmacological stimulation in humans. The current definition and measurement of BAT in human studies relies almost exclusively on BAT glucose uptake from positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxiglucose, which can be dissociated from BAT thermogenic activity, as for example in insulin-resistant states. The most important energy substrate for BAT thermogenesis is its intracellular fatty acid content mobilized from sympathetic stimulation of intracellular triglyceride lipolysis. This lipolytic BAT response is intertwined with that of white adipose (WAT) and other metabolic tissues, and cannot be independently stimulated with the drugs tested thus far. BAT is an interesting and biologically plausible target that has yet to be fully and selectively activated to increase the body's thermogenic response and shift energy balance. The field of human BAT research is in need of methods able to directly, specifically, and reliably measure BAT thermogenic capacity while also tracking the related thermogenic responses in WAT and other tissues. Until this is achieved, uncertainty will remain about the role played by this fascinating tissue in human cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André C Carpentier
- Correspondence: André C. Carpentier, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Ave N, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Denis Richard
- Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada
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12
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Zhao M, Okunishi K, Bu Y, Kikuchi O, Wang H, Kitamura T, Izumi T. Targeting activin receptor-like kinase 7 ameliorates adiposity and associated metabolic disorders. JCI Insight 2023; 8:161229. [PMID: 36626233 PMCID: PMC9977491 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7) is a type I receptor in the TGF-β superfamily preferentially expressed in adipose tissue and associated with lipid metabolism. Inactivation of ALK7 signaling in mice results in increased lipolysis and resistance to both genetic and diet-induced obesity. Human genetic studies have recently revealed an association between ALK7 variants and both reduced waist to hip ratios and resistance to development of diabetes. In the present study, treatment with a neutralizing mAb against ALK7 caused a substantial loss of adipose mass and improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in both genetic and diet-induced mouse obesity models. The enhanced lipolysis increased fatty acid supply from adipocytes to promote fatty acid oxidation in muscle and oxygen consumption at the whole-body level. The treatment temporarily increased hepatic triglyceride levels, which resolved with long-term Ab treatment. Blocking of ALK7 signals also decreased production of its ligand, growth differentiation factor 3, by downregulating S100A8/A9 release from adipocytes and, subsequently, IL-1β release from adipose tissue macrophages. These findings support the feasibility of potential therapeutics targeting ALK7 as a treatment for obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Katsuhide Okunishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Yun Bu
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Osamu Kikuchi
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Izumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, and
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13
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Lee ES, Guo T, Srivastava RK, Shabbir A, Ibáñez CF. Activin receptor ALK4 promotes adipose tissue hyperplasia by suppressing differentiation of adipocyte precursors. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102716. [PMID: 36403856 PMCID: PMC9758429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy are the two main processes contributing to adipose tissue expansion, yet the mechanisms that regulate and balance their involvement in obesity are incompletely understood. Activin B/GDF-3 receptor ALK7 is expressed in mature adipocytes and promotes adipocyte hypertrophy upon nutrient overload by suppressing adrenergic signaling and lipolysis. In contrast, the role of ALK4, the canonical pan-activin receptor, in adipose tissue is unknown. Here, we report that, unlike ALK7, ALK4 is preferentially expressed in adipocyte precursors, where it suppresses differentiation, allowing proliferation and adipose tissue expansion. ALK4 expression in adipose tissue increases upon nutrient overload and positively correlates with fat depot mass and body weight, suggesting a role in adipose tissue hyperplasia during obesity. Mechanistically, ALK4 signaling suppresses expression of CEBPα and PPARγ, two master regulators of adipocyte differentiation. Conversely, ALK4 deletion enhances CEBPα/PPARγ expression and induces premature adipocyte differentiation, which can be rescued by CEBPα knockdown. These results clarify the function of ALK4 in adipose tissue and highlight the contrasting roles of the two activin receptors in the regulation of adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee-Soo Lee
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tingqing Guo
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raj Kamal Srivastava
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Assim Shabbir
- Division of General Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, National University, Health System, Singapore
| | - Carlos F Ibáñez
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Life Science Park, Beijing, China; Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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14
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Yao J, Wu D, Qiu Y. Adipose tissue macrophage in obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:977485. [PMID: 36119080 PMCID: PMC9478335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.977485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) has been appreciated for its critical contribution to obesity-associated metabolic diseases in recent years. Here, we discuss the regulation of ATM on both metabolic homeostatsis and dysfunction. In particular, the macrophage polarization and recruitment as well as the crosstalk between ATM and adipocyte in thermogenesis, obesity, insulin resistance and adipose tissue fibrosis have been reviewed. A better understanding of how ATM regulates adipose tissue remodeling may provide novel therapeutic strategies against obesity and associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Yao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifu Qiu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yifu Qiu,
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15
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Loss of adipose TET proteins enhances β-adrenergic responses and protects against obesity by epigenetic regulation of β3-AR expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205626119. [PMID: 35737830 PMCID: PMC9245707 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205626119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling plays predominant roles in modulating energy expenditure by triggering lipolysis and thermogenesis in adipose tissue, thereby conferring obesity resistance. Obesity is associated with diminished β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) expression and decreased β-adrenergic responses, but the molecular mechanism coupling nutrient overload to catecholamine resistance remains poorly defined. Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins are dioxygenases that alter the methylation status of DNA by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and further oxidized derivatives. Here, we show that TET proteins are pivotal epigenetic suppressors of β3-AR expression in adipocytes, thereby attenuating the responsiveness to β-adrenergic stimulation. Deletion of all three Tet genes in adipocytes led to increased β3-AR expression and thereby enhanced the downstream β-adrenergic responses, including lipolysis, thermogenic gene induction, oxidative metabolism, and fat browning in vitro and in vivo. In mouse adipose tissues, Tet expression was elevated after mice ate a high-fat diet. Mice with adipose-specific ablation of all TET proteins maintained higher levels of β3-AR in both white and brown adipose tissues and remained sensitive to β-AR stimuli under high-fat diet challenge, leading to augmented energy expenditure and decreased fat accumulation. Consequently, they exhibited improved cold tolerance and were substantially protected from diet-induced obesity, inflammation, and metabolic complications, including insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. Mechanistically, TET proteins directly repressed β3-AR transcription, mainly in an enzymatic activity-independent manner, and involved the recruitment of histone deacetylases to increase deacetylation of its promoter. Thus, the TET-histone deacetylase-β3-AR axis could be targeted to treat obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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16
