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Hashizume T, Ishikawa S, Matsumura K, Ito S, Fukushima T. Chemical and in vitro toxicological comparison of emissions from a heated tobacco product and the 1R6F reference cigarette. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:281-92. [PMID: 36876026 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It has previously been found that, compared with cigarette smoke, the aerosols generated by heated tobacco products contain fewer and lower harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) and elicit lower biological activity in in vitro models and lower smoking-related exposure biomarker levels in clinical studies. It is important to accumulate such scientific evidences for heated tobacco products with a novel heating system, because different heating system may affect the quantitative aspect of the amount of HPHCs and the qualitative aspect of the biological activity of the aerosol generated. Here, the chemical properties of, and toxicological responses to aerosols emitted by DT3.0a, a new heated tobacco product with a novel heating system, and cigarette smoke (CS) were compared, using chemical analyses, in vitro battery (standardized genotoxicity and cytotoxicity) assays, and mechanistic (ToxTracker and two-dimensional cell culture) assays. Regular- and menthol-flavored DT3.0a and standard 1R6F reference cigarettes were tested. Selected HPHC yields were lower in DT3.0a aerosol than 1R6F CS. The genotoxicity-related assays indicated that DT3.0a aerosol was not genotoxic, regardless of metabolic activation. The other biological assays indicated that less cytotoxicity induction and oxidative stress response were elicited by DT3.0a aerosol compared with 1R6F CS. Similar results were found for both regular and menthol DT3.0a. Like previous reports for heated tobacco products with other heating systems, the results of this study indicated that DT3.0a aerosols have chemical and biological properties less likely to be harmful than 1R6F CS.
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Key Words
- ACM, aerosol collected mass
- ARE, anti-oxidant responsive element
- AqE, aqueous extract
- BDL, below detection limit
- CMF-PBS, calcium- and magnesium-free phosphate buffered saline
- CS, cigarette smoke
- Cytotoxicity
- DT3.0a, Direct Heating Tobacco System Platform 3 generation 3 version a
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GVP, gas-vapor phase
- Genotoxicity
- HPHCs
- HPHCs, harmful and potentially harmful constituents
- HTP, heated tobacco product
- Heated tobacco product
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- ISO, International Organization for Standardization
- In vitro
- LOD, limit of detection
- LOQ, limit of quantification
- MLA, mouse lymphoma assay
- MN, micronucleus
- MRTP, modified risk tobacco product
- NQ, not quantified
- NRU, neutral red uptake
- Oxidative stress
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- THP, tobacco heating product
- THS, tobacco heating system
- TPM, total particulate matter
- mES, mouse embryonic stem
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Suzuki-Barrera K, Makishi S, Nakatomi M, Saito K, Ida-Yonemochi H, Ohshima H. Role of osteopontin in the process of pulpal healing following tooth replantation in mice. Regen Ther 2022; 21:460-468. [PMID: 36313391 PMCID: PMC9587125 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The role of osteopontin (OPN) following severe injury remains to be elucidated, especially its relationship with type I collagen (encoded by the Col1a1 gene) secretion by newly-differentiated odontoblast-like cells (OBLCs). In this study, we examined the role of OPN in the process of reparative dentin formation with a focus on reinnervation and revascularization after tooth replantation in Opn knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Methods Maxillary first molars of 2- and 3-week-old-Opn KO and WT mice (Opn KO 2W, Opn KO 3W, WT 2W, and WT 3W groups) were replanted, followed by fixation 3–56 days after operation. Following micro-computed tomography analysis, the decalcified samples were processed for immunohistochemistry for Ki67, Nestin, PGP 9.5, and CD31 and in situ hybridization for Col1a1. Results An intense inflammatory reaction occurred to disrupt pulpal healing in the replanted teeth of the Opn KO 3W group, whereas dental pulp achieved healing in the Opn KO 2W and WT groups. The tertiary dentin in the Opn KO 3W group was significantly decreased in area compared with the Opn KO 2W and WT groups, with a significantly low percentage of Nestin-positive, newly-differentiated OBLCs during postoperative days 7–14. In the Opn KO 3W group, the blood vessels were significantly decreased in area and pulp healing was disturbed with a failure of pulpal revascularization and reinnervation. Conclusions OPN is necessary for proper reinnervation and revascularization to deposit reparative dentin following severe injury within the dental pulp of erupted teeth with advanced root development. Osteopontin deficiency inhibits hard tissue formation in advanced erupted teeth. Odontoblast-like cells may be different origins between mild and severe injuries. Osteopontin has an important role for proper reinnervation and revascularization. Osteopontin is necessary to deposit reparative dentin in advanced erupted teeth.
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Key Words
- Animal model
- Blood supply
- Dentinogenesis
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H2B, histone 2B
- Innervation
- KO, knockout
- M1, first molars
- MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells
- OBLCs, odontoblast-like cells
- OPN, osteopontin
- Osteopontin
- SCAP, stem cells derived from the apical papilla
- SCs, Schwann cells
- Tooth replantation
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- WT, wild-type
- μCT, micro-computed tomography
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Suzuki-Barrera
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Sanako Makishi
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Mitsushiro Nakatomi
- Department of Human, Information and Life Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kotaro Saito
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ida-Yonemochi
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan,Corresponding author. Fax: +81-25-227-0804.
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Zhang Y, Ding Y, Li M, Yuan J, Yu Y, Bi X, Hong H, Ye J, Liu P. MicroRNA-34c-5p provokes isoprenaline-induced cardiac hypertrophy by modulating autophagy via targeting ATG4B. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2374-2390. [PMID: 35646533 PMCID: PMC9136534 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy serves as a significant foundation for cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Recently, growing evidence has revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) play multiple roles in biological processes and participate in cardiovascular diseases. In the present research, we investigate the impact of miRNA-34c-5p on cardiac hypertrophy and the mechanism involved. The expression of miR-34c-5p was proved to be elevated in heart tissues from isoprenaline (ISO)-infused mice. ISO also promoted miR-34c-5p level in primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). Transfection with miR-34c-5p mimic enhanced cell surface area and expression levels of foetal-type genes atrial natriuretic factor (Anf) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-Mhc) in NRCMs. In contrast, treatment with miR-34c-5p inhibitor attenuated ISO-induced hypertrophic responses. Enforced expression of miR-34c-5p by tail intravenous injection of its agomir led to cardiac dysfunction and hypertrophy in mice, whereas inhibiting miR-34c-5p by specific antagomir could protect the animals against ISO-triggered hypertrophic abnormalities. Mechanistically, miR-34c-5p suppressed autophagic flux in cardiomyocytes, which contributed to the development of hypertrophy. Furthermore, the autophagy-related gene 4B (ATG4B) was identified as a direct target of miR-34c-5p, and miR-34c-5p was certified to interact with 3' untranslated region of Atg4b mRNA by dual-luciferase reporter assay. miR-34c-5p reduced the expression of ATG4B, thereby resulting in decreased autophagy activity and induction of hypertrophy. Inhibition of miR-34c-5p abolished the detrimental effects of ISO by restoring ATG4B and increasing autophagy. In conclusion, our findings illuminate that miR-34c-5p participates in ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy, at least partly through suppressing ATG4B and autophagy. It suggests that regulation of miR-34c-5p may offer a new way for handling hypertrophy-related cardiac dysfunction.
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Key Words
- 3-MA, 3-methyladenine
- 3′ UTR, 3′ untranslated region
- ANF, atrial natriuretic factor
- ATG4B
- ATG4B, autophagy related gene 4B
- Autophagic flux
- Autophagy
- BNP, brain natriuretic polypeptide
- Baf A1, bafilomycin A1
- CQ, Chloroquine
- EF, ejection fraction
- FS, fractional shortening
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HE, hematoxylin–eosin
- ISO, isoprenaline
- IVS,d: interventricular septal wall dimension at end-diastole, IVS,s: interventricular septal well dimension at end-systole
- Isoprenaline
- LC3
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- LV Vol,d, left ventricular end-diastolic volume
- LV Vol,s, left ventricular end-systolic volume
- LVID,d, left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter
- LVID,s, left ventricular end-systolic internal diameter
- LVPW,d, left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall thickness
- LVPW,s, left ventricular end-systolic posterior wall thickness
- Mice
- NS, normal saline
- Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes
- PSR, Picric–Sirius red
- Pathological cardiac hypertrophy
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- miR-34c-5p
- miRNA, microRNA
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
- β-AR, β-adrenergic receptor
- β-MHC, beta-myosin heavy chain
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Ma X, Rawnsley DR, Kovacs A, Islam M, Murphy JT, Zhao C, Kumari M, Foroughi L, Liu H, Qi K, Diwan A, Hyrc K, Evans S, Satoh T, French BA, Margulies KB, Javaheri A, Razani B, Mann DL, Mani K, Diwan A. TRAF2, an Innate Immune Sensor, Reciprocally Regulates Mitophagy and Inflammation to Maintain Cardiac Myocyte Homeostasis. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:223-243. [PMID: 35411325 PMCID: PMC8993766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for cardiac myocyte function, but damaged mitochondria trigger cardiac myocyte death. Although mitophagy, a lysosomal degradative pathway to remove damaged mitochondria, is robustly active in cardiac myocytes in the unstressed heart, its mechanisms and physiological role remain poorly defined. We discovered a critical role for TRAF2, an innate immunity effector protein with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, in facilitating physiological cardiac myocyte mitophagy in the adult heart, to prevent inflammation and cell death, and maintain myocardial homeostasis.
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Key Words
- AAV9, adeno-associated virus serotype 9
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FS, fractional shortening
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- IP, intraperitoneal
- LV, left ventricular
- MAM, mitochondria-associated membranes
- MCM, MerCreMer
- MEF, murine embryonic fibroblast
- PINK1, PTEN-induced kinase 1
- RFP, red fluorescent protein
- TLR9, toll-like receptor 9
- TRAF2
- TRAF2, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-2
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- cTnT, cardiac troponin T
- cell death
- inflammation
- mitophagy
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiucui Ma
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David R. Rawnsley
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Attila Kovacs
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Moydul Islam
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John T. Murphy
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chen Zhao
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Minu Kumari
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Layla Foroughi
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin Qi
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aaradhya Diwan
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Krzysztof Hyrc
- Alafi Neuroimaging Laboratory, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sarah Evans
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Brent A. French
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kenneth B. Margulies
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ali Javaheri
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Babak Razani
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Douglas L. Mann
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kartik Mani
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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5
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Kok CY, MacLean LM, Ho JC, Lisowski L, Kizana E. Potential Applications for Targeted Gene Therapy to Protect Against Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity: JACC: CardioOncology Primer. JACC CardioOncol 2022; 3:650-662. [PMID: 34988473 PMCID: PMC8702812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracyclines are associated with risk of significant dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Conventional heart failure therapies have neither ameliorated declining cardiac function nor addressed the underlying cause. Gene therapy may confer long-term cardioprotection by rendering the heart resistant to anthracyclines after 1 treatment, although the optimal therapeutic target remains to be elucidated. Recombinant adeno-associated virus is now clinically approved for the treatment of lipoprotein lipase deficiency, spinal muscular atrophy, and hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. High-throughput methods allow selection of recombinant adeno-associated virus capsids that facilitate efficient gene delivery to specific target cells. Vector safety is enhanced by incorporating cardiac-specific promoters into vector design and localizing delivery to reduce off-target risk. Any cardioprotective transgene may bear a degree of risk as they may play as yet unknown roles, which require careful assessment using clinically relevant models. The innovative technologies outlined here make gene therapy a promising proof of principle, with potential further application to nonanthracycline chemotherapeutics. Protection against anthracycline cardiotoxicity may be achieved by gene delivery to the heart. The optimal cardioprotective target gene remains to be identified. Targeted gene expression in human myocytes can now be achieved with advances in AAV vectorology. It is critical to minimize risk of off-target effects which may impede anthracycline oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Y Kok
- Centre for Heart Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, the Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lauren M MacLean
- Centre for Heart Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jett C Ho
- Centre for Heart Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Military Institute of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Warsaw, Poland.,Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eddy Kizana
- Centre for Heart Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, the Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Noda M, Tatsumi K, Matsui H, Matsunari Y, Sato T, Fukuoka Y, Hotta A, Okano T, Kichikawa K, Sugimoto M, Shima M, Nishio K. Development of alternative gene transfer techniques for ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy in a canine model. Regen Ther 2021; 18:347-354. [PMID: 34584911 PMCID: PMC8441024 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gene therapy have recently attracted much attention as a curative therapeutic option for inherited single gene disorders such as hemophilia. Hemophilia is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by the deficiency of clotting activity of factor VIII (FVIII) or factor IX (FIX), and gene therapy for hemophilia using viral vector have been vigorously investigated worldwide. Toward further advancement of gene therapy for hemophilia, we have previously developed and validated the efficacy of novel two types of gene transfer technologies using a mouse model of hemophilia A. Here we investigated the efficacy and safety of the technologies in canine model. Especially, validations of technical procedures of the gene transfers for dogs were focused. METHODS Green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene were transduced into normal beagle dogs by ex vivo and in vivo gene transfer techniques. For ex vivo gene transfer, blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) derived from peripheral blood of normal dogs were transduced with GFP gene using lentivirus vector, propagated, fabricated as cell sheets, then implanted onto the omentum of the same dogs. For in vivo gene transfer, normal dogs were subjected to GFP gene transduction with non-viral piggyBac vector by liver-targeted hydrodynamic injections. RESULTS No major adverse events were observed during the gene transfers in both gene transfer systems. As for ex vivo gene transfer, histological findings from the omental biopsy performed 4 weeks after implantation revealed the tube formation by implanted GFP-positive BOECs in the sub-adipose tissue layer without any inflammatory findings, and the detected GFP signals were maintained over 6 months. Regarding in vivo gene transfer, analyses of liver biopsy samples revealed more than 90% of liver cells were positive for GFP signals in the injected liver lobes 1 week after gene transfers, then the signals gradually declined overtime. CONCLUSIONS Two types of gene transfer techniques were successfully applied to a canine model, and the transduced gene expressions persisted for a long term. Toward clinical application for hemophilia patients, practical assessments of therapeutic efficacy of these techniques will need to be performed using a dog model of hemophilia and FVIII (or FIX) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Noda
- Department of General Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Kohei Tatsumi
- Advanced Medical Science of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hideto Matsui
- Department of General Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Sato
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and IVR, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fukuoka
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and IVR, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Akitsu Hotta
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Kichikawa
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and IVR, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Sugimoto
- Department of General Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Nishio
- Department of General Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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Alshebib YA, Hori T, Kashiwagi T. HOP protein expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus is acutely downregulated in a status epilepticus mouse model. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 11:183-193. [PMID: 34766103 PMCID: PMC8569711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency, and delayed management can lead to higher morbidity and mortality. It is thought that prolonged seizures stimulate stem cells in the hippocampus and that epileptogenesis may arise from aberrant connections formed by newly born cells, while others have suggested that the acute neuroinflammation and gliosis often seen in epileptic hippocampi contribute to hyperexcitability and epilepsy development. Previous studies have identified the expression of homeodomain-only protein (HOP) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (HDG) and the heart. HOP was found to be a regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation during heart development, while it maintains the 'heart conduction system' in adulthood. However, little is known about HOP function in the adult HDG, particularly in the SE setting. Here, a HOP immunohistochemical profile in an SE mouse model was established. A total of 24 adult mice were analyzed 3-10 days following the SE episode, the 'acute phase'. Our findings demonstrate a significant downregulation of HOP and BLBP protein expression in the SE group following SE episodes, while HOP/Ki67 coexpression did not remarkably differ. Furthermore, coexpression of HOP/S100β and HOP/Prox1 was not observed, although we noticed insignificant HOP/DCX coexpression level. The findings of this study show no compelling evidence of proliferation, and newly added neurons were not identified during the acute phase following SE, although HOP protein expression was significantly decreased in the HDG. Similar to its counterpart in the adult heart, this suggests that HOP seems to play a key role in regulating signal conduction in adult hippocampus. Moreover, acute changes in HOP expression following SE could be part of an inflammatory response that could subsequently influence epileptogenicity.
