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Mahajan R, Sharma G, Chadha P, Saini HS. Evaluating efficacy of Pseudomonas sp. EN-4 to lower the toxic potential of 4-bromophenol and assessing its competency in simulated microcosm. Environ Pollut 2024; 349:123990. [PMID: 38631447 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
An indigenous bacterium Pseudomonas sp. EN-4 had been reported earlier for its ability to co-metabolise 4-bromophenol (4-BP), in presence of phenol (100 mg/L) as co-substrate. The present study was undertaken to validate the efficacy of biotransformation by comparing the toxicity profiles of untreated and EN-4 transformed samples of 4-BP, using both plant and animal model. The toxicity studies in Allium cepa (A. cepa) indicated to lowering of mitotic index (MI) from 12.77% (water) to 3.33% in A. cepa bulbs exposed to 4-BP + phenol, which reflects the cytotoxic nature of these compounds. However, the MI value significantly improves to 11.36% in its biologically treated counterpart, indicating normal cell growth. This was further supported by significant reduction in chromosomal aberrations in A. cepa root cells exposed to biologically treated samples of 4-BP as compared to untreated controls. The oxidative stress assessed by comparing the activity profiles of different marker enzymes showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) were reduced by 56%, 72%, and 37% respectively, in EN-4 transformed samples of 4-BP + phenol compared to its untreated counterpart. Similar trends were evident in the comet assay of fish (Channa punctatus) blood cells exposed to untreated and biologically treated samples of 4-BP. The comparative studies showed significant reduction in tail length (72.70%) and % tail intensity (56.15%) in fish blood cells exposed to EN-4 treated 4-BP + phenol, compared to its untreated counterpart. The soil microcosm studies validated the competency of the EN-4 cells to establish and transform 4-BP in soil polluted with 4-BP (20 mg/kg) and 4-BP + phenol (20 + 100 mg/kg). The isolate EN-4 achieved 98.08% transformation of 4-BP in non-sterile microcosm supplemented with phenol, indicating to potential of EN-4 cells to establish along with indigenous microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005 India.
| | - Geetika Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005 India.
| | - Pooja Chadha
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005 India.
| | - Harvinder Singh Saini
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005 India.
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Das R, Ray S. Allium cepa tests: Exploring bleomycin induced cyto-genotoxicity and altered cell cycle kinetics in root tips meristematic cells. Mutat Res 2024; 828:111851. [PMID: 38382175 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2024.111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Bleomycin, commonly employed in treating Hodgkin's lymphoma and testicular cancer, is associated with significant pulmonary toxicity. While various studies have assessed the toxic impact of chemotherapeutic agents on aquatic and terrestrial environments, limited data exist on bleomycin's effects, especially concerning higher plants. To address this gap, we utilized the Allium cepa assays, renowned for evaluating chemical and biochemical agents' toxic effects, to investigate bleomycin's impact on the terrestrial ecosystem. Our study aimed to assess bleomycin's cyto-genotoxic effects on A. cepa root tip cells at minimal concentrations (10-40 μg mL-1) and varied exposure durations (2, 4, 6, and 24 h). Analysis of nuclear and mitotic abnormalities in bleomycin-treated A. cepa root tip cells, alongside an acridine orange-ethidium bromide double staining assay, illuminated its influence on cell viability. Additionally, agarose gel electrophoresis determined the drug's potential for DNA degradation, unveiling the underlying mechanisms of cyto-genotoxicity. Results also demonstrated a decline in the mitotic index with increased bleomycin concentrations and exposure time, elevated frequencies of various cyto-genotoxic abnormalities, including sticky chromosomes, chromatid breaks, laggards, bridges, polar deviations, nuclear lesions, and hyperchromasia. The study indicated the potential risks of bleomycin even at low concentrations and brief exposures, highlighting its severe adverse effects on genetic material of plant, potentially contributing to cell death. Consequently, this investigation unveils bleomycin's cyto-genotoxic effects on higher plant system, underscoring its threat to terrestrial ecosystems, particularly upon chronic and unmonitored exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Das
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjib Ray
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman 713104, West Bengal, India.
