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Robles TF, Rünger D, Sumner JA, Elashoff D, Shetty V. Salivary inflammatory biomarkers as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive symptom severity in trauma patients: A prospective study. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:792-800. [PMID: 38714269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression screening are recommended for traumatic injury patients, routine screening is still uncommon. Salivary inflammatory biomarkers have biological plausibility and potential feasibility and acceptability for screening. This study tested prospective associations between several salivary inflammatory biomarkers (proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α; and C-reactive protein), collected during hospitalization and PTSD and depressive symptoms at 5-month follow-up. METHODS Adult traumatic injury patients (N = 696) at a major urban Level 1 trauma center provided salivary samples and completed PTSD and depressive symptom measures during days 0-13 of inpatient hospitalization. At 5-month follow-up, 368 patients (77 % male, 23 % female) completed the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV and the Self-rated Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. Analyses focused on a latent inflammatory cytokine factor and C-reactive protein at baseline predicting 5-month PTSD and depression symptom outcomes and included baseline symptom levels as covariates. RESULTS A latent factor representing proinflammatory cytokines was not related to 5-month PTSD or depressive symptom severity. Higher salivary CRP was related to greater PTSD symptom severity (β = .10, p = .03) at 5-month follow-up and more severity in the following depressive symptoms: changes in weight and appetite, bodily complaints, and constipation/diarrhea (β's from .14 to .16, p's from .004 -.03). CONCLUSION In a primarily Latine and Black trauma patient sample, salivary CRP measured after traumatic injury was related to greater PTSD symptom severity and severity in several depressive symptom clusters. Our preliminary findings suggest that salivary or systemic CRP may be useful to include in models predicting post-trauma psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore F Robles
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
| | - Dennis Rünger
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Vivek Shetty
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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Nievergelt CM, Maihofer AX, Atkinson EG, Chen CY, Choi KW, Coleman JRI, Daskalakis NP, Duncan LE, Polimanti R, Aaronson C, Amstadter AB, Andersen SB, Andreassen OA, Arbisi PA, Ashley-Koch AE, Austin SB, Avdibegoviç E, Babić D, Bacanu SA, Baker DG, Batzler A, Beckham JC, Belangero S, Benjet C, Bergner C, Bierer LM, Biernacka JM, Bierut LJ, Bisson JI, Boks MP, Bolger EA, Brandolino A, Breen G, Bressan RA, Bryant RA, Bustamante AC, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Bækvad-Hansen M, Børglum AD, Børte S, Cahn L, Calabrese JR, Caldas-de-Almeida JM, Chatzinakos C, Cheema S, Clouston SAP, Colodro-Conde L, Coombes BJ, Cruz-Fuentes CS, Dale AM, Dalvie S, Davis LK, Deckert J, Delahanty DL, Dennis MF, Desarnaud F, DiPietro CP, Disner SG, Docherty AR, Domschke K, Dyb G, Kulenović AD, Edenberg HJ, Evans A, Fabbri C, Fani N, Farrer LA, Feder A, Feeny NC, Flory JD, Forbes D, Franz CE, Galea S, Garrett ME, Gelaye B, Gelernter J, Geuze E, Gillespie CF, Goleva SB, Gordon SD, Goçi A, Grasser LR, Guindalini C, Haas M, Hagenaars S, Hauser MA, Heath AC, Hemmings SMJ, Hesselbrock V, Hickie IB, Hogan K, Hougaard DM, Huang H, Huckins LM, Hveem K, Jakovljević M, Javanbakht A, Jenkins GD, Johnson J, Jones I, Jovanovic T, Karstoft KI, Kaufman ML, Kennedy JL, Kessler RC, Khan A, Kimbrel NA, King AP, Koen N, Kotov R, Kranzler HR, Krebs K, Kremen WS, Kuan PF, Lawford BR, Lebois LAM, Lehto K, Levey DF, Lewis C, Liberzon I, Linnstaedt SD, Logue MW, Lori A, Lu Y, Luft BJ, Lupton MK, Luykx JJ, Makotkine I, Maples-Keller JL, Marchese S, Marmar C, Martin NG, Martínez-Levy GA, McAloney K, McFarlane A, McLaughlin KA, McLean SA, Medland SE, Mehta D, Meyers J, Michopoulos V, Mikita EA, Milani L, Milberg W, Miller MW, Morey RA, Morris CP, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Mufford MS, Nelson EC, Nordentoft M, Norman SB, Nugent NR, O'Donnell M, Orcutt HK, Pan PM, Panizzon MS, Pathak GA, Peters ES, Peterson AL, Peverill M, Pietrzak RH, Polusny MA, Porjesz B, Powers A, Qin XJ, Ratanatharathorn A, Risbrough VB, Roberts AL, Rothbaum AO, Rothbaum BO, Roy-Byrne P, Ruggiero KJ, Rung A, Runz H, Rutten BPF, de Viteri SS, Salum GA, Sampson L, Sanchez SE, Santoro M, Seah C, Seedat S, Seng JS, Shabalin A, Sheerin CM, Silove D, Smith AK, Smoller JW, Sponheim SR, Stein DJ, Stensland S, Stevens JS, Sumner JA, Teicher MH, Thompson WK, Tiwari AK, Trapido E, Uddin M, Ursano RJ, Valdimarsdóttir U, Van Hooff M, Vermetten E, Vinkers CH, Voisey J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Waszczuk M, Weber H, Wendt FR, Werge T, Williams MA, Williamson DE, Winsvold BS, Winternitz S, Wolf C, Wolf EJ, Xia Y, Xiong Y, Yehuda R, Young KA, Young RM, Zai CC, Zai GC, Zervas M, Zhao H, Zoellner LA, Zwart JA, deRoon-Cassini T, van Rooij SJH, van den Heuvel LL, Stein MB, Ressler KJ, Koenen KC. Genome-wide association analyses identify 95 risk loci and provide insights into the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Nat Genet 2024; 56:792-808. [PMID: 38637617 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) genetics are characterized by lower discoverability than most other psychiatric disorders. The contribution to biological understanding from previous genetic studies has thus been limited. We performed a multi-ancestry meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across 1,222,882 individuals of European ancestry (137,136 cases) and 58,051 admixed individuals with African and Native American ancestry (13,624 cases). We identified 95 genome-wide significant loci (80 new). Convergent multi-omic approaches identified 43 potential causal genes, broadly classified as neurotransmitter and ion channel synaptic modulators (for example, GRIA1, GRM8 and CACNA1E), developmental, axon guidance and transcription factors (for example, FOXP2, EFNA5 and DCC), synaptic structure and function genes (for example, PCLO, NCAM1 and PDE4B) and endocrine or immune regulators (for example, ESR1, TRAF3 and TANK). Additional top genes influence stress, immune, fear and threat-related processes, previously hypothesized to underlie PTSD neurobiology. These findings strengthen our understanding of neurobiological systems relevant to PTSD pathophysiology, while also opening new areas for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Atkinson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Biogen Inc.,Translational Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karmel W Choi
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- King's College London, National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Center of Excellence in Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Laramie E Duncan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cindy Aaronson
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ananda B Amstadter
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Soren B Andersen
- The Danish Veteran Centre, Research and Knowledge Centre, Ringsted, Denmark
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul A Arbisi
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - S Bryn Austin
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esmina Avdibegoviç
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dragan Babić
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Batzler
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jean C Beckham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Research, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sintia Belangero
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Corina Benjet
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatraía Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Center for Global Mental Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carisa Bergner
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Comprehensive Injury Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Linda M Bierer
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan I Bisson
- Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A Bolger
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Amber Brandolino
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gerome Breen
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- King's College London, NIHR Maudsley BRC, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo Affonseca Bressan
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard A Bryant
- University of New South Wales, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angela C Bustamante
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus University, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sigrid Børte
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Trondheim, Norway
- Oslo University Hospital, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leah Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Joseph R Calabrese
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Chris Chatzinakos
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Sheraz Cheema
- University of Toronto, CanPath National Coordinating Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean A P Clouston
- Stony Brook University, Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Stony Brook University, Public Health, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Lucía Colodro-Conde
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brandon J Coombes
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carlos S Cruz-Fuentes
- Department of Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatraía Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Division of Human Genetics, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lea K Davis
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- University Hospital of Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, Denmark
| | | | - Michelle F Dennis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Research, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Frank Desarnaud
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Christopher P DiPietro
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Seth G Disner
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Research Service Line, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anna R Docherty
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katharina Domschke
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Basics in Neuromodulation, Freiburg, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Denmark
| | - Grete Dyb
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alma Džubur Kulenović
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra Evans
- Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, UK
| | - Chiara Fabbri
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adriana Feder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Norah C Feeny
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Janine D Flory
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - David Forbes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melanie E Garrett
- Duke University, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, Psychiatry Service, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elbert Geuze
- Netherlands Ministry of Defence, Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charles F Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Slavina B Goleva
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
- National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott D Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aferdita Goçi
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Lana Ruvolo Grasser
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciencess, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Camila Guindalini
- Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia
| | - Magali Haas
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Saskia Hagenaars
- King's College London, National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Michael A Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- SAMRC Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Victor Hesselbrock
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Psychiatry, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ian B Hickie
- University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kelleigh Hogan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David Michael Hougaard
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura M Huckins
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miro Jakovljević
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Arash Javanbakht
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciencess, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gregory D Jenkins
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jessica Johnson
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ian Jones
- Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karen-Inge Karstoft
- The Danish Veteran Centre, Research and Knowledge Centre, Ringsted, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Milissa L Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - James L Kennedy
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Neurogenetics Section, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alaptagin Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Nathan A Kimbrel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA
- Durham VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anthony P King
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nastassja Koen
- University of Cape Town, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristi Krebs
- University of Tartu, Institute of Genomics, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pei-Fen Kuan
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Bruce R Lawford
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lauren A M Lebois
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Center of Excellence in Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Kelli Lehto
- University of Tartu, Institute of Genomics, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Daniel F Levey
- VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Catrin Lewis
- Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, UK
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Sarah D Linnstaedt
- Department of Anesthesiology, UNC Institute for Trauma Recovery, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Psychiatry, Biomedical Genetics, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adriana Lori
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin J Luft
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michelle K Lupton
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iouri Makotkine
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Shelby Marchese
- Department of Genetic and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles Marmar
- New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Genetics, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gabriela A Martínez-Levy
- Department of Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatraía Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kerrie McAloney
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander McFarlane
- University of Adelaide, Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Samuel A McLean
- Department of Anesthesiology, UNC Institute for Trauma Recovery, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, UNC Institute for Trauma Recovery, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Divya Mehta
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacquelyn Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Mikita
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- University of Tartu, Institute of Genomics, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Mark W Miller
- Boston University School of Medicine, Psychiatry, Biomedical Genetics, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajendra A Morey
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charles Phillip Morris
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus University, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus University, Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus University, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mary S Mufford
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Division of Human Genetics, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonya B Norman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Executive Division, White River Junction, VT, USA
| | - Nicole R Nugent
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Meaghan O'Donnell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Phoenix Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holly K Orcutt
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Pedro M Pan
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Psychiatry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gita A Pathak
- VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edward S Peters
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Alan L Peterson
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Research and Development Service, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Peverill
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melissa A Polusny
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research (CCDOR), Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xue-Jun Qin
- Duke University, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Ratanatharathorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailmain School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Victoria B Risbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrea L Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex O Rothbaum
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Research and Outcomes, Skyland Trail, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Barbara O Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter Roy-Byrne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth J Ruggiero
- Department of Nursing, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ariane Rung
- Department of Epidemiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Heiko Runz
- Biogen Inc., Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Giovanni Abrahão Salum
- Child Mind Institute, New York City, NY, USA
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria de Desenvolvimento, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Sampson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sixto E Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Marcos Santoro
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Bioquímica-Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carina Seah
- Department of Genetic and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Stellenbosch University, SAMRC Extramural Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julia S Seng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Women's and Gender Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, Institute for Research on Women and Gender, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrey Shabalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Christina M Sheerin
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Derrick Silove
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- University of Cape Town, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Synne Stensland
- Oslo University Hospital, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer S Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martin H Teicher
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark
- University of California San Diego, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Arun K Tiwari
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Neurogenetics Section, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward Trapido