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Key Words
- BLBP, Brain lipid-binding protein
- BrdU, 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine
- Ctrl, control tissue
- DCX, Doublecortin
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- Epileptogenicity
- GCL, granule cell layer
- GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HDG, Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus
- HF, Hippocampus Formation
- HOP
- HOP, Homeodomain Only Protein
- Hippocampal Formation
- Homeodomain-Only Protein
- IHC, Immunohistochemistry
- NSC, Neural stem cells
- Neurocardiology
- Prox1, Prospero Homeobox 1
- RGL cell, Radial glia-like cell
- S100β, S100 calcium-binding protein B
- SE, Status Epilepticus
- SGZ, subgranular zone
- SVZ, subventricular zone
- Seizure-induced neuroinflammation
- Status Epileptics
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Affiliation(s)
- YA Alshebib
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Tomokatsu Hori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Taichi Kashiwagi
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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Chen J, Qiao Y, Chen G, Chang C, Dong H, Tang B, Cheng X, Liu X, Hua Z. Salmonella flagella confer anti-tumor immunological effect via activating Flagellin/TLR5 signalling within tumor microenvironment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3165-3177. [PMID: 34729307 PMCID: PMC8546927 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
mediated cancer therapy has achieved remarkable anti-tumor effects in experimental animal models, but the detailed mechanism remains unsolved. In this report, the active involvement of the host immune response in this process was confirmed by comparing the tumor-suppressive effects of Salmonella in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice bearing melanoma allografts. Since flagella are key inducers of the host immune response during bacterial infection, flagella were genetically disrupted to analyse their involvement in Salmonella-mediated cancer therapy. The results showed that flagellum-deficient strains failed to induce significant anti-tumor effects, even when more bacteria were administered to offset the difference in invasion efficiency. Flagella mainly activate immune cells via Flagellin/Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) signalling pathway. Indeed, we showed that exogenous activation of TLR5 signalling by recombinant Flagellin and exogenous expression of TLR5 both enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of flagellum-deficient Salmonella against melanoma. Our study highlighted the therapeutic value of the interaction between Salmonella and the host immune response through Flagellin/TLR5 signalling pathway during Salmonella-mediated cancer therapy, thereby suggesting the potential application of TLR5 agonists in the cancer immune therapy.
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Key Words
- AKT, Akt serine/threonine kinase
- Bacteria-mediated cancer therapy
- CFU, colony-forming units
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- Cancer immune therapy
- DN, dominant-negative
- ERBB2, Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2
- ERKl, extracellular regulated protein kinase 1
- Flagellin
- Flagellum
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- IL, interleukins
- IκB, inhibitor of NF-κB
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, leucine-rich repeat
- MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88
- NF-κB
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein-1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1
- PEI, polyethylenimine
- Salmonella
- TIR, Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TLR5
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- TRAF6, TNF receptor associated factor 6
- VNP20009
- i.p., intraperitoneally
- i.t., intratumorally
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Wei QY, Liu YN. Method for observing Beauveria bassiana colonization in plants. MethodsX 2021; 8:101364. [PMID: 34430262 PMCID: PMC8374352 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes interact in a multitude of ways with host plants, can dwell as endophytes within plants causing no apparent disease, and often provide benefits to their host. Observing microorganism distribution and colonization is a prerequisite for interactive research. To this end, we describe use of fluorescent staining for microorganism labeling and highlight its simplicity, and efficiency. Fluorescein can quickly bind to Beauveria bassiana spores, producing bright green fluorescence that can be observed even inside plant tissues. This method provides an intuitive visual image that can be utilised for subsequent data acquisition and statistical analysis.•Our protocol depends on binding of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) specifically to microorganisms. The fungus hydrolyses and metabolises FDA in cells to produce bright green fluorescent products. This fluorescent signal can easily penetrate plant epidermis and be detected by fluorescence microscopy.•FDA, which itself does not emit light, will emit a fluorescent signal only when combined with B. bassiana. Concomitant genetic testing of the fungal ITS confirmed the high level of the fluorescent staining method for detection of B. bassiana.•Compared with the previous green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeling methods, this protocol improved the labeling efficiency of microorganisms and simplifies the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yang Wei
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Media, China
| | - Yue-Ni Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, China
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10
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Benson MD, Papp KM, Casey GA, Radziwon A, St Laurent CD, Doucette LP, MacDonald IM. PEX6 Mutations in Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders: An Usher Syndrome Mimic. Ophthalmol Sci 2021; 1:100028. [PMID: 36249295 PMCID: PMC9559095 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBDs) represent a spectrum of conditions that result in vision loss, sensorineural hearing loss, neurologic dysfunction, and other abnormalities resulting from aberrant peroxisomal function caused by mutations in PEX genes. With no treatments currently available, we sought to investigate the disease mechanism in a patient with a PBD caused by defects in PEX6 and to probe whether overexpression of PEX6 could restore peroxisome function and potentially offer therapeutic benefit. DESIGN Laboratory-based study. PARTICIPANTS A 12-year-old boy sought treatment with hearing loss and retinopathy. After negative results in an Usher syndrome panel, targeted genetic testing revealed compound heterozygous mutations in PEX6. These included a 14-nucleotide deletion (c.802_815del: p.(Asp268Cysfs∗8)) and a milder missense variant (c.35T→C:(p.Phe12Ser)). METHODS Patient-derived skin fibroblasts were cultured, and a PEX6 knockout cell line was developed using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and Cas9 technology in HEK293T cells to emulate a more severe disease phenotype. Immunoblot analysis of whole cell lysates was performed to assess peroxisome number. Immunofluorescence studies used antibodies against components of the peroxisomal protein import pathway to interrogate the effects of mutations in PEX6 on protein trafficking. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome measures were peroxisome abundance and matrix protein import. RESULTS Peroxisome number was not significantly different between control fibroblasts and patient fibroblasts; however, fewer peroxisomes were observed in PEX6 knockout cells compared with wild-type cells (P = 0.04). Analysis by immunofluorescent microscopy showed significantly impaired peroxisomal targeting signal 1- and peroxisomal targeting signal 2-mediated matrix protein import in both patient fibroblasts and PEX6 knockout cells. Overexpressing PEX6 resulted in improved matrix protein import in PEX6 knockout cells. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in PEX6 were responsible for combined hearing loss and retinopathy in our patient. The primary peroxisomal defect in our patient's skin fibroblasts was impaired peroxisomal protein import as opposed to reduction in the number of peroxisomes. Genetic strategies that introduce wild-type PEX6 into cells deficient in PEX6 protein show promise in restoring peroxisome function. Future studies of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium cells may clarify the role of PEX6 in the retina and the potential for gene therapy in these patients.
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Key Words
- CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- DTM, docking translocation module
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HEK293T, human embryonic kidney 293T
- Hearing loss
- PBD, peroxisomal biogenesis disorder
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PEX6
- PTS1, peroxisomal targeting signal 1
- PTS2, peroxisomal targeting signal 2
- Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders
- Peroxisome
- RPE, retinal pigment epithelium
- Retinal degeneration
- Usher syndrome
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Benson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Kimberly M. Papp
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A. Casey
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Alina Radziwon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Chris D. St Laurent
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Lance P. Doucette
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ian M. MacDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Pletneva NV, Maksimov EG, Protasova EA, Mamontova AV, Simonyan TR, Ziganshin RH, Lukyanov KA, Muslinkina L, Pletnev S, Bogdanov AM, Pletnev VZ. Amino acid residue at the 165th position tunes EYFP chromophore maturation. A structure-based design. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2950-2959. [PMID: 34136094 PMCID: PMC8163865 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For the whole GFP family, a few cases, when a single mutation in the chromophore environment strongly inhibits maturation, were described. Here we study EYFP-F165G - a variant of the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein - obtained by a single F165G replacement, and demonstrated multiple fluorescent states represented by the minor emission peaks in blue and yellow ranges (~470 and ~530 nm), and the major peak at ~330 nm. The latter has been assigned to tryptophan fluorescence, quenched due to excitation energy transfer to the mature chromophore in the parental EYFP protein. EYFP-F165G crystal structure revealed two general independent routes of post-translational chemistry, resulting in two main states of the polypeptide chain with the intact chromophore forming triad (~85%) and mature chromophore (~15%). Our experiments thus highlighted important stereochemical role of the 165th position strongly affecting spectral characteristics of the protein. On the basis of the determined EYFP-F165G three-dimensional structure, new variants with ~ 2-fold improved brightness were engineered.
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Key Words
- Ala (A), alanine
- Arg (R), arginine
- Asn (R), asparagine
- Chromophore maturation
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- EC, extinction coefficient
- EET, excitation energy transfer
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- ESET, excited-state electron transfer
- EYFP
- EYFP, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein
- Excitation energy transfer
- FLIM, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy
- FP, fluorescent protein
- FQY, fluorescence quantum yield
- FRET, Förster resonance energy transfer
- FTIR, Fourier-transform infrared (spectroscopy
- Femtosecond spectroscopy
- Fluorescent proteins
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GYG, glycine-tyrosine-glycine
- Gln (Q), glutamine
- Glu (E), glutamic acid
- Gly (G), glycine
- His (H), histidine
- IVA-cloning, in vivo assembly cloning
- Leu (L), leucine
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Phe (F), phenylalanine
- REACh, resonance energy-accepting chromoprotein
- Ser (S), serine
- Structure-guided mutagenesis
- Trp (W), tryptophan
- Tryptophan fluorescence
- Tyr (Y), tyrosine
- Val (V), valine
- X-ray structure
- avGFP, Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein
- sfGFP, superfolder GFP
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya V. Pletneva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Eugene G. Maksimov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A. Protasova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Mamontova
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Tatiana R. Simonyan
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Rustam H. Ziganshin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Konstantin A. Lukyanov
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Liya Muslinkina
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sergei Pletnev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexey M. Bogdanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia,Corresponding authors at: Depatment of biophotonics (both), Laboratory of genetically encoded molecular tools ( A.M.B.), Laboratory of of X-ray study ( V.Z.P.).
| | - Vladimir Z. Pletnev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia,Corresponding authors at: Depatment of biophotonics (both), Laboratory of genetically encoded molecular tools ( A.M.B.), Laboratory of of X-ray study ( V.Z.P.).
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Kuhn C, Menke M, Senger F, Mack C, Dierck F, Hille S, Schmidt I, Brunke G, Bünger P, Schmiedel N, Will R, Sossalla S, Frank D, Eschenhagen T, Carrier L, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Rangrez AY, Frey N. FYCO1 Regulates Cardiomyocyte Autophagy and Prevents Heart Failure Due to Pressure Overload In Vivo. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:365-380. [PMID: 33997522 PMCID: PMC8093479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
FYCO1, a component of the autophagic machinery, is highly expressed in the heart and a potent inducer of cardiomyocyte autophagy. Loss of FYCO1 in vivo inhibits adaptation to starvation or biomechanical stress of the heart by an abrogated increase of autophagic flux and results in contractile dysfunction. Heart specific overexpression of FYCO1 improves autophagic flux and rescues contractile dysfunction following pressure overload.
Autophagy is a cellular degradation process that has been implicated in diverse disease processes. The authors provide evidence that FYCO1, a component of the autophagic machinery, is essential for adaptation to cardiac stress. Although the absence of FYCO1 does not affect basal autophagy in isolated cardiomyocytes, it abolishes induction of autophagy after glucose deprivation. Likewise, Fyco1-deficient mice subjected to starvation or pressure overload are unable to respond with induction of autophagy and develop impaired cardiac function. FYCO1 overexpression leads to induction of autophagy in isolated cardiomyocytes and transgenic mouse hearts, thereby rescuing cardiac dysfunction in response to biomechanical stress.