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Eckert GL, Smaniotto TÂ, Dartora N, Pelegrin CMGD, Baroni S. The chemical composition of different leaf extracts of Lantana fucata Lindl. influences its cytotoxic potential: A study using the Allium cepa model. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 289:115003. [PMID: 35051606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE One of the most popular plants used to treat diseases in Brazil is Lantana fucata. Like most herbal medicines, its consumption is based on popular knowledge, which, despite being considered effective, may cause side effects. AIM OF THE STUDY Since the scientific data on the pharmacological properties of L. fucata are still incipient, this research aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of different types of extracts (infusion, aqueous and hydroalcoholic), characterizing them chemically. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cytotoxicity assay was performed by the A. cepa model. The cytotoxicity parameters studied were number of dividing cells and percentage mitotic index (%MI). RESULTS The result of the A. cepa assay showed that there was a decrease in the number of dividing cells and the percentage mitotic index as concentrations increased, for all extracts, indicating cytotoxicity. However, the hydroalcoholic extract was the most cytotoxic. Chromatography analysis allowed the characterization of secondary metabolites in the extracts, which were very similar. However, a greater abundance of flavonoids and triterpenoids was observed in the hydroalcoholic extract, suggesting that these compounds are responsible for its greater toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Since the highest doses of extracts showed to have a cytotoxic effect, it is suggested that the ingestion of this species occurs in a moderate way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nessana Dartora
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Cerro Largo, Brazil.
| | - Carla Maria Garlet de Pelegrin
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Cerro Largo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambientes e Tecnologias Sustentáveis (UFFS), Brazil.
| | - Suzymeire Baroni
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Cerro Largo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambientes e Tecnologias Sustentáveis (UFFS), Brazil.
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Goetten de Lima G, Wilke Sivek T, Matos M, Lundgren Thá E, de Oliveira KMG, Rodrigues de Souza I, de Morais de Lima TA, Cestari MM, Esteves Magalhães WL, Hansel FA, Morais Leme D. A biocide delivery system composed of nanosilica loaded with neem oil is effective in reducing plant toxicity of this biocide. Environ Pollut 2022; 294:118660. [PMID: 34896221 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
One possible way to reduce the environmental impacts of pesticides is by nanostructuring biocides in nanocarriers because this promotes high and localized biocidal activity and can avoid toxicity to non-target organisms. Neem oil (NO) is a natural pesticide with toxicity concerns to plants, fish, and other organisms. Thus, loading NO in a safe nanocarrier can contribute to minimizing its toxicity. For this study, we have characterized the integrity of a nanosilica-neem oil-based biocide delivery system (SiO2NP#NO BDS) and evaluated its effectiveness in reducing NO toxicity by the Allium cepa test. NO, mainly consisted of unsaturated fatty acids, was well binded to the SiO2NP with BTCA crosslinker. Overall, this material presented all of its pores filled with the NO with fatty acid groups at both the surface and bulk level of the nanoparticle. The thermal stability of NO was enhanced after synthesis, and the NO was released as zero-order model with a total of 20 days without burst release. The SiO2NP#NO BDS was effective in reducing the individual toxicity of NO to the plant system. NO in single form inhibited the seed germination of A. cepa (EC50 of 0.38 g L-1), and the effect was no longer observed at the BDS condition. Contrarily to the literature, the tested NO did not present cyto- and geno-toxic effects in A. cepa, which may relate to the concentration level and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Goetten de Lima
- Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Materials - PIPE, Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, 81.531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Tainá Wilke Sivek
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mailson Matos
- Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Materials - PIPE, Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, 81.531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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da Silva Araújo JR, Silva Morais JG, Santos CM, Araújo Rocha KC, Rios Fagundes ADCA, E Silva Filho FA, Martins FA, de Almeida PM. Phytochemical prospecting, isolation, and protective effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2021; 84:743-760. [PMID: 34120581 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1938767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha mollissima is used in folk medicine as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and larvicidal. However, few toxicogenetic studies have been carried out. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical profile of ethanolic leaf extract of J. mollissima (EEJM) as well as potential cytotoxic, mutagenic, and antimutagenic properties. The EEJM was subjected to successive fractionation for the isolation of secondary metabolites, and five concentrations (0.01; 0.1; 1; 10 and 100 mg/ml) of extract were investigated using Allium cepa assay and the Somatic Mutation and Recombination (SMART) test. The mitotic index and % damage reduction were analyzed for A. cepa and the frequency of mutant hair for SMART. The presence of coumarins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins was detected, while spinasterol and n-triacontane were the isolates identified for the first time for this species. EEJM did not exhibit cytotoxicity and was not mutagenic at 1 or 10 mg/ml using A. cepa and all concentrations of EEJM were not mutagenic in the SMART test. A cytoprotective effect was found at all concentrations. At 1 or 10 mg/ml EEJM exhibited antimutagenicity in A. cepa. In SMART, the protective effect was observed at 0.1 to 100 mg/ml EEJM. Our results demonstrate the important chemopreventive activity of EEJM, a desired quality in the search for natural anticarcinogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rafael da Silva Araújo