- Department of Epidemiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Monica Uddin
- University of South Florida College of Public Health, Genomics Program, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Unnur Valdimarsdóttir
- Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Public Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Miranda Van Hooff
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eric Vermetten
- ARQ Nationaal Psychotrauma Centrum, Psychotrauma Research Expert Group, Diemen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Voisey
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Oslo, Norway
| | - Zhewu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Monika Waszczuk
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heike Weber
- University Hospital of Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, Denmark
| | - Frank R Wendt
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, The Globe Institute, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Geogenetics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michelle A Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas E Williamson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Research, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bendik S Winsvold
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Trondheim, Norway
- Oslo University Hospital, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sherry Winternitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Christiane Wolf
- University Hospital of Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, Denmark
| | - Erika J Wolf
- VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan Xia
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Mental Health, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Keith A Young
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Research Service, Temple, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Ross McD Young
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Clinical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- University of the Sunshine Coast, The Chancellory, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clement C Zai
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Neurogenetics Section, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gwyneth C Zai
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Neurogenetics Section, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, General Adult Psychiatry and Health Systems Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Zervas
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lori A Zoellner
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John-Anker Zwart
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Trondheim, Norway
- Oslo University Hospital, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terri deRoon-Cassini
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sanne J H van Rooij
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leigh L van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- SAMRC Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service, San Diego, CA, USA
- University of California San Diego, School of Public Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Sumner JA, Kim ESH, Wood MJ, Chi G, Nolen J, Grodzinsky A, Gornik HL, Kadian-Dodov D, Wells BJ, Hess CN, Lewey J, Tam L, Henkin S, Orford J, Wells G, Kumbhani DJ, Lindley KJ, Gibson CM, Leon KK, Naderi S. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: A Report of the International Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection Registry. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032819. [PMID: 38533943 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction secondary to spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) can be traumatic and potentially trigger posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In a large, multicenter, registry-based cohort, we documented prevalence of lifetime and past-month SCAD-induced PTSD, as well as related treatment seeking, and examined a range of health-relevant correlates of SCAD-induced PTSD. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients with SCAD were enrolled in the iSCAD (International SCAD) Registry. At baseline, site investigators completed medical report forms, and patients reported demographics, medical/SCAD history, psychosocial factors (including SCAD-induced PTSD symptoms), health behaviors, and health status via online questionnaires. Of 1156 registry patients, 859 patients (93.9% women; mean age, 52.3 years) completed questionnaires querying SCAD-induced PTSD. Nearly 35% (n=298) of patients met diagnostic criteria for probable SCAD-induced PTSD in their lifetime, and 6.4% (n=55) met criteria for probable past-month PTSD. Of 811 patients ever reporting any SCAD-induced PTSD symptoms, 34.8% indicated seeking treatment for this distress. However, 46.0% of the 298 patients with lifetime probable SCAD-induced PTSD diagnoses reported never receiving trauma-related treatment. Younger age at first SCAD, fewer years since SCAD, being single, unemployed status, more lifetime trauma, and history of anxiety were associated with greater past-month PTSD symptom severity in multivariable regression models. Greater past-month SCAD-induced PTSD symptoms were associated with greater past-week sleep disturbance and worse past-month disease-specific health status when adjusting for various risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Given the high prevalence of SCAD-induced PTSD symptoms, efforts to support screening for these symptoms and connecting patients experiencing distress with empirically supported treatments are critical next steps. REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT04496687.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Esther S H Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
| | - Malissa J Wood
- Division of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Gerald Chi
- PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | | | - Anna Grodzinsky
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Muriel I. Kauffman Women's Heart Center University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City MO USA
| | - Heather L Gornik
- Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA
| | - Daniella Kadian-Dodov
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Bryan J Wells
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta GA USA
| | - Connie N Hess
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora CO USA
| | - Jennifer Lewey
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Lori Tam
- Providence Heart Institute Portland OR USA
| | - Stanislav Henkin
- Heart and Vascular Center Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Lebanon NH USA
| | - James Orford
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center Murray UT USA
| | - Gretchen Wells
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | - Dharam J Kumbhani
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Kathryn J Lindley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
| | - C Michael Gibson
- PERFUSE Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | | | - Sahar Naderi
- Division of Cardiology Kaiser Permanente San Francisco CA USA
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4
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Maihofer AX, Ratanatharathorn A, Hemmings SMJ, Costenbader KH, Michopoulos V, Polimanti R, Rothbaum AO, Seedat S, Mikita EA, Smith AK, Salem RM, Shaffer RA, Wu T, Sebat J, Ressler KJ, Stein MB, Koenen KC, Wolf EJ, Sumner JA, Nievergelt CM. Effects of genetically predicted posttraumatic stress disorder on autoimmune phenotypes. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:172. [PMID: 38561342 PMCID: PMC10984931 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Observational studies suggest that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increases risk for various autoimmune diseases. Insights into shared biology and causal relationships between these diseases may inform intervention approaches to PTSD and co-morbid autoimmune conditions. We investigated the shared genetic contributions and causal relationships between PTSD, 18 autoimmune diseases, and 3 immune/inflammatory biomarkers. Univariate MiXeR was used to contrast the genetic architectures of phenotypes. Genetic correlations were estimated using linkage disequilibrium score regression. Bi-directional, two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed using independent, genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms; inverse variance weighted and weighted median MR estimates were evaluated. Sensitivity analyses for uncorrelated (MR PRESSO) and correlated horizontal pleiotropy (CAUSE) were also performed. PTSD was considerably more polygenic (10,863 influential variants) than autoimmune diseases (median 255 influential variants). However, PTSD evidenced significant genetic correlation with nine autoimmune diseases and three inflammatory biomarkers. PTSD had putative causal effects on autoimmune thyroid disease (p = 0.00009) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 4.3 × 10-7). Inferences were not substantially altered by sensitivity analyses. Additionally, the PTSD-autoimmune thyroid disease association remained significant in multivariable MR analysis adjusted for genetically predicted inflammatory biomarkers as potential mechanistic pathway variables. No autoimmune disease had a significant causal effect on PTSD (all p values > 0.05). Although causal effect models were supported for associations of PTSD with CRP, shared pleiotropy was adequate to explain a putative causal effect of CRP on PTSD (p = 0.18). In summary, our results suggest a significant genetic overlap between PTSD, autoimmune diseases, and biomarkers of inflammation. PTSD has a putative causal effect on autoimmune thyroid disease, consistent with existing epidemiologic evidence. A previously reported causal effect of CRP on PTSD is potentially confounded by shared genetics. Together, results highlight the nuanced links between PTSD, autoimmune disorders, and associated inflammatory signatures, and suggest the importance of targeting related pathways to protect against disease and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew Ratanatharathorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen H Costenbader
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alex O Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Research and Outcomes, Skyland Trail, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth A Mikita
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rany M Salem
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard A Shaffer
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tianying Wu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erika J Wolf
- VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Ebrahimi R, Dennis PA, Alvarez CA, Shroyer AL, Beckham JC, Sumner JA. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Is Associated With Elevated Risk of Incident Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack in Women Veterans. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e033032. [PMID: 38410963 PMCID: PMC10944021 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.033032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with ischemic heart disease in women veterans, but evidence for associations with other cardiovascular disorders remains limited in this population. This retrospective longitudinal cohort study evaluated the association of PTSD with incident stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) in women veterans. METHODS AND RESULTS Veterans Health Administration electronic health records were used to identify women veterans aged ≥18 years engaged with Veterans Health Administration health care from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2019. We identified women veterans with and without PTSD without a history of stroke or TIA at start of follow-up. Propensity score matching was used to match groups on age, race or ethnicity, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, female-specific risk factors, a range of mental and physical health conditions, and number of prior health care visits. PTSD, stroke, TIA, and risk factors used in propensity score matching were based on diagnostic codes. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for associations of PTSD with an incident stroke/TIA composite. Subanalyses considered stroke and TIA separately, plus age- and race- or ethnicity-stratified analyses were carried out. The analytic sample included 208 092 women veterans (104 046 with and 104 046 without PTSD). PTSD was associated with a greater rate of developing stroke/TIA (HR, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.25-1.42], P<0.001). This elevated risk was especially pronounced in women <50 years old and in Hispanic/Latina women. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate a strong association of PTSD with incident stroke/TIA in women veterans. Research is needed to determine whether addressing PTSD and its downstream consequences can offset this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Ebrahimi
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of MedicineVeterans Affairs (VA) Greater Los Angeles Healthcare SystemLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Paul A. Dennis
- Department of Population Health SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNCUSA
- Durham VA Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
| | - Carlos A. Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacy PracticeTexas Tech University Health Science CenterLubbockTXUSA
- Department of ResearchVA North Texas Health Care SystemDallasTXUSA
| | - A. Laurie Shroyer
- Department of Surgery, Renaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA
- Northport VA Medical CenterNorthportNYUSA
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Durham VA Medical CenterDurhamNCUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNCUSA
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Kofman YB, Selbe S, Szentkúti P, Horváth-Puhó E, Rosellini AJ, Lash TL, Schnurr PP, Sørensen HT, Galea S, Gradus JL, Sumner JA. Sex Differences in Psychopathology Following Potentially Traumatic Experiences. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e240201. [PMID: 38386319 PMCID: PMC10884878 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Various psychopathology may follow trauma; however, sex differences in these ranging manifestations of posttraumatic psychopathology remain understudied. Objective To investigate sex-specific incidence of posttraumatic psychopathology. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based cohort study of Danish national health registries included a cohort of individuals who experienced a potentially traumatic event (PTE) from 1994 to 2016. Individuals were further categorized by presence of any pretrauma psychopathology. A comparison group of individuals who experienced a nontraumatic stressor (nonsuicide death of a first-degree relative) was examined as a reference cohort. Exposures At least 1 of 8 PTEs (eg, physical assault, transportation accident) derived through health registry International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes, with additional qualifiers to improve classification accuracy. Main Outcomes and Measures Incidence of 9 categories of ICD-10 psychiatric disorders recorded in registries within 5 years of PTEs. The standardized morbidity ratios (SMRs) for psychopathology outcomes were also calculated to compare individuals experiencing PTEs with those experiencing a nontraumatic stressor. Results This study included 1 398 026 individuals who had been exposed to trauma (475 280 males [34.0%]; 922 750 females [66.0%]). The group of males who had been exposed to trauma were evenly distributed across age, while most females in the trauma-exposed group were aged 16 to 39 years (592 385 [64.2%]). Males and females were equally distributed across income quartiles and predominantly single. Following PTEs, the most common diagnosis was substance use disorders for males (35 160 [7.4%]) and depressive disorders for females (29 255 [3.2%]); incidence proportions for these and other disorders were higher among males and females with any pretrauma psychopathology. Certain PTEs had elevated onset of various psychiatric disorders and some sex differences emerged. Following physical assault, associations were found with schizophrenia or psychotic disorders for males (SMR, 17.5; 95% CI, 15.9-19.3) and adult personality disorders for females (SMR, 16.3; 95% CI, 14.6-18.3). For noninterpersonal PTEs, males had larger SMRs for substance use, schizophrenia or psychotic disorders, and adult personality disorders (SMR, 43.4; 95% CI, 41.9-45.0), and females had larger SMRs for depressive disorders (SMR, 19.0; 95% CI, 18.6-19.4). Sex differences were also observed, particularly when considering pretrauma psychopathology. For example, among interpersonal PTEs, males were most likely to develop substance use disorders after physical assault, whereas females were more likely to develop various disorders, with stronger associations seen for females without pretrauma psychiatric diagnoses. Among noninterpersonal PTEs, exposure to toxic substance showed robust associations with psychopathology, particularly in those without pretrauma psychopathology, with sex-specific differences across psychiatric categories. Conclusions and Relevance Mental disorders after trauma were wide-ranging for males and females, and sex differences in patterns of posttraumatic psychopathology were more pronounced when accounting for pretrauma psychopathology. Findings provide new insights for sex-relevant PTEs and their mental health consequences. It also outlines future directions for advancing understanding of a constellation of posttraumatic psychopathology in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin B Kofman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Sophie Selbe
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Szentkúti
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erzsébet Horváth-Puhó
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anthony J Rosellini
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy L Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paula P Schnurr
- National Center for PTSD Executive Division, White River Junction, Vermont
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Sandro Galea
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jaimie L Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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7
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Xu C, Song Y, Sempionatto JR, Solomon SA, Yu Y, Nyein HYY, Tay RY, Li J, Heng W, Min J, Lao A, Hsiai TK, Sumner JA, Gao W. A physicochemical-sensing electronic skin for stress response monitoring. Nat Electron 2024; 7:168-179. [PMID: 38433871 PMCID: PMC10906959 DOI: 10.1038/s41928-023-01116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Approaches to quantify stress responses typically rely on subjective surveys and questionnaires. Wearable sensors can potentially be used to continuously monitor stress-relevant biomarkers. However, the biological stress response is spread across the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, and the capabilities of current sensors are not sufficient for condition-specific stress response evaluation. Here we report an electronic skin for stress response assessment that non-invasively monitors three vital signs (pulse waveform, galvanic skin response and skin temperature) and six molecular biomarkers in human sweat (glucose, lactate, uric acid, sodium ions, potassium ions and ammonium). We develop a general approach to prepare electrochemical sensors that relies on analogous composite materials for stabilizing and conserving sensor interfaces. The resulting sensors offer long-term sweat biomarker analysis of over 100 hours with high stability. We show that the electronic skin can provide continuous multimodal physicochemical monitoring over a 24-hour period and during different daily activities. With the help of a machine learning pipeline, we also show that the platform can differentiate three stressors with an accuracy of 98.0%, and quantify psychological stress responses with a confidence level of 98.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yu Song