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Goebel EJ, Ongaro L, Kappes EC, Vestal K, Belcheva E, Castonguay R, Kumar R, Bernard DJ, Thompson TB. The orphan ligand, activin C, signals through activin receptor-like kinase 7. eLife 2022; 11:78197. [PMID: 35736809 PMCID: PMC9224996 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin ligands are formed from two disulfide-linked inhibin β (Inhβ) subunit chains. They exist as homodimeric proteins, as in the case of activin A (ActA; InhβA/InhβA) or activin C (ActC; InhβC/InhβC), or as heterodimers, as with activin AC (ActAC; InhβA:InhβC). While the biological functions of ActA and activin B (ActB) have been well characterized, little is known about the biological functions of ActC or ActAC. One thought is that the InhβC chain functions to interfere with ActA production by forming less active ActAC heterodimers. Here, we assessed and characterized the signaling capacity of ligands containing the InhβC chain. ActC and ActAC activated SMAD2/3-dependent signaling via the type I receptor, activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7). Relative to ActA and ActB, ActC exhibited lower affinity for the cognate activin type II receptors and was resistant to neutralization by the extracellular antagonist, follistatin. In mature murine adipocytes, which exhibit high ALK7 expression, ActC elicited a SMAD2/3 response similar to ActB, which can also signal via ALK7. Collectively, these results establish that ActC and ActAC are active ligands that exhibit a distinct signaling receptor and antagonist profile compared to other activins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich J Goebel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Luisina Ongaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Emily C Kappes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Kylie Vestal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | | | | | | | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Centre for Research in Reproduction and Development, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
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17
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Koprulu M, Zhao Y, Wheeler E, Dong L, Rocha N, Li C, Griffin JD, Patel S, Van de Streek M, Glastonbury CA, Stewart ID, Day FR, Luan J, Bowker N, Wittemans LBL, Kerrison ND, Cai L, Lucarelli DME, Barroso I, McCarthy MI, Scott RA, Saudek V, Small KS, Wareham NJ, Semple RK, Perry JRB, O’Rahilly S, Lotta LA, Langenberg C, Savage DB. Identification of Rare Loss-of-Function Genetic Variation Regulating Body Fat Distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:1065-1077. [PMID: 34875679 PMCID: PMC8947777 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Biological and translational insights from large-scale, array-based genetic studies of fat distribution, a key determinant of metabolic health, have been limited by the difficulty in linking predominantly noncoding variants to specific gene targets. Rare coding variant analyses provide greater confidence that a specific gene is involved, but do not necessarily indicate whether gain or loss of function (LoF) would be of most therapeutic benefit. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to identify genes/proteins involved in determining fat distribution. METHODS We combined the power of genome-wide analysis of array-based rare, nonsynonymous variants in 450 562 individuals in the UK Biobank with exome-sequence-based rare LoF gene burden testing in 184 246 individuals. RESULTS The data indicate that the LoF of 4 genes (PLIN1 [LoF variants, P = 5.86 × 10-7], INSR [LoF variants, P = 6.21 × 10-7], ACVR1C [LoF + moderate impact variants, P = 1.68 × 10-7; moderate impact variants, P = 4.57 × 10-7], and PDE3B [LoF variants, P = 1.41 × 10-6]) is associated with a beneficial effect on body mass index-adjusted waist-to-hip ratio and increased gluteofemoral fat mass, whereas LoF of PLIN4 (LoF variants, P = 5.86 × 10-7 adversely affects these parameters. Phenotypic follow-up suggests that LoF of PLIN1, PDE3B, and ACVR1C favorably affects metabolic phenotypes (eg, triglycerides [TGs] and high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol concentrations) and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, whereas PLIN4 LoF has adverse health consequences. INSR LoF is associated with lower TG and HDL levels but may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION This study robustly implicates these genes in the regulation of fat distribution, providing new and in some cases somewhat counterintuitive insight into the potential consequences of targeting these molecules therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Koprulu
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Yajie Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Liang Dong
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nuno Rocha
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Chen Li
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John D Griffin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Satish Patel
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marcel Van de Streek
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Campus, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | | | - Isobel D Stewart
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas Bowker
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Laura B L Wittemans
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Nicola D Kerrison
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lina Cai
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Debora M E Lucarelli
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- D.M.E.L. is currently an employee of Enhanc3D Genomics Ltd
| | - Inês Barroso
- Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research (EXCEED), Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2HZ, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- M.McM.’s current address is Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Vladimir Saudek
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Campus, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Robert K Semple
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Luca A Lotta
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: Claudia Langenberg, MD, Dr Med, PhD, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - David B Savage
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- David B. Savage, MBCHB, PhD, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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18
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Valentine JM, Ahmadian M, Keinan O, Abu-Odeh M, Zhao P, Zhou X, Keller MP, Gao H, Yu RT, Liddle C, Downes M, Zhang J, Lusis AJ, Attie AD, Evans RM, Rydén M, Saltiel AR. β3-Adrenergic receptor downregulation leads to adipocyte catecholamine resistance in obesity. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e153357. [PMID: 34847077 PMCID: PMC8759781 DOI: 10.1172/jci153357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of energy homeostasis in obesity involves multihormone resistance. Although leptin and insulin resistance have been well characterized, catecholamine resistance remains largely unexplored. Murine β3-adrenergic receptor expression in adipocytes is orders of magnitude higher compared with that of other isoforms. While resistant to classical desensitization pathways, its mRNA (Adrb3) and protein expression are dramatically downregulated after ligand exposure (homologous desensitization). β3-Adrenergic receptor downregulation also occurs after high-fat diet feeding, concurrent with catecholamine resistance and elevated inflammation. This downregulation is recapitulated in vitro by TNF-α treatment (heterologous desensitization). Both homologous and heterologous desensitization of Adrb3 were triggered by induction of the pseudokinase TRIB1 downstream of the EPAC/RAP2A/PI-PLC pathway. TRIB1 in turn degraded the primary transcriptional activator of Adrb3, CEBPα. EPAC/RAP inhibition enhanced catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis and energy expenditure in obese mice. Moreover, adipose tissue expression of genes in this pathway correlated with body weight extremes in a cohort of genetically diverse mice and with BMI in 2 independent cohorts of humans. These data implicate a signaling axis that may explain reduced hormone-stimulated lipolysis in obesity and resistance to therapeutic interventions with β3-adrenergic receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Bioengineering, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mark P. Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ruth T. Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Bioengineering, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alan D. Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ronald M. Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alan R. Saltiel
