1
|
Yang J, Dong L, Wang Y, Gong L, Gao H, Xie Y. Targeted degradation of hexokinase 2 for anti‑inflammatory treatment in acute lung injury. Mol Med Rep 2024; 29:83. [PMID: 38516767 PMCID: PMC10975098 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is an acute inflammatory lung disease associated with both innate and adaptive immune responses. Hexokinase 2 (HK2) is specifically highly expressed in numerous types of inflammation‑related diseases and models. In the present study in vitro and in vivo effects of targeted degradation of HK2 on ALI were explored. The degradation of HK2 by the targeting peptide TAT (transactivator of transcription protein of HIV‑1)‑ataxin 1 (ATXN1)‑chaperone‑mediated autophagy‑targeting motif (CTM) was demonstrated by ELISA and western blotting in vitro and in vivo. The inhibitory effects of TAT‑ATXN1‑CTM on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced inflammatory responses were examined using ELISAs. The therapeutic effects of TAT‑ATXN1‑CTM on LPS‑induced ALI were examined via histological examination and ELISAs in mice. 10 µM TAT‑ATXN1‑CTM administration decreased HK2 protein expression and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF‑α and IL‑1β) without altering HK2 mRNA expression in LPS‑treated both in vitro and in vivo, while pathological lung tissue damage and the accumulation of leukocytes, neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes in ALI were also significantly suppressed by 10 µM TAT‑ATXN1‑CTM treatment. TAT‑ATXN1‑CTM exhibited anti‑inflammatory activity in vitro and decreased the severity of ALI in vivo. HK2 degradation may represent a novel therapeutic approach for ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530000, P.R. China
| | - Liangliang Dong
- Department of Pulmonology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, P.R. China
| | - Lifen Gong
- Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530000, P.R. China
| | - Yicheng Xie
- Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo Y, Lu X, Zhou Y, Chen WH, Tam KY. Combined inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 and hexokinase 2 induces apoptsis in non-small cell lung cancer cell models. Exp Cell Res 2023; 433:113830. [PMID: 37913974 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Many cancer cells exhibit enhanced glycolysis, which is seen as one of the hallmark metabolic alterations, known as Warburg effect. Substantial evidence shows that upregulated glycolytic enzymes are often linked to malignant growth. Using glycolytic inhibitors for anticancer treatment has become appealing in recent years for therapeutic intervention in cancers with highly glycolytic characteristic, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this work, we studied the anticancer effects and the underlying mechanisms of combination of benzerazide hydrocholoride (Benz), a hexokinase 2 (HK2) inhibitor and 64, a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) inhibitor, in several NSCLC cell lines. We found that combination of Benz and 64 exhibited strong synergistic anticancer effects in NCI-H1975, HCC827, NCI-H1299 and SK-LU-1 cell lines. With this combination treatment, we observed changes of certain mechanistic determinants associated with metabolic stress caused by glycolysis restriction, such as mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, overproduction of reactive oxygen species [1], activation of AMPK and down-regulation of mTOR, which contributed to enhanced apoptosis. Moreover, Benz and 64 together significantly suppressed the tumor growth in HCC827 cell mouse xenograft model. Taken together, our study may suggest that combined inhibition of HK2 and PDK1 using Benz and 64 could be a viable anticancer strategy for NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Guo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Xianchen Lu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, 529020, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Wen-Hua Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, 529020, PR China.
| | - Kin Yip Tam
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zuo J, Tang J, Lu M, Zhou Z, Li Y, Tian H, Liu E, Gao B, Liu T, Shao P. Glycolysis Rate-Limiting Enzymes: Novel Potential Regulators of Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:779787. [PMID: 34899740 PMCID: PMC8651870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a classic autoimmune disease characterized by uncontrolled synovial proliferation, pannus formation, cartilage injury, and bone destruction. The specific pathogenesis of RA, a chronic inflammatory disease, remains unclear. However, both key glycolysis rate-limiting enzymes, hexokinase-II (HK-II), phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), as well as indirect rate-limiting enzymes, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), are thought to participate in the pathogenesis of RA. In here, we review the latest literature on the pathogenesis of RA, introduce the pathophysiological characteristics of HK-II, PFK-1/PFKFB3, and PKM2 and their expression characteristics in this autoimmune disease, and systematically assess the association between the glycolytic rate-limiting enzymes and RA from a molecular level. Moreover, we highlight HK-II, PFK-1/PFKFB3, and PKM2 as potential targets for the clinical treatment of RA. There is great potential to develop new anti-rheumatic therapies through safe inhibition or overexpression of glycolysis rate-limiting enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Zuo
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinshuo Tang
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Lu
- Department of Nursing, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongsheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Li
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Enbo Liu
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baoying Gao
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Te Liu
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pu Shao
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Noser AA, Abdelmonsef AH, El-Naggar M, Salem MM. New Amino Acid Schiff Bases as Anticancer Agents via Potential Mitochondrial Complex I-Associated Hexokinase Inhibition and Targeting AMP-Protein Kinases/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175332. [PMID: 34500765 PMCID: PMC8434356 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two series of novel amino acid Schiff base ligands containing heterocyclic moieties, such as quinazolinone 3–11 and indole 12–20 were successfully synthesized and confirmed by spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. Furthermore, all compounds were investigated in silico for their ability to inhibit mitochondrial NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) by targeting the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway and inhibiting hexokinase, a key glycolytic enzyme to prevent the Warburg effect in cancer cells. This inhibitory pathway may be an effective strategy to cause cancer cell death due to an insufficient amount of ATP. Our results revealed that, out of 18 compounds, two (11 and 20) were top-ranked as they exhibited the highest binding energies of −8.8, −13.0, −7.9, and −10.0 kcal/mol in the docking analysis, so they were then selected for in vitro assessment. Compound 11 promoted the best cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 with IC50 = 64.05 ± 0.14 μg/mL (0.135 mM) while compound 20 exhibited the best cytotoxic effect on MDA-231 with IC50 = 46.29 ± 0.09 μg/mL (0.166 mM) Compounds 11 and 20 showed significant activation of AMPK protein and oxidative stress, which led to elevated expression of p53 and Bax, reduced Bcl-2 expression, and caused cell cycle arrest at the sub-G0/G1 phase. Moreover, compounds 11 and 20 showed significant inhibition of the mTOR protein, which led to the activation of aerobic glycolysis for survival. This alternative pathway was also blocked as compounds 11 and 20 showed significant inhibitory effects on the hexokinase enzyme. These findings demonstrate that compounds 11 and 20 obeyed Lipinski’s rule of five and could be used as privileged scaffolds for cancer therapy via their potential inhibition of mitochondrial complex I-associated hexokinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Noser
- Organic Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Aboubakr H. Abdelmonsef
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-10-989-65494
| | - Mohamed El-Naggar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Maha M. Salem
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun X, Peng Y, Zhao J, Xie Z, Lei X, Tang G. Discovery and development of tumor glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104891. [PMID: 33940446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells mainly provide necessary energy and substances for rapid cell growth through aerobic perglycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation. This phenomenon is called the "Warburg effect". The mechanism of glycolysis in tumor cells is more complicated, which is caused by the comprehensive regulation of multiple factors. Abnormal enzyme metabolism is one of the main influencing factors and inhibiting the three main rate-limiting enzymes in glycolysis is thought to be important strategy for cancer treatment. Therefore, numerous inhibitors of glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme have been developed in recent years, such as the latest HKII inhibitor and PKM2 inhibitor Pachymic acid (PA) and N-(4-(3-(3-(methylamino)-3-oxopropyl)-5-(4'-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)propiolamide. The review focuses on source, structure-activity relationship, bioecological activity and mechanism of the three main rate-limiting enzymes inhibitors, and hopes to guide the future research on the design and synthesis of rate-limiting enzyme inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Sun
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, PR China
| | - Yijiao Peng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, PR China
| | - Jingduo Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, PR China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Guotao Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ciscato F, Ferrone L, Masgras I, Laquatra C, Rasola A. Hexokinase 2 in Cancer: A Prima Donna Playing Multiple Characters. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094716. [PMID: 33946854 PMCID: PMC8125560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexokinases are a family of ubiquitous exose-phosphorylating enzymes that prime glucose for intracellular utilization. Hexokinase 2 (HK2) is the most active isozyme of the family, mainly expressed in insulin-sensitive tissues. HK2 induction in most neoplastic cells contributes to their metabolic rewiring towards aerobic glycolysis, and its genetic ablation inhibits malignant growth in mouse models. HK2 can dock to mitochondria, where it performs additional functions in autophagy regulation and cell death inhibition that are independent of its enzymatic activity. The recent definition of HK2 localization to contact points between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum called Mitochondria Associated Membranes (MAMs) has unveiled a novel HK2 role in regulating intracellular Ca2+ fluxes. Here, we propose that HK2 localization in MAMs of tumor cells is key in sustaining neoplastic progression, as it acts as an intersection node between metabolic and survival pathways. Disrupting these functions by targeting HK2 subcellular localization can constitute a promising anti-tumor strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ciscato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.F.); (I.M.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Lavinia Ferrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.F.); (I.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Ionica Masgras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.F.); (I.M.); (C.L.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, 56124 Pias, Italy