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Juliane R. Sempionatto
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Samuel A. Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - You Yu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hnin Y. Y. Nyein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Roland Yingjie Tay
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jiahong Li
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Wenzheng Heng
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alison Lao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Tzung K. Hsiai
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Liu J, Roberts AL, Lawn RB, Jha SC, Sampson L, Sumner JA, Kang JH, Rimm EB, Grodstein F, Liang L, Haneuse S, Kubzansky LD, Koenen KC, Chibnik LB. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptom remission and cognition in a large cohort of civilian women. Psychol Med 2024; 54:419-430. [PMID: 37577959 PMCID: PMC10947504 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with cognitive impairments. It is unclear whether problems persist after PTSD symptoms remit. METHODS Data came from 12 270 trauma-exposed women in the Nurses' Health Study II. Trauma and PTSD symptoms were assessed using validated scales to determine PTSD status as of 2008 (trauma/no PTSD, remitted PTSD, unresolved PTSD) and symptom severity (lifetime and past-month). Starting in 2014, cognitive function was assessed using the Cogstate Brief Battery every 6 or 12 months for up to 24 months. PTSD associations with baseline cognition and longitudinal cognitive changes were estimated by covariate-adjusted linear regression and linear mixed-effects models, respectively. RESULTS Compared to women with trauma/no PTSD, women with remitted PTSD symptoms had a similar cognitive function at baseline, while women with unresolved PTSD symptoms had worse psychomotor speed/attention and learning/working memory. In women with unresolved PTSD symptoms, past-month PTSD symptom severity was inversely associated with baseline cognition. Over follow-up, both women with remitted and unresolved PTSD symptoms in 2008, especially those with high levels of symptoms, had a faster decline in learning/working memory than women with trauma/no PTSD. In women with remitted PTSD symptoms, higher lifetime PTSD symptom severity was associated with a faster decline in learning/working memory. Results were robust to the adjustment for sociodemographic, biobehavioral, and health factors and were partially attenuated when adjusted for depression. CONCLUSION Unresolved but not remitted PTSD was associated with worse cognitive function assessed six years later. Accelerated cognitive decline was observed among women with either unresolved or remitted PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea L. Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca B. Lawn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shaili C. Jha
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Sampson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jae H. Kang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sebastien Haneuse
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lori B. Chibnik
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
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9
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Ebrahimi R, Yano EM, Alvarez CA, Dennis PA, Shroyer AL, Beckham JC, Sumner JA. Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in US Women Veterans vs Civilians. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2340242. [PMID: 37902755 PMCID: PMC10616720 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.40242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the US. Women veterans have higher rates of CVD compared with civilian US women; however, analyses of recent trends in mortality from cardiac disease for women veterans are lacking. Objective To investigate trends in cardiac disease mortality among women veterans over approximately the past 2 decades and compare rates with those for civilian women. Design, Setting, and Participants In this retrospective longitudinal cohort study, US Veterans Health Administration (VHA) electronic health record data, linked with the National Death Index, were analyzed for CVD trends and rates of cardiac disease mortality among women veterans (aged 18 years or older) with VHA health care encounters from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2017. These data were compared with a national cohort of civilian women (aged 15 years or older) in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) database, which provides cause-of-death data using death certificates for all US residents. The data analysis was performed between March 10, 2021, and November 28, 2022. Exposure Cardiac disease mortality among women veterans and civilian women. Main Outcomes and Measures Cardiac disease mortality was based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision diagnostic codes (I00-I09, I11, I13, and I20-I51 as defined by CDC WONDER). For women veterans and civilian women, crude and age-adjusted cardiac disease mortality rates (per 100 000 life-years) and 95% CIs were calculated, with the 2000 US general population as the reference for age-adjusted rates. Results From 2000 to 2017, 817 912 women veterans engaged with VHA health care (mean [SD] age, 45.7 [17.1] years), and 19 022 cardiac disease deaths were identified (22.4% of total deaths). The crude and age-adjusted cardiac disease mortality rates, respectively, per 100 000 life-years were 200.2 (95% CI, 181.0-221.0) and 197.6 (95% CI, 175.2-222.0) in 2000 and 196.0 (95% CI, 186.1-206.4) and 208.1 (95% CI, 196.4-220.4) in 2017, reflecting stable crude rates and a 5.3% increase in age-adjusted rates. For civilian women, the crude and age-adjusted rates decreased over time from 320.7 (95% CI, 319.7-321.8) and 268.1 (95% CI, 267.3-269.0) in 2000 to 220.9 (95% CI, 220.1-221.7) and 164.7 (95% CI, 164.1-165.3) in 2017. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study comparing women veterans and civilian women, cardiac disease mortality rates for women veterans did not exhibit the improvements seen for civilian women during the nearly 2-decade study period. Further research and actionable clinical interventions are warranted to improve cardiovascular care for women veterans, who represent the fastest growing group of patients within the VHA health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Ebrahimi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elizabeth M. Yano
- Veterans Affairs Health Services Research & Development Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Carlos A. Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Dallas
- Department of Research, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas
| | - Paul A. Dennis
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - A. Laurie Shroyer
- Department of Surgery, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Nievergelt CM, Maihofer AX, Atkinson EG, Chen CY, Choi KW, Coleman JR, Daskalakis NP, Duncan LE, Polimanti R, Aaronson C, Amstadter AB, Andersen SB, Andreassen OA, Arbisi PA, Ashley-Koch AE, Austin SB, Avdibegoviç E, Babic D, Bacanu SA, Baker DG, Batzler A, Beckham JC, Belangero S, Benjet C, Bergner C, Bierer LM, Biernacka JM, Bierut LJ, Bisson JI, Boks MP, Bolger EA, Brandolino A, Breen G, Bressan RA, Bryant RA, Bustamante AC, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Bækvad-Hansen M, Børglum AD, Børte S, Cahn L, Calabrese JR, Caldas-de-Almeida JM, Chatzinakos C, Cheema S, Clouston SAP, Colodro-Conde L, Coombes BJ, Cruz-Fuentes CS, Dale AM, Dalvie S, Davis LK, Deckert J, Delahanty DL, Dennis MF, deRoon-Cassini T, Desarnaud F, DiPietro CP, Disner SG, Docherty AR, Domschke K, Dyb G, Kulenovic AD, Edenberg HJ, Evans A, Fabbri C, Fani N, Farrer LA, Feder A, Feeny NC, Flory JD, Forbes D, Franz CE, Galea S, Garrett ME, Gelaye B, Gelernter J, Geuze E, Gillespie CF, Goci A, Goleva SB, Gordon SD, Grasser LR, Guindalini C, Haas M, Hagenaars S, Hauser MA, Heath AC, Hemmings SM, Hesselbrock V, Hickie IB, Hogan K, Hougaard DM, Huang H, Huckins LM, Hveem K, Jakovljevic M, Javanbakht A, Jenkins GD, Johnson J, Jones I, Jovanovic T, Karstoft KI, Kaufman ML, Kennedy JL, Kessler RC, Khan A, Kimbrel NA, King AP, Koen N, Kotov R, Kranzler HR, Krebs K, Kremen WS, Kuan PF, Lawford BR, Lebois LAM, Lehto K, Levey DF, Lewis C, Liberzon I, Linnstaedt SD, Logue MW, Lori A, Lu Y, Luft BJ, Lupton MK, Luykx JJ, Makotkine I, Maples-Keller JL, Marchese S, Marmar C, Martin NG, MartÍnez-Levy GA, McAloney K, McFarlane A, McLaughlin KA, McLean SA, Medland SE, Mehta D, Meyers J, Michopoulos V, Mikita EA, Milani L, Milberg W, Miller MW, Morey RA, Morris CP, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Mufford MS, Nelson EC, Nordentoft M, Norman SB, Nugent NR, O'Donnell M, Orcutt HK, Pan PM, Panizzon MS, Pathak GA, Peters ES, Peterson AL, Peverill M, Pietrzak RH, Polusny MA, Porjesz B, Powers A, Qin XJ, Ratanatharathorn A, Risbrough VB, Roberts AL, Rothbaum BO, Rothbaum AO, Roy-Byrne P, Ruggiero KJ, Rung A, Runz H, Rutten BPF, de Viteri SS, Salum GA, Sampson L, Sanchez SE, Santoro M, Seah C, Seedat S, Seng JS, Shabalin A, Sheerin CM, Silove D, Smith AK, Smoller JW, Sponheim SR, Stein DJ, Stensland S, Stevens JS, Sumner JA, Teicher MH, Thompson WK, Tiwari AK, Trapido E, Uddin M, Ursano RJ, Valdimarsdóttir U, van den Heuvel LL, Van Hooff M, van Rooij SJ, Vermetten E, Vinkers CH, Voisey J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Waszczuk M, Weber H, Wendt FR, Werge T, Williams MA, Williamson DE, Winsvold BS, Winternitz S, Wolf EJ, Wolf C, Xia Y, Xiong Y, Yehuda R, Young RM, Young KA, Zai CC, Zai GC, Zervas M, Zhao H, Zoellner LA, Zwart JA, Stein MB, Ressler KJ, Koenen KC. Discovery of 95 PTSD loci provides insight into genetic architecture and neurobiology of trauma and stress-related disorders. medRxiv 2023:2023.08.31.23294915. [PMID: 37693460 PMCID: PMC10491375 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.31.23294915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) genetics are characterized by lower discoverability than most other psychiatric disorders. The contribution to biological understanding from previous genetic studies has thus been limited. We performed a multi-ancestry meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across 1,222,882 individuals of European ancestry (137,136 cases) and 58,051 admixed individuals with African and Native American ancestry (13,624 cases). We identified 95 genome-wide significant loci (80 novel). Convergent multi-omic approaches identified 43 potential causal genes, broadly classified as neurotransmitter and ion channel synaptic modulators (e.g., GRIA1, GRM8, CACNA1E ), developmental, axon guidance, and transcription factors (e.g., FOXP2, EFNA5, DCC ), synaptic structure and function genes (e.g., PCLO, NCAM1, PDE4B ), and endocrine or immune regulators (e.g., ESR1, TRAF3, TANK ). Additional top genes influence stress, immune, fear, and threat-related processes, previously hypothesized to underlie PTSD neurobiology. These findings strengthen our understanding of neurobiological systems relevant to PTSD pathophysiology, while also opening new areas for investigation.
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Gradus JL, Smith ML, Szentkúti P, Rosellini AJ, Horváth-Puhó E, Lash TL, Galea S, Schnurr PP, Sumner JA, Sørensen HT. Antihypertensive Medications and PTSD Incidence in a Trauma Cohort. J Clin Psychiatry 2023; 84:22m14767. [PMID: 37530605 PMCID: PMC10545136 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.22m14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Antihypertensive medications have been examined as agents for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevention in trauma-exposed individuals, given well-documented associations between PTSD and increased risk of cardiovascular disease and purported trauma-relevant mechanisms of action for these medications. Evidence regarding the effectiveness of such drugs for this purpose remains mixed. Methods: We conducted a national population-based cohort study using data from Danish national registries to assess whether 4 classes of antihypertensive drugs (beta-adrenoceptor blockers [beta blockers], angiotensin II receptor blockers [ARBs], angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers) were associated with a decreased incidence of PTSD (diagnosed according to ICD-10) over a 22-year study period. Data for this study originated from a population-based cohort of over 1.4 million persons who experienced a traumatic event between 1994 and 2016 in Denmark. We calculated the incidence rate of PTSD per 100,000 person-years among persons who filled a prescription for each class of drug in the 60 days prior to a traumatic event and for corresponding unexposed comparison groups. We then used Cox proportional hazards regression to compare the rate of PTSD among persons who filled an antihypertensive medication prescription within 60 days before their trauma to the rate among persons who did not. Results: We found evidence that calcium channel blockers were associated with a decreased incidence of PTSD (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.34, 1.2); all other antihypertensive medication classes had null or near null associations. Conclusions: These findings lay a foundation for additional research focusing on antihypertensive medications that appear most effective in reducing PTSD incidence following trauma and for additional replication work aimed at continuing to clarify the disparate findings reported in the literature to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie L Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
- Corresponding Author: Jaimie L. Gradus, DMSc, DSc, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St T317E, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Meghan L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Péter Szentkúti
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anthony J Rosellini
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | | | - Timothy L Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sandro Galea
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Paula P Schnurr
- Executive Division, National Center for PTSD, White River Junction, Vermont
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | | | - Henrik T Sørensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Carter SE, Sumner JA. Introduction to the Special Section on the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 38th Annual Meeting: Trauma as a transdiagnostic risk factor across the lifespan. J Trauma Stress 2023; 36:659-661. [PMID: 37527057 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
This article serves as an introduction to the special section in the Journal of Traumatic Stress related to the 38th annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, held in Atlanta, Georgia (USA) in November 2022. The theme of this meeting, "Trauma as a Transdiagnostic Risk Factor Across the Lifespan," provided an opportunity to recognize the far-reaching impact of trauma and how traumatic experiences can become embedded into the mind, body, and societal spirit. This introductory article outlines the importance of harnessing multiple perspectives to address these wide-ranging sequelae of trauma and provides an overview of the series of contributions to the special section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra E Carter
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Ratanatharathorn A, Roberts AL, Chibnik LB, Choi KW, De Vivo I, Kim Y, Nishimi K, Rimm EB, Sumner JA, Kubzansky LD, Koenen KC. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Accelerated Aging: Leukocyte Telomere Length in the Nurses' Health Study II. Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci 2023; 3:510-518. [PMID: 37519465 PMCID: PMC10382693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression have been independently associated with leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a cellular marker of aging associated with mortality and age-related diseases. However, the joint contributions of trauma and its psychological sequelae on LTL have not been examined. Methods We conducted an analysis of LTL in a subset of women from the Nurses' Health Study II (N = 1868). Lifetime exposure to traumatic events, PTSD, and depression was assessed with validated measures. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and telomere repeat copy number to single gene copy number was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction telomere assay. Linear regression models assessed the association of trauma, PTSD, and depression with LTL after adjustment for health behaviors and medical conditions. Results Trauma, PTSD, and depression were not independently associated with LTL in mutually adjusted models. However, individuals with severe psychological distress-characterized by comorbid PTSD and depression-had shorter LTL equivalent to being 7.62 years older (95% CI, 0.02 to 17.97) than participants who had never experienced a traumatic event and were not depressed. Further examination found only an association among individuals with the highest number of PTSD symptoms and comorbid depression equivalent to 9.71 additional years of aging (95% CI, 1.36 to 20.49). No effect was found among individuals meeting the minimum threshold for probable PTSD with comorbid depression. Conclusions Severe psychological distress, as indicated by the presence of comorbid PTSD and depression, may be associated with shorter LTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ratanatharathorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea L. Roberts
- Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lori B. Chibnik
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karmel W. Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yongjoo Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kristen Nishimi
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer A. Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Laura D. Kubzansky
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Cavallero S, Roustaei M, Satta S, Cho JM, Phan H, Baek KI, Blázquez-Medela AM, Gonzalez-Ramos S, Vu K, Park SK, Yokota T, Sumner JA, Mack JJ, Sigmund CD, Reddy ST, Li R, Hsiai TK. Exercise Mitigates Flow Recirculation and Activates Mechanosensitive Transcriptome to Uncover Endothelial SCD1-Catalyzed Anti-Inflammatory Metabolites. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.02.539172. [PMID: 37205360 PMCID: PMC10187200 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.02.539172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exercise modulates vascular plasticity in multiple organ systems; however, the metabolomic transducers underlying exercise and vascular protection in the disturbed flow-prone vasculature remain under-investigated. We simulated exercise-augmented pulsatile shear stress (PSS) to mitigate flow recirculation in the lesser curvature of the aortic arch. When human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were subjected to PSS ( τ ave = 50 dyne·cm -2 , ∂τ/∂t = 71 dyne·cm -2 ·s -1 , 1 Hz), untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD1) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) catalyzed the fatty acid metabolite, oleic acid (OA), to mitigate inflammatory mediators. Following 24 hours of exercise, wild-type C57BL/6J mice developed elevated SCD1-catalyzed lipid metabolites in the plasma, including OA and palmitoleic acid (PA). Exercise over a 2-week period increased endothelial SCD1 in the ER. Exercise further modulated the time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS or τ ave) and oscillatory shear index (OSI ave ), upregulated Scd1 and attenuated VCAM1 expression in the disturbed flow-prone aortic arch in Ldlr -/- mice on high-fat diet but not in Ldlr -/- Scd1 EC-/- mice. Scd1 overexpression via recombinant adenovirus also mitigated ER stress. Single cell transcriptomic analysis of the mouse aorta revealed interconnection of Scd1 with mechanosensitive genes, namely Irs2 , Acox1 and Adipor2 that modulate lipid metabolism pathways. Taken together, exercise modulates PSS ( τ ave and OSI ave ) to activate SCD1 as a metabolomic transducer to ameliorate inflammation in the disturbed flow-prone vasculature.