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Key Words
- BFA, bafilomycin A1
- CSA, cell surface area
- FYCO1
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- KO, knockout
- MHC, myosin heavy chain
- NRCM, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes
- RFP, red fluorescent protein
- TAC, transverse aortic constriction
- TG, transgenic
- WT, wild-type
- autophagy
- heart failure
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
- microRNA, micro–ribonucleic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kuhn
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maja Menke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frauke Senger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Dierck
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Hille
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Inga Schmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gabriele Brunke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Pia Bünger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nesrin Schmiedel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Will
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Samuel Sossalla
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Derk Frank
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucie Carrier
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ashraf Yusuf Rangrez
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
- Address for correspondence: Prof. Dr. Norbert Frey, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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13
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Boddul SV, Sharma RK, Dubnovitsky A, Raposo B, Gerstner C, Shen Y, Iyer VS, Kasza Z, Kwok WW, Winkler AR, Klareskog L, Malmström V, Bettini M, Wermeling F. In vitro and ex vitro functional characterization of human HLA-DRB1∗04 restricted T cell receptors. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100087. [PMID: 33768201 PMCID: PMC7980064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in single-cell sequencing technologies enable the generation of large-scale data sets of paired TCR sequences from patients with autoimmune disease. Methods to validate and characterize patient-derived TCR data are needed, as well as relevant model systems that can support the development of antigen-specific tolerance inducing drugs. We have generated a pipeline to allow streamlined generation of 'artificial' T cells in a robust and reasonably high throughput manner for in vitro and in vivo studies of antigen-specific and patient-derived immune responses. Hereby chimeric (mouse-human) TCR alpha and beta constructs are re-expressed in three different formats for further studies: (i) transiently in HEK cells for peptide-HLA tetramer validation experiments, (ii) stably in the TCR-negative 58 T cell line for functional readouts such as IL-2 production and NFAT-signaling, and lastly (iii) in human HLA-transgenic mice for studies of autoimmune disease and therapeutic interventions. As a proof of concept, we have used human HLA-DRB1∗04:01 restricted TCR sequences specific for a type I diabetes-associated GAD peptide, and an influenza-derived HA peptide. We show that the same chimeric TCR constructs can be used in each of the described assays facilitating sequential validation and prioritization steps leading to humanized animal models.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen presenting cells
- BM, bone marrow
- Ca2+, calcium
- Cell lines
- GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GWAS, Genome-wide association studies
- HA, Influenza hemagglutinin
- HLA
- HLA, Human leukocyte antigen
- HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells
- Humanized animal models
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- NFAT, Nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- RA, Rheumatoid arthritis
- RAG, Recombination-activating genes
- T1D, Type-1 diabetes
- TCR
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TCRa, TCR alpha
- TCRb, TCR beta
- TMR, HLA tetramer
- Tolerance
- hCD4, human CD4
- hTCR, human TCR
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjaykumar V Boddul
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ravi Kumar Sharma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anatoly Dubnovitsky
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruno Raposo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Gerstner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yunbing Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaishnavi Srinivasan Iyer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Zsolt Kasza
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William W Kwok
- Translational Research Program, BRI at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron R Winkler
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Fredrik Wermeling
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ong Tone S, Wylegala A, Böhm M, Melangath G, Deshpande N, Jurkunas UV. Increased Corneal Endothelial Cell Migration in Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy: A Live Cell Imaging Study. Ophthalmol Sci 2021; 1:100006. [PMID: 36246012 PMCID: PMC9559113 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate if corneal endothelial cells (CECs) in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) have altered cellular migration compared with normal controls. Design Comparative analysis. Materials Descemet's membrane and CECs derived from patients with FECD undergoing endothelial keratoplasty or normal cadaveric donors. Methods Ex vivo specimens were used for live cell imaging and generation of immortalized cell lines. Live imaging was performed on FECD and normal CECs and on ex vivo specimens transfected with green fluorescent protein. Migration speeds were determined as a function of cellular density using automated cell tracking. Ex vivo specimens were classified as either FECD or normal low cell density (nonconfluent) or high cell density (confluent). Scratch assay was performed on CECs seeded at high confluence to determine migration speed. Genetic analysis from blood samples or CECs was performed to detect a CTG repeat expansion in the TCF4 gene. Main Outcome Measures Mean cell migration speed. Results Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy CECs in low cell density areas displayed increased mean speed (0.391 ± 0.005 μm/minute vs. 0.364 ± 0.005 μm/minute; P < 0.001) and mean maximum speed (0.961 ± 0.010 μm/minute vs. 0.787 ± 0.011 μm/minute; P < 0.001) compared with normal CECs, and increased mean maximum speed (0.778 ± 0.014 μm/minute vs. 0.680 ± 0.011 μm/minute; P < 0.001) in high cell density areas ex vivo. Similarly, FECD CECs displayed increased mean speed compared with normal CECs (1.958 ± 0.020 μm/minute vs. 2.227 ± 0.021 μm/minute vs. 1.567 ± 0.019 μm/minute; P < 0.001) under nonconfluent conditions in vitro. Moreover, FECD CECs also displayed increased mean speed compared with normal CECs under high confluent conditions as detected by scratch assay (37.2 ± 1.1% vs. 44.3 ± 4.1% vs. 70.7 ± 5.2%; P < 0.001). Morphologic analysis showed that FECD CECs displayed an increased fibroblastic phenotype as detected by filamentous-actin labeling. Conclusions Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy CECs demonstrated increased migration speed compared with normal CECs. Further investigation into the mechanisms of heightened cell migration in FECD is needed and may provide insight into its pathogenesis, as well as having implications on descemetorhexis without endothelial keratoplasty.
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Key Words
- CE, corneal endothelium
- CEC, corneal endothelial cell
- Cell migration
- Corneal endothelium
- DM, Descemet’s membrane
- DMEK, Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty
- DWEK, descemetorhexis without endothelial keratoplasty
- Descemetorhexis without endothelial keratoplasty
- Descemet’s stripping only
- ECD, endothelial cell density
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- FECD, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy
- Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- LNP, lipid nanoparticle
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- TCF4, transcription factor 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ong Tone
- Cornea Center of Excellence, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adam Wylegala
- Cornea Center of Excellence, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Myriam Böhm
- Cornea Center of Excellence, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Geetha Melangath
- Cornea Center of Excellence, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neha Deshpande
- Cornea Center of Excellence, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ula V. Jurkunas
- Cornea Center of Excellence, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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15
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Okada R, Yamato K, Kawakami M, Kodama J, Kushioka J, Tateiwa D, Ukon Y, Zeynep B, Ishimoto T, Nakano T, Yoshikawa H, Kaito T. Low magnetic field promotes recombinant human BMP-2-induced bone formation and influences orientation of trabeculae and bone marrow-derived stromal cells. Bone Rep 2021; 14:100757. [PMID: 33681430 PMCID: PMC7910497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of high magnetic fields [MFs, ≥ 1 T (T)] on osteoblastic differentiation and the orientation of cells or matrix proteins have been reported. However, the effect of low MFs (< 1 T) on the orientation of bone formation is not well known. This study was performed to verify the effects of low MFs on osteoblastic differentiation, bone formation, and orientation of both cells and newly formed bone. An apparatus was prepared with two magnets (190 mT) aligned in parallel to generate a parallel MF. In vitro, bone marrow-derived stromal cells of rats were used to assess the effects of low MFs on cell orientation, osteoblastic differentiation, and mineralization. A bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2-induced ectopic bone model was used to elucidate the effect of low MFs on microstructural indices, trabecula orientation, and the apatite c-axis orientation of newly formed bone. Low MFs resulted in an increased ratio of cells oriented perpendicular to the direction of the MF and promoted osteoblastic differentiation in vitro. Moreover, in vivo analysis demonstrated that low MFs promoted bone formation and changed the orientation of trabeculae and apatite crystal in a direction perpendicular to the MF. These changes led to an increase in the mechanical strength of rhBMP-2-induced bone. These results suggest that the application of low MFs has potential to facilitate the regeneration of bone with sufficient mechanical strength by controlling the orientation of newly formed bone.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- BMD, bone mineral density
- BMDCs, bone marrow derived stromal cells
- BV, bone volume
- Bone marrow-derived stromal cells
- COL1a1, collagen type1 a1
- FFT, fast Fourier transform
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- MF, magnetic field
- Magnetic field
- Mechanical strength
- OCN, osteocalcin
- OPN, osteopontin
- OSX, osterix
- Orientation intensity
- Osteoblastic differentiation
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PEMF, pulsed electromagnetic field
- ROI, region of interest
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2
- micro-CT, micro-computed tomography
- rhBMP, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein
- μXRD, microbeam X-ray diffractometer
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Okada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kai Yamato
- Department of Research Institute, PIP Corporation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Kawakami
- Department of Research Institute, PIP Corporation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Joe Kodama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Kushioka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tateiwa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ukon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Bal Zeynep
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishimoto
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Engineering, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kaito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Karnup S, De Groat W. Mapping of spinal interneurons involved in regulation of the lower urinary tract in juvenile male rats. IBRO Rep 2020; 9:115-131. [PMID: 32775758 PMCID: PMC7394742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination between the urinary bladder (BL) and external urethral sphincter (EUS) is necessary for storage and elimination of urine. In rats interneuronal circuits at two levels of the spinal cord (i.e., L6-S1 and L3-L4) play an important role in this coordination. In the present experiments retrograde trans-synaptic transport of pseudorabies virus (PRV) encoding fluorescent markers (GFP and RFP) was used to trace these circuits. To examine the relative localization of EUS-related and BL-related interneuronal populations we injected PRV-GFP into the EUS and PRV-RFP into the BL wall. The PRV infected populations of spinal interneurons were localized primarily in the dorsal commissure (DCM) of L6/S1 and in a hypothesized lumbar spinal coordinating center (LSCC) in L3/L4 above and lateral to central canal (CC). At both sites colocalization of markers occurred in a substantial number of labeled interneurons indicating concomitant involvement of these double-labelled neurons in the EUS- and BL-circuits and suggesting their role in EUS-BL coordination. Intense GFP or RFP fluorescent was detected in a subpopulation of cells at both sites suggesting that they were infected earlier and therefore likely to represent first order, primary interneurons that directly synapse with output neurons. Larger numbers of weakly fluorescent neurons that likely represent second order interneurons were also identified. Within the population of EUS-related first order interneurons only 3-8 % exhibited positive immunoreaction for an early transcription factor Pax2 specific to GABAergic and glycinergic inhibitory neurons suggesting that the majority of interneurons in DCM and LSCC projecting directly to the EUS motoneurons are excitatory.
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Key Words
- BCM, bulbocavernosus muscle
- BL, bladder
- B_G, bright green
- B_R, bright red
- CC -, central canal
- DCM, dorsal commissure
- DSD, detrusor-sphincter-dyssynergia
- EMG, electromyogram
- EUS, external urethral sphincter
- EUS-MN, motoneuron of the external urethral sphincter
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- IML, intermediolateral nucleus
- IN, interneuron
- LSCC, lumbar spinal coordinating center
- LUT, lower urinary tract
- Lf, lateral funiculus
- PPN, propriospinal neuron
- PRV, pseudorabies virus
- Pseudorabies virus
- RFP, red fluorescent protein
- SC, spinal cord
- SCI, spinal cord injury
- SPPN, spinal parasympathetic preganglionic neuron
- Spinal cord
- Transsynaptic tracing
- VMf, ventro-medial funiculus
- W_G, weak/moderate green
- W_R, weak/moderate red
- pIN, primary interneuron
- sIN, secondary interneuron
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Affiliation(s)
- S.V. Karnup
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
| | - W.C. De Groat
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States
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Liu Y, Zhou K, Li J, Agvanian S, Caldaruse AM, Shaw S, Hitzeman TC, Shaw RM, Hong T. In Mice Subjected to Chronic Stress, Exogenous cBIN1 Preserves Calcium-Handling Machinery and Cardiac Function. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:561-578. [PMID: 32613144 PMCID: PMC7315191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is an important, and growing, cause of morbidity and mortality. Half of patients with heart failure have preserved ejection fraction, for whom therapeutic options are limited. Here we report that cardiac bridging integrator 1 gene therapy to maintain subcellular membrane compartments within cardiomyocytes can stabilize intracellular distribution of calcium-handling machinery, preserving diastolic function in hearts stressed by chronic beta agonist stimulation and pressure overload. This study identifies that maintenance of intracellular architecture and, in particular, membrane microdomains at t-tubules, is important in the setting of sympathetic stress. Stabilization of membrane microdomains may be a pathway for future therapeutic development.
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Key Words
- AAV9, adeno-associated virus 9
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AR, adrenergic receptor
- ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase
- BW, body weight
- CAMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
- CMV, cytomegalovirus
- Di-8-ANNEPs, 4-[2-[6-(Dioctylamino)-2-naphthalenyl]ethenyl]-1-(3-sulfopropyl)-pyridinium, inner salt
- EC, excitation contraction
- EDV, end diastolic volume
- EF, ejection fraction
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HF, heart failure
- HR, heart rate
- HT, heterozygote
- HW, heart weight
- ISO, isoproterenol
- LSD, least significant difference
- LTCC, voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel
- LV, left ventricular
- LW, lung weight
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PLN, phospholamban
- RWT, relative wall thickness
- RyR, ryanodine receptor
- SD, standard deviation
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- SERCA2a, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase pump 2a
- SR, sarcoplasmic reticulum
- STORM, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
- TAC, transverse aortic constriction
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- WT, wild type
- cBIN1, cardiac bridging integrator 1
- diastolic dysfunction
- heart failure
- jSR, junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum
- pressure overload
- sympathetic overdrive
- t-tubule
- t-tubule, transverse-tubule
- vg, vector genome
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kang Zhou
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jing Li
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sosse Agvanian
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Seiji Shaw
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tara C Hitzeman
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Robin M Shaw
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - TingTing Hong
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Departments of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Wang B, Zhang M, Urabe G, Huang Y, Chen G, Wheeler D, Dornbos DJ 3rd, Huttinger A, Nimjee SM, Gong S, Guo LW, Kent KC. PERK Inhibition Mitigates Restenosis and Thrombosis: A Potential Low-Thrombogenic Antirestenotic Paradigm. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:245-63. [PMID: 32215348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug-eluting stents impede neointimal smooth muscle cell hyperplasia but exacerbate endothelial cell dysfunction and thrombogenicity. It has been a challenge to identify a common target to inhibit both. Findings in this study suggest PERK as such a target. A PERK inhibitor administered either via an endovascular (in biomimetic nanocarriers) or perivascular (in hydrogel) route effectively mitigated neointimal hyperplasia in rats. Oral gavage of the PERK inhibitor partially preserved the normal blood flow in a mouse model of induced thrombosis. Dampening PERK activity inhibited STAT3 while activating SRF in smooth muscle cells, and also reduced prothrombogenic tissue factor and growth impairment of endothelial cells.
Developing endothelial-protective, nonthrombogenic antirestenotic treatments has been a challenge. A major hurdle to this has been the identification of a common molecular target in both smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, inhibition of which blocks dysfunction of both cell types. The authors’ findings suggest that the PERK kinase could be such a target. Importantly, PERK inhibition mitigated both restenosis and thrombosis in preclinical models, implicating a low-thrombogenic antirestenotic paradigm.
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Key Words
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- Ad, adenovirus
- CHOP, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein
- DES, drug-eluting stents
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EC, endothelial cell
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HA, hemagglutinin
- I/M, intima to media
- IEL, internal elastic lamina
- IH, intimal hyperplasia
- IRE1, inositol-requiring kinase 1
- MRTF-A, myocardin related transcription factor A
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor with 2 B subunits
- PERK
- PERK, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- SMA, smooth muscle actin
- SMC, smooth muscle cell
- SRF, serum response factor
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- eIF2, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2
- endothelial cells
- restenosis
- siRNA, small interfering ribonucleic acid
- smooth muscle cells
- thrombosis
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Shindo R, Katagiri T, Komazawa-Sakon S, Ohmuraya M, Takeda W, Nakagawa Y, Nakagata N, Sakuma T, Yamamoto T, Nishiyama C, Nishina T, Yamazaki S, Kameda H, Nakano H. Regenerating islet-derived protein (Reg)3β plays a crucial role in attenuation of ileitis and colitis in mice. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 21:100738. [PMID: 32072024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived protein (Reg)3β belongs to a member of the Reg family of proteins and has pleiotropic functions, including antimicrobial activity and tissue repair. However, whether Reg3β plays a protective role in the development of colitis and ileitis has not been fully investigated. We generated transgenic mice expressing a short form of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIPs) that promotes necroptosis, a regulated form of cell death. cFLIPs transgenic (CFLARs Tg) mice develop severe ileitis in utero. Although Reg3β is undetectable in the small intestine of wild-type embryos, its expression is aberrantly elevated in the small intestine of CFLARs Tg embryos. To test whether elevated Reg3β attenuates or exacerbates ileitis in CFLARs Tg mice, we generated a Reg3b−/− strain. Reg3b−/− mice grew to adulthood without apparent abnormalities. Deletion of Reg3b in CFLARs Tg mice exacerbated the embryonic lethality of CFLARs Tg mice. Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, characterized by body weight loss and infiltration of neutrophils, was exacerbated in Reg3b−/− compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, the expression of Interleukin 6, an inflammatory cytokine and Chitinase-like 3, a marker for tissue repair macrophages was elevated in the colon of Reg3b−/− mice compared to wild-type mice after DSS treatment. Together, these results suggest that attenuation of colitis and ileitis is a result of Reg3β′s real function. The expression of Reg3β is elevated in the embryonic small intestine of CFLARs Tg mice. Reg3b−/− mice grow to adulthood without apparent abnormalities. Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis is exacerbated in Reg3b−/− mice. Deletion of Reg3b exacerbates ileitis in CFLARs Tg mice.