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Pharmacology, Bioengineering, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
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19
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Grabner GF, Xie H, Schweiger M, Zechner R. Lipolysis: cellular mechanisms for lipid mobilization from fat stores. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1445-1465. [PMID: 34799702 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The perception that intracellular lipolysis is a straightforward process that releases fatty acids from fat stores in adipose tissue to generate energy has experienced major revisions over the last two decades. The discovery of new lipolytic enzymes and coregulators, the demonstration that lipophagy and lysosomal lipolysis contribute to the degradation of cellular lipid stores and the characterization of numerous factors and signalling pathways that regulate lipid hydrolysis on transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels have revolutionized our understanding of lipolysis. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that facilitate intracellular fatty-acid mobilization, drawing on canonical and noncanonical enzymatic pathways. We summarize how intracellular lipolysis affects lipid-mediated signalling, metabolic regulation and energy homeostasis in multiple organs. Finally, we examine how these processes affect pathogenesis and how lipolysis may be targeted to potentially prevent or treat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hao Xie
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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20
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Functionally diverse heteromeric traps for ligands of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18341. [PMID: 34526551 PMCID: PMC8443706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligands of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily are important targets for therapeutic intervention but present challenges because they signal combinatorially and exhibit overlapping activities in vivo. To obtain agents capable of sequestering multiple TGF-β superfamily ligands with novel selectivity, we generated soluble, heterodimeric ligand traps by pairing the extracellular domain (ECD) of the native activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB) alternately with the ECDs of native type I receptors activin receptor-like kinase 4 (ALK4), ALK7, or ALK3. Systematic analysis of these heterodimeric constructs by surface plasmon resonance, and comparison with their homodimeric counterparts, revealed that each type I receptor partner confers a distinct ligand-binding profile to the heterodimeric construct. Additional characterization in cell-based reporter gene assays confirmed that the heterodimeric constructs possessed different profiles of signaling inhibition in vitro, which translated into altered patterns of pharmacological activity when constructs were administered systemically to wild-type mice. Our results detail a versatile platform for the modular recombination of naturally occurring receptor domains, giving rise to inhibitory ligand traps that could aid in defining the physiological roles of TGF-β ligand sets or be directed therapeutically to human diseases arising from dysregulated TGF-β superfamily signaling.
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21
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Srivastava RK, Lee ES, Sim E, Sheng NC, Ibáñez CF. Sustained anti-obesity effects of life-style change and anti-inflammatory interventions after conditional inactivation of the activin receptor ALK7. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21759. [PMID: 34245608 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002785rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Life-style change and anti-inflammatory interventions have only transient effects in obesity. It is not clear how benefits obtained by these treatments can be maintained longer term, especially during sustained high caloric intake. Constitutive ablation of the activin receptor ALK7 in adipose tissue enhances catecholamine signaling and lipolysis in adipocytes, and protects mice from diet-induced obesity. Here, we investigated the consequences of conditional ALK7 ablation in adipocytes of adult mice with pre-existing obesity. Although ALK7 deletion had little effect on its own, it synergized strongly with a transient switch to low-fat diet (life-style change) or anti-inflammatory treatment (Na-salicylate), resulting in enhanced lipolysis, increased energy expenditure, and reduced adipose tissue mass and body weight gain, even under sustained high caloric intake. By themselves, diet-switch and salicylate had only a temporary effect on weight gain. Mechanistically, combination of ALK7 ablation with either treatment strongly enhanced the levels of β3-AR, the main adrenergic receptor for catecholamine stimulation of lipolysis, and C/EBPα, an upstream regulator of β3-AR expression. These results suggest that inhibition of ALK7 can be combined with simple interventions to produce longer-lasting benefits in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kamal Srivastava
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee-Soo Lee
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eunice Sim
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - New Chih Sheng
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carlos F Ibáñez
- Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Ibáñez CF. Regulation of metabolic homeostasis by the TGF-β superfamily receptor ALK7. FEBS J 2021; 289:5776-5797. [PMID: 34173336 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ALK7 (Activin receptor-like kinase 7) is a member of the TGF-β receptor superfamily predominantly expressed by cells and tissues involved in endocrine functions, such as neurons of the hypothalamus and pituitary, pancreatic β-cells and adipocytes. Recent studies have begun to delineate the processes regulated by ALK7 in these tissues and how these become integrated with the homeostatic regulation of mammalian metabolism. The picture emerging indicates that ALK7's primary function in metabolic regulation is to limit catabolic activities and preserve energy. Aside of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, the function of ALK7 elsewhere in the brain, particularly in the cerebellum, where it is abundantly expressed, remains to be elucidated. Although our understanding of the basic molecular events underlying ALK7 signaling has benefited from the vast knowledge available on TGF-β receptor mechanisms, how these connect to the physiological functions regulated by ALK7 in different cell types is still incompletely understood. Findings of missense and nonsense variants in the Acvr1c gene, encoding ALK7, of some mouse strains and human subjects indicate a tolerance to ALK7 loss of function. Recent discoveries suggest that specific inhibitors of ALK7 may have therapeutic applications in obesity and metabolic syndrome without overt adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Ibáñez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University School of Life Sciences and Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,Department of Physiology and Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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23
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Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes are mitochondria-enriched cells capable of dissipating energy in the form of heat. These thermogenic fat cells were originally considered to function solely in heat generation through the action of the mitochondrial protein uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). In recent years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the ontogeny, bioenergetics and physiological functions of thermogenic fat. Distinct subtypes of thermogenic adipocytes have been identified with unique developmental origins, which have been increasingly dissected in cellular and molecular detail. Moreover, several UCP1-independent thermogenic mechanisms have been described, expanding the role of these cells in energy homeostasis. Recent studies have also delineated roles for these cells beyond the regulation of thermogenesis, including as dynamic secretory cells and as a metabolic sink. This Review presents our current understanding of thermogenic adipocytes with an emphasis on their development, biological functions and roles in systemic physiology.