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Sumner JA, Gao X, Gambazza S, Dye CK, Colich NL, Baccarelli AA, Uddin M, McLaughlin KA. Stressful life events and accelerated biological aging over time in youths. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 151:106058. [PMID: 36827906 PMCID: PMC10364461 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Experiencing adversity in childhood and adolescence, including stressful life events (SLEs), may accelerate the pace of development, leading to adverse mental and physical health. However, most research on adverse early experiences and biological aging (BA) in youths relies on cross-sectional designs. In 171 youths followed for approximately 2 years, we examined if SLEs over follow-up predicted rate of change in two BA metrics: epigenetic age and Tanner stage. We also investigated if rate of change in BA was associated with changes in depressive symptoms over time. Youths aged 8-16 years at baseline self-reported Tanner stage and depressive symptoms at baseline and follow-up and provided saliva samples for DNA at both assessments. Horvath epigenetic age estimates were derived from DNA methylation data measured with the Illumina EPIC array. At follow-up, contextual threat interviews were administered to youths and caregivers to assess youths' experiences of past-year SLEs. Interviews were objectively coded by an independent rating team to generate a SLE impact score, reflecting the severity of all SLEs occurring over the prior year. Rate of change in BA metrics was operationalized as change in epigenetic age or Tanner stage as a function of time between assessments. Higher objective SLE impact scores over follow-up were related to a greater rate of change in epigenetic age (β = 0.21, p = .043). Additionally, among youths with lower-but not higher-Tanner stage at baseline, there was a positive association of SLE impact scores with rate of change in Tanner stage (Baseline Tanner Stage × SLE Impact Score interaction: β = - 0.21, p = .011). A greater rate of change in epigenetic age was also associated with higher depressive symptom levels at follow-up, adjusting for baseline symptoms (β = 0.15, p = .043). Associations with epigenetic age were similar, although slightly attenuated, when adjusting for epithelial (buccal) cell proportions. Whereas much research in youths has focused on severe experiences of early adversity, we demonstrate that more commonly experienced SLEs during adolescence may also contribute to accelerated BA. Further research is needed to understand the long-term consequences of changes in BA metrics for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Psychology Building 1285, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Rd. 38, Haidian District, Beijing, China; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Simone Gambazza
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, via Celoria 22, 20133 Milan, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Healthcare Professions Department, via Francesco Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Christian K Dye
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Natalie L Colich
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, William James Hall, 1270, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Monica Uddin
- Genomics Program, University of South Florida, College of Public Health, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Katie A McLaughlin
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, William James Hall, 1270, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Thomas JL, Colich NL, McLaughlin KA, Sumner JA. Dimensions of Early Adversity and Sexual Behavior in a US Population-Based Adolescent Sample. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:560-567. [PMID: 36529620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with sexual risk, but ELA dimensions-and potential mechanisms-have been less examined. We evaluated associations between threat and deprivation-two key ELA dimensions-and sexual behaviors in adolescents. Secondary analyses investigated age at menarche as a mechanism linking ELA with sexual outcomes in girls. We predicted associations between threat and sexual behaviors, with younger age at menarche as a pathway. METHODS Data were from the National Comorbidity Survey, Adolescent Supplement. Adolescents and caregivers reported on youths' ELA experiences, which were categorized as threat- or deprivation-related. Adolescents reported if they engaged in sex (N = 9,937) and on specific sexual risk indicators, including age at first sex, number of past-year sexual partners, and condom use consistency ("always" vs. "not always" used). Girls reported age at menarche. RESULTS Threat (odds ratio [OR] = 1.76 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62-1.92]) and deprivation (OR = 1.51 [95% CI, 1.24-1.83]) were each linked with engagement in sex, ps<.05. Threat-related experiences were associated with multiple sexual risk markers, even when accounting for deprivation: earlier age at first sex (b = -0.20 [95% CI, -0.27 to 0.13]), greater number of partners (b = 0.17 [95% CI, 0.10-0.25]), and inconsistent condom use (OR = 0.72 [95% CI, 0.64-0.80]), ps <.001. Deprivation was not associated with sexual risk when adjusting for threat. We observed no significant indirect effects through age at menarche. DISCUSSION Although threat and deprivation were related to engagement in sexual activity, threat-related experiences were uniquely associated with sexual risk. Screening for threat-related ELA may identify adolescents at-risk for poor sexual health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California.
| | - Natalie L Colich
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
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Meinhausen C, Sanchez GJ, Robles TF, Edmondson D, Kronish IM, Hinrichs R, Jovanovic T, Sumner JA. Correlates of Skin Conductance Reactivity to Stroke-Related Trauma Reminders During Hospitalization for Stroke. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks) 2023; 7:24705470231156571. [PMID: 36814781 PMCID: PMC9940223 DOI: 10.1177/24705470231156571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective Although several risk factors for stroke-induced posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been identified, objective risk measures that can be detected in the acute aftermath of these events are needed. This study is the first to collect an objective measure of psychophysiological arousal-skin conductance (SC) reactivity to a trauma interview-in patients after stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and investigate correlates of SC reactivity. Methods Mobile SC measurement during a resting baseline and standardized trauma interview was performed in-hospital in 98 individuals following stroke/TIA. We examined associations between several stroke-induced PTSD risk factors (sociodemographic, psychosocial, and medical characteristics) and SC reactivity to a trauma interview involving a free-response recalling of the stroke/TIA event. Results Of the sociodemographic, psychosocial, medical characteristics examined as correlates to SC reactivity to recalling the stroke/TIA event, 2 factors reflecting aspects of prior and in-hospital experience were significantly associated with this indicator of sympathetic nervous system activation. A greater cumulative trauma burden was significantly associated with greater SC reactivity (r = .23, P = .04). Additionally, individuals administered benzodiazepines in-hospital had significantly greater SC reactivity to recalling the stroke/TIA event (M = 1.51, SD = 1.52) than those who were not (M = 0.76, SD = 1.16; P = .01). Greater cumulative trauma burden remained significantly associated with greater SC reactivity when adjusting for age and in-hospital benzodiazepine administration (β=0.22, P = .04). Conclusion This study demonstrated that SC reactivity was related to both behavioral and psychological risk factors for PTSD after a stroke/TIA event. Additionally, we demonstrated the feasibility of a low-cost, mobile measurement of SC that can be conducted in-hospital in a novel patient population: individuals with a medical trauma. With this measure, we were able to identify those individuals with the greatest trauma-related sympathetic nervous system reactivity in the days following a medical trauma. Future research is needed to determine whether SC reactivity may be leveraged in the development of brief, noninvasive screening measures for enhancing PTSD risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Meinhausen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Corinne Meinhausen, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Psychology Building 1285, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA.
| | - Gabriel J. Sanchez
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychology, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Theodore F. Robles
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Donald Edmondson
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ian M. Kronish
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Hinrichs
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State, University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Sanchez GJ, Sumner JA, Schwartz JE, Burg MM, Ye S, Whang W, Peacock J, Duer-Hefele J, Clemow L, Kronish IM, Davidson KW. Anhedonic Depression Is Not Associated With Risk of Recurrent Major Adverse Cardiac Events and All-Cause Mortality in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients. Ann Behav Med 2023; 57:155-164. [PMID: 34637503 PMCID: PMC9899065 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is common and increases risks of adverse outcomes, but it remains unclear which depression features are most associated with major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and all-cause mortality (ACM). PURPOSE To examine whether a subtype of depression characterized by anhedonia and major depressive disorder (MDD) predicts 1-year MACE/ACM occurrence in ACS patients compared to no MDD history. We also consider other depression features in the literature as predictors. METHODS Patients (N = 1,087) presenting to a hospital with ACS completed a self-report measure of current depressive symptoms in-hospital and a diagnostic interview assessing MDD within 1 week post-hospitalization. MACE/ACM events were assessed at 1-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. Cox regression models were used to examine the association of the anhedonic depression subtype and MDD without anhedonia with time to MACE/ACM, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical covariates. RESULTS There were 142 MACE/ACM events over the 12-month follow-up. The 1-year MACE/ACM in patients with anhedonic depression, compared to those with no MDD, was somewhat higher in an age-adjusted model (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.63, p = .08), but was not significant after further covariate adjustment (HR = 1.24, p = .47). Of the additional depression features, moderate-to-severe self-reported depressive symptoms significantly predicted the risk of MACE/ACM, even in covariate-adjusted models (HR = 1.72, p = .04), but the continuous measure of self-reported depressive symptoms did not. CONCLUSION The anhedonic depression subtype did not uniquely predict MACE/ACM as hypothesized. Moderate-to-severe levels of total self-reported depressive symptoms, however, may be associated with increased MACE/ACM risk, even after accounting for potential sociodemographic and clinical confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Sanchez
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew M Burg
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Siqin Ye
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William Whang
- Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Joan Duer-Hefele
- Center for Personalized Health, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Lynn Clemow
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Research Division, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ian M Kronish
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karina W Davidson
- Center for Personalized Health, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
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Sumner JA, Cleveland S, Chen T, Gradus JL. Psychological and biological mechanisms linking trauma with cardiovascular disease risk. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:25. [PMID: 36707505 PMCID: PMC9883529 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and experiences of psychological trauma have been associated with subsequent CVD onset. Identifying key pathways connecting trauma with CVD has the potential to inform more targeted screening and intervention efforts to offset elevated cardiovascular risk. In this narrative review, we summarize the evidence for key psychological and biological mechanisms linking experiences of trauma with CVD risk. Additionally, we describe various methodologies for measuring these mechanisms in an effort to inform future research related to potential pathways. With regard to mechanisms involving posttraumatic psychopathology, the vast majority of research on psychological distress after trauma and CVD has focused on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), even though posttraumatic psychopathology can manifest in other ways as well. Substantial evidence suggests that PTSD predicts the onset of a range of cardiovascular outcomes in trauma-exposed men and women, yet more research is needed to better understand posttraumatic psychopathology more comprehensively and how it may relate to CVD. Further, dysregulation of numerous biological systems may occur after trauma and in the presence of posttraumatic psychopathology; these processes of immune system dysregulation and elevated inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, renin-angiotensin system dysregulation, and accelerated biological aging may all contribute to subsequent cardiovascular risk, although more research on these pathways in the context of traumatic stress is needed. Given that many of these mechanisms are closely intertwined, future research using a systems biology approach may prove fruitful for elucidating how processes unfold to contribute to CVD after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Shiloh Cleveland
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaimie L Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Kim K, Tsai AC, Sumner JA, Jung SJ. Posttraumatic stress disorder, cardiovascular disease outcomes and the modifying role of socioeconomic status. J Affect Disord 2022; 319:555-561. [PMID: 36174781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Substantial evidence indicates that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and differential PTSD-CVD association by socioeconomic status had been suggested. However, there are inadequate evidence on differential association. This study investigated sociodemographic heterogeneity in the association between PTSD and CVD. METHODS A total of 53,749 patients diagnosed with PTSD in 2004-2018 were recruited from Korean National Health Insurance Database. Date of first diagnosis of PTSD was set as an index date. We recruited 3 controls per each patient, matched by age and sex (N = 161,247). Monthly insurance premiums were used as a surrogate variable for socioeconomic status. Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard of incident coronary artery disease, incident stroke, and cardiovascular mortality. We stratified participants by age, sex, and insurance premium to test heterogeneities in the association. RESULTS PTSD was associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease, hemorrhagic stroke, and cardiovascular mortality. Elevation in risk of cardiovascular disease was more prominent in younger individuals. PTSD increased the risk of coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke more in individuals with lower SES, especially in men. LIMITATIONS Insurance premium might not fully represent socioeconomic status of individual. Misclassification or misdiagnosis of PTSD by might have introduced biases. CONCLUSIONS PTSD was associated with increased incidence of CVD, particularly in male patients with low SES. For PTSD patients with lower SES, preventive measures against cardiovascular disease would be able to decrease the disease burden of cardiovascular comorbidity in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanghyun Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander C Tsai
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sun Jae Jung
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Hargrave AS, Sumner JA, Ebrahimi R, Cohen BE. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for Future Research and Clinical Care. Curr Cardiol Rep 2022; 24:2067-2079. [PMID: 36306020 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-022-01809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We explore the literature linking PTSD to CVD, potential mechanisms, interventions, and clinical implications. We outline gaps in current literature and highlight necessary future research. RECENT FINDINGS PTSD has been independently associated with deleterious effects on cardiovascular health through biological, behavioral, and societal pathways. There are evidence-based psychotherapeutic interventions and pharmacotherapies for PTSD that may mitigate its impact on CVD. However, there are limited studies that rigorously analyze the impact of treating PTSD on cardiovascular outcomes. Trauma-informed CVD risk stratification, education, and treatment offer opportunities to improve patient care. These approaches can include a brief validated screening tool for PTSD identification and treatment. Pragmatic trials are needed to test PTSD interventions among people with CVD and evaluate for improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Hargrave
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA. .,Medical Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA
| | - Ramin Ebrahimi
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Section, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Beth E Cohen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.,Medical Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
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22