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Key Words
- Arg1, Arginase-1
- CFLARs Tg, cFLIPs transgenic
- Cellular FLICE-Inhibitory protein
- Chitinase-like 3, Chil3
- Colitis
- DSS, dextran sulfate sodium
- Dextran sulfate sodium
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- IECs, intestinal epithelial cells
- IL, interleukin
- ILC3, group 3 innate lymphoid cell
- Ileitis
- MLKL, mixed lineage kinase domain–like protein
- Mrc1, Mannose receptor C-type 1
- RIPK, receptor-interacting protein kinase
- RORγt, RAR-related orphan receptor gamma t
- Reg, regenerating islet-derived protein
- Regenerating islet-derived protein
- Retnla, Resistin-like alpha
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- cFLIPs and L, cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein, short and long forms
- pSTAT3, phospho-STAT3
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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20
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Latour YL, Yoon R, Thomas SE, Grant C, Li C, Sena-Esteves M, Allende ML, Proia RL, Tifft CJ. Human GLB1 knockout cerebral organoids: A model system for testing AAV9-mediated GLB1 gene therapy for reducing GM1 ganglioside storage in GM1 gangliosidosis. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2019; 21:100513. [PMID: 31534909 PMCID: PMC6744524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2019.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GM1 gangliosidosis is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the deficiency of lysosomal β-galactosidase (β-gal) and resulting in accumulation of GM1 ganglioside. The disease spectrum ranges from infantile to late onset and is uniformly fatal, with no effective therapy currently available. Although animal models have been useful for understanding disease pathogenesis and exploring therapeutic targets, no relevant human central nervous system (CNS) model system has been available to study its early pathogenic events or test therapies. To develop a model of human GM1 gangliosidosis in the CNS, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to target GLB1 exons 2 and 6, common sites for mutations in patients, to create isogenic induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines with lysosomal β-gal deficiency. We screened for clones with <5% of parental cell line β-gal enzyme activity and confirmed GLB1 knockout clones using DNA sequencing. We then generated GLB1 knockout cerebral organoids from one of these GLB1 knockout iPS cell clones. Analysis of GLB1 knockout organoids in culture revealed progressive accumulation of GM1 ganglioside. GLB1 knockout organoids microinjected with AAV9-GLB1 vector showed a significant increase in β-gal activity and a significant reduction in GM1 ganglioside content compared with AAV9-GFP-injected organoids, demonstrating the efficacy of an AAV9 gene therapy-based approach in GM1 gangliosidosis. This proof-of-concept in a human cerebral organoid model completes the pre-clinical studies to advance to clinical trials using the AAV9-GLB1 vector.
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Key Words
- 4MU, 4-methylumbelliferyl
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- AAV9, AAV serotype 9
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CNS, central nervous system
- CPB, citrate phosphate buffer
- EB, embryoid body
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HPTLC, high-performance thin-layer chromatography
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- SD, standard deviation
- X-gal, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside
- hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cells
- iPS, induced pluripotent stem
- β-gal, β-galactosidase
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne L. Latour
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robin Yoon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah E. Thomas
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christina Grant
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cuiling Li
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miguel Sena-Esteves
- Department of Neurology and Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Maria L. Allende
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard L. Proia
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cynthia J. Tifft
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Inui A, Sekine H, Sano K, Dobashi I, Yoshida A, Matsuura K, Kobayashi E, Ono M, Shimizu T. Generation of a large-scale vascular bed for the in vitro creation of three-dimensional cardiac tissue. Regen Ther 2019; 11:316-23. [PMID: 31687425 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The definitive treatment for severe heart failure is transplantation. However, only a small number of heart transplants are performed each year due to donor shortages. Therefore, novel treatment approaches based on artificial organs or regenerative therapy are being developed as alternatives. We have developed a technology known as cell sheet-based tissue engineering that enables the fabrication of functional three-dimensional (3D) tissue. Here, we report a new technique for engineering human cardiac tissue with perfusable blood vessels. Our method involved the layering of cardiac cell sheets derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) on a vascular bed derived from porcine small intestinal tissue. Methods For the vascular bed, a segment of porcine small intestine was harvested together with a branch of the superior mesenteric artery and a branch of the superior mesenteric vein. The small intestinal tissue was incised longitudinally, and the mucosa was resected. Human cardiomyocytes derived from hiPSCs were co-cultured with endothelial cells and fibroblasts on a temperature-responsive dish and harvested as a cardiac cell sheet. A triple-layer of cardiac cell sheets was placed onto the vascular bed, and the resulting construct was subjected to perfusion culture in a bioreactor system. Results The cardiac tissue on the vascular bed pulsated spontaneously and synchronously after one day of perfusion culture. Electrophysiological recordings revealed regular action potentials and a beating rate of 105 ± 13/min (n = 8). Furthermore, immunostaining experiments detected partial connection of the blood vessels between the vascular bed and cardiac cell sheets. Conclusions We succeeded in engineering spontaneously beating 3D cardiac tissue in vitro using human cardiac cell sheets and a vascular bed derived from porcine small intestine. Further development of this method might allow the fabrication of functional cardiac tissue that could be used in the treatment of severe heart failure.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensional
- Angiogenesis
- Cardiac cell sheet
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HE, hematoxylin/eosin
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- NHDFs, normal human dermal fibroblasts
- PERV, porcine endogenous retrovirus
- Perfusion culture
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- Vascular bed
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cells
- hiPSCs
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Sano S, Wang Y, Yura Y, Sano M, Oshima K, Yang Y, Katanasaka Y, Min KD, Matsuura S, Ravid K, Mohi G, Walsh K. JAK2 V617F -Mediated Clonal Hematopoiesis Accelerates Pathological Remodeling in Murine Heart Failure. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4:684-697. [PMID: 31709318 PMCID: PMC6834960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Janus kinase 2 (valine to phenylalanine at residue 617) (JAK2 V617F ) mutations lead to myeloproliferative neoplasms associated with elevated myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocytic cells. Alternatively these same mutations can lead to the condition of clonal hematopoiesis with no impact on blood cell counts. Here, a model of myeloid-restricted JAK2 V617F expression from lineage-negative bone marrow cells was developed and evaluated. This model displayed greater cardiac inflammation and dysfunction following permanent left anterior descending artery ligation and transverse aortic constriction. These data suggest that JAK2 V617F mutations arising in myeloid progenitor cells may contribute to cardiovascular disease by promoting the proinflammatory properties of circulating myeloid cells.
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Key Words
- AIM2, absence in melanoma 2
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- ARCH, age-related clonal hematopoiesis
- BMT, bone marrow transplant
- CCL2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2
- CHIP, clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HSC, hematopoietic stem cell
- HSPC, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell
- IFNGR1, interferon gamma receptor 1
- IL, interleukin
- JAK2, Janus kinase 2
- JAK2V617F, mutant Janus kinase 2 (valine to phenylalanine at residue 617)
- JAK2WT, wild-type Janus kinase 2
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LT-HSC, long-term hematopoietic stem cell
- MI, myocardial infarction
- MPN, myeloproliferative neoplasm
- NET, neutrophil extracellular traps
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TAC, transverse aortic constriction surgery
- clonal hematopoiesis
- left ventricular hypertrophy
- myocardial infarction
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Sano
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ying Wang
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Yoshimitsu Yura
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Miho Sano
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kosei Oshima
- Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yue Yang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Yasufumi Katanasaka
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kyung-Duk Min
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Shinobu Matsuura
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katya Ravid
- Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Golam Mohi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Kenneth Walsh, University of Virginia, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, 415 Lane Road, PO Box 801394, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.
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Saito K, Ohshima H. The putative role of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein 5 independent of IGF in the maintenance of pulpal homeostasis in mice. Regen Ther 2019; 11:217-224. [PMID: 31516919 PMCID: PMC6732709 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) may play a crucial role in activating the functions of periodontal and bone marrow stem cells, the factors responsible for regulating the maintenance of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) remain to be clarified. This study aimed to elucidate the role of IGFBP5 in maintaining pulpal homeostasis during tooth development and pulpal healing after tooth injury in doxycycline-inducible TetOP-histone 2B (H2B)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice (GFP expression was induced at E14.5 or E15.5) by using TUNEL assay, RT-PCR, in situ hybridization for Igfbp5, and immunohistochemistry for IGFBP5, Nestin, and GFP. To observe the pulpal response to exogenous stimuli, the roots of the maxillary first molars were resected, and the coronal portion was autografted into the sublingual region. Intense IGFBP5/Igfbp5 expression was observed in cells from the center of the pulp tissue and the subodontoblastic layer in developing teeth during postnatal Week 4. Intense H2B-GFP-expressing label-retaining cells (LRCs) were localized in the subodontoblastic layer in addition to the center of the pulp tissue, suggesting that slowly dividing cell populations reside in these areas. During postoperative days 3–7, the LRCs were maintained in the dental pulp, showed an IGFBP5-positve reaction in their nuclei, and lacked a TUNEL-positive reaction. In situ hybridization and RT-PCR analyses confirmed the expression of Igfbp5 in the dental pulp. These findings suggest that IGFBP5 play a pivotal role in regulating the survival and apoptosis of DPSCs during both tooth development and pulpal healing following tooth injury.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- Apoptosis
- DAB, diaminobenzidine
- DPSC, dental pulp stem cell
- Dental pulp
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H2B, histone 2B
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- IGF-IR, insulin-like growth factor I receptor
- IGFBP5, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5
- LRC, label-retaining cell
- MAS, Matsunami adhesive silane
- Mice (Transgenic)
- PDLSCs, periodontal ligament stem cells
- RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
- Stem cells
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling
- Transplantation
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Hashimoto Y, Nishida Y, Takahashi S, Nakamura H, Mera H, Kashiwa K, Yoshiya S, Inagaki Y, Uematsu K, Tanaka Y, Asada S, Akagi M, Fukuda K, Hosokawa Y, Myoui A, Kamei N, Ishikawa M, Adachi N, Ochi M, Wakitani S. Transplantation of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells under arthroscopic surgery with microfracture versus microfracture alone for articular cartilage lesions in the knee: A multicenter prospective randomized control clinical trial. Regen Ther 2019; 11:106-113. [PMID: 31312692 PMCID: PMC6610227 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To investigate the efficacy of the transplantation of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) under arthroscopy with microfracture (MFX) compared with microfracture alone. Methods Eleven patients with a symptomatic articular cartilage defect of the knee were included in the study. They were randomized to receive BMSCs with MFX (cell-T group, n=7) or MFX alone (control group, n=4). Clinical results were evaluated using International Knee Documentation committee (IKDC) knee evaluation questionnaires and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) before and 48 weeks after surgery. Quantitative and qualitative assessments of repair tissue were carried out at 48 weeks by T2 mapping of magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and the magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) scoring system with follow-up MRI. Results No significant differences between preoperative and postoperative IKDC and KOOS were observed in the cell-T or control group. However, forty-eight weeks after surgery, the cell-T group showed a trend for a greater KOOS QOL score compared with the control group (79.4 vs. 39.1, respectively; P=0.07). The T2 value did not differ significantly between the two groups, but the mean MOCART score was significantly higher in the cell-T group than in the control group (P=0.02). Conclusions Compared with MFX alone, BMSC transplantation with MFX resulted in better postoperative healing of the cartilage and subchondral bone as determined by the MOCART score. Clinically, BMSC transplantation with MFX gave a higher KOOS QOL score after 48 weeks. This is the first prospective randomized clinical trial between BMSCs with MFX and MFX alone. BMSCs with MFX showed a trend for a greater KOOS QOL score compared with MFX alone. BMSCs with MFX resulted in better healing of the cartilage by the MOCART score.
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Key Words
- BMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells
- Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells
- CPC, cell processing centers
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- IKDC, International Knee Documentation committee
- KL, Kellgren–Lawrence
- KOOS, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score
- MFX, microfracture
- MOCART, magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue
- MRIs, magnetic resonance images
- Microfracture
- Prospective randomized control clinical trial
- QOL, quality of life
- RCT, randomized controlled trial
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hashimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mera
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Uonuma Kikan Hospital, Minamiuonuma, Japan
| | - Kaori Kashiwa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yoshiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inagaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kota Uematsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Shigeki Asada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kindai University Faculty Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masao Akagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kindai University Faculty Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kanji Fukuda
- Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Division of Cell Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Hosokawa
- Medical Center for Translational Research, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Myoui
- Medical Center for Translational Research, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naosuke Kamei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences. Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ishikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences. Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuo Adachi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences. Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Ochi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences. Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Aubert G, Barefield DY, Demonbreun AR, Ramratnam M, Fallon KS, Warner JL, Rossi AE, Hadhazy M, Makielski JC, McNally EM. Deletion of Sulfonylurea Receptor 2 in the Adult Myocardium Enhances Cardiac Glucose Uptake and Is Cardioprotective. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4:251-268. [PMID: 31061927 PMCID: PMC6488756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the heart, SUR2 couples with a potassium channel to form an adenosine triphosphate–sensitive complex that responds to the energy state of the cell. The authors deleted SUR2 in adult cardiomyocytes and found a shift of the heart toward glycolytic metabolism, which is protective under cardiac stress. SUR2 was found to complex with glucose transporter type 4, the major glucose transporter. Drugs that antagonize the SUR2 receptor may be cardioprotective and useful for managing heart failure.
The adult myocardium relies on oxidative metabolism. In ischemic myocardium, such as the embryonic heart, glycolysis contributes more prominently as a fuel source. The sulfonylurea receptor 2 (SUR2) was previously implicated in the normal myocardial transition from glycolytic to oxidative metabolism that occurs during adaptation to postnatal life. This receptor was now selectively deleted in adult mouse myocardium resulting in protection from ischemia reperfusion injury. SUR2-deleted cardiomyocytes had enhanced glucose uptake, and SUR2 forms a complex with the major glucose transporter. These data identify the SUR2 receptor as a target to shift cardiac metabolism to protect against myocardial injury.