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24
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Zhao P, Saltiel AR. Interaction of Adipocyte Metabolic and Immune Functions Through TBK1. Front Immunol 2020; 11:592949. [PMID: 33193441 PMCID: PMC7606291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.592949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes and adipose tissue play critical roles in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. In obesity and obesity-associated metabolic diseases, immune cells infiltrate into adipose tissues. Interaction between adipocytes and immune cells re-shapes both metabolic and immune properties of adipose tissue and dramatically changes metabolic set points. Both the expression and activity of the non-canonical IKK family member TBK1 are induced in adipose tissues during diet-induced obesity. TBK1 plays important roles in the regulation of both metabolism and inflammation in adipose tissue and thus affects glucose and energy metabolism. Here we review the regulation and functions of TBK1 and the molecular mechanisms by which TBK1 regulates both metabolism and inflammation in adipose tissue. Finally, we discuss the potential of a TBK1/IKKε inhibitor as a new therapy for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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25
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Phosphoproteomics Meets Chemical Genetics: Approaches for Global Mapping and Deciphering the Phosphoproteome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207637. [PMID: 33076458 PMCID: PMC7588962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are important enzymes involved in the regulation of various cellular processes. To function properly, each protein kinase phosphorylates only a limited number of proteins among the thousands present in the cell. This provides a rapid and dynamic regulatory mechanism that controls biological functions of the proteins. Despite the importance of protein kinases, most of their substrates remain unknown. Recently, the advances in the fields of protein engineering, chemical genetics, and mass spectrometry have boosted studies on identification of bona fide substrates of protein kinases. Among the various methods in protein kinase specific substrate identification, genetically engineered protein kinases and quantitative phosphoproteomics have become promising tools. Herein, we review the current advances in the field of chemical genetics in analog-sensitive protein kinase mutants and highlight selected strategies for identifying protein kinase substrates and studying the dynamic nature of protein phosphorylation.
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26
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Marmol P, Krapacher F, Ibáñez CF. Control of brown adipose tissue adaptation to nutrient stress by the activin receptor ALK7. eLife 2020; 9:54721. [PMID: 32366358 PMCID: PMC7200161 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to nutrient availability is crucial for survival. Upon nutritional stress, such as during prolonged fasting or cold exposure, organisms need to balance the feeding of tissues and the maintenance of body temperature. The mechanisms that regulate the adaptation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), a key organ for non-shivering thermogenesis, to variations in nutritional state are not known. Here we report that specific deletion of the activin receptor ALK7 in BAT resulted in fasting-induced hypothermia due to exaggerated catabolic activity in brown adipocytes. After overnight fasting, BAT lacking ALK7 showed increased expression of genes responsive to nutrient stress, including the upstream regulator KLF15, aminoacid catabolizing enzymes, notably proline dehydrogenase (POX), and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), as well as markedly reduced lipid droplet size. In agreement with this, ligand stimulation of ALK7 suppressed POX and KLF15 expression in both mouse and human brown adipocytes. Treatment of mutant mice with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 restored KLF15 and POX expression levels in mutant BAT, suggesting that loss of BAT ALK7 results in excessive activation of glucocorticoid signaling upon fasting. These results reveal a novel signaling pathway downstream of ALK7 which regulates the adaptation of BAT to nutrient availability by limiting nutrient stress-induced overactivation of catabolic responses in brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Marmol
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Favio Krapacher
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos F Ibáñez
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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27
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Srivastava RK, Moliner A, Lee ES, Nickles E, Sim E, Liu C, Schwarz H, Ibáñez CF. CD137 negatively affects "browning" of white adipose tissue during cold exposure. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2034-2042. [PMID: 31919095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac119.011795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged cold exposure stimulates the formation of brownlike adipocytes expressing UCP1 (uncoupling-protein-1) in subcutaneous white adipose tissue which, together with classical brown adipose tissue, contributes to maintaining body temperature in mammals through nonshivering thermogenesis. The mechanisms that regulate the formation of these cells, alternatively called beige or brite adipocytes, are incompletely understood. Here we report that mice lacking CD137, a cell surface protein used in several studies as a marker for beige adipocytes, showed elevated levels of thermogenic markers, including UCP1, increased numbers of beige adipocyte precursors, and expanded UCP1-expressing cell clusters in inguinal white adipose tissue after chronic cold exposure. CD137 knockout mice also showed enhanced cold resistance. These results indicate that CD137 functions as a negative regulator of "browning" in white adipose tissue and call into question the use of this protein as a functional marker for beige adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kamal Srivastava
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Annalena Moliner
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Ee-Soo Lee
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Emily Nickles
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Eunice Sim
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Carlos F Ibáñez
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden; Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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28
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Abstract
Obesity is characterized by a state of chronic inflammation in adipose tissue mediated by the secretion of a range of inflammatory cytokines. In comparison to WAT, relatively little is known about the inflammatory status of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in physiology and pathophysiology. Because BAT and brown/beige adipocytes are specialized in energy expenditure they have protective roles against obesity and associated metabolic diseases. BAT appears to be is less susceptible to developing inflammation than WAT. However, there is increasing evidence that inflammation directly alters the thermogenic activity of brown fat by impairing its capacity for energy expenditure and glucose uptake. The inflammatory microenvironment can be affected by cytokines secreted by immune cells as well as by the brown adipocytes themselves. Therefore, pro-inflammatory signals represent an important component of the thermogenic potential of brown and beige adipocytes and may contribute their dysfunction in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Omran
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Christian
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Mark Christian
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29
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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31
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Guilherme A, Henriques F, Bedard AH, Czech MP. Molecular pathways linking adipose innervation to insulin action in obesity and diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:207-225. [PMID: 30733616 PMCID: PMC7073451 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue comprises adipocytes and many other cell types that engage in dynamic crosstalk in a highly innervated and vascularized tissue matrix. Although adipose tissue has been studied for decades, it has been appreciated only in the past 5 years that extensive arborization of nerve fibres has a dominant role in regulating the function of adipose tissue. This Review summarizes the latest literature, which suggests that adipocytes signal to local sensory nerve fibres in response to perturbations in lipolysis and lipogenesis. Such adipocyte signalling to the central nervous system causes sympathetic output to distant adipose depots and potentially other metabolic tissues to regulate systemic glucose homeostasis. Paracrine factors identified in the past few years that mediate such adipocyte-neuron crosstalk are also reviewed. Similarly, immune cells and endothelial cells within adipose tissue communicate with local nerve fibres to modulate neurotransmitter tone, blood flow, adipocyte differentiation and energy expenditure, including adipose browning to produce heat. This understudied field of neurometabolism related to adipose tissue biology has great potential to reveal new mechanistic insights and potential therapeutic strategies for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Guilherme