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Lawn RB, Murchland AR, Kim Y, Chibnik LB, Tworoger SS, Rimm EB, Sumner JA, Roberts AL, Nishimi KM, Ratanatharathorn AD, Jha SC, Koenen KC, Kubzansky LD. Trauma, psychological distress and markers of systemic inflammation among US women: A longitudinal study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 145:105915. [PMID: 36115323 PMCID: PMC10448736 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior evidence links posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, separately, with chronic inflammation. However, whether effects are similar across each independently or potentiated when both are present is understudied. We evaluated combined measures of PTSD and depression in relation to inflammatory biomarker concentrations. METHODS Data are from women (n's ranging 628-2797) in the Nurses' Health Study II. Trauma exposure, PTSD, and depression symptoms were ascertained using validated questionnaires. We examined (a) a continuous combined psychological distress score summing symptoms for PTSD and depression, and (b) a categorical cross-classified measure of trauma/PTSD symptoms/depressed mood status (reference group: no trauma or depressed mood). Three inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 2 [TNFR2]) were assayed from at least one of two blood samples collected 10-16 years apart. We examined associations of our exposures with levels of each biomarker concentration (log-transformed and batch-corrected) as available across the two time points (cross-sectional analyses; CRP, IL-6 and TNFR2) and with rate of change in biomarkers across time (longitudinal analyses; CRP and IL-6) using separate linear mixed effects models. RESULTS In sociodemographic-adjusted models accounting for trauma exposure, a one standard deviation increase in the continuous combined psychological distress score was associated with 10.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.2-15.4%) higher CRP and 1.5% (95% CI: 0.5-2.5%) higher TNFR2 concentrations cross-sectionally. For the categorical exposure, women with trauma/PTSD symptoms/ depressed mood versus those with no trauma or depressed mood had 29.5% (95% CI: 13.3-47.9%) higher CRP and 13.1% (95% CI: 5.1-21.7%) higher IL-6 cross-sectionally. In longitudinal analysis, trauma/PTSD symptoms/depressed mood was associated with increasing CRP levels over time. CONCLUSIONS High psychological distress levels with trauma exposure is associated with elevated inflammation and is a potential biologic pathway by which distress can impact development of inflammatory-related chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease. Considering multiple forms of distress in relation to these pathways may provide greater insight into who is at risk for biologic dysregulation and later susceptibility to chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Lawn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Audrey R Murchland
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yongjoo Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Lori B Chibnik
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea L Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen M Nishimi
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew D Ratanatharathorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shaili C Jha
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Thomas JL, Keenan-Miller D, Sumner JA, Hammen C. Early Life Adversity and Clinical Intimate Partner Violence in Adulthood: The Mediating Role of Interpersonal Conflict in Adolescence. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP21345-NP21365. [PMID: 34870513 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211057267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with adverse outcomes for both victims and perpetrators, though there is significant heterogeneity in manifestations of relationship violence. A growing amount of research has focused on elucidating predictors of clinical IPV-defined as severe violence involving institutional or medical intervention due to actual or potential injury-so as to better understand potential prevention and intervention targets. Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with IPV in adulthood, yet this literature focuses on discrete, retrospectively reported adversities (e.g., physical abuse and neglect) and has yet to consider clinical IPV as an outcome. Little is known about if and how broadly adverse early environments may confer risk for this specific form of relationship violence. We investigated associations between exposure to ELA prior to age five and clinical IPV victimization and perpetration by age 20 in a longitudinal, community-based sample of men and women in Australia (N = 588). Early life adversity was prospectively indexed by maternal reports of financial hardship, child chronic illness, maternal stressful life events, maternal depressive symptoms, parental discord, and parental separation. Youth interpersonal conflict life events at age 15-an interviewer-rated assessment of episodic stressors involving conflict across relationships in mid-adolescence-was tested as a potential mediator for both victims and perpetrators. Among women, ELA predicted IPV victimization and perpetration, and interpersonal conflict life events partially mediated the link between ELA and victimization, but not perpetration. Neither ELA nor interpersonal conflict life events predicted victimization or perpetration among men. Women exposed to ELA are at-risk for conflictual interpersonal relationships later in life, including violent intimate relationships, and deficits in conflict resolution skills may be one mechanism through which ELA leads to IPV victimization among this subgroup. Violence prevention and intervention efforts should target interpersonal skills, including conflict resolution, among women and girls exposed to adverse early environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Thomas
- Department of Psychology, 8783University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, 8783University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Constance Hammen
- Department of Psychology, 8783University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Cleveland S, Thomas JL, Pietrzak RH, Sumner JA. Posttraumatic stress disorder and coping strategies in the postpartum period: A symptomics approach. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 154:286-292. [PMID: 35964347 PMCID: PMC10364462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been increasingly recognized as a potential mental health concern for new mothers. Elevated PTSD symptoms have been associated with maladaptive coping strategies in the postpartum period, a time when women face many challenges, demands, and stressors. However, PTSD symptoms manifest in heterogeneous ways, and focusing only on total symptom scores may obscure more nuanced associations with particular coping styles. In a large, ethnically diverse sample of postpartum women from across the United States (N = 1,315), first we examined associations between total PTSD symptom severity with three distinct coping styles: active-emotional, avoidant-emotional, and problem-focused. In models adjusting for race and educational attainment, total PTSD symptom severity was significantly positively associated with tendencies to use active- and avoidant-emotional, but not problem-focused, coping. We then adopted a novel "symptomics" approach, employing relative importance analyses to examine associations between individual PTSD symptoms with the coping styles. These analyses identified PTSD symptoms that were most strongly associated with each coping style. Notably, whereas several symptoms explained variance in avoidant-emotional coping, only a few symptoms contributed most to active-emotional and problem-focused coping. Moreover, non-specific symptoms of PTSD that are shared with other psychopathology (e.g., difficulty concentrating, loss of interest) explained significant proportions of variance across all coping styles. Collectively, results suggest that a symptomics approach may provide more nuanced insight into how PTSD symptoms are linked to various coping styles in postpartum women, which can help inform potential screening and intervention targets for at-risk women during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiloh Cleveland
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jordan L Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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25
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Meinhausen C, Prather AA, Sumner JA. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), sleep, and cardiovascular disease risk: A mechanism-focused narrative review. Health Psychol 2022; 41:663-673. [PMID: 35007121 PMCID: PMC9271141 DOI: 10.1037/hea0001143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growing longitudinal research has demonstrated that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) precedes and predicts the onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and a number of physiological (e.g., dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system, chronic systemic inflammation) and behavioral (e.g., physical inactivity, smoking, poor diet) factors might underlie this association. In this narrative review, we focus on sleep as a modifiable risk factor linking PTSD with CVD. METHOD We summarize the evidence for sleep disturbance after trauma exposure and the potential cardiotoxic effects of poor sleep, with an emphasis on mechanisms. In addition, we review the literature that has examined sleep in the context of the PTSD-CVD risk relation. RESULTS Although sleep disturbance is a hallmark symptom of PTSD and a well-established risk factor for the development of CVD, the role of sleep in the association between PTSD and CVD has been largely unexamined in the extant literature. However, such work has the potential to improve our understanding of mechanisms of risk and inform intervention efforts to offset elevated CVD risk after trauma. CONCLUSIONS We outline several recommendations for future research and behavioral medicine models in order to help define and address the role of sleep behavior in the development of CVD among trauma-exposed individuals with PTSD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Meinhausen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aric A. Prather
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Nishimi K, Thurston RC, Chibnik LB, Roberts AL, Sumner JA, Lawn RB, Tworoger SS, Kim Y, Koenen KC, Kubzansky LD. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and timing of menopause and gynecological surgery in the Nurses' Health Study II. J Psychosom Res 2022; 159:110947. [PMID: 35644086 PMCID: PMC9197996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier menopause, either natural or through gynecologic surgeries, has been associated with various negative health sequelae. While posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked to dysregulated biological processes, including reproductive system changes that could alter menopausal timing, little work has examined whether trauma and PTSD are associated with greater risk of early cessation of menses. METHODS Data are from 46,639 women in the Nurses' Health Study II, a prospective cohort study of women followed for up to 26 years. Lifetime trauma and PTSD symptoms were assessed with the Brief Trauma Questionnaire and a PTSD symptom screener in 2008. Age at cessation of menses and reason for cessation of menses (i.e., natural menopause, gynecologic surgery including hysterectomy and/or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy [BSO]) were assessed. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazards ratios (HR) of cessation of menses (separately for naturally or surgically) associated with trauma alone or PTSD symptoms, relative to no trauma, adjusting for covariates. RESULTS Trauma/PTSD status was associated with earlier cessation of menses due to surgery, but not natural menopause. Women with trauma exposure, low, and high PTSD symptoms had higher hazard of cessation of menses due to surgery relative to those with no trauma exposure (HRtrauma = 1.16, 95%CI 1.07-1.26; HRlow PTSD = 1.25, 95%CI 1.15-1.36; HRhigh PTSD = 1.29, 95%CI 1.17-1.42). Trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms were associated with similarly increased risk of hysterectomy and BSO surgeries. CONCLUSIONS Women who experienced trauma and PTSD may be at elevated risk for common gynecological surgeries premenopausally, potentially due to increased clinical indications or gynecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Nishimi
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Rebecca C Thurston
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lori B Chibnik
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea L Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca B Lawn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yongjoo Kim
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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27
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Roberts AL, Liu J, Lawn RB, Jha SC, Sumner JA, Kang JH, Rimm EB, Grodstein F, Kubzansky LD, Chibnik LB, Koenen KC. Association of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With Accelerated Cognitive Decline in Middle-aged Women. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2217698. [PMID: 35771577 PMCID: PMC9247738 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.17698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been hypothesized to lead to impaired cognitive function. However, no large-scale studies have assessed whether PTSD is prospectively associated with cognitive decline in middle-aged adults. OBJECTIVE To assess the association between PTSD and decline in cognitive function over time. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study included participants from the Nurses' Health Study II, an ongoing longitudinal cohort study involving community-dwelling middle-aged female nurses residing in the US who had at least a 2-year nursing degree at the time of enrollment in 1989. The present study included 12 270 trauma-exposed women who were enrolled in the PTSD substudy of the Nurses' Health Study II and completed 1 to 5 cognitive assessments. Data were collected from March 1, 2008, to July 30, 2019. EXPOSURES Lifetime PTSD symptoms, assessed using a validated questionnaire between March 1, 2008, and February 28, 2010. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was evaluated using the Cogstate Brief Battery, a self-administered online cognitive battery. Cognitive function was measured by a psychomotor speed and attention composite score and a learning and working memory composite score. Women completed the Cogstate Brief Battery every 6 or 12 months (up to 24 months) from October 3, 2014, to July 30, 2019. Linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the association of PTSD symptoms with the rate of change in cognition over follow-up, considering a broad range of relevant covariates, including the presence of depression symptoms and history of clinician-diagnosed depression. The rate of cognitive change was adjusted for potential practice effects (ie, potential changes in test results that occur when a test is taken more than once) by including indicators for the number of previous tests taken. RESULTS Among 12 270 women, the mean (SD) age at the baseline cognitive assessment was 61.1 (4.6) years; 125 women (1.0%) were Asian, 75 (0.6%) were Black, 156 (1.3%) were Hispanic, 11 767 (95.9%) were non-Hispanic White, and 147 (1.2%) were of other race and/or ethnicity. A higher number of PTSD symptoms was associated with worse cognitive trajectories. Compared with women with no PTSD symptoms, women with the highest symptom level (6-7 symptoms) had a significantly worse rate of change in both learning and working memory (β = -0.08 SD/y; 95% CI, -0.11 to -0.04 SD/y; P < .001) and psychomotor speed and attention (β = -0.05 SD/y; 95% CI, -0.09 to -0.01 SD/y; P = .02), adjusted for demographic characteristics. Associations were unchanged when additionally adjusted for behavioral factors (eg, 6-7 symptoms in the analysis of learning and working memory: β = -0.08 SD/y; 95% CI, -0.11 to -0.04 SD/y; P < .001) and health conditions (eg, 6-7 symptoms in the analysis of learning and working memory: β = -0.08 SD/y; 95% CI, -0.11 to -0.04 SD/y; P < .001) and were partially attenuated but still evident when further adjusted for practice effects (eg, 6-7 symptoms in the analysis of learning and working memory: β = -0.07 SD/y; 95% CI, -0.10 to -0.03 SD/y; P < .001) and comorbid depression (eg, 6-7 symptoms in the analysis of learning and working memory: β = -0.07 SD/y; 95% CI, -0.11 to -0.03 SD/y; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this large-scale prospective cohort study, PTSD was associated with accelerated cognitive decline in middle-aged women, suggesting that earlier cognitive screening among women with PTSD may be warranted. Given that cognitive decline is strongly associated with subsequent Alzheimer disease and related dementias, better understanding of this association may be important to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiaxuan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca B. Lawn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shaili C. Jha
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jae H. Kang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Laura D. Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lori B. Chibnik
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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Sampson L, Jha SC, Roberts AL, Lawn RB, Nishimi KM, Ratanatharathorn A, Sumner JA, Kang JH, Kubzansky LD, Rimm EB, Koenen KC. Trauma, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Treatment Among Middle-Aged and Older Women in the Nurses' Health Study II. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022; 30:588-602. [PMID: 34916131 PMCID: PMC8983445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common among women and associated with negative health outcomes across the life course. Relatively few studies, however, have examined the epidemiology of trauma, PTSD, and treatment among middle-aged and older civilian women, who are at elevated risk for adverse health outcomes. We aimed to characterize trauma, PTSD, and trauma-related treatment prevalence and correlates in a large cohort of middle-aged and older women. DESIGN Cross-sectional, nested substudy within the Nurses' Health Study II cohort. SETTING United States, 2018-2020. PARTICIPANTS 33,327 current or former nurses, aged 53-74 years. MEASUREMENTS 16-item modified version of the Brief Trauma Questionnaire; modified PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Version 5. RESULTS The majority (82.2%) of women reported one or more lifetime traumas. The most common trauma types were unexpected death of a loved one (44.9%) and interpersonal violence (43.5%). Almost 30% reported occupational (nursing-related) trauma. Among the trauma-exposed, 10.5% met criteria for lifetime PTSD and 1.5% had past-month PTSD. One-third of lifetime PTSD cases were due to interpersonal violence event types. One-third of women with lifetime PTSD-and nearly half of those with PTSD from a nursing-related trauma-reported never receiving trauma-related treatment. Women aged 65 years and older with PTSD were less likely to be in treatment than those aged less than 65 years. CONCLUSION History of trauma and PTSD is prevalent in this population, and a treatment gap persists. Addressing this treatment gap is warranted, particularly among older women and those with nursing-related trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sampson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (L.S., S.C.J., R.B.L., A.R., E.B.R., K.C.K.), Boston, MA.