| | - Claudio Laquatra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.F.); (I.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.F.); (I.M.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (A.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zheng M, Wu C, Yang K, Yang Y, Liu Y, Gao S, Wang Q, Li C, Chen L, Li H. Novel selective hexokinase 2 inhibitor Benitrobenrazide blocks cancer cells growth by targeting glycolysis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 164:105367. [PMID: 33307221 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated glucose metabolism is a common feature of cancer cells. Hexokinase 2 (HK2) as the rate-limiting enzyme catalyzes the first step of glucose metabolism. It is overexpressed in most of the human cancers and has been a promising target for cancer therapy. Here, we report a novel selective HK2 inhibitor Benitrobenrazide (BNBZ), with nanomolar inhibitory potency. In vitro, BNBZ directly binds to HK2, induces apoptosis, and inhibits proliferation of HK2-overexpressed cancer cells. BNBZ also significantly inhibits the glycolysis of SW1990 cells by targeting HK2. The knockdown or knockout of HK2 expression in SW1990 cells can reduce their sensitivity to BNBZ. Additionally, oral administration of BNBZ can effectively inhibit tumor growth in SW1990 and SW480 xenograft models. In general, BNBZ significantly inhibited glycolysis and cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo by directly targeting HK2 with high potency and low toxicity, and can be developed as a novel HK2 small-molecule candidate drug for future cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhu Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Canrong Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyin Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueying Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Suyu Gao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schcolnik-Cabrera A, Dueñas-Gonzalez A. Mouse Model for Efficient Simultaneous Targeting of Glycolysis, Glutaminolysis, and De Novo Synthesis of Fatty Acids in Colon Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2174:45-69. [PMID: 32813244 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0759-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Colon cancer is a highly anabolic entity with upregulation of glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and de novo synthesis of fatty acids, which also induces a hypercatabolic state in the patient. The blockade of either cancer anabolism or host catabolism has been previously proven to be a successful anticancer experimental treatment. However, it is still unclear whether the simultaneous blockade of both metabolic counterparts can limit malignant survival and the energetic consequences of such an approach. In this chapter, by using the CT26.WT murine colon adenocarcinoma cell line as a model of study, we provide a method to simultaneously perform a pharmacological blockade of tumor anabolism and host catabolism, as a feasible therapeutic approach to treat cancer, and to limit its energetic supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Schcolnik-Cabrera
- Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/National Institute of Oncology (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Dueñas-Gonzalez
- Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/National Institute of Oncology (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dienel GA. Hypothesis: A Novel Neuroprotective Role for Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC3) in Brain-To Maintain Energy-Dependent Functions Including Cognitive Processes. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2529-2552. [PMID: 32815045 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The isoform of glucose-6-phosphatase in liver, G6PC1, has a major role in whole-body glucose homeostasis, whereas G6PC3 is widely distributed among organs but has poorly-understood functions. A recent, elegant analysis of neutrophil dysfunction in G6PC3-deficient patients revealed G6PC3 is a neutrophil metabolite repair enzyme that hydrolyzes 1,5-anhydroglucitol-6-phosphate, a toxic metabolite derived from a glucose analog present in food. These patients exhibit a spectrum of phenotypic characteristics and some have learning disabilities, revealing a potential linkage between cognitive processes and G6PC3 activity. Previously-debated and discounted functions for brain G6PC3 include causing an ATP-consuming futile cycle that interferes with metabolic brain imaging assays and a nutritional role involving astrocyte-neuron glucose-lactate trafficking. Detailed analysis of the anhydroglucitol literature reveals that it competes with glucose for transport into brain, is present in human cerebrospinal fluid, and is phosphorylated by hexokinase. Anhydroglucitol-6-phosphate is present in rodent brain and other organs where its accumulation can inhibit hexokinase by competition with ATP. Calculated hexokinase inhibition indicates that energetics of brain and erythrocytes would be more adversely affected by anhydroglucitol-6-phosphate accumulation than heart. These findings strongly support the paradigm-shifting hypothesis that brain G6PC3 removes a toxic metabolite, thereby maintaining brain glucose metabolism- and ATP-dependent functions, including cognitive processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Mail Slot 500, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bearham J, Garnett JP, Schroeder V, Biggart MGS, Baines DL. Effective glucose metabolism maintains low intracellular glucose in airway epithelial cells after exposure to hyperglycemia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C983-C992. [PMID: 31433692 PMCID: PMC6879884 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00193.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The airway epithelium maintains differential glucose concentrations between the airway surface liquid (ASL, ~0.4 mM) and the blood/interstitium (5-6 mM), which is important for defense against infection. Glucose primarily moves from the blood to the ASL via paracellular movement, down its concentration gradient, across the tight junctions. However, there is evidence that glucose can move transcellularly across epithelial cells. Using a Förster resonance energy transfer sensor for glucose, we investigated intracellular glucose concentrations in airway epithelial cells and the role of hexokinases in regulating intracellular glucose concentrations in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions. Our findings indicated that in airway epithelial cells (H441 or primary human bronchial epithelial cells) exposed to 5 mM glucose (normoglycemia), intracellular glucose concentration is in the micromolar range. Inhibition of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) with cytochalasin B reduced intracellular glucose concentration. When cells were exposed to 15 mM glucose (hyperglycemia), intracellular glucose concentration was reduced. Airway cells expressed hexokinases I, II, and III. Inhibition with 3-bromopyruvate decreased hexokinase activity by 25% and elevated intracellular glucose concentration, but levels remained in the micromolar range. Exposure to hyperglycemia increased glycolysis, glycogen, and sorbitol. Thus, glucose enters the airway cell via GLUTs and is then rapidly processed by hexokinase-dependent and hexokinase-independent metabolic pathways to maintain low intracellular glucose concentrations. We propose that this prevents transcellular transport and aids the removal of glucose from the ASL and that the main route of entry for glucose into the ASL is via the paracellular pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Bearham
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James P Garnett
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma and Company, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Victoria Schroeder
- Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma and Company, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Matthew G S Biggart
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah L Baines
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu X, Wei D, Gao Y, Du H, Yu B, Li R, Qian C, Luo X, Yuan S, Wang J, Sun L. Synergistic combination of DT-13 and Topotecan inhibits aerobic glycolysis in human gastric carcinoma BGC-823 cells via NM IIA/EGFR/HK II axis. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:6622-6634. [PMID: 31397978 PMCID: PMC6787456 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DT-13 combined with topotecan (TPT) showed stronger antitumour effects in mice subcutaneous xenograft model compared with their individual effects in our previous research. Here, we further observed the synergistically effect in mice orthotopic xenograft model. Metabolomics analysis showed DT-13 combined with TPT alleviated metabolic disorders induced by tumour and synergistically inhibited the activity of the aerobic glycolysis-related enzymes in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistic studies revealed that the combination treatment promoted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degradation through non-muscle myosin IIA (NM IIA)-induced endocytosis of EGFR, further inhibited the activity of hexokinase II (HK II), and eventually promoted the aerobic glycolysis inhibition activity more efficiently compared with TPT or DT-13 monotherapy. The combination therapy also inhibited the specific binding of HK II to mitochondria. When using the NM II inhibitor (-)002Dblebbistatin or MYH-9 shRNA, the synergistic inhibition effect of DT-13 and TPT on aerobic glycolysis was eliminated in BGC-823 cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed selective up-regulation of NM IIA while specific down-regulation of p-CREB, EGFR, and HK II by the combination therapy. Collectively, these findings suggested that this regimen has significant clinical implications, warranted further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Wen Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Dandan Wei
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and EfficacyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
| | - Ying‐Sheng Gao
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and EvaluationChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hong‐Zhi Du
- School of PharmacyHubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanChina
| | - Bo‐Yang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCMChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Rui‐Ming Li
- Tasly Research InstituteTianjin Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd.TianjinChina
| | - Chang‐Min Qian
- Tasly Research InstituteTianjin Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd.TianjinChina
| | - Xue‐Jun Luo
- Tasly Research InstituteTianjin Tasly Holding Group Co. Ltd.TianjinChina
| | - Sheng‐Tao Yuan
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and EvaluationChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jun‐Song Wang