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Felipe Henriques
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Alexander H Bedard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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32
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Shah K, Kim H. The significant others: Global search for direct kinase substrates using chemical approaches. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:721-737. [PMID: 30801966 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases function as key signaling hubs in the intricate network of biochemical signaling processes in the living cell. More than two-thirds of the human proteome is estimated to be phosphorylated at ~960,000 phosphosites, which makes it challenging to identify the direct contribution of any desired kinase in generating this phosphoproteome. In this review, we discuss some of the methods that have been developed over the years for global identification of kinase substrates. The methods are essentially categorized into two classes, namely, (i) direct tagging of kinase substrates and (ii) indirect phosphoproteomics-based approaches. We discuss the advantages and limitations entailed to each of the method introduced, with a special emphasis on the analog-sensitive (as) kinase approach method. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(6):721-737, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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33
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Alcalá M, Calderon-Dominguez M, Serra D, Herrero L, Viana M. Mechanisms of Impaired Brown Adipose Tissue Recruitment in Obesity. Front Physiol 2019; 10:94. [PMID: 30814954 PMCID: PMC6381290 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy to produce heat. Thus, it has the potential to regulate body temperature by thermogenesis. For the last decade, BAT has been in the spotlight due to its rediscovery in adult humans. This is evidenced by over a hundred clinical trials that are currently registered to target BAT as a therapeutic tool in the treatment of metabolic diseases, such as obesity or diabetes. The goal of most of these trials is to activate the BAT thermogenic program via several approaches such as adrenergic stimulation, natriuretic peptides, retinoids, capsinoids, thyroid hormones, or glucocorticoids. However, the impact of BAT activation on total body energy consumption and the potential effect on weight loss is still limited. Other studies have focused on increasing the mass of thermogenic BAT. This can be relevant in obesity, where the activity and abundance of BAT have been shown to be drastically reduced. The aim of this review is to describe pathological processes associated with obesity that may influence the correct differentiation of BAT, such as catecholamine resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This will shed light on the thermogenic potential of BAT as a therapeutic approach to target obesity-induced metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Alcalá
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Calderon-Dominguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolors Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Viana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Emdin CA, Khera AV, Aragam K, Haas M, Chaffin M, Klarin D, Natarajan P, Bick A, Zekavat SM, Nomura A, Ardissino D, Wilson JG, Schunkert H, McPherson R, Watkins H, Elosua R, Bown MJ, Samani NJ, Baber U, Erdmann J, Gupta N, Danesh J, Saleheen D, Gabriel S, Kathiresan S. DNA Sequence Variation in ACVR1C Encoding the Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 7 Influences Body Fat Distribution and Protects Against Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2019; 68:226-234. [PMID: 30389748 PMCID: PMC6302541 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A genetic predisposition to higher waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (WHRadjBMI), a measure of body fat distribution, associates with increased risk for type 2 diabetes. We conducted an exome-wide association study of coding variation in UK Biobank (405,569 individuals) to identify variants that lower WHRadjBMI and protect against type 2 diabetes. We identified four variants in the gene ACVR1C (encoding the activin receptor-like kinase 7 receptor expressed on adipocytes and pancreatic β-cells), which independently associated with reduced WHRadjBMI: Asn150His (-0.09 SD, P = 3.4 × 10-17), Ile195Thr (-0.15 SD, P = 1.0 × 10-9), Ile482Val (-0.019 SD, P = 1.6 × 10-5), and rs72927479 (-0.035 SD, P = 2.6 × 10-12). Carriers of these variants exhibited reduced percent abdominal fat in DEXA imaging. Pooling across all four variants, a 0.2 SD decrease in WHRadjBMI through ACVR1C was associated with a 30% lower risk of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 0.70, 95% CI 0.63, 0.77; P = 5.6 × 10-13). In an analysis of exome sequences from 55,516 individuals, carriers of predicted damaging variants in ACVR1C were at 54% lower risk of type 2 diabetes (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.27, 0.81; P = 0.006). These findings indicate that variants predicted to lead to loss of ACVR1C gene function influence body fat distribution and protect from type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A Emdin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Amit V Khera
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Krishna Aragam
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Mary Haas
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Mark Chaffin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Derek Klarin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Alexander Bick
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Seyedeh M Zekavat
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Yale Medical School and Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Akihiro Nomura
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Diego Ardissino
- Division of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
- Associazione per lo Studio della Trombosi in Cardiologia, Pavia, Italy
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, München, Germany
| | - Ruth McPherson
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Roberto Elosua
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Vic-Central de Cataluña, Vic, Spain
| | - Matthew J Bown
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, U.K
| | - Usman Baber
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Namrata Gupta
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - John Danesh
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, U.K
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, U.K
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
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35
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Song W, Luo Q, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Liu Y, Ma Z, Guo J, Huang Y, Cheng L, Meng Z, Li Z, Zhang B, Li S, Yee SW, Fan H, Li P, Giacomini KM, Chen L. Organic cation transporter 3 (Oct3) is a distinct catecholamines clearance route in adipocytes mediating the beiging of white adipose tissue. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e2006571. [PMID: 30653498 PMCID: PMC6336244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Beiging of white adipose tissue (WAT) is a particularly appealing target for therapeutics in the treatment of metabolic diseases through norepinephrine (NE)-mediated signaling pathways. Although previous studies report NE clearance mechanisms via SLC6A2 on sympathetic neurons or proinflammatory macrophages in adipose tissues (ATs), the low catecholamine clearance capacity of SLC6A2 may limit the cleaning efficiency. Here, we report that mouse organic cation transporter 3 (Oct3; Slc22a3) is highly expressed in WAT and displays the greatest uptake rate of NE as a selective non-neural route of NE clearance in white adipocytes, which differs from other known routes such as adjacent neurons or macrophages. We further show that adipocytes express high levels of NE degradation enzymes Maoa, Maob, and Comt, providing the molecular basis on NE clearance by adipocytes together with its reuptake transporter Oct3. Under NE administration, ablation of Oct3 induces higher body temperature, thermogenesis, and lipolysis compared with littermate controls. After prolonged cold challenge, inguinal WAT (ingWAT) in adipose-specific Oct3-deficient mice shows much stronger browning characteristics and significantly elevated expression of thermogenic and mitochondrial biogenesis genes than in littermate controls, and this response involves enhanced β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR)/protein kinase A (PKA)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-responsive element binding protein (Creb) pathway activation. Glycolytic genes are reprogrammed to significantly higher levels to compensate for the loss of ATP production in adipose-specific Oct3 knockout (KO) mice, indicating the fundamental role of glucose metabolism during beiging. Inhibition of β-AR largely abolishes the higher lipolytic and thermogenic activities in Oct3-deficient ingWAT, indicating the NE overload in the vicinity of adipocytes in Oct3 KO adipocytes. Of note, reduced functional alleles in human OCT3 are also identified to be associated with increased basal metabolic rate (BMR). Collectively, our results demonstrate that Oct3 governs β-AR activity as a NE recycling transporter in white adipocytes, offering potential therapeutic applications for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Yuping Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Linkang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhilong Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianan Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuedong Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zicheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ligong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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36