| | - Shaili C Jha
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (L.S., S.C.J., R.B.L., A.R., E.B.R., K.C.K.), Boston, MA
| | - Andrea L Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (A.L.R.), Boston, MA
| | - Rebecca B Lawn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (L.S., S.C.J., R.B.L., A.R., E.B.R., K.C.K.), Boston, MA
| | - Kristen M Nishimi
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco (K.M.N.), San Francisco, CA; Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center (K.M.N.), San Francisco, CA
| | - Andrew Ratanatharathorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (L.S., S.C.J., R.B.L., A.R., E.B.R., K.C.K.), Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health (A.R.), New York, NY
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California (J.A.S.), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jae H Kang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (J.H.K., E.B.R.), Boston, MA
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (L.D.K., K.C.K.), Boston, MA
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (L.S., S.C.J., R.B.L., A.R., E.B.R., K.C.K.), Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (J.H.K., E.B.R.), Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (E.B.R.), Boston, MA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (L.S., S.C.J., R.B.L., A.R., E.B.R., K.C.K.), Boston, MA; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (L.D.K., K.C.K.), Boston, MA; Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital (K.C.K.), Boston, MA
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Sumner JA, Gambazza S, Gao X, Baccarelli AA, Uddin M, McLaughlin KA. Epigenetics of early-life adversity in youth: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:48. [PMID: 35395780 PMCID: PMC8994405 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered DNA methylation (DNAm) may be one pathway through which early-life adversity (ELA) contributes to adverse mental and physical health outcomes. This study investigated whether the presence versus absence of ELA experiences reflecting the dimensions of threat and deprivation were associated with epigenome-wide DNAm cross-sectionally and longitudinally in a community-based sample of children and adolescents. METHODS In 113 youths aged 8-16 years with wide variability in ELA, we examined associations of abuse (physical, sexual, emotional; indicating threat-related experiences) and neglect (emotional, physical; indicating deprivation-related experiences) with DNAm assessed with the Illumina EPIC BeadChip array, with DNA derived from saliva. In cross-sectional epigenome-wide analyses, we investigated associations of lifetime abuse and neglect with DNAm at baseline. In longitudinal epigenome-wide analyses, we examined whether experiencing abuse and neglect over an approximately 2-year follow-up were each associated with change in DNAm from baseline to follow-up. RESULTS In cross-sectional analyses adjusting for lifetime experience of neglect, lifetime experience of abuse was associated with DNAm for four cytosine-phosphodiester-guanine (CpG) sites (cg20241299: coefficient = 0.023, SE = 0.004; cg08671764: coefficient = 0.018, SE = 0.003; cg27152686: coefficient = - 0.069, SE = 0.012; cg24241897: coefficient = - 0.003, SE = 0.001; FDR < .05). In longitudinal analyses, experiencing neglect over follow-up was associated with an increase in DNAm for one CpG site, adjusting for abuse over follow-up (cg03135983: coefficient = 0.036, SE = 0.006; FDR < .05). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified examples of epigenetic patterns associated with ELA experiences of threat and deprivation that were already observable in youth. We provide novel evidence for change in DNAm over time in relation to ongoing adversity and that experiences reflecting distinct ELA dimensions may be characterized by unique epigenetic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Sumner
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Psychology Building 1285, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563 USA
| | - Simone Gambazza
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy ,grid.414818.00000 0004 1757 8749Healthcare Professions Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Xu Gao
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY USA ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Andrea A. Baccarelli
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Monica Uddin
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XGenomics Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Katie A. McLaughlin
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
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Lawn RB, Jha SC, Liu J, Sampson L, Murchland AR, Sumner JA, Roberts AL, Disner SG, Grodstein F, Kang JH, Kubzansky LD, Chibnik LB, Koenen KC. The association of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and head injury with mid-life cognitive function in civilian women. Depress Anxiety 2022; 39:220-232. [PMID: 34970809 PMCID: PMC8901526 DOI: 10.1002/da.23233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence linking posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and head injury, separately, with worse cognitive performance, investigations of their combined effects on cognition are limited in civilian women. METHODS The Cogstate Brief Battery assessment was administered in 10,681 women from the Nurses' Health Study II cohort, mean age 64.9 years (SD = 4.6). Psychological trauma, PTSD, depression, and head injury were assessed using online questionnaires. In this cross-sectional analysis, we used linear regression models to estimate mean differences in cognition by PTSD/depression status and stratified by history of head injury. RESULTS History of head injury was prevalent (36%), and significantly more prevalent among women with PTSD and depression (57% of women with PTSD and depression, 21% of women with no psychological trauma or depression). Compared to having no psychological trauma or depression, having combined PTSD and depression was associated with worse performance on psychomotor speed/attention ( β = -.15, p = .001) and learning/working memory ( β = -.15, p < .001). The joint association of PTSD and depression on worse cognitive function was strongest among women with past head injury, particularly among those with multiple head injuries. CONCLUSIONS Head injury, like PTSD and depression, was highly prevalent in this sample of civilian women. In combination, these factors were associated with poorer performance on cognitive tasks, a possible marker of future cognitive health. Head injury should be further explored in future studies of PTSD, depression and cognition in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Lawn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shaili C. Jha
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiaxuan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Sampson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Audrey R. Murchland
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea L. Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seth G. Disner
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jae H. Kang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura D. Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lori B. Chibnik
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Lawn RB, Nishimi KM, Sumner JA, Chibnik LB, Roberts AL, Kubzansky LD, Rich‐Edwards JW, Koenen KC, Thurston RC. Sexual Violence and Risk of Hypertension in Women in the Nurses' Health Study II: A 7-Year Prospective Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e023015. [PMID: 35189695 PMCID: PMC9075082 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.023015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Hypertension is a prevalent condition in women and an important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Despite women's experiences of sexual violence being common, no prospective studies have examined lifetime sexual assault and workplace sexual harassment in relationship to hypertension in large civilian samples with extended follow-up. Here, we examined whether these experiences were prospectively associated with greater risk of developing hypertension over 7 years. Methods and Results Data are from a substudy of the Nurses' Health Study II and include women free of hypertension at the time of sexual assault and workplace sexual harassment assessment in 2008 (n=33 127). Hypertension was defined as self-reported doctor diagnosis or initiating antihypertensive medication use, assessed biennially through 2015. We performed Cox proportional hazards regression models to predict time to developing hypertension associated with sexual violence exposure, adjusting for relevant covariates. Over follow-up, 7096 women developed hypertension. Sexual assault and workplace sexual harassment were prevalent (23% and 12%, respectively; 6% of women experienced both). Compared with women with no exposure, women who experienced both sexual assault and workplace sexual harassment had the highest risk of developing hypertension (hazard ratio [HR], 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09-1.35), followed by women who experienced workplace sexual harassment (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05-1.25) and then by women who experienced sexual assault (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03-1.19), after adjusting for relevant covariates. Conclusions Sexual assault and workplace sexual harassment are prospectively associated with greater risk of hypertension. Reducing such violence is important in its own right and may also improve women's cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B. Lawn
- Department of EpidemiologyHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMA
| | - Kristen M. Nishimi
- Mental Health ServiceSan Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical CenterSan FranciscoCA
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for NeurosciencesUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCA
| | | | - Lori B. Chibnik
- Department of EpidemiologyHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMA
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
| | - Andrea L. Roberts
- Department of Environmental HealthHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMA
| | - Laura D. Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral SciencesHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMA
| | - Janet W. Rich‐Edwards
- Department of EpidemiologyHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMA
- Division of Women’s HealthDepartment of MedicineBrigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of EpidemiologyHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMA
- Department of Social and Behavioral SciencesHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics UnitDepartment of PsychiatryMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA
| | - Rebecca C. Thurston
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public HealthPittsburghPA
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Roberts AL, Sumner JA, Koenen KC, Kubzansky LD, Grodstein F, Rich-Edwards J, Weisskopf MG. Childhood Abuse and Cognitive Function in a Large Cohort of Middle-Aged Women. Child Maltreat 2022; 27:100-113. [PMID: 33161764 PMCID: PMC10281011 DOI: 10.1177/1077559520970647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive function at middle age is of particular public health interest, as it strongly predicts later dementia. Children who have experienced abuse subsequently have worse cognitive function than those who have not. However, it remains unclear whether the association of abuse with cognitive function persists into middle age. In 2014-2016, 14,151 women ages 49-69 years who had previously responded to a childhood abuse questionnaire completed a cognitive battery. In models adjusted for childhood socioeconomic status and head trauma, combined physical, emotional, and sexual abuse was associated with lower scores on both Learning/Working Memory (severe abuse, lower scores similar to that observed in women 4.8 years older in our data) and Psychomotor Speed/Attention (severe abuse, lower scores similar to that observed in women to 2.9 years older in our data). Adjustment for adulthood socioeconomic status and health factors (e.g., smoking, hypertension) slightly attenuated associations. In exploratory analyses further adjusted for psychological distress, associations were attenuated. Women exposed versus unexposed to childhood abuse had poorer cognitive function at mid-life. Associations were particularly strong for learning and working memory and were not accounted for by adulthood health factors. Childhood abuse should be investigated as a potential risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Roberts
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Karestan C Koenen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet Rich-Edwards
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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Thomas JL, Cleveland S, Pietrzak RH, Dunkel Schetter C, Sumner JA. Elucidating posttraumatic stress symptom dimensions and health correlates among postpartum women. J Affect Disord 2021; 294:314-321. [PMID: 34311331 PMCID: PMC9663210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with interpersonal dysfunction and adverse maternal health during the perinatal period (extending from conception through one year postpartum). However, PTSD is a heterogeneous disorder, and little is known about which aspects of this disorder may be particularly deleterious to the health of new mothers. Such data may inform more personalized approaches to PTSD prevention and treatment among postpartum women. METHODS Using confirmatory factor analysis, we compared three models of PTSD symptom structure-the four-factor dysphoria model, four-factor emotional numbing model, and five-factor dysphoric arousal model-in 1,663 postpartum women from the Community and Child Health Network (CCHN). We examined associations between PTSD symptom dimensions of the best-fitting model with four correlates relevant to maternal health and functioning-parenting stress, partner relationship stress, relationship satisfaction, and contraceptive use. RESULTS Though all models fit well, the five-factor dysphoric arousal model provided optimal fit. Symptom dimensions from this model-re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal-evidenced differential associations with the maternal health indicators. Numbing symptoms were most strongly associated with indicators of poor interpersonal functioning, whereas dysphoric arousal symptoms were most strongly related to low-efficacy contraceptive use. LIMITATIONS Our cross-sectional study assessed DSM-IV PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS PTSD symptoms among postpartum women are best-represented by five factors. Numbing symptoms (e.g., restricted affect, detachment) are most strongly associated with interpersonal difficulties, whereas dysphoric arousal symptoms (e.g., agitation, irritability) are linked with low-efficacy contraceptive use. Screening for these symptoms may help promote the health of new mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L. Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Corresponding author: Jordan L. Thomas, MA, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, 2244B Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563; ; Tel.: 319-230-9256; Fax: 310-206-5895
| | - Shiloh Cleveland
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert H. Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT,Department of Veteran Affairs, National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
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Muniz Carvalho C, Wendt FR, Pathak GA, Maihofer AX, Stein DJ, Sumner JA, Hemmings SM, Nievergelt CM, Koenen KC, Gelernter J, Belangero SI, Polimanti R. Disentangling sex differences in the shared genetic architecture of posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic experiences, and social support with body size and composition. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100400. [PMID: 34611531 PMCID: PMC8477211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a well-known association of traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with body size and composition, including consistent differences between sexes. However, the biology underlying these associations is unclear. To understand the genetic underpinnings of this complex relationship, we investigated genome-wide datasets informative of African and European ancestries from the Psychiatric Genomic Consortium, the UK Biobank, the GIANT Consortium, and the Million Veteran Program. We used genome-wide association statistics to estimate sex-specific genetic correlations (r g ) of traumatic experiences, social support, and PTSD with multiple anthropometric traits. After multiple testing corrections (false discovery rate, FDR q < 0.05), we observed 58 significant r g relationships in females (e.g., childhood physical abuse and body mass index, BMI r g = 0.245, p = 3.88 × 10-10) and 21 significant r g relationships in males (e.g., been involved in combat or exposed to warzone and leg fat percentage; r g = 0.405, p = 4.42 × 10-10). We performed causal inference analyses of these genetic overlaps using Mendelian randomization and latent causal variable approaches. Multiple female-specific putative causal relationships were observed linking body composition/size with PTSD (e.g., leg fat percentage→PTSD; beta = 0.319, p = 3.13 × 10-9), traumatic experiences (e.g., childhood physical abuse→waist circumference; beta = 0.055, p = 5.07 × 10-4), and childhood neglect (e.g., "someone to take you to doctor when needed as a child"→BMI; beta = -0.594, p = 1.09 × 10-5). In males, we observed putative causal effects linking anthropometric-trait genetic liabilities to traumatic experiences (e.g., BMI→childhood physical abuse; beta = 0.028, p = 8.19 × 10-3). Some of these findings were replicated in individuals of African descent although the limited sample size available did not permit us to conduct a sex-stratified analysis in this ancestry group. In conclusion, our findings provide insights regarding sex-specific causal networks linking anthropometric traits to PTSD, traumatic experiences, and social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Muniz Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Frank R. Wendt
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Gita A. Pathak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Adam X. Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dan J. Stein
- MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer A. Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sian M.J. Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Caroline M. Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Sintia I. Belangero
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
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Nishimi K, Adler GK, Roberts AL, Sumner JA, Jung SJ, Chen Q, Tworoger S, Koenen KC, Kubzansky LD. Associations of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder with aldosterone in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 132:105341. [PMID: 34217044 PMCID: PMC8487934 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk, however, underlying mechanisms have not been fully specified. PTSD is associated with stress-related hormones, including dysregulated glucocorticoid activity. Dysregulation of aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid activated by psychological stress and implicated in cardiovascular damage, may be a relevant pathway linking PTSD and cardiovascular risk. Few studies to date have evaluated the association between PTSD and aldosterone, none with repeated measures of aldosterone. We examined if trauma and PTSD were associated with altered aldosterone levels relative to women unexposed to trauma. METHODS The association of trauma exposure and chronic PTSD with plasma aldosterone levels was investigated in 521 middle-aged women in the Nurses' Health Study II. Aldosterone was assessed at two time points, 10-16 years apart, and trauma exposure and PTSD were also ascertained for both time points. Regarding exposure assessment, women were characterized based on a structured diagnostic interview as: having chronic PTSD (PTSD at both time points; n = 174); being trauma-exposed (trauma exposure at first time point but no PTSD; n = 174); and being unexposed (no trauma exposure at either time point; reference group for all analyses; n = 173). Linear mixed models examined associations of trauma and PTSD status with log-transformed aldosterone levels, adjusting for covariates and health-related variables that may confound or lie on the pathway between PTSD and altered aldosterone levels. RESULTS Across the sample, mean aldosterone concentration decreased over time. Adjusting for covariates, women with chronic PTSD had significantly lower aldosterone levels averaged over time, compared to women unexposed to trauma (β = - 0.08, p = 0.04). Interactions between trauma/PTSD group and time were not significant, indicating change in aldosterone over time did not differ by trauma/PTSD status. Post-hoc exploratory analyses suggested that menopausal status partially mediated the relationship between chronic PTSD status and aldosterone level, such that postmenopausal status explained 7% of the effect of PTSD on aldosterone. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that PTSD is associated with lower levels of aldosterone. Further work is needed to understand implications of this type of dysregulation in a key biological stress system for cardiovascular and other health outcomes previously linked with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Nishimi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Gail K. Adler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Andrea L. Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jennifer A. Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Sun Jae Jung