- Center for Molecular MetabolismNanjing University of Science & TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Li Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Drug ScreeningChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Song YJ, Zheng HB, Peng AH, Ma JH, Lu DD, Li X, Zhang HY, Xie WD. Strepantibins A-C: Hexokinase II Inhibitors from a Mud Dauber Wasp Associated Streptomyces sp. J Nat Prod 2019; 82:1114-1119. [PMID: 31013087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two new p-terphenyls, strepantibins A and B (1 and 2), along with the first representative of a naturally occurring bisphenyltropone, strepantibin C (3), were characterized from a Streptomyces sp. associated with the larvae of the mud dauber wasp Sceliphron madraspatanum. Their structures were determined by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, NMR, and X-ray crystallography data interpretation. Strepantibins A-C inhibited hexokinase II (HK2) activity and displayed antiproliferative activity against hepatoma carcinoma cells HepG-2, SMMC-7721 and plc-prf-5. In SMMC-7721 cells treated with strepantibin A, the morphological characteristics of apoptosis were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science , Shandong University at Weihai , Weihai 264209 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Science , Shandong University , Jinan 250012 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Hong Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science , Shandong University at Weihai , Weihai 264209 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Hui Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science , Shandong University at Weihai , Weihai 264209 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science , Shandong University at Weihai , Weihai 264209 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science , Shandong University at Weihai , Weihai 264209 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang 550002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hang-Yu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Dong Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Marine Science , Shandong University at Weihai , Weihai 264209 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang 550002 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Flaherty DP, Harris MT, Schroeder CE, Khan H, Kahney EW, Hackler AL, Patrick SL, Weiner WS, Aubé J, Sharlow ER, Morris JC, Golden JE. Optimization and Evaluation of Antiparasitic Benzamidobenzoic Acids as Inhibitors of Kinetoplastid Hexokinase 1. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1994-2005. [PMID: 29105342 PMCID: PMC5808564 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid-based infections are neglected diseases that represent a significant human health issue. Chemotherapeutic options are limited due to toxicity, parasite susceptibility, and poor patient compliance. In response, we studied a molecular-target-directed approach involving intervention of hexokinase activity-a pivotal enzyme in parasite metabolism. A benzamidobenzoic acid hit with modest biochemical inhibition of Trypanosoma brucei hexokinase 1 (TbHK1, IC50 =9.1 μm), low mammalian cytotoxicity (IMR90 cells, EC50 >25 μm), and no appreciable activity on whole bloodstream-form (BSF) parasites was optimized to afford a probe with improved TbHK1 potency and, significantly, efficacy against whole BSF parasites (TbHK1, IC50 =0.28 μm; BSF, ED50 =1.9 μm). Compounds in this series also inhibited the hexokinase enzyme from Leishmania major (LmHK1), albeit with less potency than toward TbHK1, suggesting that inhibition of the glycolytic pathway may be a promising opportunity to target multiple disease-causing trypanosomatid protozoa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Flaherty
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66049, USA
- Present Address: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael T Harris
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Present Address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Chad E Schroeder
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66049, USA
| | - Haaris Khan
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Kahney
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Present Address: Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Amber L Hackler
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Stephen L Patrick
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Warren S Weiner
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66049, USA
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66049, USA
- Present Address: School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, 3012 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Sharlow
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - James C Morris
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Jennifer E Golden
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66049, USA
- Present Address: School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li W, Zheng M, Wu S, Gao S, Yang M, Li Z, Min Q, Sun W, Chen L, Xiang G, Li H. Benserazide, a dopadecarboxylase inhibitor, suppresses tumor growth by targeting hexokinase 2. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2017; 36:58. [PMID: 28427443 PMCID: PMC5399312 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hexokinase (HK) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the first reaction of glycolysis. And Hexokinase 2 (HK2) is most closely related to malignant tumor which expresses at higher level compared with normal cells. HK2 plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation and maintenance, which provides a new target for cancer therapy. METHODS Structure-based virtual ligand screening was used in hit identification from ZINC Drug Database. Microscale thermophoresis assay was performed to evaluate the binding affinity. Enzyme inhibition, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, intracellular ATP level, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), glucose uptake and lactate production experiments were undertaken in SW480 cells to identify Benz as a HK2 inhibitor. Western blot was used to test protein expression. SW480 cells xenograft mouse models were used for in vivo study. Nano-particles of Benz were prepared to improve the antitumor efficacy and tumor targeting of Benz. HPLC was used to measure the concentration of free Benz in tumor tissues. RESULTS Benserazide (Benz), was identified as a selective HK2 inhibitor, could specifically bind to HK2 and significantly inhibit HK2 enzymatic activity in vitro. In addition, Benz reduced glucose uptake, lactate production and intracellular ATP level, and could cause cell apoptosis and an increased loss of MMP as well. In vivo study indicated that intraperitoneal (ip) injection of Benz at 300 and 600 mg/Kg suppressed cancer growth in tumor-bearing mice and no toxicity shown. To further improve the antitumor efficacy and tumor targeting of Benz, nano-particles of Benz was prepared. Liposomal Benz at 100 and 200 mg/Kg performed potent inhibitory effects on tumor-bearing mice, showing reduced dose and better efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a new direction for the development of Benz and its analogues as novel antitumor agents for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Mengzhu Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Shuangping Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Suyu Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Mei Yang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081 China
| | - Zhimei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Qiuxia Min
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Weiguang Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Lixia Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Guangya Xiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Hua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Quach CHT, Jung KH, Lee JH, Park JW, Moon SH, Cho YS, Choe YS, Lee KH. Mild Alkalization Acutely Triggers the Warburg Effect by Enhancing Hexokinase Activity via Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel Binding. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159529. [PMID: 27479079 PMCID: PMC4968818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To fully understand the glycolytic behavior of cancer cells, it is important to recognize how it is linked to pH dynamics. Here, we evaluated the acute effects of mild acidification and alkalization on cancer cell glucose uptake and glycolytic flux and investigated the role of hexokinase (HK). Cancer cells exposed to buffers with graded pH were measured for 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake, lactate production and HK activity. Subcellular localization of HK protein was assessed by western blots and confocal microscopy. The interior of T47D breast cancer cells was mildly alkalized to pH 7.5 by a buffer pH of 7.8, and this was accompanied by rapid increases of FDG uptake and lactate extrusion. This shift toward glycolytic flux led to the prompt recovery of a reversed pH gradient. In contrast, mild acidification rapidly reduced cellular FDG uptake and lactate production. Mild acidification decreased and mild alkalization increased mitochondrial HK translocation and enzyme activity. Cells transfected with specific siRNA against HK-1, HK-2 and voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC)1 displayed significant attenuation of pH-induced changes in FDG uptake. Confocal microscopy showed increased co-localization of HK-1 and HK-2 with VDAC1 by alkaline treatment. In isolated mitochondria, acidic pH increased and alkaline pH decreased release of free HK-1 and HK-2 from the mitochondrial pellet into the supernatant. Furthermore, experiments using purified proteins showed that alkaline pH promoted co-immunoprecipitation of HK with VDAC protein. These findings demonstrate that mild alkalization is sufficient to acutely trigger cancer cell glycolytic flux through enhanced activity of HK by promoting its mitochondrial translocation and VDAC binding. This process might serve as a mechanism through which cancer cells trigger the Warburg effect to maintain a dysregulated pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyung-Ho Jung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Won Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Seok Cho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yearn Seong Choe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Han Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang L, Wang J, Xiong H, Wu F, Lan T, Zhang Y, Guo X, Wang H, Saleem M, Jiang C, Lu J, Deng Y. Co-targeting hexokinase 2-mediated Warburg effect and ULK1-dependent autophagy suppresses tumor growth of PTEN- and TP53-deficiency-driven castration-resistant prostate cancer. EBioMedicine 2016; 7:50-61. [PMID: 27322458 PMCID: PMC4909365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, no therapeutic options exist for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients who have developed resistance to the second generation anti-androgen receptor (AR) axis therapy. Here we report that co-deletion of Pten and p53 in murine prostate epithelium, often observed in human CRPC, leads to AR-independent CRPC and thus confers de novo resistance to second generation androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in multiple independent yet complementary preclinical mouse models. In contrast, mechanism-driven co-targeting hexokinase 2 (HK2)-mediated Warburg effect with 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and ULK1-dependent autophagy with chloroquine (CQ) selectively kills cancer cells through intrinsic apoptosis to cause tumor regression in xenograft, leads to a near-complete tumor suppression and remarkably extends survival in Pten-/p53-deficiency-driven CRPC mouse model. Mechanistically, 2-DG causes AMPK phosphorylation, which in turn inhibits mTORC1-S6K1 translation signaling to preferentially block anti-apoptotic protein MCL-l synthesis to prime mitochondria-dependent apoptosis while simultaneously activates ULK1-driven autophagy for cell survival to counteract the apoptotic action of anti-Warburg effect. Accordingly, inhibition of autophagy with CQ sensitizes cancer cells to apoptosis upon 2-DG challenge. Given that 2-DG is recommended for phase II clinical trials for prostate cancer and CQ has been clinically used as an anti-malaria drug for many decades, the preclinical results from our proof-of-principle studies in vivo are imminently translatable to clinical trials to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy by the combination modality for a subset of currently incurable CRPC harboring PTEN and TP53 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, The University of Minnesota Hormel Institute, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Ji Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, The University of Minnesota Hormel Institute, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Hua Xiong
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, The University of Minnesota Hormel Institute, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Fengxia Wu
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, The University of Minnesota Hormel Institute, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Tian Lan