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Key Words
- 2DG, 2-deoxy-D-glucose
- ABCC9
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- FL Ex5, LoxP sites flanking exon 5
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GLUT, glucose transporter
- HEK293T, human embryonic kidney 293T
- KATP, adenosine triphosphate–sensitive potassium
- Kir, inward rectifying potassium channel
- LVDP, left ventricular developed pressure
- MCM, αMHC-MerCreMer
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- SUR, sulfonylurea receptor
- ischemia
- potassium ATP channels
- sulfonylurea
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Aubert
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago Illinois
| | - David Y Barefield
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago Illinois
| | - Alexis R Demonbreun
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago Illinois
| | - Mohun Ramratnam
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Katherine S Fallon
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago Illinois
| | - James L Warner
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago Illinois
| | - Ann E Rossi
- Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, Chicago Illinois
| | - Michele Hadhazy
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago Illinois
| | - Jonathan C Makielski
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Leiteritz A, Schmiedl T, Baumanns S, Wenzel U. Amyloid-beta induced paralysis is reduced by cholecalciferol through inhibition of the steroid-signaling pathway in an Alzheimer model of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:82-89. [PMID: 30905309 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1596371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the accumulation of toxic β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates in the human brain. Epidemiological studies have shown that elevated cholesterol plasma levels are associated with the development of AD and we have previously shown that cholesterol restriction reduces the Aβ-induced paralysis in an Alzheimer model of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In the present study we investigated the effects of the cholesterol homolog cholecalciferol, i.e. vitamin D, on Aβ-induced paralysis in C. elegans and its interference with the steroid-signaling pathway. Methods: Aβ-induced paralysis was assessed in the C. elegans strain CL2006, expressing human Aβ1-42 under control of a muscle-specific promoter. Knockdown of members of the steroid-signaling pathway was achieved by RNA interference (RNAi). Nuclear translocation of foxo transcription factor DAF-16 was visualized using the strain TJ356, carrying a daf-16::gfp transgene. Results: Cholecalciferol at a concentration of 1 µM reduced the Aβ-induced paralysis in CL2006 significantly, which was reverted by increasing the cholesterol concentration in the medium. Knockdown of nhr-8, daf-36, daf-9 or daf-12, all reduced Aβ-induced paralysis to the same extent as cholecalciferol with no additional or synergistic effects under co-application. Functional DAF-16 proved to be crucial for the effects of cholecalciferol and DAF-16 nuclear translocation was increased by cholecalciferol and also RNAi versus nhr-8, daf-36, daf-9 or daf-12 with no additive or synergistic effects. Conclusions: Our results suggest, that cholecalciferol inhibits Aβ-induced paralysis in C. elegans through inhibition of steroid-signaling and the concomitant nuclear translocation of DAF-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Leiteritz
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tommy Schmiedl
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Baumanns
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Uwe Wenzel
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Verdín J, Sánchez-León E, Rico-Ramírez AM, Martínez-Núñez L, Fajardo-Somera RA, Riquelme M. Off the wall: The rhyme and reason of Neurospora crassa hyphal morphogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:100020. [PMID: 32743136 PMCID: PMC7389182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitin and β-1,3-glucan synthases are transported separately in chitosomes and macrovesicles. Chitin synthases occupy the core of the SPK; β-1,3-glucan synthases the outer layer. CHS-4 arrival to the SPK and septa is CSE-7 dependent. Rabs YPT-1 and YPT-31 localization at the SPK mimics that of chitosomes and macrovesicles. The exocyst acts as a tether between the SPK outer layer vesicles and the apical PM.
The fungal cell wall building processes are the ultimate determinants of hyphal shape. In Neurospora crassa the main cell wall components, β-1,3-glucan and chitin, are synthesized by enzymes conveyed by specialized vesicles to the hyphal tip. These vesicles follow different secretory routes, which are delicately coordinated by cargo-specific Rab GTPases until their accumulation at the Spitzenkörper. From there, the exocyst mediates the docking of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane, where they ultimately get fused. Although significant progress has been done on the cellular mechanisms that carry cell wall synthesizing enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum to hyphal tips, a lot of information is still missing. Here, the current knowledge on N. crassa cell wall composition and biosynthesis is presented with an emphasis on the underlying molecular and cellular secretory processes.
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Key Words
- BGT, β-1,3-glucan transferases
- CHS, chitin synthase
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- CWI, cell wall integrity
- CWP, cell wall proteins
- Cell wall
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GH, glycosyl hydrolases
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- GSC, β-1,3-glucan synthase complex
- MMD, myosin-like motor domain
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MT, microtubule
- NEC, network of elongated cisternae
- PM, plasma membrane
- SPK, Spitzenkörper
- Spitzenkörper
- TIRFM, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy
- TM, transmembrane
- Tip growth
- Vesicles
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Verdín
- Industrial Biotechnology, CIATEJ-Jalisco State Scientific Research and Technology Assistance Center, Mexico National Council for Science and Technology, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Eddy Sánchez-León
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adriana M Rico-Ramírez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, CICESE Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Leonora Martínez-Núñez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rosa A Fajardo-Somera
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, CICESE Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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Weng Q, Hu F, Zhang M, Dong Y, Lv C, Wang Y, Liu X, Wang J. A protocol for generating induced T cells by reprogramming B cells in vivo. Cell Regen 2018; 7:7-15. [PMID: 30671224 DOI: 10.1016/j.cr.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining T cells by reprogramming is one of the major goals in regenerative medicine. Here, we describe a protocol for generating functional T cells from Hoxb5-expressing pro/pre-B cells in vivo. This protocol includes the construction of Hoxb5 recombinant plasmids, retroviral packaging, isolation and viral transduction of pro/pre-B cells, cell transplantation, and phenotypic analysis of induced T cells. The procedure is reproducible and straightforward, providing an approach for generating induced T cells for translational research.
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Key Words
- 7-AAD, 7-Aminoactinomycin D
- APC, Allophycocyanin
- BV, Brilliant Violet
- CAR-T, Chimeric antigen receptor T-Cell Immunotherapy
- DAPI, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DN, double negative
- FITC, Fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HSC, Hematopoietic stem cells
- Hoxb5
- LN, Lymph node
- PB, peripheral blood
- PE, Phycoerythrin
- PerCP, Peridinin Chlorophyll
- Pro/pre-B cells
- Retrovirus
- SP, single positive
- T cells
- TAA-TCR-T, tumor-associated antigen-TCR-T
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cells
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29
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Franke FC, Müller J, Abal M, Medina ED, Nitsche U, Weidmann H, Chardonnet S, Ninio E, Janssen KP. The Tumor Suppressor SASH1 Interacts With the Signal Adaptor CRKL to Inhibit Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:33-53. [PMID: 30480076 PMCID: PMC6251370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The tumor-suppressor sterile α motif- and Src-homology 3-domain containing 1 (SASH1) has clinical relevance in colorectal carcinoma and is associated specifically with metachronous metastasis. We sought to identify the molecular mechanisms linking decreased SASH1 expression with distant metastasis formation. METHODS SASH1-deficient, SASH1-depleted, or SASH1-overexpressing HCT116 colon cancer cells were generated by the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated 9-method, RNA interference, and transient plasmid transfection, respectively. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, migration/invasion assays, and 3-dimensional cell culture. Yeast 2-hybrid assays and co-immunoprecipitation/mass-spectrometry showed V-Crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like (CRKL) as a novel interaction partner of SASH1, further confirmed by domain mapping, site-directed mutagenesis, co-immunoprecipitation, and dynamic mass redistribution assays. CRKL-deficient cells were generated in parental or SASH1-deficient cells. Metastatic capacity was analyzed with an orthotopic mouse model. Expression and significance of SASH1 and CRKL for survival and response to chemotherapy was assessed in patient samples from our department and The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. RESULTS SASH1 expression is down-regulated during cytokine-induced EMT in cell lines from colorectal, pancreatic, or hepatocellular cancer, mediated by the putative SASH1 promoter. Deficiency or knock-down of SASH1 induces EMT, leading to an aggressive, invasive phenotype with increased chemoresistance. SASH1 counteracts EMT through interaction with the oncoprotein CRKL, inhibiting CRKL-mediated activation of SRC kinase, which is crucially required for EMT. SASH1-deficient cells form significantly more metastases in vivo, depending entirely on CRKL. Patient tumor samples show significantly decreased SASH1 and increased CRKL expression, associated with significantly decreased overall survival. Patients with increased CRKL expression show significantly worse response to adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS We propose SASH1 as an inhibitor of CRKL-mediated SRC signaling, introducing a potentially druggable mechanism counteracting chemoresistance and metastasis formation.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CRISPR/Cas9, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated 9
- CRKL, V-Crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like
- Chemoresistance
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- EMT
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GTPase, guanosine triphosphatase
- MS, mass spectrometry
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- SASH1, sterile α motif– and Src-homology 3–domain containing 1
- SH2, Src-homology 2 domain
- SH3, Src-homology 3 domain
- SH3N, N-terminal Src-homology 3 domain
- SRC-Kinase
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Tumor Suppressor
- ZEB, zinc-finger δEF1 family
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- gRNA, guide RNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Christoph Franke
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel Abal
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (Instituto de Investigacións Sanitarias de Santiago/Servizo Galego de Saúde), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo Domínguez Medina
- BioFarma-Unidade de Screening de Fármacos Research Group, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Henri Weidmann
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 1166-ICAN, Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Solenne Chardonnet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité Mixte de Service Omique, Plateforme Post-génomique de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ewa Ninio
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 1166-ICAN, Genomics and Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hôpital, Paris, France
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
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Wang K, Ding R, Ha Y, Jia Y, Liao X, Wang S, Li R, Shen Z, Xiong H, Guo J, Jie W. Hypoxia-stressed cardiomyocytes promote early cardiac differentiation of cardiac stem cells through HIF-1 α/Jagged1/Notch1 signaling. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:795-804. [PMID: 30245966 PMCID: PMC6148082 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is beneficial for the differentiation of stem cells transplanted for myocardial injury, but mechanisms underlying this benefit remain unsolved. Here, we report the impact of hypoxia-induced Jagged1 expression in cardiomyocytes (CMs) for driving the differentiation of cardiac stem cells (CSCs). Forced hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression and physical hypoxia (5% O2) treatment could induce Jagged1 expression in neonatal rat CMs. Pharmacological inhibition of HIF-1α by YC-1 attenuated hypoxia-promoted Jagged1 expression in CMs. An ERK inhibitor (PD98059), but not inhibitors of JNK (SP600125), Notch (DAPT), NF-κB (PTDC), JAK (AG490), or STAT3 (Stattic) suppressed hypoxia-induced Jagged1 protein expression in CMs. c-Kit+ CSCs isolated from neonatal rat hearts using a magnetic-activated cell sorting method expressed GATA4, SM22α or vWF, but not Nkx2.5 and cTnI. Moreover, 87.3% of freshly isolated CSCs displayed Notch1 receptor expression. Direct co-culture of CMs with BrdU-labeled CSCs enhanced CSCs differentiation, as evidenced by an increased number of BrdU+/Nkx2.5+ cells, while intermittent hypoxia for 21 days promoted co-culture-triggered differentiation of CSCs into CM-like cells. Notably, YC-1 and DAPT attenuated hypoxia-induced differentiation. Our results suggest that hypoxia induces Jagged1 expression in CMs primarily through ERK signaling, and facilitates early cardiac lineage differentiation of CSCs in CM/CSC co-cultures via HIF-1α/Jagged1/Notch signaling.
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Key Words
- BMSCs, bone marrow stem cells
- BrdU, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine
- CMs, cardiomyocytes
- CSCs, cardiac stem cells
- Cardiac stem cell
- Cardiomyocyte, Co-culture
- Cell differentiation
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α
- HRE, hypoxia responsive element
- Hypoxia
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- MACS, magnetic-activated cell sorting
- MI, myocardial infarction
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- N-ICD, notch intracellular domain
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- Notch1 signaling
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PE, phycoerythrin
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- YC-1, 3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzyl-indazole
- qPCR, quantitative PCR
- vWF, von Willebrand factor
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Doblas VG, Gonneau M, Höfte H. Cell wall integrity signaling in plants: Malectin-domain kinases and lessons from other kingdoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:1-11. [PMID: 32743130 PMCID: PMC7389452 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Key Words
- AFM, atomic force microscopy
- Animals
- CWI sensing, cell wall integrity sensing
- Cell wall
- Cell wall rheology
- CrRLK1L
- CrRLK1L, Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like protein
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GPI-AP, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein
- Immunity
- LRR, leucine-rich repeat
- Mechanosensing
- PME, pectin methylesterases
- PTI, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity
- Plant growth
- RALF, rapid alkalinisation factor
- RK, receptor kinase
- RLCK, receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase
- ROP, Rho-GTPase of plants
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Signaling
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- Yeast
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica G Doblas
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
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Means AL, Freeman TJ, Zhu J, Woodbury LG, Marincola-Smith P, Wu C, Meyer AR, Weaver CJ, Padmanabhan C, An H, Zi J, Wessinger BC, Chaturvedi R, Brown TD, Deane NG, Coffey RJ, Wilson KT, Smith JJ, Sawyers CL, Goldenring JR, Novitskiy SV, Washington MK, Shi C, Beauchamp RD. Epithelial Smad4 Deletion Up-Regulates Inflammation and Promotes Inflammation-Associated Cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:257-276. [PMID: 30109253 PMCID: PMC6083016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background & Aims Chronic inflammation is a predisposing condition for colorectal cancer. Many studies to date have focused on proinflammatory signaling pathways in the colon. Understanding the mechanisms that suppress inflammation, particularly in epithelial cells, is critical for developing therapeutic interventions. Here, we explored the roles of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family signaling through SMAD4 in colonic epithelial cells. Methods The Smad4 gene was deleted specifically in adult murine intestinal epithelium. Colitis was induced by 3 rounds of dextran sodium sulfate in drinking water, after which mice were observed for up to 3 months. Nontransformed mouse colonocyte cell lines and colonoid cultures and human colorectal cancer cell lines were analyzed for responses to TGFβ1 and bone morphogenetic protein 2. Results Dextran sodium sulfate treatment was sufficient to drive carcinogenesis in mice lacking colonic Smad4 expression, with resulting tumors bearing striking resemblance to human colitis-associated carcinoma. Loss of SMAD4 protein was observed in 48% of human colitis-associated carcinoma samples as compared with 19% of sporadic colorectal carcinomas. Loss of Smad4 increased the expression of inflammatory mediators within nontransformed mouse colon epithelial cells in vivo. In vitro analysis of mouse and human colonic epithelial cell lines and organoids indicated that much of this regulation was cell autonomous. Furthermore, TGFβ signaling inhibited the epithelial inflammatory response to proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusions TGFβ suppresses the expression of proinflammatory genes in the colon epithelium, and loss of its downstream mediator, SMAD4, is sufficient to initiate inflammation-driven colon cancer. Transcript profiling: GSE100082.