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 S. Korea
| | - Qixuan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St. New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Shelley Tworoger
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA,Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Laura D. Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Sumner JA, Lynch KE, Viernes B, Beckham JC, Coronado G, Dennis PA, Tseng CH, Ebrahimi R. Military Sexual Trauma and Adverse Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Comorbidity in Women Veterans. Womens Health Issues 2021; 31:586-595. [PMID: 34479786 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Military sexual trauma (MST)-exposure to sexual harassment or assault during military service-is a major health priority for the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). We examined the health correlates of MST in the largest sample of U.S. women veterans studied to date. METHODS Using national VHA electronic medical record data, we identified 502,199 women veterans who enrolled in the VHA between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2017, had at least one VHA visit, and were screened for MST (exclusive of those who declined to answer the screening). We conducted logistic regression analyses to examine associations of a positive MST screen with various mental and physical health conditions-defined by administrative diagnostic codes-and comorbidity of mental and/or physical health conditions. Models were adjusted for demographic and military service characteristics, along with duration in the VHA. RESULTS Approximately 26% (n = 130,738) of women veterans screened positive for MST. In fully adjusted models, a positive MST screen was associated with greater risk of having all mental and physical health conditions examined, except cancer-related conditions, ranging from 9% greater odds of rheumatic disease to 5.4 times greater odds of post-traumatic stress disorder. MST was also associated with greater comorbidity, including greater odds of having ≥2 mental health conditions (odds ratio [OR], 3.28; 99% confidence interval [CI], 3.20-3.37), having ≥2 physical health conditions (OR, 1.26; 99% CI, 1.22-1.29), and having ≥1 mental health condition and ≥1 physical health condition (OR, 2.05; 99% CI, 2.00-2.11). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that MST is common in women veterans and may play a role in the clinical complexity arising from comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Kristine E Lynch
- Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Benjamin Viernes
- Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jean C Beckham
- Veterans Affairs Durham Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gregorio Coronado
- Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Paul A Dennis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chi-Hong Tseng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ramin Ebrahimi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
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Lai A, Chang ML, O'Donnell RP, Zhou C, Sumner JA, Hsiai TK. Association of COVID-19 transmission with high levels of ambient pollutants: Initiation and impact of the inflammatory response on cardiopulmonary disease. Sci Total Environ 2021; 779:146464. [PMID: 33961545 PMCID: PMC7960028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution contributes to 7 million premature deaths annually. Concurrently, the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, complicated with S-protein mutations and other variants, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in over 2.5 million deaths globally. Chronic air pollution-mediated cardiopulmonary diseases have been associated with an increased incidence of hospitalization and mechanical ventilation following COVID-19 transmission. While the underlying mechanisms responsible for this association remain elusive, air pollutant-induced vascular oxidative stress and inflammatory responses have been implicated in amplifying COVID-19-mediated cytokine release and vascular thrombosis. In addition, prolonged exposure to certain types of particulate matter (PM2.5, d < 2.5 μm) has also been correlated with increased lung epithelial and vascular endothelial expression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors to which the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (S) bind for fusion and internalization into host cells. Emerging literature has linked high rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection to regions with elevated levels of PM2.5, suggesting that COVID-19 lockdowns have been implicated in regional reductions in air pollutant-mediated cardiopulmonary effects. Taken together, an increased incidence of SARS-CoV-2-mediated cardiopulmonary diseases seems to overlap with highly polluted regions. To this end, we will review the redox-active components of air pollutants, the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and the key oxidative mechanisms and ACE2 overexpression underlying air pollution-exacerbated SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Megan L Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Ryan P O'Donnell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, College of Life Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Tzung K Hsiai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
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Sumner JA, Maihofer AX, Michopoulos V, Rothbaum AO, Almli LM, Andreassen OA, Ashley-Koch AE, Baker DG, Beckham JC, Bradley B, Breen G, Coleman JRI, Dale AM, Dennis MF, Feeny NC, Franz CE, Garrett ME, Gillespie CF, Guffanti G, Hauser MA, Hemmings SMJ, Jovanovic T, Kimbrel NA, Kremen WS, Lawford BR, Logue MW, Lori A, Lyons MJ, Maples-Keller J, Mavissakalian MR, McGlinchey RE, Mehta D, Mellor R, Milberg W, Miller MW, Morris CP, Panizzon MS, Ressler KJ, Risbrough VB, Rothbaum BO, Roy-Byrne P, Seedat S, Smith AK, Stevens JS, van den Heuvel LL, Voisey J, Young RM, Zoellner LA, Nievergelt CM, Wolf EJ. Examining Individual and Synergistic Contributions of PTSD and Genetics to Blood Pressure: A Trans-Ethnic Meta-Analysis. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:678503. [PMID: 34248484 PMCID: PMC8262489 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.678503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing research suggests that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be a risk factor for poor cardiovascular health, and yet our understanding of who might be at greatest risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes after trauma is limited. In this study, we conducted the first examination of the individual and synergistic contributions of PTSD symptoms and blood pressure genetics to continuous blood pressure levels. We harnessed the power of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium-PTSD Physical Health Working Group and investigated these associations across 11 studies of 72,224 trauma-exposed individuals of European (n = 70,870) and African (n = 1,354) ancestry. Genetic contributions to blood pressure were modeled via polygenic scores (PGS) for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) that were derived from a prior trans-ethnic blood pressure genome-wide association study (GWAS). Results of trans-ethnic meta-analyses revealed significant main effects of the PGS on blood pressure levels [SBP: β = 2.83, standard error (SE) = 0.06, p < 1E-20; DBP: β = 1.32, SE = 0.04, p < 1E-20]. Significant main effects of PTSD symptoms were also detected for SBP and DBP in trans-ethnic meta-analyses, though there was significant heterogeneity in these results. When including data from the largest contributing study - United Kingdom Biobank - PTSD symptoms were negatively associated with SBP levels (β = -1.46, SE = 0.44, p = 9.8E-4) and positively associated with DBP levels (β = 0.70, SE = 0.26, p = 8.1E-3). However, when excluding the United Kingdom Biobank cohort in trans-ethnic meta-analyses, there was a nominally significant positive association between PTSD symptoms and SBP levels (β = 2.81, SE = 1.13, p = 0.01); no significant association was observed for DBP (β = 0.43, SE = 0.78, p = 0.58). Blood pressure PGS did not significantly moderate the associations between PTSD symptoms and blood pressure levels in meta-analyses. Additional research is needed to better understand the extent to which PTSD is associated with high blood pressure and how genetic as well as contextual factors may play a role in influencing cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Jennifer A. Sumner,
| | - Adam X. Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alex O. Rothbaum
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lynn M. Almli
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Dewleen G. Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Gerome Breen
- Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,NIHR BRC at the Maudsley, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. I. Coleman
- Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,NIHR BRC at the Maudsley, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michelle F. Dennis
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Norah C. Feeny
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Melanie E. Garrett
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Charles F. Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Guia Guffanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sian M. J. Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Nathan A. Kimbrel
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, United States
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Bruce R. Lawford
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark W. Logue
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States,Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adriana Lori
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jessica Maples-Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Divya Mehta
- Center for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Rebecca Mellor
- Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - William Milberg
- GRECC/TRACTS, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark W. Miller
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Charles Phillip Morris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kerry J. Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Victoria B. Risbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Barbara O. Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Peter Roy-Byrne
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alicia K. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Leigh Luella van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joanne Voisey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia,Center for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Ross McD Young
- School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Lori A. Zoellner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Caroline M. Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Erika J. Wolf
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Ebrahimi R, Lynch KE, Beckham JC, Dennis PA, Viernes B, Tseng CH, Shroyer ALW, Sumner JA. Association of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in Women Veterans. JAMA Cardiol 2021; 6:642-651. [PMID: 33729463 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Importance Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with greater risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in predominantly male populations or limited community samples. Women veterans represent a growing, yet understudied, population with high levels of trauma exposure and unique cardiovascular risks, but research on PTSD and IHD in this group is lacking. Objective To determine whether PTSD is associated with incident IHD in women veterans. Design, Setting, and Participants In this retrospective, longitudinal cohort study of the national Veterans Health Administration (VHA) electronic medical records, the a priori hypothesis that PTSD would be associated with greater risk of IHD onset was tested. Women veterans 18 years or older with and without PTSD who were patients in the VHA from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2017, were assessed for study eligibility. Exclusion criteria consisted of no VHA clinical encounters after the index visit, IHD diagnosis at or before the index visit, and IHD diagnosis within 90 days of the index visit. Propensity score matching on age at index visit, number of prior visits, and presence of traditional and female-specific cardiovascular risk factors and mental and physical health conditions was conducted to identify women veterans ever diagnosed with PTSD, who were matched in a 1:2 ratio to those never diagnosed with PTSD. Data were analyzed from October 1, 2018, to October 30, 2020. Exposures PTSD, defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9), or International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10), diagnosis codes from inpatient or outpatient encounters. Main Outcomes and Measures Incident IHD, defined as new-onset coronary artery disease, angina, or myocardial infarction, based on ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnosis codes from inpatient or outpatient encounters, and/or coronary interventions based on Current Procedural Terminology codes. Results A total of 398 769 women veterans, 132 923 with PTSD and 265 846 never diagnosed with PTSD, were included in the analysis. Baseline mean (SD) age was 40.1 (12.2) years. During median follow-up of 4.9 (interquartile range, 2.1-9.2) years, 4381 women with PTSD (3.3%) and 5559 control individuals (2.1%) developed incident IHD. In a Cox proportional hazards model, PTSD was significantly associated with greater risk of developing IHD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.44; 95% CI, 1.38-1.50). Secondary stratified analyses indicated that younger age identified women veterans with PTSD who were at greater risk of incident IHD. Effect sizes were largest for those younger than 40 years at baseline (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.55-1.93) and decreased monotonically with increasing age (HR for ≥60 years, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.12-1.38). Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found that PTSD was associated with increased risk of IHD in women veterans and may have implications for IHD risk assessment in vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Ebrahimi
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Section, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles)
| | - Kristine E Lynch
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Jean C Beckham
- Department of Psychiatry, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Psychology, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Paul A Dennis
- Department of Psychiatry, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Psychology, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Benjamin Viernes
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Chi-Hong Tseng
- Department of Medicine, UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles)
| | - A Laurie W Shroyer
- Department of Surgery, Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York.,Department of Surgery, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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Presciutti A, Shaffer J, Sumner JA, Elkind MSV, Roh DJ, Park S, Claassen J, Edmondson D, Agarwal S. Hyperarousal Symptoms in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest Are Associated With 13 Month Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events and All-Cause Mortality. Ann Behav Med 2021; 54:413-422. [PMID: 32043140 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Key dimensions of cardiac arrest-induced posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms include reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal. It remains unknown which dimensions are most predictive of outcome. PURPOSE To determine which dimensions of cardiac arrest-induced PTSD are predictive of clinical outcome within 13 months posthospital discharge. METHODS PTSD symptoms were assessed in survivors of cardiac arrest who were able to complete psychological screening measures at hospital discharge via the PTSD Checklist-Specific scale, which queries for 17 symptoms using five levels of severity. Responses on items for each symptom dimension of the four-factor numbing model (reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal) were converted to Z-scores and treated as continuous predictors. The combined primary endpoint was all-cause mortality (ACM) or major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; hospitalization for myocardial infarction, unstable angina, heart failure, emergency coronary revascularization, or urgent defibrillator/pacemaker placements) within 13 months postdischarge. Four bivariate Cox proportional hazards survival models evaluated associations between individual symptom dimensions and ACM/MACE. A multivariable model then evaluated whether significant bivariate predictors remained independent predictors of the primary outcome after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, premorbid psychiatric diagnoses, and initial cardiac rhythm. RESULTS A total of 114 patients (59.6% men, 52.6% white, mean age: 54.6 ± 13 years) were included. In bivariate analyses, only hyperarousal was significantly associated with ACM/MACE. In a fully adjusted model, 1 standard deviation increase in hyperarousal symptoms corresponded to a two-times increased risk of experiencing ACM/MACE. CONCLUSIONS Greater level of hyperarousal symptoms was associated with a higher risk of ACM/MACE within 13 months postcardiac arrest. This initial evidence should be further investigated in a larger sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Presciutti
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan Shaffer
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell S V Elkind
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Roh
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jan Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald Edmondson
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sachin Agarwal
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Cleveland S, Reed K, Thomas JL, Ajijola OA, Ebrahimi R, Hsiai T, Lazarov A, Montoya AK, Neria Y, Shimbo D, Wolitzky-Taylor K, Sumner JA. Key dimensions of post-traumatic stress disorder and endothelial dysfunction: a protocol for a mechanism-focused cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043060. [PMID: 33952541 PMCID: PMC8103395 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in the USA. Endothelial dysfunction, a modifiable, early marker of CVD risk, may represent a physiological mechanism underlying this association. This mechanism-focused cohort study aims to investigate the relationship between PTSD (both in terms of diagnosis and underlying symptom dimensions) and endothelial dysfunction in a diverse, community-based sample of adult men and women. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Using a cohort design, 160 trauma-exposed participants without a history of CVD are designated to the PTSD group (n=80) or trauma-exposed matched control group (n=80) after a baseline diagnostic interview assessment. Participants in the PTSD group have a current (past month) diagnosis of PTSD, whereas those in the control group have a history of trauma but no current or past psychiatric diagnoses. Endothelial dysfunction is assessed via flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery and circulating levels of endothelial cell-derived microparticles. Two higher order symptom dimensions of PTSD-fear and dysphoria-are measured objectively with a fear conditioning paradigm and attention allocation task, respectively. Autonomic imbalance, inflammation, and oxidative stress are additionally assessed and will be examined as potential pathway variables linking PTSD and its dimensions with endothelial dysfunction. Participants are invited to return for a 2-year follow-up visit to reassess PTSD and its dimensions and endothelial dysfunction in order to investigate longitudinal associations. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is conducted in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration and University of California, Los Angeles Institutional Review Board. The results of this study will be disseminated via articles in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at academic conferences and to community partners. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03778307; pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiloh Cleveland
- Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristina Reed
- Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jordan L Thomas
- Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Olujimi A Ajijola
- Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ramin Ebrahimi
- Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Medicine, Cardiology Section, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angleles, California, USA
| | - Tzung Hsiai
- Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amit Lazarov
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amanda K Montoya
- Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuval Neria
- Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Epidemiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daichi Shimbo
- Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kate Wolitzky-Taylor
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Thomas JL, Carter SE, Schetter CD, Sumner JA. Racial and ethnic disparities in posttraumatic psychopathology among postpartum women. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 137:36-40. [PMID: 33647727 PMCID: PMC8522483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
People of color in the United States disproportionately bear the burden of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Pregnant women of color are at particular risk, as perinatal PTSD is associated with adverse maternal and child health. However, PTSD is a heterogeneous disorder comprising discrete symptom dimensions. Adopting a dimensional understanding of PTSD could aid in identifying women at-risk for the consequences of posttraumatic psychopathology and guide treatment selection. In a large sample of Latina, Black, and non-Hispanic White postpartum women in the United States (N = 1663), we examined racial and ethnic differences in the factors of the dysphoric arousal model-a leading dimensional model of PTSD. This model is characterized by five symptom dimensions: re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal. Past-year trauma in this sample was common, afflicting nearly 70% of women. In unadjusted models, women of color exhibited more severe PTSD symptom levels across dimensions except for dysphoric arousal, with Black mothers particularly affected. In models adjusted for age, education, and poverty, Black women continued to report elevated symptoms of avoidance and, relative to Latina mothers, re-experiencing symptoms. In contrast, White women reported more dysphoric arousal symptoms relative to women of color. Illuminating differential patterns of symptom dimensions across racial and ethnic groups is critical to PTSD assessment and treatment and may shed light on disparities. Perinatal healthcare may be an important opportunity for posttraumatic symptom screening, and greater understanding of racial and ethnic variation in posttraumatic symptom dimensions can guide targeted intervention selection for perinatal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L. Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Corresponding author: Jordan L. Thomas, MA, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, 2244B Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563; ; Tel.: 319-230-9256; Fax: 310-206-5895
| | - Sierra E. Carter
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University
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Muniz Carvalho C, Wendt FR, Maihofer AX, Stein DJ, Stein MB, Sumner JA, Hemmings SMJ, Nievergelt CM, Koenen KC, Gelernter J, Belangero SI, Polimanti R. Dissecting the genetic association of C-reactive protein with PTSD, traumatic events, and social support. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1071-1077. [PMID: 32179874 PMCID: PMC8115274 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein (CRP) have been associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic experiences, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We investigated the relationship among serum CRP, PTSD, and traits related to traumatic events and social support using genetic association data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (23,185 PTSD cases and 151,309 controls), the UK Biobank (UKB; up to 117,900 individuals), and the CHARGE study (Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology, 148,164 individual). Linkage disequilibrium score regression, polygenic risk scoring, and two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were used to investigate genetic overlap and causal relationships. Genetic correlations of CRP were observed with PTSD (rg = 0.16, p = 0.026) and traits related to traumatic events, and the presence of social support (-0.28 < rg < 0.20; p < 0.008). We observed a bidirectional association between CRP and PTSD (CRP → PTSD: β = 0.065, p = 0.015; PTSD → CRP: β = 0.008, p = 0.009). CRP also showed a negative association with the "felt loved as a child" trait (UKB, β = -0.017, p = 0.008). Owing to the known association of socioeconomic status (SES) on PTSD, a multivariable MR was performed to investigate SES as potential mediator. We found that household income (univariate MR: β = -0.22, p = 1.57 × 10-7; multivariate MR: β = -0.17, p = 0.005) and deprivation index (univariate MR: β = 0.38, p = 1.63 × 10-9; multivariate MR: β = 0.27, p = 0.016) were driving the causal estimates of "felt loved as a child" and CRP on PTSD. The present findings highlight a bidirectional genetic association between PTSD and CRP, also suggesting a potential role of SES in the interplay between childhood support and inflammatory processes with respect to PTSD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Muniz Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Frank R Wendt
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Sintia I Belangero
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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44
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Smith ML, Farkas DK, Sumner JA, Valdimarsdóttir U, Lash TL, Sørensen HT, Gradus JL. Unspecified stress disorders and risk of arterial and venous thromboembolic disease in the Danish population. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:712-716. [PMID: 33445098 PMCID: PMC7889626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder is a well-documented risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Whether non-specific stress-related psychopathology also increases risk is less well known. METHODS In a cohort of adult Danish-born residents of Denmark with an incident diagnosis of unspecified reaction to severe stress ("unspecified stress reaction") between 1995 and 2011 (N = 24,534), we assessed incidence of seven arterial and venous cardiovascular events/conditions between 1996 and 2013. We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) comparing incidence of each outcome among the cohort to expected incidence based on sex-, age-, and calendar-time-specific national rates. We conducted stratified analyses by demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and length of follow-up time. RESULTS Incidence over the study period ranged from 1.1% for provoked VTE to 5.7% for stroke, adjusting for competing risk of death. Unspecified stress reaction was associated with all outcomes (SIRs ranging from 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-1.4 for atrial fibrillation/flutter to 1.9, 95% CI: 1.7-2.2 for unprovoked VTE and 1.9, 95% CI: 1.6-2.3 for provoked VTE). Associations persisted, but were attenuated, when restricting to persons without alcohol use disorder and to persons without physical health comorbidities. LIMITATIONS Unspecified stress reaction has less precise criteria than other stress-related diagnoses, and we could not adjust for some potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS Our results augment literature on stress disorders and cardiovascular disease by highlighting the additional importance of unspecified stress disorders. Further research on this diagnostic category, which may represent subsyndromal psychopathology, is warranted. These findings support considering persons with non-specific stress-related psychopathology in treatment and tertiary prevention activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A. Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Unnur Valdimarsdóttir
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland,Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy L. Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jaimie L. Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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45
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Lawn RB, Nishimi KM, Kim Y, Jung SJ, Roberts AL, Sumner JA, Thurston RC, Chibnik LB, Rimm EB, Ratanatharathorn AD, Jha SC, Koenen KC, Tworoger SS, Kubzansky LD. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Likelihood of Hormone Therapy Use among Women in the Nurses' Health Study II: A 26-Year Prospective Analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:492-498. [PMID: 33355196 PMCID: PMC8049954 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with higher risk of certain chronic diseases, including ovarian cancer, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Although prior work has linked menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) use with elevated ovarian cancer risk, little research considers PTSD to likelihood of MHT use. We examined whether PTSD was prospectively associated with greater likelihood of initiating MHT use over 26 years. METHODS Using data from the Nurses' Health Study II, with trauma and PTSD (symptoms and onset date) assessed by screener in 2008 and MHT assessed via biennial survey (from 1989), we performed Cox proportional regression models with women contributing person-years from age 36 years. Relevant covariates were assessed at biennial surveys. We considered potential effect modification by race/ethnicity, age at baseline, and period (1989-2002 vs. 2003-2015). RESULTS Over follow-up, 22,352 of 43,025 women reported initiating MHT use. For example, compared with women with no trauma, the HR for initiating MHT was 1.18 for those with trauma/1-3 PTSD symptoms [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13-1.22] and 1.31 for those with trauma/4-7 PTSD symptoms (95% CI, 1.25-1.36; P trend < 0.001), adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Associations were maintained when adjusting for reproductive factors and health conditions. We found evidence of effect modification by age at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Trauma and number of PTSD symptoms were associated with greater likelihood of initiating MHT use in a dose-response manner. IMPACT MHT may be a pathway linking PTSD to altered chronic disease risk. It is important to understand why women with PTSD initiate MHT use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Lawn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Kristen M Nishimi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yongjoo Kim
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sun Jae Jung
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Andrea L Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rebecca C Thurston
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lori B Chibnik
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew D Ratanatharathorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Shaili C Jha
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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46
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Sumner JA, Koenen KC, Kubzansky LD. The Long Arm of Mental Health: New Urgency With the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Health Promot 2021; 35:311-312. [PMID: 33554625 DOI: 10.1177/0890117120983982c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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47
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Johnson SS, Czeisler MÉ, Howard ME, Rajaratnam SMW, Sumner JA, Koenen KC, Kubzansky LD, Mochari-Greenberger H, Pande RL, Mendell G. Knowing Well, Being Well: well-being born of understanding: Addressing Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders Amid and Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Health Promot 2021; 35:299-319. [DOI: 10.1177/0890117120983982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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48
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Kim Y, Roberts AL, Rimm EB, Chibnik LB, Tworoger SS, Nishimi KM, Sumner JA, Koenen KC, Kubzansky LD. Posttraumatic stress disorder and changes in diet quality over 20 years among US women. Psychol Med 2021; 51:310-319. [PMID: 31769371 PMCID: PMC8063582 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719003246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at increased risk of various chronic diseases. One hypothesized pathway is via changes in diet quality. This study evaluated whether PTSD was associated with deterioration in diet quality over time. METHODS Data were from 51 965 women in the Nurses' Health Study II PTSD sub-study followed over 20 years. Diet, assessed at 4-year intervals, was characterized via the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI). Based on information from the Brief Trauma Questionnaire and Short Screening Scale for DSM-IV PTSD, trauma/PTSD status was classified as no trauma exposure, prevalent exposure (trauma/PTSD onset before study entry), or new-onset (trauma/PTSD onset during follow-up). We further categorized women with prevalent exposure as having trauma with no PTSD symptoms, trauma with low PTSD symptoms, and trauma with high PTSD symptoms, and created similar categories for women with new-onset exposure, resulting in seven comparison groups. Multivariable linear mixed-effects spline models tested differences in diet quality changes by trauma/PTSD status over follow-up. RESULTS Overall, diet quality improved over time regardless of PTSD status. In age-adjusted models, compared to those with no trauma, women with prevalent high PTSD and women with new-onset high PTSD symptoms had 3.3% and 3.6% lower improvement in diet quality, respectively, during follow-up. Associations remained consistent after adjusting for health conditions, sociodemographics, and behavioral characteristics. CONCLUSIONS PTSD is associated with less healthy changes in overall diet quality over time. Poor diet quality may be one pathway linking PTSD with a higher risk of chronic disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjoo Kim
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea L Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lori B Chibnik
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kristen M Nishimi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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49
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Young J, Schweber A, Sumner JA, Chang BP, Cornelius T, Kronish IM. Impact of prior trauma exposure on the development of PTSD symptoms after suspected acute coronary syndrome. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2021; 68:7-11. [PMID: 33232851 PMCID: PMC7855440 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between PTSD symptoms due to prior trauma and prior trauma type with PTSD symptoms after suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHOD A consecutive sample of patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) for suspected ACS were surveyed. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of elevated ACS-related PTSD symptoms [PCL-S ≥ 33] at 1-month associated with PTSD symptoms due to prior trauma and prior trauma type at the time of suspected ACS, adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, depression, and etiology of ACS symptoms. RESULTS Of 984 patients, 81.6% reported ≥1 prior trauma type and 22.5% reported PTSD symptoms due to prior trauma at the time of suspected ACS. One month later, 18.0% had ACS-related PTSD symptoms. Patients with versus without PTSD symptoms due to prior trauma at the time of the suspected ACS had increased odds of ACS-related PTSD symptoms one month later (42.1% vs 9.9%; aOR 4.49, 95% CI:3.05-6.60; p < .001). Prior life-threatening illness was the only trauma type significantly associated with ACS-related PTSD symptoms (aOR 1.57, 95% CI:1.03-2.39; p = .04). CONCLUSIONS PTSD symptoms from prior trauma and history of life-threatening medical illness at the time of suspected ACS increased risk of ACS-related PTSD symptoms one month later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Young
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W. 168th St, NY, New York, USA; Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W. 168th St, NY, New York, USA
| | - Adam Schweber
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W. 168th St, NY, New York, USA; Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W. 168th St, NY, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W. 168th St, NY, New York, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box, 951563, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bernard P Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W. 168th St, NY, New York, USA
| | - Talea Cornelius
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W. 168th St, NY, New York, USA
| | - Ian M Kronish
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W. 168th St, NY, New York, USA.
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50
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Kang AW, Freedland KE, Janke A, Sumner JA, Hayman LL, Fitzgibbon M, Buscemi J, Dulin A. Society of Behavioral Medicine position statement: Support the updated hypertension guidelines and modify Medicare Part B to improve hypertension management. Transl Behav Med 2020; 10:495-497. [PMID: 31228195 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension contributes to significant global health and economic burdens. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association's latest guideline lowers the blood pressure threshold for hypertension, and as a result, the number of adults with hypertension has increased. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity, especially among older adults. Many individuals who are diagnosed with hypertension at the new, lower threshold may benefit from lifestyle counseling, but changes to existing Medicare policies are required to increase utilization of evidence-based lifestyle counseling approaches to hypertension management. We recommend appropriate funding for the reimbursement of evidence-based lifestyle counseling for hypertension management, the expansion of medical nutrition therapy counseling coverage as an option for Medicare beneficiaries with hypertension, the inclusion of home-based blood pressure monitoring devices in the list of Durable Medical Equipment Coverage, and modifications to the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual to prioritize evidence-based programs such as Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, American Heart Association, and plant-predominant dietary programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine W Kang
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kenneth E Freedland
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amy Janke
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura L Hayman
- Department of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marian Fitzgibbon
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joanna Buscemi
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Akilah Dulin
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
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