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, The University of Minnesota Hormel Institute, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, The University of Minnesota Hormel Institute, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Xiaolan Guo
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, The University of Minnesota Hormel Institute, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Huanan Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, The University of Minnesota Hormel Institute, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, The University of Minnesota Hormel Institute, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Junxuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Yibin Deng
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, The University of Minnesota Hormel Institute, Austin, MN, 55912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lan H, Luo L, Qi X, Gong Y, Chen Y. [miR-181c inhibits glycolysis by targeting hexokinase 2 in cancer-associated fibroblasts]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2015; 35:1619-1623. [PMID: 26607087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of miR-181c in glycolysis of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and explore the mechanism. METHODS Human lung CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs), isolated from fresh human lung adenocarcinoma tissue specimens by primary culture of tissue explants, were transfected with a miR -181c mimics, a miR-181c inhibitor, a siRNA siRNA-HK2 or the vector HK2-vector via Lipofectamine(TM) 2000. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to analyze the changes in miR-125b expression in the transfected cells; hexokinase-2 (HK2) protein expression in the cells was detected using Western blotting, and the cellular glucose uptake was assessed with 2-NBDG. Lactate production in the cells was examined and expression of HK2 mRNA was detected with dual luciferase reporter gene assay. RESULTS No obvious difference was found in the cell morphology between CAFs and NFs. Compared with the NFs, the CAFs showed obviously increased glucose uptake, lactate production and HK2 protein expression with decreased expressions of the miR-181 family (P<0.05). Transfection with the miR-181 inhibito- rsignificantly increased glucose uptake, lactate production and HK2 protein expression in the NFs. In CAFs, transfection with the miR-181 mimics caused significantly lowered glucose uptake, lactate production and HK2 protein expression of. Knockdown of endogenous HK2 by siRNA abolished miR-181 mimics-mediated decrease of glucose uptake and lactate production in CAFs, while transfection with miR-181 mimics suppressed HK2 overexpression-induced enhancement of glucose uptake and lactate production in NFs. CONCLUSION Transfection with miR-181 mimics can suppress glycolysis in CAFs by inhibiting HK2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Lan
- Department of Comprehensive Intensive Care Unit, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gandham SK, Talekar M, Singh A, Amiji MM. Inhibition of hexokinase-2 with targeted liposomal 3-bromopyruvate in an ovarian tumor spheroid model of aerobic glycolysis. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:4405-23. [PMID: 26185443 PMCID: PMC4501223 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s82818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression levels of glycolytic markers, especially hexokinase-2 (HK2), using a three-dimensional multicellular spheroid model of human ovarian adenocarcinoma (SKOV-3) cells and to develop an epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted liposomal formulation for improving inhibition of HK2 and the cytotoxicity of 3-bromopyruvate (3-BPA). METHODS Multicellular SKOV-3 tumor spheroids were developed using the hanging drop method and expression levels of glycolytic markers were examined. Non-targeted and epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted liposomal formulations of 3-BPA were formulated and characterized. Permeability and cellular uptake of the liposomal formulations in three-dimensional SKOV-3 spheroids was evaluated using confocal microscopy. The cytotoxicity and HK2 inhibition potential of solution form of 3-BPA was compared to the corresponding liposomal formulation by using cell proliferation and HK2 enzymatic assays. RESULTS SKOV-3 spheroids were reproducibly developed using the 96-well hanging drop method, with an average size of 900 µm by day 5. HK2 enzyme activity levels under hypoxic conditions were found to be higher than under normoxic conditions (P<0.0001, Student's t-test, unpaired and two-tailed). Liposomal formulations (both non-targeted and targeted) of 3-BPA showed a more potent inhibitory effect (P<0.001, Student's t-test, unpaired and two-tailed) at a dose of 50 µM than the aqueous solution form at 3, 6, and 24 hours post administration. Similarly, the cytotoxic activity 3-BPA at various concentrations (10 µM-100 µM) showed that the liposomal formulations had an enhanced cytotoxic effect of 2-5-fold (P<0.0001, Student's t-test, unpaired and two-tailed) when compared to the aqueous solution form for both 10 µM and 25 µM concentrations. CONCLUSION SKOV-3 spheroids developed by the hanging drop method can be used as a tumor aerobic glycolysis model for evaluation of therapies targeting the glycolytic pathway in cancer cells. Encapsulation of 3-BPA in a liposomal formulation improved permeability, HK2 inhibition, and cytotoxicity in the multicellular spheroid model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srujan Kumar Gandham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meghna Talekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang J, Jiang Z, Xiang L, Li Y, Ou M, Yang X, Shao J, Lu Y, Lin L, Chen J, Dai Y, Jia L. Synergism of ursolic acid derivative US597 with 2-deoxy-D-glucose to preferentially induce tumor cell death by dual-targeting of apoptosis and glycolysis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5006. [PMID: 25833312 PMCID: PMC4650901 DOI: 10.1038/srep05006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a naturally bioactive product that exhibits potential anticancer effects. The relatively safe and effective molecule intrigued us to explore a way to further improve its anti-cancer activity and tumor-targeting specificity. In the present study, a series of structural modifications of UA was achieved, which resulted in significant increase in growth inhibition on various cancer cell lines with minimal effects on normal cells. The leading molecule US597 (UA-4) caused depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, cell arrest in G0/G1 phase and apoptosis/necrosis in a dose-dependent manner. Structural docking suggested that the carbon chains of the modified UA derivatives compete strongly with glucose for binding to glucokinase, the key glycolysis enzyme presumably active in cancer cells. The combination of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and UA-4 induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase, promoted caspase-dependent cell death, reduced hexokinase activity, aggravated depletion of intracellular ATP, decreased lactate production and synergistically inhibited cancer cell growth in vitro (HepG2) and in vivo (H22). Collectively, our findings suggest that the structural modification enhances efficacy and selectivity of UA, and the combination of UA-4 with 2-DG produces synergistic inhibition on hepatoma cell proliferation by dual targeting of apoptosis and glycolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jichuang Wang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Liping Xiang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuanfang Li
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Minrui Ou
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jingwei Shao
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yusheng Lu
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lifeng Lin
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jianzhong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yun Dai
- Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Room 234 Goodwin Research Building, 401 College Street, Richmond VA 23298, USA
| | - Lee Jia
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 523 Industry Road, Science Building, 3FL., Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oronsky BT, Oronsky N, Fanger GR, Parker CW, Caroen SZ, Lybeck M, Scicinski JJ. Follow the ATP: tumor energy production: a perspective. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2014; 14:1187-98. [PMID: 25102360 DOI: 10.2174/1871520614666140804224637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As early as the 1920s, the eminent physician and chemist, Otto Warburg, nominated for a second Nobel Prize for his work on fermentation, observed that the core metabolic signature of cancer cells is a high glycolytic flux. Warburg averred that the prime mover of cancer is defective mitochondrial respiration, which drives a switch to an alternative energy source, aerobic glycolysis in lieu of Oxidative Phosphorylation (OXPHOS), in an attempt to maintain cellular viability and support critical macromolecular needs. The cell, deprived of mitochondrial ATP production, must reprogram its metabolism as a secondary survival mechanism to maintain sufficient ATP and NADH levels for macromolecule production, membrane integrity and DNA synthesis as well as maintenance of membrane ionic gradients. A time-tested method to identify and disrupt criminal activity is to "follow the money" since the illicit proceeds from crime are required to underwrite it. By analogy, strategies to target cancer involve following and disrupting the flow of ATP and NADH, the energetic and redox "currencies" of the cell, respectively, since the tumor requires high levels of ATP and NADH, not only for metastasis and proliferation, but also, on a more basic level, for survival. Accordingly, four broad ATP reduction strategies to impact and potentially derail cancer energy production are highlighted herein: 1) small molecule energy-restriction mimetic agents (ERMAs) that target various aspects of energy metabolism, 2) reduction of energy 'subsidization' with autophagy inhibitors, 3) acceleration of ATP turnover to increase energy inefficiency, and 4) dietary energy restriction to limit the energy supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan J Scicinski
- EpicentRx, Inc., 800 W El Camino Real, Suite 180, Mountain View, CA 94040.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sukumar M, Liu J, Ji Y, Subramanian M, Crompton JG, Yu Z, Roychoudhuri R, Palmer DC, Muranski P, Karoly ED, Mohney RP, Klebanoff CA, Lal A, Finkel T, Restifo NP, Gattinoni L. Inhibiting glycolytic metabolism enhances CD8+ T cell memory and antitumor function. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4479-88. [PMID: 24091329 DOI: 10.1172/jci69589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Naive CD8+ T cells rely upon oxidation of fatty acids as a primary source of energy. After antigen encounter, T cells shift to a glycolytic metabolism to sustain effector function. It is unclear, however, whether changes in glucose metabolism ultimately influence the ability of activated T cells to become long-lived memory cells. We used a fluorescent glucose analog, 2-NBDG, to quantify glucose uptake in activated CD8+ T cells. We found that cells exhibiting limited glucose incorporation had a molecular profile characteristic of memory precursor cells and an increased capacity to enter the memory pool compared with cells taking up high amounts of glucose. Accordingly, enforcing glycolytic metabolism by overexpressing the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase-1 severely impaired the ability of CD8+ T cells to form long-term memory. Conversely, activation of CD8+ T cells in the presence of an inhibitor of glycolysis, 2-deoxyglucose, enhanced the generation of memory cells and antitumor functionality. Our data indicate that augmenting glycolytic flux drives CD8+ T cells toward a terminally differentiated state, while its inhibition preserves the formation of long-lived memory CD8+ T cells. These results have important implications for improving the efficacy of T cell-based therapies against chronic infectious diseases and cancer.