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Key Words
- AOM, azoxymethane
- APC, adenomatous polyposis coli
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- CAC, colitis-associated carcinoma
- CCL20, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CRISPR/Cas9, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9
- Colitis-Associated Carcinoma
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- DSS, dextran sodium sulfate
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IL, interleukin
- IMCS4fl/fl, immortalized mouse colonoctye cell line with loxP-flanked Smad4 alleles
- IMCS4null, immortalized mouse colonocyte cell line with deletion of the Smad4 alleles
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PE, phycoerythrin
- R-SMAD, Receptor-SMAD
- SFG, retroviral vector
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TGFβ
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Tumor Necrosis Factor
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- WNT, wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site
- YAMC, young adult mouse colon epithelial cells
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- sgRNA, single-guide RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Means
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tanner J. Freeman
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Luke G. Woodbury
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Chao Wu
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anne R. Meyer
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Connie J. Weaver
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Hanbing An
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jinghuan Zi
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bronson C. Wessinger
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tasia D. Brown
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Natasha G. Deane
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - J. Joshua Smith
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Charles L. Sawyers
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sergey V. Novitskiy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - R. Daniel Beauchamp
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Williamson IA, Arnold JW, Samsa LA, Gaynor L, DiSalvo M, Cocchiaro JL, Carroll I, Azcarate-Peril MA, Rawls JF, Allbritton NL, Magness ST. A High-Throughput Organoid Microinjection Platform to Study Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Luminal Physiology. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:301-319. [PMID: 30123820 PMCID: PMC6092482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background & Aims The human gut microbiota is becoming increasingly recognized as a key factor in homeostasis and disease. The lack of physiologically relevant in vitro models to investigate host-microbe interactions is considered a substantial bottleneck for microbiota research. Organoids represent an attractive model system because they are derived from primary tissues and embody key properties of the native gut lumen; however, access to the organoid lumen for experimental perturbation is challenging. Here, we report the development and validation of a high-throughput organoid microinjection system for cargo delivery to the organoid lumen and high-content sampling. Methods A microinjection platform was engineered using off-the-shelf and 3-dimensional printed components. Microinjection needles were modified for vertical trajectories and reproducible injection volumes. Computer vision (CVis) and microfabricated CellRaft Arrays (Cell Microsystems, Research Triangle Park, NC) were used to increase throughput and enable high-content sampling of mock bacterial communities. Modeling preformed using the COMSOL Multiphysics platform predicted a hypoxic luminal environment that was functionally validated by transplantation of fecal-derived microbial communities and monocultures of a nonsporulating anaerobe. Results CVis identified and logged locations of organoids suitable for injection. Reproducible loads of 0.2 nL could be microinjected into the organoid lumen at approximately 90 organoids/h. CVis analyzed and confirmed retention of injected cargos in approximately 500 organoids over 18 hours and showed the requirement to normalize for organoid growth for accurate assessment of barrier function. CVis analyzed growth dynamics of a mock community of green fluorescent protein- or Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein-expressing bacteria, which grew within the organoid lumen even in the presence of antibiotics to control media contamination. Complex microbiota communities from fecal samples survived and grew in the colonoid lumen without appreciable changes in complexity. Conclusions High-throughput microinjection into organoids represents a next-generation in vitro approach to investigate gastrointestinal luminal physiology and the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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Key Words
- 2D, 2-dimensional
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- Anaerobic
- Barrier Function
- CAG, chicken beta-actin promoter with CMV enhancer
- CFU, colony-forming unit
- CRA, CellRaft Array
- CVis, computer vision
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Fecal Microbiota
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GI, gastrointestinal
- HF, hydrogen fluoride
- High-Content Sampling
- High-Throughput
- Microinjection
- OUT, operational taxonomic unit
- Organoid
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- QIIME, Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology
- WT, wild-type
- hiPS, Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
- rRNA, ribosomal RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Williamson
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jason W. Arnold
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leigh Ann Samsa
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Liam Gaynor
- Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew DiSalvo
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jordan L. Cocchiaro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ian Carroll
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John F. Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Smith NR, Swain JR, Davies PS, Gallagher AC, Parappilly MS, Beach CZ, Streeter PR, Williamson IA, Magness ST, Wong MH. Monoclonal Antibodies Reveal Dynamic Plasticity Between Lgr5- and Bmi1-Expressing Intestinal Cell Populations. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:79-96. [PMID: 29928673 PMCID: PMC6008251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Continual renewal of the intestinal epithelium is dependent on active- and slow-cycling stem cells that are confined to the crypt base. Tight regulation of these stem cell populations maintains homeostasis by balancing proliferation and differentiation to support critical intestinal functions. The hierarchical relation of discrete stem cell populations in homeostasis or during regenerative epithelial repair remains controversial. Although recent studies have supported a model for the active-cycling leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5)+ intestinal stem cell (ISC) functioning upstream of the slow-cycling B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (Bmi1)-expressing cell, other studies have reported the opposite relation. Tools that facilitate simultaneous analyses of these populations are required to evaluate their coordinated function. METHODS We used novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against murine intestinal epithelial cells in conjunction with ISC-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mice to analyze relations between ISC populations by microscopy. Ex vivo 3-dimensional cultures, flow cytometry, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed. RESULTS Two novel mAbs recognized distinct subpopulations of the intestinal epithelium and when used in combination permitted isolation of discrete Lgr5GFP and Bmi1GFP-enriched populations with stem activity. Growth from singly isolated Lgr5GFP ISCs gave rise to small spheroids. Spheroids did not express Lgr5GFP and instead up-regulated Bmi1GFP expression. Conversely, Bmi1-derived spheroids initiated Lgr5GFP expression as crypt domains were established. CONCLUSIONS These data showed the functional utility of murine mAbs in the isolation and investigation of Lgr5GFP and Bmi1GFP ISC-enriched populations. Ex vivo analyses showed hierarchical plasticity between different ISC-expressing states; specifically Lgr5GFP ISCs gave rise to Bmi1GFP cells, and vice versa. These data highlight the impact of temporal and physiological context on unappreciated interactions between Lgr5GFP and Bmi1GFP cells during crypt formation.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- 4-OHT, 4-hydroxytamoxifen
- APC, allophycocyanin
- Bmi1
- Bmi1, B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog
- Egf, epidermal growth factor
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- Hierarchy
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Intestinal Stem Cells
- Lgr5
- Lgr5, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein–coupled receptor 5
- Lyz, lysozyme
- OHSU, Oregon Health and Science University
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PE, Phycoerythrin
- Plasticity
- Rspo1, R-spondin1
- TdT, tdTomato
- Wnt, wingless-type MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus) integration site
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Smith
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - John R. Swain
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Paige S. Davies
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alexandra C. Gallagher
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael S. Parappilly
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Catherine Z. Beach
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Philip R. Streeter
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon,Oregon Health & Science University Stem Cell Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ian A. Williamson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Melissa H. Wong
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon,Oregon Health & Science University Stem Cell Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Melissa H. Wong, PhD, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L215, Portland, Oregon 97239. fax: (503) 494-4253.
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35
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Ye W, Takabayashi H, Yang Y, Mao M, Hibdon ES, Samuelson LC, Eaton KA, Todisco A. Regulation of Gastric Lgr5+ve Cell Homeostasis by Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Signaling and Inflammatory Stimuli. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:523-538. [PMID: 29930977 PMCID: PMC6009760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastric Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) cells exert important functions during injury and homeostasis. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling regulates gastric inflammation and epithelial homeostasis. We investigated if BMP signaling controls the fate of Lgr5+ve cells during inflammation. METHODS The H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase β-subunit promoter was used to express the BMP inhibitor noggin (Nog) in the stomach (H+/K+-Nog mice). Inhibition of BMP signaling in Lgr5 cells was achieved by crossing Lgr5-EGFP-ires-CreERT2 (Lgr5-Cre) mice to mice with floxed alleles of BMP receptor 1A (Lgr5-Cre;Bmpr1aflox/flox mice). Lgr5/GFP+ve cells were isolated using flow cytometry. Lineage tracing studies were conducted by crossing Lgr5-Cre mice to mice that express Nog and tdTomato (Lgr5-Cre;H+/K+-Nog;Rosa26-tdTom). Infection with Helicobacter felis was used to induce inflammation. Morphology of the mucosa was analyzed by H&E staining. Distribution of H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase-, IF-, Ki67-, CD44-, CD44v9-, and bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells was analyzed by immunostaining. Expression of neck and pit cell mucins was determined by staining with the lectins Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin II and Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1, respectively. Id1, Bmpr1a, Lgr5, c-Myc, and Cd44 messenger RNAs were measured by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Lgr5-Cre;Bmpr1aflox/flox mice showed diminished expression of Bmpr1a in Lgr5/GFP+ve cells. Infection of Lgr5-Cre;Bmpr1aflox/flox mice with H felis led to enhanced inflammation, increased cell proliferation, parietal cell loss, and to the development of metaplasia and dysplasia. Infected Lgr5-Cre;H+/K+-Nog;Rosa26-tdTom mice, but not control mice, showed the presence of tomato+ve glands lining the lesser curvature that stained positively with Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin II and Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1, and with anti-IF, -CD44, -CD44v9, and -bromodeoxyuridine antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation and inhibition of BMP signaling activate Lgr5+ve cells, which give rise to metaplastic, dysplastic, proliferating lineages that express markers of mucus neck and zymogenic cell differentiation.
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Key Words
- ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- Chief Cells
- Differentiation
- Dysplasia
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GSII, Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin II
- H/K-nog, H/K-noggin
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
- IF, intrinsic factor
- Metaplasia
- QRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SPEM, spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia
- TFF2, Trefoil factor 2
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ye
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Chinese Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hidehiko Takabayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yitian Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Chinese Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Maria Mao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elise S. Hibdon
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Linda C. Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kathryn A. Eaton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrea Todisco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Andrea Todisco, MD, 6520 Medical Science Research Building I, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0682. fax: (734) 763-2535.
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36
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Kasagi Y, Chandramouleeswaran PM, Whelan KA, Tanaka K, Giroux V, Sharma M, Wang J, Benitez AJ, DeMarshall M, Tobias JW, Hamilton KE, Falk GW, Spergel JM, Klein-Szanto AJ, Rustgi AK, Muir AB, Nakagawa H. The Esophageal Organoid System Reveals Functional Interplay Between Notch and Cytokines in Reactive Epithelial Changes. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:333-352. [PMID: 29552622 PMCID: PMC5852293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Aberrations in the esophageal proliferation-differentiation gradient are histologic hallmarks in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and gastroesophageal reflux disease. A reliable protocol to grow 3-dimensional (3D) esophageal organoids is needed to study esophageal epithelial homeostasis under physiological and pathologic conditions. METHODS We modified keratinocyte-serum free medium to grow 3D organoids from endoscopic esophageal biopsies, immortalized human esophageal epithelial cells, and murine esophagi. Morphologic and functional characterization of 3D organoids was performed following genetic and pharmacologic modifications or exposure to EoE-relevant cytokines. The Notch pathway was evaluated by transfection assays and by gene expression analyses in vitro and in biopsies. RESULTS Both murine and human esophageal 3D organoids displayed an explicit proliferation-differentiation gradient. Notch inhibition accumulated undifferentiated basal keratinocytes with deregulated squamous cell differentiation in organoids. EoE patient-derived 3D organoids displayed normal epithelial structure ex vivo in the absence of the EoE inflammatory milieu. Stimulation of esophageal 3D organoids with EoE-relevant cytokines resulted in a phenocopy of Notch inhibition in organoid 3D structures with recapitulation of reactive epithelial changes in EoE biopsies, where Notch3 expression was significantly decreased in EoE compared with control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Esophageal 3D organoids serve as a novel platform to investigate regulatory mechanisms in squamous epithelial homeostasis in the context of EoE and other diseases. Notch-mediated squamous cell differentiation is suppressed by cytokines known to be involved in EoE, suggesting that this may contribute to epithelial phenotypes associated with disease. Genetic and pharmacologic manipulations establish proof of concept for the utility of organoids for future studies and personalized medicine in EoE and other esophageal diseases.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- BCH, basal cell hyperplasia
- DAPI, 4′,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride
- DNMAML1, dominant negative MAML1
- DOX, doxycycline
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition
- EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis
- Eosinophilic Esophagitis
- GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GSI, γ-secretase inhibitor
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IL, interleukin
- IVL, Involucrin
- KSFM, keratinocyte SFM
- KSFMC, KSFM containing 0.6 mM Ca2+
- Keratinocytes
- MAML1, Mastermind-like protein1
- OFR, organoid formation rate
- Squamous Cell Differentiation
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Three-Dimensional
- Tslp, thymic stromal lymphopoietin
- aDMEM/F12, advanced Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kasagi
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Prasanna M. Chandramouleeswaran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly A. Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Veronique Giroux
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Medha Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua Wang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alain J. Benitez
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maureen DeMarshall
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John W. Tobias
- Penn Genomic Analysis Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn E. Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary W. Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan M. Spergel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andres J. Klein-Szanto
- Histopathology Facility and Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anil K. Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda B. Muir
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Hiroshi Nakagawa, MD, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 956 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160. fax: (215) 573–2024.Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicinePerelman School of MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania956 Biomedical Research Building, 421 Curie BoulevardPhiladelphia19104-6160Pennsylvania
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Abstract
Characterization of PTS-IIC, an endogenous constitutive promoter from L. lactis.. Cellobiose enhances activity from PTS-IIC promoter. PTS-IIC promoter mediates protein expression in B. subtilis and E coli Nissle 1917.
Constitutively active promoter elements for heterologous protein production in Lactococcus lactis are scarce. Here, the promoter of the PTS-IIC gene cluster from L. lactis NZ3900 is described. This promoter was cloned upstream of an enhanced green fluorescent protein, GFPmut3a, and transformed into L. lactis. Transformants produced up to 13.5 μg of GFPmut3a per milliliter of log phase cells. Addition of cellobiose further increased the production of GFPmut3a by up to two-fold when compared to glucose. Analysis of mutations at two specific positions in the PTS-IIC promoter showed that a ‘T’ to ‘G’ mutation within the −35 element resulted in constitutive expression in glucose, while a ‘C’ at nucleotide 7 in the putative cre site enhanced promoter activity in cellobiose. Finally, this PTS-IIC promoter is capable of mediating protein expression in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, suggesting the potential for future biotechnological applications of this element and its derivatives.
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Key Words
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- Heterologous protein expression
- LAB, lactic acid bacteria
- LB, Luria-Bertani media
- Lactococcus lactis
- OD600, optical density at 600 nm
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- Probiotics
- Promoter
- RFU, relative fluorescence unit
- ccpA, catabolite control protein A
- celA, cellobiose-specific phosphor-β-glucosidase
- cre, catabolite-responsive element
- noxE, NADH oxidase promoter
- nt, nucleotide
- ptcC, cellobiose-specific PTS IIC component
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS During late embryonic development and through weaning, enterocytes of the ileum are highly endocytic. Defects in endocytosis and trafficking are implicated in neonatal disease, however, the mechanisms regulating trafficking during the developmental period are incompletely understood. The apical endosomal protein endotubin (EDTB) is highly expressed in the late embryonic and neonatal ileum. In epithelial cells in vitro, EDTB regulates both trafficking of tight junction proteins and proliferation through modulation of YAP activity. However, EDTB function during the endocytic stage of development of the intestine is unknown. METHODS By using Villin-CreERT2, we induced knockout of EDTB during late gestation and analyzed the impact on endocytic compartments and enterocyte structure in neonates using immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Deletion of the apical endosomal protein EDTB in the small intestine during development impairs enterocyte morphogenesis, including loss of the apical endocytic complex, defective formation of the lysosomal compartment, and some cells had large microvillus-rich inclusions similar to those observed in microvillus inclusion disease. There also was a decrease in apical endocytosis and mislocalization of proteins involved in apical trafficking. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that EDTB-mediated trafficking within the epithelial cells of the developing ileum is important for maintenance of endocytic compartments and enterocyte integrity during early stages of gut development.
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Key Words
- AEC, apical endocytic complex
- AP, alkaline phosphatase
- CRISPR/Cas9, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/cas9 endonuclease
- EDTB, endotubin
- EEA1, early endosomal antigen 1
- Endosomes
- Endotubin
- G, guide
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GTPase, guanosine triphosphatase
- KO, knockout
- LAMP1, lysosome-associated membrane protein 1
- MAMDC4, MAM domain containing 4
- MVID, microvillus inclusion disease
- P, postnatal day
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Rab
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- TBST, tris-buffered saline with 0.1% tween-20
- TEM, transmission electron microscopic
- TJ, tight junction
- Tight Junction
- Trafficking
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Cox
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ruifeng Lu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona,Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Kaan Salcin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona,McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean M. Wilson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jean M. Wilson, PhD, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Arizona, PO Box 245044, Tucson, Arizona 85724. fax: (520) 626-2097.