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Ibáñez CF. Comment on Bu et al. Insulin Regulates Lipolysis and Fat Mass by Upregulating Growth/Differentiation Factor 3 in Adipose Tissue Macrophages. Diabetes 2018;67:1761-1772. Diabetes 2018; 67:e1. [PMID: 30459253 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Ibáñez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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37
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Izumi T. Response to Comment on Bu et al. Insulin Regulates Lipolysis and Fat Mass by Upregulating Growth/Differentiation Factor 3 in Adipose Tissue Macrophages. Diabetes 2018;67:1761-1772. Diabetes 2018; 67:e2-e3. [PMID: 30459254 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Izumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, and Research Program for Signal Transduction, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Signal Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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38
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Villarroya F, Cereijo R, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Villarroya J, Giralt M. Inflammation of brown/beige adipose tissues in obesity and metabolic disease. J Intern Med 2018; 284:492-504. [PMID: 29923291 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many of the comorbidities of obesity, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, are related to the low-grade chronic inflammation of white adipose tissue. Under white adipocyte stress, local infiltration of immune cells and enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines together reduce metabolic flexibility and lead to insulin resistance in obesity. Whereas white adipocytes act in energy storage, brown and beige adipocytes specialize in energy expenditure. Brown and beige activity protects against obesity and associated metabolic disorders, such as hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia. Compared to white fat, brown adipose tissue depots are less susceptible to developing local inflammation in response to obesity; however, strong obesogenic insults ultimately induce a locally pro-inflammatory environment in brown fat. This condition directly alters the thermogenic activity of brown fat by impairing its energy expenditure mechanism and uptake of glucose for use as a fuel substrate. Pro-inflammatory cytokines also impair beige adipogenesis, which occurs mainly in subcutaneous adipose tissue. There is evidence that inflammatory processes occurring in perivascular adipose tissues alter their brown-versus-white plasticity, impair the extent of browning in these depots and favour the local release of vasculature damaging signals. In summary, the targeting of brown and beige adipose tissues by pro-inflammatory signals and the subsequent impairment of their thermogenic and metabolite draining activities appears to represent obesity-driven disturbances that contribute to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular alterations in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Cereijo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Gavaldà-Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Giralt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Bu Y, Okunishi K, Yogosawa S, Mizuno K, Irudayam MJ, Brown CW, Izumi T. Insulin Regulates Lipolysis and Fat Mass by Upregulating Growth/Differentiation Factor 3 in Adipose Tissue Macrophages. Diabetes 2018; 67:1761-1772. [PMID: 29945891 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous genetic studies in mice have shown that functional loss of activin receptor-like kinase 7 (ALK7), a type I transforming growth factor-β receptor, increases lipolysis to resist fat accumulation in adipocytes. Although growth/differentiation factor 3 (GDF3) has been suggested to function as a ligand of ALK7 under nutrient-excess conditions, it is unknown how GDF3 production is regulated. Here, we show that a physiologically low level of insulin converts CD11c- adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) into GDF3-producing CD11c+ macrophages ex vivo and directs ALK7-dependent accumulation of fat in vivo. Depletion of ATMs by clodronate upregulates adipose lipases and reduces fat mass in ALK7-intact obese mice, but not in their ALK7-deficient counterparts. Furthermore, depletion of ATMs or transplantation of GDF3-deficient bone marrow negates the in vivo effects of insulin on both lipolysis and fat accumulation in ALK7-intact mice. The GDF3-ALK7 axis between ATMs and adipocytes represents a previously unrecognized mechanism by which insulin regulates both fat metabolism and mass.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/immunology
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
- Adiposity/drug effects
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- CD11c Antigen/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genes, Reporter/drug effects
- Growth Differentiation Factor 3/agonists
- Growth Differentiation Factor 3/genetics
- Growth Differentiation Factor 3/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Insulin/therapeutic use
- Lipolysis/drug effects
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Obesity/immunology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Obesity/therapy
- Weight Gain/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bu
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Katsuhide Okunishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Satomi Yogosawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kouichi Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Maria Johnson Irudayam
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Chester W Brown
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Tetsuro Izumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
- Research Program for Signal Transduction, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Signal Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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40
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García MDC, Pazos P, Lima L, Diéguez C. Regulation of Energy Expenditure and Brown/Beige Thermogenic Activity by Interleukins: New Roles for Old Actors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2569. [PMID: 30158466 PMCID: PMC6164446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity rates and the burden of metabolic associated diseases are escalating worldwide Energy burning brown and inducible beige adipocytes in human adipose tissues (ATs) have attracted considerable attention due to their therapeutic potential to counteract the deleterious metabolic effects of nutritional overload and overweight. Recent research has highlighted the relevance of resident and recruited ATs immune cell populations and their signalling mediators, cytokines, as modulators of the thermogenic activity of brown and beige ATs. In this review, we first provide an overview of the developmental, cellular and functional heterogeneity of the AT organ, as well as reported molecular switches of its heat-producing machinery. We also discuss the key contribution of various interleukins signalling pathways to energy and metabolic homeostasis and their roles in the biogenesis and function of brown and beige adipocytes. Besides local actions, attention is also drawn to their influence in the central nervous system (CNS) networks governing energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen García
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Pazos
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Lima
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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41
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Harper EI, Sheedy EF, Stack MS. With Great Age Comes Great Metastatic Ability: Ovarian Cancer and the Appeal of the Aging Peritoneal Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E230. [PMID: 29996539 PMCID: PMC6070816 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is one of the biggest risk factors for ovarian cancer. Older women have higher rates of diagnosis and death associated with the disease. In mouse models, it was shown that aged mice had greater tumor burden than their younger counterparts when intraperitoneally injected with ovarian tumor cells. While very few papers have been published looking at the direct link between ovarian cancer metastasis and age, there is a wealth of information on how age affects metastatic microenvironments. Mesothelial cells, the peritoneal extracellular matrix (ECM), fibroblasts, adipocytes and immune cells all exhibit distinct changes with age. The aged peritoneum hosts a higher number of senescent cells than its younger counterpart, in both the mesothelium and the stroma. These senescent cells promote an inflammatory profile and overexpress Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), which remodel the ECM. The aged ECM is also modified by dysregulated collagen and laminin synthesis, increases in age-related crosslinking and increasing ovarian cancer invasion into the matrix. These changes contribute to a vastly different microenvironment in young and aged models for circulating ovarian cancer cells, creating a more welcoming “soil”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I Harper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