Collapse
|
22
|
Al-Mulla Hummadi YM, Al-Bashir NM, Najim RA. The mechanism behind the antileishmanial effect of zinc sulphate. II. Effects on the enzymes of the parasites. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 2013; 99:131-9. [PMID: 15814032 DOI: 10.1179/136485905x19937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
When used in vitro, zinc sulphate has a direct antileishmanial effect. To see if this effect involved the inhibition of the parasites' enzymes, extracts of the promastigotes and axenic amastigotes of Leishmania major (MHOM/IQ/93/MRC6) and L. tropica (MHOM/IQ/93/MRC2) were prepared. Zinc sulphate, at various concentrations, was then added to samples of these extracts before the activities, in the samples, of certain key enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, hexose-monophosphate shunt and citric-acid cycle, and of two enzymes associated with virulence (protease and acid phosphatase), were determined. The zinc was found to inhibit every enzyme investigated, usually in a dose-dependent manner. Thus the direct antileishmanial effect of zinc may result, partially or entirely, from the inhibition of enzymes that are necessary for the parasites' carbohydrate metabolism and virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y M Al-Mulla Hummadi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, P.O. Box 61208, Baghdad 12114, Iraq
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Falck Miniotis M, Arunan V, Eykyn TR, Marais R, Workman P, Leach MO, Beloueche-Babari M. MEK1/2 inhibition decreases lactate in BRAF-driven human cancer cells. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4039-49. [PMID: 23639941 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The RAS/BRAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is a central driver in cancer with many BRAF and MEK inhibitors being evaluated in clinical trials. Identifying noninvasive biomarkers of early pharmacodynamic responses is important for development of these targeted drugs. As increased aerobic glycolysis is often observed in cancer, we hypothesized that MEK1/2 (MAP2K1/MAP2K2) inhibitors may reduce lactate levels as detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), as a metabolic biomarker for the pharmacodynamic response. MRS was used to monitor intracellular and extracellular levels of lactate in human cancer cells in vitro and in melanoma tumors ex vivo. In addition, we used (1)H MRS and a fluorescent glucose analog to evaluate the effect of MEK inhibition on glucose uptake. MEK1/2 signaling inhibition reduced extracellular lactate levels in BRAF-dependent cells but not BRAF-independent cells. The reduction in extracellular lactate in BRAF-driven melanoma cells was time-dependent and associated with reduced expression of hexokinase-II driven by c-Myc depletion. Taken together, these results reveal how MEK1/2 inhibition affects cancer cell metabolism in the context of BRAF oncogene addiction. Furthermore, they offer a preclinical proof-of-concept for the use of MRS to measure lactate as a noninvasive metabolic biomarker for pharmacodynamic response to MEK1/2 inhibition in BRAF-driven cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Falck Miniotis
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nakano A, Miki H, Nakamura S, Harada T, Oda A, Amou H, Fujii S, Kagawa K, Takeuchi K, Ozaki S, Matsumoto T, Abe M. Up-regulation of hexokinaseII in myeloma cells: targeting myeloma cells with 3-bromopyruvate. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2012; 44:31-8. [PMID: 22298254 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-012-9412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hexokinase II (HKII), a key enzyme of glycolysis, is widely over-expressed in cancer cells. However, HKII levels and its roles in ATP production and ATP-dependent cellular process have not been well studied in hematopoietic malignant cells including multiple myeloma (MM) cells.We demonstrate herein that HKII is constitutively over-expressed in MM cells. 3-bromopyruvate (3BrPA), an inhibitor of HKII, promptly and substantially suppresses ATP production and induces cell death in MM cells. Interestingly, cocultures with osteoclasts (OCs) but not bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt along with an increase in HKII levels and lactate production in MM cells. The enhancement of HKII levels and lactate production in MM cells by OCs were mostly abrogated by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, suggesting activation of glycolysis in MM cells by OCs via the PI3K-Akt-HKII pathway. Although BMSCs and OCs stimulate MM cell growth and survival, 3BrPA induces cell death in MM cells even in cocultures with OCs as well as BMSCs. Furthermore, 3BrPA was able to diminish ATP-dependent ABC transporter activity to restore drug retention in MM cells in the presence of OCs. These results may underpin possible clinical application of 3BrPA in patients with MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Nakano
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Medicine, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Martins-de-Souza D, Alsaif M, Ernst A, Harris LW, Aerts N, Lenaerts I, Peeters PJ, Amess B, Rahmoune H, Bahn S, Guest PC. The application of selective reaction monitoring confirms dysregulation of glycolysis in a preclinical model of schizophrenia. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:146. [PMID: 22420779 PMCID: PMC3359223 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing preclinical models is essential for novel drug discovery in schizophrenia. Most existing models are characterized by abnormalities in behavioral readouts, which are informative, but do not necessarily translate to the symptoms of the human disease. Therefore, there is a necessity of characterizing the preclinical models from a molecular point of view. Selective reaction monitoring (SRM) has already shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies for multiplex measurement of diagnostic, prognostic and treatment-related biomarkers. METHODS We have established an SRM assay for multiplex analysis of 7 enzymes of the glycolysis pathway which is already known to be affected in human schizophrenia and in the widely-used acute PCP rat model of schizophrenia. The selected enzymes were hexokinase 1 (Hk1), aldolase C (Aldoc), triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh), phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (Pgam1), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (Pgk1) and enolase 2 (Eno2). The levels of these enzymes were analyzed using SRM in frontal cortex from brain tissue of PCP treated rats. RESULTS Univariate analyses showed statistically significant altered levels of Tpi1 and alteration of Hk1, Aldoc, Pgam1 and Gapdh with borderline significance in PCP rats compared to controls. Most interestingly, multivariate analysis which considered the levels of all 7 enzymes simultaneously resulted in generation of a bi-dimensional chart that can distinguish the PCP rats from the controls. CONCLUSIONS This study not only supports PCP treated rats as a useful preclinical model of schizophrenia, but it also establishes that SRM mass spectrometry could be used in the development of multiplex classification tools for complex psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Murtada Alsaif
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Agnes Ernst
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Laura W Harris
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Nancy Aerts
- Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ilse Lenaerts
- Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pieter J Peeters
- Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bob Amess
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Hassan Rahmoune
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
- Dept of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C Guest
- Dept of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
John S, Weiss JN, Ribalet B. Subcellular localization of hexokinases I and II directs the metabolic fate of glucose. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17674. [PMID: 21408025 PMCID: PMC3052386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The first step in glucose metabolism is conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate (G-6-P) by hexokinases (HKs), a family with 4 isoforms. The two most common isoforms, HKI and HKII, have overlapping tissue expression, but different subcellular distributions, with HKI associated mainly with mitochondria and HKII associated with both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic compartments. Here we tested the hypothesis that these different subcellular distributions are associated with different metabolic roles, with mitochondrially-bound HK's channeling G-6-P towards glycolysis (catabolic use), and cytoplasmic HKII regulating glycogen formation (anabolic use). Methodology/Principal Findings To study subcellular translocation of HKs in living cells, we expressed HKI and HKII linked to YFP in CHO cells. We concomitantly recorded the effects on glucose handling using the FRET based intracellular glucose biosensor, FLIPglu-600 mM, and glycogen formation using a glycogen-associated protein, PTG, tagged with GFP. Our results demonstrate that HKI remains strongly bound to mitochondria, whereas HKII translocates between mitochondria and the cytosol in response to glucose, G-6-P and Akt, but not ATP. Metabolic measurements suggest that HKI exclusively promotes glycolysis, whereas HKII has a more complex role, promoting glycolysis when bound to mitochondria and glycogen synthesis when located in the cytosol. Glycogen breakdown upon glucose removal leads to HKII inhibition and dissociation from mitochondria, probably mediated by increases in glycogen-derived G-6-P. Conclusions/Significance These findings show that the catabolic versus anabolic fate of glucose is dynamically regulated by extracellular glucose via signaling molecules such as intracellular glucose, G-6-P and Akt through regulation and subcellular translocation of HKII. In contrast, HKI, which activity and regulation is much less sensitive to these factors, is mainly committed to glycolysis. This may be an important mechanism by which HK's allow cells to adapt to changing metabolic conditions to maintain energy balance and avoid injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott John
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - James N. Weiss
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bernard Ribalet
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bhardwaj V, Rizvi N, Lai MB, Lai JCK, Bhushan A. Glycolytic enzyme inhibitors affect pancreatic cancer survival by modulating its signaling and energetics. Anticancer Res 2010; 30:743-749. [PMID: 20392992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The importance of glycolysis in cancer cells is well documented. The effects of inhibiting glycolysis using metabolic inhibitors iodoacetate (IAA), an inhibitor of GAPDHase, and 3-bromopyruvate (3BP), an inhibitor of hexokinase-II, on survival and signaling of pancreatic cancer cells (Panc-1) were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cellular survival was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was used to analyze the induced necrosis and protein levels were evaluated using Western blot analysis. RESULTS The results show that the inhibitors lowered cellular survival and increased cellular necrosis. Mitogenic signaling pathways were affected by 3BP but not by IAA. CONCLUSION We conclude that there may be a cross-talk between signaling pathways and glycolysis in regulating pancreatic cancer cell survival and signaling. Thus, a combination of agents that inhibit both energy production and cell signaling may provide a novel and effective approach to target pancreatic cancer effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Bhardwaj