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Duchalais E, Guilluy C, Nedellec S, Touvron M, Bessard A, Touchefeu Y, Bossard C, Boudin H, Louarn G, Neunlist M, Van Landeghem L. Colorectal Cancer Cells Adhere to and Migrate Along the Neurons of the Enteric Nervous System. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:31-49. [PMID: 29188232 PMCID: PMC5696385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In several types of cancers, tumor cells invade adjacent tissues by migrating along the resident nerves of the tumor microenvironment. This process, called perineural invasion, typically occurs along extrinsic nerves, with Schwann cells providing physical guidance for the tumor cells. However, in the colorectal cancer microenvironment, the most abundant nervous structures belong to the nonmyelinated intrinsic enteric nervous system (ENS). In this study, we investigated whether colon cancer cells interact with the ENS. METHODS Tumor epithelial cells (TECs) from human primary colon adenocarcinomas and cell lines were cocultured with primary cultures of ENS and cultures of human ENS plexus explants. By combining confocal and atomic force microscopy, as well as video microscopy, we assessed tumor cell adhesion and migration on the ENS. We identified the adhesion proteins involved using a proteomics approach based on biotin/streptavidin interaction, and their implication was confirmed further using selective blocking antibodies. RESULTS TEC adhered preferentially and with stronger adhesion forces to enteric nervous structures than to mesenchymal cells. TEC adhesion to ENS involved direct interactions with enteric neurons. Enteric neuron removal from ENS cultures led to a significant decrease in tumor cell adhesion. TECs migrated significantly longer and further when adherent on ENS compared with on mesenchymal cells, and their trajectory faithfully followed ENS structures. Blocking N-cadherin and L1CAM decreased TEC migration along ENS structures. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the enteric neuronal network guides tumor cell migration, partly via L1CAM and N-cadherin. These results open a new avenue of research on the underlying mechanisms and consequences of perineural invasion in colorectal cancer.
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Key Words
- AFM, atomic force microscope
- Adhesion
- Colorectal Cancer
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- ENS, enteric nervous system
- Enteric Neurons
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- MCS, multiple cloning site
- Migration
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- TEC, tumor epithelial cell
- Tuj, tubulin III
- pcENS, primary culture enteric nervous system
- α-SMA, α–smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Duchalais
- Inserm U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Emilie Duchalais, MD, Inserm U1235, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44000 Nantes, France. fax: +33 2 40 41 11 10.Inserm U12351 Rue Gaston VeilNantes44000France
| | | | - Steven Nedellec
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Micropicell, Nantes, France
| | - Melissa Touvron
- Inserm U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Bessard
- Inserm U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Yann Touchefeu
- Inserm U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Céline Bossard
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Boudin
- Inserm U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Guy Louarn
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Inserm U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Laurianne Van Landeghem
- Inserm U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Smith NR, Davies PS, Levin TG, Gallagher AC, Keene DR, Sengupta SK, Wieghard N, El Rassi E, Wong MH. Cell Adhesion Molecule CD166/ALCAM Functions Within the Crypt to Orchestrate Murine Intestinal Stem Cell Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:389-409. [PMID: 28462380 PMCID: PMC5404029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal epithelial homeostasis is maintained by active-cycling and slow-cycling stem cells confined within an instructive crypt-based niche. Exquisite regulating of these stem cell populations along the proliferation-to-differentiation axis maintains a homeostatic balance to prevent hyperproliferation and cancer. Although recent studies focus on how secreted ligands from mesenchymal and epithelial populations regulate intestinal stem cells (ISCs), it remains unclear what role cell adhesion plays in shaping the regulatory niche. Previously we have shown that the cell adhesion molecule and cancer stem cell marker, CD166/ALCAM (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule), is highly expressed by both active-cycling Lgr5+ ISCs and adjacent Paneth cells within the crypt base, supporting the hypothesis that CD166 functions to mediate ISC maintenance and signal coordination. METHODS Here we tested this hypothesis by analyzing a CD166-/- mouse combined with immunohistochemical, flow cytometry, gene expression, and enteroid culture. RESULTS We found that animals lacking CD166 expression harbored fewer active-cycling Lgr5+ ISCs. Homeostasis was maintained by expansion of the transit-amplifying compartment and not by slow-cycling Bmi1+ ISC stimulation. Loss of active-cycling ISCs was coupled with deregulated Paneth cell homeostasis, manifested as increased numbers of immature Paneth progenitors due to decreased terminal differentiation, linked to defective Wnt signaling. CD166-/- Paneth cells expressed reduced Wnt3 ligand expression and depleted nuclear β-catenin. CONCLUSIONS These data support a function for CD166 as an important cell adhesion molecule that shapes the signaling microenvironment by mediating ISC-niche cell interactions. Furthermore, loss of CD166 expression results in decreased ISC and Paneth cell homeostasis and an altered Wnt microenvironment.
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Key Words
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CD166
- CLEM, correlative light and electron microscopy
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- Homeostasis
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Intestinal Stem Cell
- Lyz, lysozyme
- Muc2, mucin 2
- Paneth Cell
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- Stem Cell Niche
- TA, transit-amplifying
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- WT, wild-type
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Smith
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Paige S. Davies
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Trevor G. Levin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alexandra C. Gallagher
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Sidharth K. Sengupta
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Nikki Wieghard
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Edward El Rassi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Melissa H. Wong
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA,OHSU Stem Cell Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Melissa H. Wong, PhD, Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L215, Portland, Oregon 97239. fax: (503) 494-4253.Oregon Health & Science UniversityDepartment of CellDevelopmental and Cancer Biology3181 SW Sam Jackson Park RoadMail Code L215PortlandOregon 97239
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Shimazu-Kuwahara S, Harada N, Yamane S, Joo E, Sankoda A, Kieffer TJ, Inagaki N. Attenuated secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) does not alleviate hyperphagic obesity and insulin resistance in ob/ob mice. Mol Metab 2017; 6:288-94. [PMID: 28271035 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is released during meals and promotes nutrient uptake and storage. GIP receptor knockout mice are protected from diet induced weight gain and thus GIP antagonists have been proposed as a treatment for obesity. In this study, we assessed the role of GIP in hyperphagia induced obesity and metabolic abnormalities in leptin deficient (Lepob/ob) mice. METHODS We crossbred GIP-GFP knock-in homozygous mice (GIPgfp/gfp) that have complete GIP knockout, and mice heterozygous for the ob mutation (Lepob/+) mice to generate Lepob/+/GIP+/+, Lepob/ob/GIP+/+, and Lepob/ob/GIPgfp/gfp mice. Male animals were weighed weekly and both oral glucose and insulin tolerance testing were performed to assess glucose homeostasis and circulating profiles of GIP and insulin. Body composition was evaluated by computerized tomography (CT) scan and analyses of indirect calorimetry and locomotor activity were performed. RESULTS Postprandial GIP levels were markedly elevated in Lepob/ob/GIP+/+ mice compared to Lepob/+/GIP+/+ controls and were undetectable in Lepob/ob/GIPgfp/gfp mice. Insulin levels were equivalently elevated in both Lepob/ob/GIP+/+ and Lepob/ob/GIPgfp/gfp mice compared to controls at 8 weeks of age but the hyperinsulinemia was marginally reduced in Lepob/ob/GIPgfp/gfp by 21 weeks, in association with amelioration of glucose intolerance. Both Lepob/ob/GIP+/+ and Lepob/ob/GIPgfp/gfp mice remained equivalently insulin resistant. Body weight gain and subcutaneous and visceral fat volume of both Lepob/ob/GIP+/+ and Lepob/ob/GIPgfp/gfp mice were significantly higher than that of Lepob/+/GIP+/+ mice, while no significant differences were seen between Lepob/ob/GIP+/+ and Lepob/ob/GIPgfp/gfp mice. Locomotor activity and energy expenditure were decreased in both Lepob/ob/GIP+/+ and Lepob/ob/GIPgfp/gfp mice compared to control Lepob/+/GIP+/+ mice, while no significant differences were seen between Lepob/ob/GIP+/+ and Lepob/ob/GIPgfp/gfp mice. There was no significant difference in fat oxidation among the three groups. Fat content in liver was significantly lower in Lepob/ob/GIPgfp/gfp compared to Lepob/ob/GIP+/+ mice, while that of control Lepob/+/GIP+/+ mice was the lowest. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that GIP knockout does not prevent excess weight gain and metabolic derangement in hyperphagic leptin deficient mice.
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Nakamura T, Fukaya T, Uto T, Takagi H, Arimura K, Tono T, Sato K. Selective depletion of basophils ameliorates immunoglobulin E-mediated anaphylaxis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 9:29-35. [PMID: 28955985 PMCID: PMC5614540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophils, which are the rarest granulocytes, play crucial roles in protective immunity against parasites and development of allergic disorders. Although immunoglobulin (Ig)E-dependent responses via receptor for IgE (FcεRI) in basophils have been extensively studied, little is known about cell surface molecules that are selectively expressed on this cell subset to utilize the elimination in vivo through treatment with monoclonal antibody (mAb). Since CD200 receptor 3 (CD200R3) was exclusively expressed on basophils and mast cells (MCs) using a microarray screening, we have generated anti-CD200R3 mAb recognizing CD200R3A. In this study we examined the expression pattern of CD200R3A on leukocytes, and the influence of the elimination of basophils by anti-CD200R3A mAb on allergic responses. Flow cytometric analysis showed that CD200R3A was primarily expressed on basophils and MCs, but not on other leukocytes. Administration with anti-CD200R3A mAb led to the prominent specific depletion of tissue-resident and circulating basophils, but not MCs. Furthermore, in vivo depletion of basophils ameliorated IgE-mediated systemic and local anaphylaxis. Taken together, these findings suggest that CD200R3A is reliable cell surface marker for basophils in vivo, and targeting this unique molecule with mAb for the elimination of basophils may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy in ameliorating the allergic diseases. CD200R3A was primarily expressed on basophils and mast cells. Administration with anti-CD200R3A mAb depleted basophils, but not MCs. Depletion of basophils by anti-CD200R3A mAb ameliorated IgE-mediated systemic and local anaphylaxis.
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Key Words
- BMMCs, bone marrow-derived mast cells
- Basophils
- CD200R, CD200 receptor
- DNP, 2,4-dinitrophenol
- DNP-BSA, DNP-conjugated bovine serum albumin
- FcγR, Fcγ receptor
- FcεR, Fcε receptor
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- IL, Interleukin
- IRES, internal ribosome entry site
- ITAM, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif
- Ig, Immunoglobulin
- IgE
- Intervention
- PE, Phycoerythrin
- PSA, passive systemic anaphylaxis
- Passive anaphylaxis
- RBC, red blood cells
- Type I hyperreactivity
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nakamura
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fukaya
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Uto
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takagi
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Keiichi Arimura
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tono
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sato
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Lo YH, Chung E, Li Z, Wan YW, Mahe MM, Chen MS, Noah TK, Bell KN, Yalamanchili HK, Klisch TJ, Liu Z, Park JS, Shroyer NF. Transcriptional Regulation by ATOH1 and its Target SPDEF in the Intestine. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 3:51-71. [PMID: 28174757 PMCID: PMC5247424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The transcription factor atonal homolog 1 (ATOH1) controls the fate of intestinal progenitors downstream of the Notch signaling pathway. Intestinal progenitors that escape Notch activation express high levels of ATOH1 and commit to a secretory lineage fate, implicating ATOH1 as a gatekeeper for differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. Although some transcription factors downstream of ATOH1, such as SPDEF, have been identified to specify differentiation and maturation of specific cell types, the bona fide transcriptional targets of ATOH1 still largely are unknown. Here, we aimed to identify ATOH1 targets and to identify transcription factors that are likely to co-regulate gene expression with ATOH1. METHODS We used a combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation and messenger RNA-based high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq and RNA-seq), together with cell sorting and transgenic mice, to identify direct targets of ATOH1, and establish the epistatic relationship between ATOH1 and SPDEF. RESULTS By using unbiased genome-wide approaches, we identified more than 700 genes as ATOH1 transcriptional targets in adult small intestine and colon. Ontology analysis indicated that ATOH1 directly regulates genes involved in specification and function of secretory cells. De novo motif analysis of ATOH1 targets identified SPDEF as a putative transcriptional co-regulator of ATOH1. Functional epistasis experiments in transgenic mice show that SPDEF amplifies ATOH1-dependent transcription but cannot independently initiate transcription of ATOH1 target genes. CONCLUSIONS This study unveils the direct targets of ATOH1 in the adult intestines and illuminates the transcriptional events that initiate the specification and function of intestinal secretory lineages.
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Key Words
- ATOH1
- ATOH1, atonal homolog 1
- Atoh1Flag
- Atoh1GFP
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- ChIP-seq, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing
- DBZ, dibenzazepine
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FDR, false-discovery rate
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GO, gene ontology
- Gfi1, growth factor independent 1
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Intestinal Epithelium
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- QES, Q-enrichment-score
- RT-qPCR, reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- SPDEF
- Spdef, SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor
- TRE-Spdef
- TSS, transcription start site
- Transcription
- Villin-creER
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Lo
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Eunah Chung
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying-Wooi Wan
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Maxime M. Mahe
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Min-Shan Chen
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Taeko K. Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kristin N. Bell
- Graduate Program in Molecular Developmental Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Tiemo J. Klisch
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhandong Liu
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joo-Seop Park
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Joo-Seop Park, PhD, Divisions of Pediatric Urology and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.Divisions of Pediatric Urology and Developmental BiologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhio
| | - Noah F. Shroyer
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Division of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Noah F. Shroyer, PhD, Division of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.Division of MedicineSection of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
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Tsai EA, Gilbert MA, Grochowski CM, Underkoffler LA, Meng H, Zhang X, Wang MM, Shitaye H, Hankenson KD, Piccoli D, Lin H, Kamath BM, Devoto M, Spinner NB, Loomes KM. THBS2 Is a Candidate Modifier of Liver Disease Severity in Alagille Syndrome. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:663-675.e2. [PMID: 28090565 PMCID: PMC5042888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alagille syndrome is an autosomal-dominant, multisystem disorder caused primarily by mutations in JAG1, resulting in bile duct paucity, cholestasis, cardiac disease, and other features. Liver disease severity in Alagille syndrome is highly variable, however, factors influencing the hepatic phenotype are unknown. We hypothesized that genetic modifiers may contribute to the variable expressivity of this disorder. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study in a cohort of Caucasian subjects with known pathogenic JAG1 mutations, comparing patients with mild vs severe liver disease, followed by functional characterization of a candidate locus. RESULTS We identified a locus that reached suggestive genome-level significance upstream of the thrombospondin 2 (THBS2) gene. THBS2 codes for a secreted matricellular protein that regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, and has been shown to affect Notch signaling. By using a reporter mouse line, we detected thrombospondin 2 expression in bile ducts and periportal regions of the mouse liver. Examination of Thbs2-null mouse livers showed increased microvessels in the portal regions of adult mice. We also showed that thrombospondin 2 interacts with NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 and can inhibit JAG1-NOTCH2 interactions. CONCLUSIONS Based on the genome-wide association study results, thrombospondin 2 localization within bile ducts, and demonstration of interactions of thrombospondin 2 with JAG1 and NOTCH2, we propose that changes in thrombospondin 2 expression may further perturb JAG1-NOTCH2 signaling in patients harboring a JAG1 mutation and lead to a more severe liver phenotype. These results implicate THBS2 as a plausible candidate genetic modifier of liver disease severity in Alagille syndrome.