| | - Emma F Sheedy
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
- Department of Mathematics, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
| | - M Sharon Stack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
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42
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Tao R, Wang C, Stöhr O, Qiu W, Hu Y, Miao J, Dong XC, Leng S, Stefater M, Stylopoulos N, Lin L, Copps KD, White MF. Inactivating hepatic follistatin alleviates hyperglycemia. Nat Med 2018; 24:1058-1069. [PMID: 29867232 PMCID: PMC6039237 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Unsuppressed hepatic glucose production (HGP) contributes substantially to glucose intolerance and diabetes, which can be modeled by the genetic inactivation of hepatic insulin receptor substrate 1 (Irs1) and Irs2 (LDKO mice). We previously showed that glucose intolerance in LDKO mice is resolved by hepatic inactivation of the transcription factor FoxO1 (that is, LTKO mice)-even though the liver remains insensitive to insulin. Here, we report that insulin sensitivity in the white adipose tissue of LDKO mice is also impaired but is restored in LTKO mice in conjunction with normal suppression of HGP by insulin. To establish the mechanism by which white adipose tissue insulin signaling and HGP was regulated by hepatic FoxO1, we identified putative hepatokines-including excess follistatin (Fst)-that were dysregulated in LDKO mice but normalized in LTKO mice. Knockdown of hepatic Fst in the LDKO mouse liver restored glucose tolerance, white adipose tissue insulin signaling and the suppression of HGP by insulin; however, the expression of Fst in the liver of healthy LTKO mice had the opposite effect. Of potential clinical significance, knockdown of Fst also improved glucose tolerance in high-fat-fed obese mice, and the level of serum Fst was reduced in parallel with glycated hemoglobin in obese individuals with diabetes who underwent therapeutic gastric bypass surgery. We conclude that Fst is a pathological hepatokine that might be targeted for diabetes therapy during hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongya Tao
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caixia Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Stöhr
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Qiu
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yue Hu
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji Miao
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - X Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sining Leng
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret Stefater
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Stylopoulos
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyle D Copps
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Morris F White
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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43
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Lee MJ. Transforming growth factor beta superfamily regulation of adipose tissue biology in obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1160-1171. [PMID: 29409985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of dysfunctional white adipose tissues increases risks for cardiometabolic diseases in obesity. In addition to white, brown or brite adipose tissues are also present in adult humans and increasing their amount may be protective. Therefore, understanding factors regulating the amount and function of each adipose depot is crucial for developing therapeutic targets for obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily, which consists of TGFβ, BMPs, GDFs, and activins, controls multiple aspects of adipose biology. This review focuses on the recent development in understanding the role of TGFβ superfamily in the regulation of white, brite and brown adipocyte differentiation, adipose tissue fibrosis, and adipocyte metabolic and endocrine functions. TGFβ family and their antagonists are produced locally within adipose tissues and their expression levels are altered in obesity. We also discuss their potential contribution to adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Lee
- Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Levy Place, Box 1152, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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44
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Guan L, Gong D, Yang S, Shen N, Zhang S, Li Y, Wu Q, Yuan B, Sun Y, Dai N, Zhu L, Zou Y. Genipin ameliorates diet-induced obesity via promoting lipid mobilization and browning of white adipose tissue in rats. Phytother Res 2018; 32:723-732. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Guan
- Department of Physiology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116044 China
| | - Dezheng Gong
- Department of Physiology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116044 China
| | - Sirao Yang
- Department of Physiology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116044 China
| | - Nana Shen
- Department of Physiology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116044 China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Physiology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116044 China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Physiology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116044 China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Physiology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116044 China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Physiology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116044 China
| | - Yiping Sun
- Department of Physiology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116044 China
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology; First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116023 China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Physiology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116044 China
| | - Yuan Zou
- Department of Physiology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116044 China
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45
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Activin-A causes Hepatic stellate cell activation via the induction of TNFα and TGFβ in Kupffer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:891-899. [PMID: 29287776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS TGFβ superfamily member Activin-A is a multifunctional hormone/cytokine expressed in multiple tissues and cells, where it regulates cellular differentiation, proliferation, inflammation and tissue architecture. High activin-A levels have been reported in alcoholic cirrhosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Our aim was to identify the cell types involved in the fibrotic processes induced by activin-A in liver and verify the liver diseases that this molecule can be found increased. METHODS We studied the effect of activin-A on mouse primary Kupffer cells (KCs) and Hepatic Stellate cells (HSCs) and the levels of activin-A and its inhibitor follistatin in the serum of patients from a large panel of liver diseases. RESULTS Activin-A is expressed by mouse hepatocytes, HSCs and Liver Sinusoid Endothelial cells but not KCs. Each cell type expresses different activin receptor combinations. HSCs are unresponsive to activin-A due to downregulation/desensitization of type-II activin receptors, while KCs respond by increasing the expression/production of TNFα και TGFβ1. In the presence of KCs or conditioned medium from activin-A treated KCs, HSCs switch to a profibrogenic phenotype, including increased collagen and αSMA expression and migratory capacity. Incubation of activin-A treated KC conditioned medium with antibodies against TNFα and TGFβ1 partially blocks its capacity to activate HSCs. Only patients with alcoholic liver diseases and NASH cirrhosis have significantly higher activin-A levels and activin-A/follistatin ratio. CONCLUSIONS Activin-A may induce fibrosis in NASH and alcoholic cirrhosis via activation of KCs to express pro-inflammatory molecules that promote HSC-dependent fibrogenesis and could be a target for future anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Abstract
Adipose tissue not only has an important role in the storage of excess nutrients but also senses nutrient status and regulates energy mobilization. An overall positive energy balance is associated with overnutrition and leads to excessive accumulation of fat in adipocytes. These cells respond by initiating an inflammatory response that, although maladaptive in the long run, might initially be a physiological response to the stresses obesity places on adipose tissue. In this Review, we characterize adipose tissue inflammation and review the current knowledge of what triggers obesity-associated inflammation in adipose tissue. We examine the connection between adipose tissue inflammation and the development of insulin resistance and catecholamine resistance and discuss the ensuing state of metabolic inflexibility. Finally, we review the current and potential new anti-inflammatory treatments for obesity-associated metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Reilly