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ISU Biomedical Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, 921, South 8th Ave., Pocatello, Idaho 83209-8334, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Camacho-Pereira J, Meyer LE, Machado LB, Oliveira MF, Galina A. Reactive oxygen species production by potato tuber mitochondria is modulated by mitochondrially bound hexokinase activity. Plant Physiol 2009; 149:1099-110. [PMID: 19109413 PMCID: PMC2633851 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.129247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum) mitochondria (PTM) have a mitochondrially bound hexokinase (HK) activity that exhibits a pronounced sensitivity to ADP inhibition. Here we investigated the role of mitochondrial HK activity in PTM reactive oxygen species generation. Mitochondrial HK has a 10-fold higher affinity for glucose (Glc) than for fructose (KMGlc=140 microM versus KMFrc=1,375 microM). Activation of PTM respiration by succinate led to an increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) release that was abrogated by mitochondrial HK activation. Mitochondrial HK activity caused a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in oxygen consumption by PTM. Inhibition of Glc phosphorylation by mannoheptulose or GlcNAc induced a rapid increase in H2O2 release. The blockage of H2O2 release sustained by Glc was reverted by oligomycin and atractyloside, indicating that ADP recycles through the adenine nucleotide translocator and F0F1ATP synthase is operative during the mitochondrial HK reaction. Inhibition of mitochondrial HK activity by 60% to 70% caused an increase of 50% in the maximal rate of H2O2 release. Inhibition in H2O2 release by mitochondrial HK activity was comparable to, or even more potent, than that observed for StUCP (S. tuberosum uncoupling protein) activity. The inhibition of H2O2 release in PTM was two orders of magnitude more selective for the ADP produced from the mitochondrial HK reaction than for that derived from soluble yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) HK. Modulation of H2O2 release and oxygen consumption by Glc and mitochondrial HK inhibitors in potato tuber slices shows that hexoses and mitochondrial HK may act as a potent preventive antioxidant mechanism in potato tubers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Camacho-Pereira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biofísica e Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Bioenergética e Fisiologia Mitochondrial, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ju HW, Koh EJ, Kim SH, Kim KI, Lee H, Hong SW. Glucosamine causes overproduction of reactive oxygen species, leading to repression of hypocotyl elongation through a hexokinase-mediated mechanism in Arabidopsis. J Plant Physiol 2009; 166:203-212. [PMID: 18541338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Glucosamine (GlcN) is a naturally occurring amino-sugar that is synthesized by amidation of fructose-6-phosphate. Although a number of reports have examined the biological effects of GlcN on insulin resistance in mammalian systems, little is known about its effects on plant growth. In this study, we have shown that exogenous GlcN inhibits hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis, whereas glucose and its analogs alleviate this inhibitory effect. The hexokinase (HXK)-specific inhibitor mannoheptulose also restored hypocotyl elongation. The gin2-1 mutants with an alteration in AtHXK1 exhibited higher tolerance to GlcN. We also found that GlcN induces a significant increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the GlcN-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation was relieved by reducing agents such as ascorbic acid and glutathione. GlcN treatment resulted in significant induction of expression of GST1, GST2 and GST6, which are marker genes for ROS production. The gin2 mutation also represses the ROS production and the GST2 induction by GlcN treatment. Taken together, these results provide evidence that GlcN induces HXK-mediated induction of oxidative stress, leading to growth repression in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Ju
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Agricultural Plant Stress Research Center and Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Affiliation(s)
- Meryn L Bowen
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kim W, Yoon JH, Jeong JM, Cheon GJ, Lee TS, Yang JI, Park SC, Lee HS. Apoptosis-inducing antitumor efficacy of hexokinase II inhibitor in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:2554-62. [PMID: 17876052 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia stimulates hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell growth via hexokinase (HK) II induction, and alternatively, HK II inhibition induces apoptosis by activating mitochondrial signaling. This study was to investigate whether the induction of HK II by hypoxia is associated with enhanced mitochondrial stability and to confirm the apoptosis-inducing efficacy of HK II inhibitor in an in vivo model of HCC. Mitochondrial stability was examined by treating isolated mitochondria with deoxycholate, a permeability-enhancing agent. Alteration of permeability transition pore complex composition was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. An in vivo model of HCC was established in C3H mice i.d. implanted with MH134 cells. The antitumor efficacy of i.p. given 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA), a HK II inhibitor, was evaluated by measuring tumor volumes and quantifying apoptosis using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining and (99m)Tc-hydrazinonicotinamide-Annexin V scans. Hypoxia enhanced mitochondrial stability, and this was inhibited by 3-BrPA treatment. In particular, HK II levels in permeability transition pore complex immunoprecipitates were reduced after 3-BrPA treatment. In mice treated with 3-BrPA, mean tumor volumes and tumor volume growth were found to be significantly reduced. Moreover, percentages of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells were significantly increased in 3-BrPA-treated mice, and this apoptosis-inducing efficacy was reflected in vivo by (99m)Tc-hydrazinonicotinamide-Annexin V imaging. Our results show that hypoxia enhances mitochondrial stability via HK II induction and that HK II inhibitor treatment exhibits an in vivo antitumor effect by inducing apoptosis. Therefore, HK II inhibitors may be therapeutically useful for the treatment of advanced infiltrative hypovascular HCCs, which are growing in a hypoxic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Peng QP, Liang HJ, Zhou Q, Zhou JM, Fu XL, Zhong DP. [Expression of hexokinase-II gene in human colon cancer cells and the therapeutic significance of inhibition thereof]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007; 87:1058-62. [PMID: 17672972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of hexokinase (HK)-II gene in human colon cancer cells and the therapeutic significance of inhibition of HK-II gene. METHODS Human colon cancer cells of the lines HCT-116, LOVO, HT-19, and SW480 were cultured. The mRNA expression and protein expression of HK-II in these cells were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting respectively. 3-Bromopyruvic acid (3-BrPA), a HK-II specific inhibitor, of different concentrations was added into the culture fluid of the colon cancer cells for 48 h, then MTT method was used to examine the proliferation of the cells. 3-BrPA combined with adriamycin (ADM) of the concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 microg/ml, or with oxaliplatin (L-OHP) of the concentration of 0.5 and 1.0 microg/ml was added into culture fluid for 48 h to observe the change of the cell proliferation rate. 3-BrPA of different concentrations was co-cultivated with LOVO cells for 24 h, and then enzyme labeling instrument was used to measure the activity of caspase-3, a cell apoptosis signal. 3-BrPA and CaCl2 were added into the culture fluid of LOVO cells and then ultra-violet spectrum was used to detect the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) opening degree. Flow cytometry (FCM), with addition of 10 microg/ml Rh123, was used to measure the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) of LOVO cells. RESULTS Both HK-II mRNA and HK-II protein were expressed in the HCT-116, LOVO, HT-19, and SW480 cells. Treated by 3-BrPA combined with ADM of the concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 microg/ml for 48 h, the cell proliferation inhibiting rates in the 4 lines were increased from 5.1% +/- 1.3% and 10.5% +/- 2.0% to 46.5% +/- 3.2% and 57.9% +/- 3.3% respectively (all P < 0.01). Treated by 3-BrPA combined with L-OHP of the concentration of 0.5 and 1.0 microg/ml for 48 h, the cell proliferation inhibiting rates were increased from 19.2% +/- 6.1% and 32.2% +/- 2.2% to 48.4% +/- 3.2% and 60.5% +/- 4.6% respectively (all P < 0.01). 24 h after the co-cultivation of 3-BrPA of different concentrations, the caspase-3 activity of the LOVO cells was increased along with the increase of the concentration of 3-BrPA (P = 0.000). The PTP opening degrees induced by 3-BrPA and CaCl(2) of the LOVO cells were 40.0% +/- 3.5% and 37.4% +/- 2.3% respectively (P = 0.348). After treated with 100 microml/L 3-BrPA for 1, 3, and 5 h, the DeltaPsim decrease rates of the LOVO cells were 12.7%, 15.4%, and 26.8% respectively. CONCLUSION HK-II gene may be an effective therapeutic target for gene may be an effective therapeutic target for gene may be an effective therapeutic target for colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-ping Peng
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sanz-Rodríguez CE, Concepción JL, Pekerar S, Oldfield E, Urbina JA. Bisphosphonates as inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi hexokinase: kinetic and metabolic studies. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12377-87. [PMID: 17329254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607286200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, has an unusual ATP-dependent hexokinase (TcHK) that is not affected by D-glucose 6-phosphate, but is non-competitively inhibited by inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)), suggesting a heterotropic modulator effect. In a previous study we identified a novel family of bisphosphonates, metabolically stable analogs of PP(i), which are potent and selective inhibitors of TcHK as well as the proliferation of the clinically relevant intracellular amastigote form of the parasite in vitro (Hudock, M. P., Sanz-Rodriguez, C. E., Song, Y., Chan, J. M., Zhang, Y., Odeh, S., Kosztowski, T., Leon-Rossell, A., Concepcion, J. L., Yardley, V., Croft, S. L., Urbina, J. A., and Oldfield, E. (2006) J. Med. Chem. 49, 215-223). In this work, we report a detailed kinetic analysis of the effects of three of these bisphosphonates on homogeneous TcHK, as well as on the enzyme in purified intact glycosomes, peroxisome-like organelles that contain most of the glycolytic pathway enzymes in this organism. We also investigated the effects of the same compounds on glucose consumption by intact and digitonin-permeabilized T. cruzi epimastigotes, and on the growth of such cells in liver-infusion tryptose medium. The bisphosphonates investigated were several orders of magnitude more active than PP(i) as non-competitive or mixed inhibitors of TcHK and blocked the use of glucose by the epimastigotes, inducing a metabolic shift toward the use of amino acids as carbon and energy sources. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the IC(50) values for TcHK inhibition and those for epimastigote growth inhibition for the 12 most potent compounds of this series. Finally, these bisphosphonates did not affect the sterol composition of the treated cells, indicating that they do not act as inhibitors of farnesyl diphosphate synthase. Taken together, our results suggest that these novel bisphosphonates act primarily as specific inhibitors of TcHK and may represent a novel class of selective anti-T. cruzi agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Sanz-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Quimica Biológica, Centro de Biofisica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas 1020, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Martin G, Ferrier B, Conjard A, Martin M, Nazaret R, Boghossian M, Saadé F, Mancuso C, Durozard D, Baverel G. Glutamine gluconeogenesis in the small intestine of 72 h-fasted adult rats is undetectable. Biochem J 2007; 401:465-73. [PMID: 17002601 PMCID: PMC1820798 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have indicated that 48-72 h of fasting, Type 1 diabetes and high-protein feeding induce gluconeogenesis in the small intestine of adult rats in vivo. Since this would (i) represent a dramatic revision of the prevailing view that only the liver and the kidneys are gluconeogenic and (ii) have major consequences in the metabolism, nutrition and diabetes fields, we have thoroughly re-examined this question in the situation reported to induce the highest rate of gluconeogenesis. For this, metabolically viable small intestinal segments from 72 h-fasted adult rats were incubated with [3-13C]glutamine as substrate. After incubation, substrate utilization and product accumulation were measured by enzymatic and NMR spectroscopic methods. Although the segments utilized [13C]glutamine at high rates and accumulated 13C-labelled products linearly for 30 min in vitro, no substantial glucose synthesis could be detected. This was not due to the re-utilization of [13C]glucose initially synthesized from [13C]glutamine. Arteriovenous metabolite concentration difference measurements across the portal vein-drained viscera of 72 h-fasted Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats clearly indicated that glutamine, the main if not the only gluconeogenic precursor taken up, could not give rise to detectable glucose production in vivo. Therefore we challenge the view that the small intestine of the adult rat is a gluconeogenic organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Martin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Bernard Ferrier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Agnès Conjard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Mireille Martin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Rémi Nazaret