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Key Words
- ALGS, Alagille syndrome
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CK19, cytokeratin 19
- ChiLDReN, Childhood Liver Disease Research Network
- Cholestasis
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GWAS, genome-wide association study
- Gene Modifier
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- JAG1
- NOTCH2
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- THBS2, thrombospondin 2
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- ddPCR, droplet digital polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Tsai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melissa A Gilbert
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher M Grochowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lara A Underkoffler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - He Meng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael M Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hailu Shitaye
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kurt D Hankenson
- Department of Physiology, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Colleges of Natural Science, Osteopathic Medicine, and Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David Piccoli
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Henry Lin
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Binita M Kamath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Nancy B Spinner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathleen M Loomes
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Perea-Gil I, Prat-Vidal C, Gálvez-Montón C, Roura S, Llucià-Valldeperas A, Soler-Botija C, Iborra-Egea O, Díaz-Güemes I, Crisóstomo V, Sánchez-Margallo FM, Bayes-Genis A. A Cell-Enriched Engineered Myocardial Graft Limits Infarct Size and Improves Cardiac Function: Pre-Clinical Study in the Porcine Myocardial Infarction Model. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2016; 1:360-72. [PMID: 30167524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) remains a dreadful disease around the world, causing irreversible sequelae that shorten life expectancy and reduce quality of life despite current treatment. Here, the authors engineered a cell-enriched myocardial graft, composed of a decellularized myocardial matrix refilled with adipose tissue-derived progenitor cells (EMG-ATDPC). Once applied over the infarcted area in the swine MI model, the EMG-ATDPC improved cardiac function, reduced infarct size, attenuated fibrosis progression, and promoted neovascularization of the ischemic myocardium. The beneficial effects exerted by the EMG-ATDPC and the absence of identified adverse side effects should facilitate its clinical translation as a novel MI therapy in humans. MI remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality despite major treatment advances achieved during the past decades. Administration of an engineered myocardial graft, composed of decellularized myocardial matrix refilled with ATDPCs (EMG-ATDPC), in a porcine pre-clinical MI model, may support cardiac recovery following MI. Thirty days post-EMG-ATDPC implantation, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and comprehensive histological analysis were performed to evaluate its impact on myocardial restoration. EMG-ATDPC resulted in better left ventricular ejection fraction, higher vessel density and neovascularization, and reduced infarct size by 68%, as well as limited fibrosis. Accordingly, EMG-ATDPC is ready to start the translational avenue toward phase I first-in-man clinical trials.
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Key Words
- ATDPC, adipose tissue-derived progenitor cells
- CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
- EMG, engineered myocardial graft
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- IsoB4, isolectin B4
- LV, left ventricle/ventricular
- LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction
- MI, myocardial infarction
- SMA, smooth muscle actin
- adipose tissue-derived progenitor cells
- cTnI, cardiac troponin I
- cardiac tissue engineering
- decellularized myocardial scaffold
- myocardial infarction
- pATDPC, porcine adipose tissue-derived progenitor cell
- pre-clinical model
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Tsai YH, Hill DR, Kumar N, Huang S, Chin AM, Dye BR, Nagy MS, Verzi MP, Spence JR. LGR4 and LGR5 Function Redundantly During Human Endoderm Differentiation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:648-662.e8. [PMID: 28078320 PMCID: PMC5042889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The Lgr family of transmembrane proteins (Lgr4, 5, 6) act as functional receptors for R-spondin proteins (Rspo 1, 2, 3, 4), and potentiate Wnt signaling in different contexts. Lgr5 is arguably the best characterized of the Lgr family members in a number of adult and embryonic contexts in mice. However, the function of LGR family members in early embryonic development is unclear, and has not been explored during human development or tissue differentiation in detail. METHODS We interrogated the function and expression of LGR family members using human pluripotent stem cell-derived tissues including definitive endoderm, mid/hindgut, and intestinal organoids. We performed embryonic lineage tracing in Lgr5-GFP-IRES-CreERT2 mice. RESULTS We show that LGR5 is part of the human definitive endoderm (DE) gene signature, and LGR5 transcripts are induced robustly when human pluripotent stem cells are differentiated into DE. Our results show that LGR4 and 5 are functionally required for efficient human endoderm induction. Consistent with data in human DE, we observe Lgr5 reporter (eGFP) activity in the embryonic day 8.5 mouse endoderm, and show the ability to lineage trace these cells into the adult intestine. However, gene expression data also suggest that there are human-mouse species-specific differences at later time points of embryonic development. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that LGR5 is induced during DE differentiation, LGR receptors are functionally required for DE induction, and that they function to potentiate WNT signaling during this process.
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Key Words
- CDX2, caudal type homeobox2
- ChIPseq, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing
- Ct, cycle threshold
- DE, definitive endoderm
- E, embryonic day
- Endoderm
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- Intestine
- LGR5
- Organoid
- Pluripotent Stem Cells
- Rspo, R-spondin protein
- WNT
- creER, cre recombinase protein fused to estrogen receptor
- hESC, human embryonic stem cell
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David R. Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Namit Kumar
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Sha Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alana M. Chin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Briana R. Dye
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Melinda S. Nagy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael P. Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jason R. Spence, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. fax: (734) 763-4686.Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan 48109
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47
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Nagy V, Cole T, Van Campenhout C, Khoung TM, Leung C, Vermeiren S, Novatchkova M, Wenzel D, Cikes D, Polyansky AA, Kozieradzki I, Meixner A, Bellefroid EJ, Neely GG, Penninger JM. The evolutionarily conserved transcription factor PRDM12 controls sensory neuron development and pain perception. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1799-808. [PMID: 25891934 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1036209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PR homology domain-containing member 12 (PRDM12) belongs to a family of conserved transcription factors implicated in cell fate decisions. Here we show that PRDM12 is a key regulator of sensory neuronal specification in Xenopus. Modeling of human PRDM12 mutations that cause hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) revealed remarkable conservation of the mutated residues in evolution. Expression of wild-type human PRDM12 in Xenopus induced the expression of sensory neuronal markers, which was reduced using various human PRDM12 mutants. In Drosophila, we identified Hamlet as the functional PRDM12 homolog that controls nociceptive behavior in sensory neurons. Furthermore, expression analysis of human patient fibroblasts with PRDM12 mutations uncovered possible downstream target genes. Knockdown of several of these target genes including thyrotropin-releasing hormone degrading enzyme (TRHDE) in Drosophila sensory neurons resulted in altered cellular morphology and impaired nociception. These data show that PRDM12 and its functional fly homolog Hamlet are evolutionary conserved master regulators of sensory neuronal specification and play a critical role in pain perception. Our data also uncover novel pathways in multiple species that regulate evolutionary conserved nociception.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Brn3d, brain 3d
- CGNL1, cyclin L1
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DDK, DYKDDDDK epitope
- Drgx, dorsal root ganglia homeobox
- ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence
- En1, engrailed-1
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FPKM, fragments per kilobase exon
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phospate dehydrogenase
- GEO, gene expression omnibus
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney cell 293
- HRP, horseraddish peroxidase
- HSAN, hereditary and sensory autonomic neuropathy
- Hamlet
- Hmx3, H6 family homeobox 3
- IL1R1, interleukin 1 receptor type 1
- MO, morpholino oligonucleotide
- NBT/BCIP, nitro blue tetrazolium / 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PDB, protein data base
- PMID, pubmed identification.
- PRDM12
- PRDM12, PR homology domain-containing member 12
- RA, retinoic acid
- RT-qPCR, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- S1PR1, Sphi8ngosine-1-phosphate receptor 1
- SET, Su(var)3–9 and ‘Enhancer of zeste’
- Sncg, Synuclein Gamma (Breast Cancer-Specific Protein 1)
- TRH(DE), tryrotropin-releasing hormone degrading enzyme
- TRHDE
- TRHDE, tyrotropin-releasing hormone degrading enzyme
- Tlx3, T-cell leukemia homeobox 3
- nociception
- pCMV6, plasmid cytomegalovirus
- sensory neurons
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Nagy
- IMBA-Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; UNSW Medicine, Sydney, Australia
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48
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Janda E, Lascala A, Carresi C, Parafati M, Aprigliano S, Russo V, Savoia C, Ziviani E, Musolino V, Morani F, Isidoro C, Mollace V. Parkinsonian toxin-induced oxidative stress inhibits basal autophagy in astrocytes via NQO2/quinone oxidoreductase 2: Implications for neuroprotection. Autophagy 2016; 11:1063-80. [PMID: 26046590 PMCID: PMC4590600 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1058683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) stimulates autophagy in different cellular systems, but it remains controversial if this rule can be generalized. We have analyzed the effect of chronic OS induced by the parkinsonian toxin paraquat (PQ) on autophagy in astrocytoma cells and primary astrocytes, which represent the first cellular target of neurotoxins in the brain. PQ decreased the basal levels of LC3-II and LC3-positive vesicles, and its colocalization with lysosomal markers, both in the absence and presence of chloroquine. This was paralleled by increased number and size of SQSTM1/p62 aggregates. Downregulation of autophagy was also observed in cells chronically exposed to hydrogen peroxide or nonlethal concentrations of PQ, and it was associated with a reduced astrocyte capability to protect dopaminergic cells from OS in co-cultures. Surprisingly, PQ treatment led to inhibition of MTOR, activation of MAPK8/JNK1 and MAPK1/ERK2-MAPK3/ERK1 and upregulation of BECN1/Beclin 1 expression, all signals typically correlating with induction of autophagy. Reduction of OS by NMDPEF, a specific NQO2 inhibitor, but not by N-acetylcysteine, abrogated the inhibitory effect of PQ and restored autophagic flux. Activation of NQO2 by PQ or menadione and genetic manipulation of its expression confirmed the role of this enzyme in the inhibitory action of PQ on autophagy. PQ did not induce NFE2L2/NRF2, but when it was co-administered with NMDPEF NFE2L2 activity was enhanced in a SQSTM1-independent fashion. Thus, a prolonged OS in astrocytes inhibits LC3 lipidation and impairs autophagosome formation and autophagic flux, in spite of concomitant activation of several pro-autophagic signals. These findings outline an unanticipated neuroprotective role of astrocyte autophagy and identify in NQO2 a novel pharmacological target for its positive modulation.
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Key Words
- AVs, autophagic vacuoles
- Ab, antibody
- BNAH, benzyldihydronicotinamide riboside
- CA-DCF-DA, 5(6)-carboxy-2′,7′ dichlorofluorescein diacetate
- CQ, chloroquine
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- FACS, flow cytometry
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- K3, menadione
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MPTP, 1-methyl 4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetraidro-piridine
- MitoSOX, 3,8-phenanthridinediamine, 5-(6′-triphenylphosphoniumhexyl)-5,6 dihydro-6-phenyl
- NFE2L2, nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2
- NMDPEF, N-[2-(2-methoxy-6H-dipyrido[2,3-a:3,2-e]pyrrolizin-11-yl)ethyl]-2-furamide]
- NQO2
- OS, oxidative stress
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PQ, paraquat
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT, room temperature
- SN, substantia nigra
- TTBS, Tween-Tris buffered saline
- WB, western blotting
- astrocytes
- macroautophagy
- p-, phosphorylated
- paraquat
- parkinson disease
- shRNA, short harpin ribonucleic acid
- siRNA, small interfering ribonucleic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Janda
- a Department of Health Sciences; University "Magna Graecia"; Campus Germaneto ; Catanzaro , Italy
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Kanamori H, Takemura G, Goto K, Tsujimoto A, Mikami A, Ogino A, Watanabe T, Morishita K, Okada H, Kawasaki M, Seishima M, Minatoguchi S. Autophagic adaptations in diabetic cardiomyopathy differ between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Autophagy 2016; 11:1146-60. [PMID: 26042865 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1051295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the association between autophagy and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Also unknown are possible distinguishing features of cardiac autophagy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In hearts from streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice, diastolic function was impaired, though autophagic activity was significantly increased, as evidenced by increases in microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3/LC3 and LC3-II/-I ratios, SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) and CTSD (cathepsin D), and by the abundance of autophagic vacuoles and lysosomes detected electron-microscopically. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was activated and ATP content was reduced in type 1 diabetic hearts. Treatment with chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, worsened cardiac performance in type 1 diabetes. In addition, hearts from db/db type 2 diabetic model mice exhibited poorer diastolic function than control hearts from db/+ mice. However, levels of LC3-II, SQSTM1 and phosphorylated MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) were increased, but CTSD was decreased and very few lysosomes were detected ultrastructurally, despite the abundance of autophagic vacuoles. AMPK activity was suppressed and ATP content was reduced in type 2 diabetic hearts. These findings suggest the autophagic process is suppressed at the final digestion step in type 2 diabetic hearts. Resveratrol, an autophagy enhancer, mitigated diastolic dysfunction, while chloroquine had the opposite effects in type 2 diabetic hearts. Autophagy in the heart is enhanced in type 1 diabetes, but is suppressed in type 2 diabetes. This difference provides important insight into the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy, which is essential for the development of new treatment strategies.
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Key Words
- AMP-activated protein kinase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- CTSD, cathepsin D
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HBA1c, glycated hemoglobin α 1
- LV, left ventricular
- MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- Mn-SOD, superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1
- STZ, streptozotocin
- autophagy
- cardiomyopathy
- chloroquine
- diabetes mellitus
- insulin
- resveratrol
- type 1 diabetes
- type 2 diabetes
- ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Kanamori
- a Department of Cardiology; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine ; Gifu , Japan
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50
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Abstract
Prion strains are different self-propagating conformers of the same infectious protein. Three strains of the [PSI] prion, infectious forms of the yeast Sup35 protein, have been previously characterized in our laboratory. Here we report the discovery of a new [PSI] strain, named W8. We demonstrate its robust cellular propagation as well as the protein-only transmission. To reveal strain-specific sequence requirement, mutations that interfered with the propagation of W8 were identified by consecutive substitution of residues 5-55 of Sup35 by proline and insertion of glycine at alternate sites in this segment. Interestingly, propagating W8 with single mutations at residues 5-7 and around residue 43 caused the strain to transmute. In contrast to the assertion that [PSI] existed as a dynamic cloud of sub-structures, no random drift in transmission characteristics was detected in mitotically propagated W8 populations. Electron diffraction and mass-per-length measurements indicate that, similar to the 3 previously characterized strains, W8 fibers are composed of about 1 prion molecule per 4.7-Å cross-β repeat period. Thus differently folded single Sup35 molecules, not dimeric and trimeric assemblies, form the basic repeating units to build the 4 [PSI] strains.
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Key Words
- 5-FOA, 5-fluoroorotic acid
- Aβ, amyloid β-protein
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- PrP, prion protein
- SC, synthetic complete
- STEM, scanning transmission electron microscopy
- YPD, yeast extract, peptone, dextrose
- amyloid, prion strain, [PSI+], SUP35, yeast
- mpl, mass per length
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Huang
- a Molecular and Cell Biology; Taiwan International Graduate Program; Academia Sinica and National Defense Medical Center ; Taipei , Taiwan
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