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Camell CD, Sander J, Spadaro O, Lee A, Nguyen KY, Wing A, Goldberg EL, Youm YH, Brown CW, Elsworth J, Rodeheffer MS, Schultze JL, Dixit VD. Inflammasome-driven catecholamine catabolism in macrophages blunts lipolysis during ageing. Nature 2017; 550:119-123. [PMID: 28953873 PMCID: PMC5718149 DOI: 10.1038/nature24022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamine-induced lipolysis, the first step in generation of energy substrates through hydrolysis of triglycerides (TGs) 1, declines with age 2,3. The defect in mobilization of free fatty acids (FFA) in elderly is accompanied with increased visceral adiposity, lower exercise capacity, failure to maintain core body temperature during cold stress, and reduced ability to survive starvation. While catecholamine signaling in adipocytes is normal in elderly, how lipolysis is impaired in aging remains unknown 2,4. Here we uncover that the adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) regulate age-related reduction in adipocyte lipolysis by lowering the bioavailability of norepinephrine (NE). Unexpectedly, unbiased whole transcriptome analyses of adipose macrophages revealed that aging upregulates genes controlling catecholamine degradation in an NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent manner. Deletion of NLRP3 in aging restored catecholamine-induced lipolysis through downregulation of growth differentiation factor-3 (GDF3) and monoamine oxidase-a (MAOA) that is known to degrade NE. Consistent with this, deletion of GDF3 in inflammasome-activated macrophages improved lipolysis by decreasing MAOA and caspase-1. Furthermore, inhibition of MAOA reversed age-related reduction in adipose tissue NE concentration and restored lipolysis with increased levels of key lipolytic enzymes, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). Our study reveals that targeting neuro-innate signaling between sympathetic nervous system and macrophages may offer new approaches to mitigate chronic inflammation-induced metabolic impairment and functional decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Camell
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jil Sander
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Olga Spadaro
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Aileen Lee
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Kim Y Nguyen
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Allison Wing
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Emily L Goldberg
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Yun-Hee Youm
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Chester W Brown
- Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - John Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics Unit at the University of Bonn and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vishwa Deep Dixit
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Yale Center for Research on Aging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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48
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Song NJ, Chang SH, Li DY, Villanueva CJ, Park KW. Induction of thermogenic adipocytes: molecular targets and thermogenic small molecules. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e353. [PMID: 28684864 PMCID: PMC5565954 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a central metabolic organ that controls energy homeostasis of the whole body. White adipose tissue (WAT) stores excess energy in the form of triglycerides, whereas brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy in the form of heat through mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1). A newly identified adipose tissue called 'beige fat' (BAT-like) is produced through a process called WAT browning. This tissue mainly resides in WAT depots and displays intermediate characteristics of both WAT and BAT. Since the recent discovery of BAT in the human body, along with the identification of molecular targets for BAT activation, stimulating energy expenditure has been considered as a great strategy to treat human obesity and metabolic diseases. Here we summarize recent findings regarding molecular targets and thermogenic small molecules that can stimulate BAT and increase energy expenditure, with an emphasis on possible therapeutic applications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- No-Joon Song
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seo-Hyuk Chang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dean Y Li
- Department of Medicine, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Claudio J Villanueva
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kye Won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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49
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Conde SV, Ribeiro MJ, Melo BF, Guarino MP, Sacramento JF. Insulin resistance: a new consequence of altered carotid body chemoreflex? J Physiol 2017; 595:31-41. [PMID: 27027507 PMCID: PMC5199745 DOI: 10.1113/jp271684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases affect millions of individuals across the world and represent a group of chronic diseases of very high prevalence and relatively low therapeutic success, making them suitable candidates for pathophysiological studies. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) contributes to the regulation of energy balance and energy expenditure both in physiological and pathological states. For instance, drugs that stimulate sympathetic activity decrease food intake, increase resting metabolic rate and increase the thermogenic response to food, while pharmacological blockade of the SNS has opposite effects. Likewise, dysmetabolic features such as insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and obesity are characterized by a basal overactivation of the SNS. Recently, a new line of research linking the SNS to metabolic diseases has emerged with the report that the carotid bodies (CBs) are involved in the development of insulin resistance. The CBs are arterial chemoreceptors that classically sense changes in arterial blood O2 , CO2 and pH levels and whose activity is known to be increased in rodent models of insulin resistance. We have shown that selective bilateral resection of the nerve of the CB, the carotid sinus nerve (CSN), totally prevents diet-induced insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and sympathoadrenal overactivity. These results imply that the beneficial effects of CSN resection on insulin action and glucoregulation are modulated by target-related efferent sympathetic nerves through a reflex that is initiated in the CBs. It also highlights modulation of CB activity as a putative future therapeutic intervention for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia V. Conde
- CEDOC, Centro Estudos Doenças Crónicas, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade Nova de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Maria J. Ribeiro
- CEDOC, Centro Estudos Doenças Crónicas, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade Nova de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Bernardete F. Melo
- CEDOC, Centro Estudos Doenças Crónicas, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade Nova de LisboaLisboaPortugal
| | - Maria P. Guarino
- CEDOC, Centro Estudos Doenças Crónicas, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade Nova de LisboaLisboaPortugal
- UIS‐Unidade de Investigação em Saúde – Escola Superior de Saúde de Leiria – Instituto Politécnico de LeiriaLeiriaPortugal
| | - Joana F. Sacramento
- CEDOC, Centro Estudos Doenças Crónicas, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade Nova de LisboaLisboaPortugal
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50
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AHNAK deficiency promotes browning and lipolysis in mice via increased responsiveness to β-adrenergic signalling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23426. [PMID: 26987950 PMCID: PMC4796812 DOI: 10.1038/srep23426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In adipose tissue, agonists of the β3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) regulate lipolysis, lipid oxidation, and thermogenesis. The deficiency in the thermogenesis induced by neuroblast differentiation-associated protein AHNAK in white adipose tissue (WAT) of mice fed a high-fat diet suggests that AHNAK may stimulate energy expenditure via development of beige fat. Here, we report that AHNAK deficiency promoted browning and thermogenic gene expression in WAT but not in brown adipose tissue of mice stimulated with the ADRB3 agonist CL-316243. Consistent with the increased thermogenesis, Ahnak(-/-) mice exhibited an increase in energy expenditure, accompanied by elevated mitochondrial biogenesis in WAT depots in response to CL-316243. Additionally, AHNAK-deficient WAT contained more eosinophils and higher levels of type 2 cytokines (IL-4/IL-13) to promote browning of WAT in response to CL-316243. This was associated with enhanced sympathetic tone in the WAT via upregulation of adrb3 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in response to β-adrenergic activation. CL-316243 activated PKA signalling and enhanced lipolysis, as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase and release of free glycerol in Ahnak(-/-) mice compared to wild-type mice. Overall, these findings suggest an important role of AHNAK in the regulation of thermogenesis and lipolysis in WAT via β-adrenergic signalling.
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