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Michelle Boghossian
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Fadi Saadé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Claire Mancuso
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Daniel Durozard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Gabriel Baverel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 499, Animet, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Rue G. Paradin, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chang JM, Chung JW, Jae HJ, Eh H, Son KR, Lee KC, Park JH. Local toxicity of hepatic arterial infusion of hexokinase II inhibitor, 3-bromopyruvate: In vivo investigation in normal rabbit model. Acad Radiol 2007; 14:85-92. [PMID: 17178370 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2006.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES 3-Bromopyruvate (3-BrPA), an hexokinase II inhibitor, is known to have high necrotic rate in hyperglycolytic liver tumor models without apparent damage to the normal liver parenchyma. The toxicity of intra-arterial delivery of 3-BrPA in various concentrations has not been specifically investigated using a normal rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty rabbits treated with intra-arterial 3-BrPA were divided into four groups according to its dose and infusion level: 1 mM at the left hepatic artery (group I), 5 mM at the left hepatic artery (group II), 25 mM at the left hepatic artery (group III), and 25 mM at the common hepatic artery (group IV). After selective catheterization, 30 ml of 3-BrPA was infused for 2 minutes. As a control group, five rabbits were treated with normal saline. During 1-week follow-up, toxicities were evaluated with blood laboratory results, mortality, and histopathologic examination. RESULTS All 10 rabbits treated with 25 mM 3-BrPA and 2 rabbits treated with 5 mM 3-BrPA died within 3 days after treatment. In 10 of the 12 deaths, hemorrhagic pyloric or duodenal necrosis was noted. Hepatotoxicities on blood laboratory results were dose dependent but transient in the surviving rabbits. CONCLUSION Selective intra-arterial administration of 25 mM 3-BrPA can cause considerable toxicities not only in the liver but also in the gastrointestinal system and are dose dependent and can cause death in high doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Chang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Purich DL, Fromm HJ, Rudolph FB. The hexokinases: kinetic, physical, and regulatory properties. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 2006; 39:249-326. [PMID: 4583639 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122846.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
37
|
Tsai HJ. Function of interdomain alpha-helix in human brain hexokinase: covalent linkage and catalytic regulation between N- and C-terminal halves. J Biomed Sci 2006; 14:195-202. [PMID: 17080299 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-006-9123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain relies on a steady supply of glucose as the source of fuel, and type I hexokinase is the major isozyme governing the introduction of glucose to glycolysis in the brain. One unique regulatory property associated with type I isozyme is the alleviation of product inhibition by inorganic phosphate which binds to the N-terminal half, and the conformational change induced by inorganic phosphate must be propagated to the active site in the C-terminal half. With a single interdomain alpha-helix as the only covalent connection between the N- and C-terminal halves, the question arises as what role the interdomain alpha-helix plays at the interdomain signal transduction. Two mutants were constructed in an attempt to answer this question. The first mutant, A464P/E465G, with a helix breaker embedded in the interdomain alpha-helix had a smaller magnitude of phosphate alleviation than the wild type. The second mutant, with an insertion of seven additional residues between Gln 466 and His 467, had this phosphate relief property further diminished. Neither mutant showed dramatic changes nor the other kinetic properties. It is speculated that the interdomain alpha-helix is important for keeping the proper non-covalent contact so that transmission of the conformational changes across the N- and C-terminal half boundary can be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Tsai
- Pharmaceutical R & D laboratories, Development Center for Biotechnology, Hsi-Chih 221, Taipei County, 221, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pabón MA, Cáceres AJ, Gualdrón M, Quiñones W, Avilán L, Concepción JL. Purification and characterization of hexokinase from Leishmania mexicana. Parasitol Res 2006; 100:803-10. [PMID: 17061112 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hexokinase from Leishmania mexicana was purified to homogeneity from a glycosome-enriched fraction obtained after a differential centrifugation of promastigote form. The kinetic properties of the pure enzyme were determined and the Km values for glucose (Km = 66 microM) and ATP (Km = 303 muM) were comparable to those from hexokinase of Trypanosoma cruzi. L. mexicana hexokinase was able to use fructose (Km = 142 microM), which reflects the condition found in the insect host. In contrast with hexokinases from other trypanosomatids, the enzyme exhibited a moderate sensitivity to inhibition by glucose 6-phosphate. This inhibition was competitive with respect to both ATP and glucose, indicating that an allosteric site for glucose 6-phosphate does not exist in this enzyme. The enzyme was also inhibited by inorganic pyrophosphate, the inhibition being higher than that observed for T. cruzi enzyme. As expected, the enzyme was localized, by immunofluorescence analysis, in glycosomes and is present in both promastigotes and true amastigotes obtained from hamster lesion. Hexokinase specific activity increased with the aging of promastigote culture, and this increment was related to glucose consumption. However, the level of the hexokinase protein remains constant as determined by Western blotting. Several hypotheses are discussed to explain this result.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Pabón
- Laboratorio de Enzimología de Parásitos, Centro de Ingeniería Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, La Hechicera, Mérida, 5101, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Miller S, Ross-Inta C, Giulivi C. Kinetic and proteomic analyses of S-nitrosoglutathione-treated hexokinase A: consequences for cancer energy metabolism. Amino Acids 2006; 32:593-602. [PMID: 17051422 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian hexokinase (HXK) is found at the outer mitochondrial membrane, exposed to mitochondrial oxygen- and nitrogen-radicals. Given the important role of this enzyme in metabolic pathways and diseases, the effect of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) on HXK A structure and activity was studied. To focus on the catalytic domain, yeast HXK A was used because it has a significant homology to the mammalian domain that contains both the regulatory and catalytic sites. Biologically relevant [GSNO]/[HXK] caused a significant decrease in V(max) with glucose (but not with fructose), along with oxidation of 5 Met and nitration of 4 Tyr. Preincubation of HXK with glucose abrogated the effect of GSNO whereas fructose was ineffective. These results are interpreted by considering the tight binding of glucose to the enzyme as opposed to that of fructose. The segment comprised from amino acids 304 to 306 contained the most modifications. Given that this sequence is highly conserved in HXK from various species, a decline in activity is expected when a high-affinity substrate is presented. Considering that changes in primary structure are envisioned at high [GSNO]/[HXK] ratios, like those present under normal conditions, it could be hypothesized that the high concentration of hexokinase present in fast growing tumors may serve not only to sustain high glycolysis rates, but also to minimize protein damage that might result in activity decline, compromising energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Miller
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Marín-Hernández A, Rodríguez-Enríquez S, Vital-González PA, Flores-Rodríguez FL, Macías-Silva M, Sosa-Garrocho M, Moreno-Sánchez R. Determining and understanding the control of glycolysis in fast-growth tumor cells. Flux control by an over-expressed but strongly product-inhibited hexokinase. FEBS J 2006; 273:1975-88. [PMID: 16640561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Control analysis of the glycolytic flux was carried out in two fast-growth tumor cell types of human and rodent origin (HeLa and AS-30D, respectively). Determination of the maximal velocity (V(max)) of the 10 glycolytic enzymes from hexokinase to lactate dehydrogenase revealed that hexokinase (153-306 times) and phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) (22-56 times) had higher over-expression in rat AS-30D hepatoma cells than in normal freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Moreover, the steady-state concentrations of the glycolytic metabolites, particularly those of the products of hexokinase and PFK-1, were increased compared with hepatocytes. In HeLa cells, V(max) values and metabolite concentrations for the 10 glycolytic enzyme were also significantly increased, but to a much lesser extent (6-9 times for both hexokinase and PFK-1). Elasticity-based analysis of the glycolytic flux in AS-30D cells showed that the block of enzymes producing Fru(1,6)P2 (i.e. glucose transporter, hexokinase, hexosephosphate isomerase, PFK-1, and the Glc6P branches) exerted most of the flux control (70-75%), whereas the consuming block (from aldolase to lactate dehydrogenase) exhibited the remaining control. The Glc6P-producing block (glucose transporter and hexokinase) also showed high flux control (70%), which indicated low flux control by PFK-1. Kinetic analysis of PFK-1 showed low sensitivity towards its allosteric inhibitors citrate and ATP, at physiological concentrations of the activator Fru(2,6)P2. On the other hand, hexokinase activity was strongly inhibited by high, but physiological, concentrations of Glc6P. Therefore, the enhanced glycolytic flux in fast-growth tumor cells was still controlled by an over-produced, but Glc6P-inhibited hexokinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Marín-Hernández
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Juan Badiano no. 1, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a leading disorder of the elderly male population that is characterised by a progressive enlargement of prostatic tissue, resulting in obstruction of the proximal urethra and causing urinary flow disturbances. The pathophysiology of BPH associated with lower urinary tract symptoms is characterised by increased adrenergic tone (dynamic component) leading to smooth muscle contraction and prostatic overgrowth due to androgenic stimulation (static component); therefore, the therapeutic armamentarium of BPH can be broadly divided into antiadrenergic and antiandrogenic approaches. alpha1-Adrenoceptor antagonists and 5alpha-reductase inhibitors are well-established representatives of the two categories, respectively. Other antiandrogenic approaches involve gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists for the treatment of prostate hyperplasia. Apart from these approaches, new approaches with novel targets are emerging. The advent of new therapies is, however, more oriented towards the static component. These involve metabolic factors (hexokinase inhibitor), growth factors (vitamin D3 analogues), oxytocin antagonists and gonadotropin-releasing hormone Gi agonist-based therapies. Gene therapy and photodynamic therapies are other emerging therapies for relieving symptoms in BPH patients. With the initial success of upcoming targets, the unmet need to develop an efficacious and relatively safe therapeutic modality is discussed. Nevertheless, their long-term safety and efficacy needs to be evaluated in large-scale clinical trials. The future also belongs to combination therapies to combat both dynamic and static disease components and for extended indications such as micturition disorder and non-bacterial prostatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atul Tiwari
- Urology and Metabolic Group, NDDR, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Gurgaon-122001, Haryana, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hudock MP, Sanz-Rodríguez CE, Song Y, Chan JMW, Zhang Y, Odeh S, Kosztowski T, Leon-Rossell A, Concepción JL, Yardley V, Croft SL, Urbina JA, Oldfield E. Inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi hexokinase by bisphosphonates. J Med Chem 2006; 49:215-23. [PMID: 16392806 DOI: 10.1021/jm0582625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hexokinase is the first enzyme involved in glycolysis in most organisms, including the etiological agents of Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) and African sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei). The T. cruzi enzyme is unusual since, unlike the human enzyme, it is inhibited by inorganic diphosphate (PPi). Here, we show that non-hydrolyzable analogues of PPi, bisphosphonates, are potent inhibitors of T. cruzi hexokinase (TcHK). We determined the activity of 42 bisphosphonates against TcHK, and the IC(50) values were used to construct pharmacophore and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) models for enzyme inhibition. Both models revealed the importance of electrostatic, hydrophobic, and steric interactions, and the IC(50) values for 17 active compounds were predicted with an average error of 2.4x by using the CoMSIA models. The compound most active against T. cruzi hexokinase was found to have a 2.2 microM IC(50) versus the clinically relevant intracellular amastigote form of T. cruzi, but only a approximately 1-2 mM IC(50) versus Dictyostelium discoideum and a human cell line, indicating selective activity versus T. cruzi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hudock
- Department of Biophysics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pastorino JG, Hoek JB, Shulga N. Activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta disrupts the binding of hexokinase II to mitochondria by phosphorylating voltage-dependent anion channel and potentiates chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity. Cancer Res 2005; 65:10545-54. [PMID: 16288047 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transformed cells are highly glycolytic and overexpress hexokinase II (HXK II). HXK II is capable of binding to the mitochondria through an interaction with the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), an abundant outer mitochondrial membrane protein. The binding of HXK II to mitochondria has been shown to protect against loss of cell viability. Akt activation inhibits apoptosis partly by promoting the binding of HXK II to the mitochondria, but the mechanism through which Akt accomplishes this has not been characterized. The present report shows that Akt mediates the binding of HXK II to the mitochondria by negatively regulating the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). On inhibition of Akt, GSK3beta is activated and phosphorylates VDAC. HXK II is unable to bind VDAC phosphorylated by GSK3beta and dissociates from the mitochondria. Inhibition of Akt potentiates chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity, an effect that is dependent on GSK3beta activation and its attendant ability to disrupt the binding of HXK II to the mitochondria. Moreover, agents that can force the detachment of HXK II from mitochondria in the absence of Akt inhibition or GSK3beta activation promoted a synergistic increase in cell killing when used in conjunction with chemotherapeutic drugs. Such findings indicate that interference with the binding of HXK II to mitochondria may be a practicable modality by which to potentiate the efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John G Pastorino
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Al-Mulla Hummadi YM, Al-Bashir NM, Najim RA. Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica: II. Effect of an immunomodulator, S(2) complex on the enzymes of the parasites. Exp Parasitol 2005; 112:85-91. [PMID: 16274690 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
S(2) complex has been reported to have a direct antileishmanial effect. The possibility that the direct antileishmanial effect may be due to inhibition of key enzymes involved in glucose metabolism and/ or enzymes associated with virulence was investigated. Cell pellets were prepared from cultures of both axenic amastigotes and promastigotes of Leishmania major (MHOM/IQ/93/MRC6) and L. tropica (MHOM/IQ/93/MRC2). S(2) complex, at various concentrations, was added to the enzyme extracts prepared from the pellets. Results show that in the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, both hexokinase and glucose-phosphate isomerase but not fructophosphokinase were dose dependently inhibited. In the hexose-monophosphate shunt both glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase were dose dependently inhibited. Malic dehydrogenase and malic enzyme from the citric-acid cycle were both dose dependently inhibited but succinate dehydrogenase from the same pathway was not inhibited. Both enzymes associated with virulence (protease and acid phosphatase), showed activation rather than inhibition at higher doses of S(2) complex. Thus, the direct antileishmanial effect of S(2) complex may result, partially or entirely, from the inhibition of enzymes that are necessary for the parasites' carbohydrate metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yassir M Al-Mulla Hummadi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, P.O. Box 61208, Baghdad 12114, Iraq
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Romero CS, Olmo R, Teijón C, Blanco MD, Teijón JM, Romero A. Structural and functional implications of the hexokinase-nickel interaction. J Inorg Biochem 2005; 99:2395-402. [PMID: 16256202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between nickel and yeast hexokinase was studied. The binding of nickel showed a positive cooperativity, and saturation was not reached. The nickel binding induced modifications in the secondary structure of the protein; thus, a lost of alpha helix and beta turns, as well as an increase of the random structure and beta sheet was observed. The monomer/dimmer equilibrium of the protein was modified in the presence of nickel, and the monomer state was mainly obtained at the highest nickel concentrations studied. These changes on the protein structure caused a decrease in the enzyme activity. According to kinetic studies, nickel caused a non-competitive inhibition when glucose was the variable substrate and a linear competitive inhibition when ATP was the variable substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Romero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Harada T, Nagasu M, Tsuboi I, Koshinaga M, Kanno H, Aizawa S. Cyclic polylactate inhibited growth of cloned leukemic cells through reducing glycolytic enzyme activities. Oncol Rep 2005; 14:501-5. [PMID: 16012737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel supramolecular oligomer, cyclic polylactate (CPL) that was originally discovered in the culture medium of HeLa-S tumor cells, reportedly inhibits the growth of FM3A ascites tumor cells by inhibiting enzymes involved in the glycolytic pathway. We synthesized CPL containing 3- to 13-mers by prolonged heating and rapidly mixing a carbohydrate compound of the L-lactic acid monomer (C(3)H(6)O(3)) under decreased pressure, and studied its effects on the growth of the cloned leukemic cell, TF-1. CPL inhibited the growth of TF-1 cells and induced 7A6 antigen, which is expressed by cells undergoing apoptosis, on the surface of TF-1 cells. In addition, caspase 3, 8 and 9 activities of TF-1 cells were increased after exposure to CPL, indicating that CPL induces apoptotic changes in TF-1. Among the 6 glycolytic enzymes examined in this study, the activities of PFK and HK, induced by CPL, decreased. Interestingly, CPL was detected in conditioned medium of the stromal cell line, LS801, obtained from human bone marrow. This conditioned medium inhibited the growth of TF-1 cells, and induced the expression of 7A6 antigen. These findings suggest that CPL will be a useful chemotherapeutic agent against leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Harada
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchi-kami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Xu MZ, Zhang AZ, Li XR, Xu W, Shen LW. Effects of vanadate on the activities of mice glucokinase and hexokinase. J Zhejiang Univ Sci 2004; 5:1245-1248. [PMID: 15362196 PMCID: PMC1388729 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2004.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at acquiring knowledge on the hypoglycemic mechanisms of sodium metavanadate (SMV) showed that the liver glucokinase and muscle hexokinase activities increased rapidly after oral SMV was given, and that the blood glucose level was correlated closely with the activities of the two enzymes but not with the insulin level; which indicated that SMV could improve the altered glucose phosphorylation in diabetic mice independently of stimulating insulin secretion. This was probably one of the mechanisms of hypoglycemic effects of SMV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-zhi Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Geschwind JF, Georgiades CS, Ko YH, Pedersen PL. Recently elucidated energy catabolism pathways provide opportunities for novel treatments in hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2004; 4:449-57. [PMID: 15161443 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.4.3.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has long been known that tumors depend on energy production pathways that are different from those of normal cells. These unique pathways require the expression and function of tumor-specific enzymes. Some of these glycolytic enzymes, as well as other modulators of tumor behavior, have recently been elucidated. In theory, inhibiting such enzymes or appropriately affecting such modulators should deprive tumors of energy, while leaving nontransformed cells unaffected. These factors include certain hexokinases that catalyze glycolysis in tumors and can be inhibited by 3-bromopyruvate. 2-deoxyglucose is another modulator that depletes hexokinase stores and cannot undergo further catabolism, thus depriving tumors of their energy source. Other enzymes or modulators are under scrutiny and have shown promise. Preliminary experiments on animals with hepatocellular carcinoma have indeed shown very encouraging results. It appears that modulating the energy production pathways of tumors is poised to become a substantial research area for cancer treatment. This review will focus on the energy production pathways of transformed cells, highlight the differences between transformed and normal cells in this regard and summarize recent experiments that take advantage of these disparities in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Geschwind
- Johns Hopkins Hospital, Cardiovascular and Interventional Diagnostic Laboratory, Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang Y, Courtois P, Sener A, Malaisse WJ. Dissimilar effects of D-mannoheptulose on the phosphorylation of alpha- versus beta-D-glucose by either hexokinase or glucokinase. Int J Mol Med 2004; 14:107-12. [PMID: 15202024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
D-mannoheptulose inhibits D-glucose phosphorylation by hexokinase isoenzymes. The present study aims at investigating whether the pattern of such an inhibition differs in the case of alpha- versus beta-D-glucose. The phosphorylation of alpha- and beta-D-[U-14C]glucose was measured over 60-min incubation at 4 degrees C in the presence of bovine heart hexokinase and over 10 min at 24 degrees C in the presence of human liver glucokinase. The relative extent of the inhibitory action of D-mannoheptulose (0.02-10.0 mM) was always less marked with alpha- than beta-D-glucose. In the case of hexokinase, the experiments conducted at the high concentration of the D-glucose anomers (1.0 mM) revealed that D-mannoheptulose, at low concentrations (0.2-0.5 mM), may unexpectedly increase the phosphorylation of alpha-D-glucose. These findings thus document anomeric specificity in terms of the inhibitory action of D-mannoheptulose upon alpha- versus beta-D-glucose phosphorylation by either hexokinase or glucokinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology, Brussels Free University, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|