- Department Genetics, Laboratory of Genetics and Vegetal Biotechnology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - João Gabriel Silva Morais
- Department of Biology, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Cleidiane Macêdo Santos
- Department of Biology, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Kelvim Crist Araújo Rocha
- Department of Biology, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Artur E Silva Filho
- Department of Biology, Bioprospecting Laboratory for Bioactive Molecules, State University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Francielle Alline Martins
- Department of Biology, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Pedro Marcos de Almeida
- Department of Biology, Center of Natural Sciences (CCN), Laboratory of Genetics, State University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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Ocampos FMM, de Souza AJB, Antar GM, Wouters FC, Colnago LA. Phytotoxicity of Schiekia timida Seed Extracts, a Mixture of Phenylphenalenones. Molecules 2021; 26:4197. [PMID: 34299471 PMCID: PMC8304753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylphenalenones, metabolites found in Schiekia timida (Haemodoraceae), are a class of specialized metabolites with many biological activities, being phytoalexins in banana plants. In the constant search to solve the problem of glyphosate and to avoid resistance to commercial herbicides, this work aimed to investigate the phytotoxic effect of the methanolic extract of S. timida seeds. The chemical composition of the seed extract was directly investigated by NMR and UPLC-QToF MS and the pre- and post-emergence phytotoxic effect on a eudicotyledonous model (Lactuca sativa) and a monocotyledonous model (Allium cepa) was evaluated through germination and seedling growth tests. Three concentrations of the extract (0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mg/mL) were prepared, and four replicates for each of them were analyzed. Three major phenylphenalenones were identified by NMR spectroscopy: 4-hydroxy-anigorufone, methoxyanigorufone, and anigorufone, two of those reported for the first time in S. timida. The presence of seven other phenylphenalenones was suggested by the LC-MS analyses. The phenylphenalenone mixture did not affect the germination rate, but impaired radicle and hypocotyl growth on both models. The effect in the monocotyledonous model was statistically similar to glyphosate in the lowest concentration (0.25 mg/mL). Therefore, although more research on this topic is required to probe this first report, this investigation suggests for the first time that phenylphenalenone compounds may be post-emergence herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Julia Borim de Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Bauru CEP 17033-360, SP, Brazil;
| | - Guilherme Medeiros Antar
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Butantã, São Paulo CEP 05508-090, SP, Brazil;
| | - Felipe Christoff Wouters
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR), São Carlos CEP 13565-905, SP, Brazil;
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Gupta S, Stirk WA, Plačková L, Kulkarni MG, Doležal K, Van Staden J. Interactive effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and a seaweed extract on the growth and physiology of Allium cepa L. (onion). J Plant Physiol 2021; 262:153437. [PMID: 34034041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Detrimental effects caused by the overuse of synthetic agrochemicals have led to the development of natural biostimulants such as seaweed extracts and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) being used as an alternative, environmentally-friendly technology to improve crop growth and increase agricultural yields. The present study aimed to investigate the interactions between PGPR and a commercial seaweed extract on the growth and biochemical composition of onion (Allium cepa). A pot trial was conducted under greenhouse conditions where onion plants were treated individually with the two PGPR, namely Bacillus licheniformis (BL) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF) and a seaweed extract Kelpak® (KEL) and combinations of KEL + BL and KEL + PF. Growth and yield parameters were measured after 12 weeks. KEL-treated plants showed the best growth response and overcame the inhibitory effects of BL treatment. KEL-treated plants also had the highest chlorophyll content. PGPR application improved the mineral nutrition of onion with these plants having the highest mineral content in the leaves and bulb. All biostimulant treatments increased the endogenous cytokinin and auxin content with the highest concentrations generally detected in the PF-treated plants. These results suggest that co-application of different biostimulant classes with different modes of action could further increase crop productivity with an improvement in both growth and nutrition content being achieved in onion with the co-application of a seaweed extract and PGPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhpriya Gupta
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Wendy A Stirk
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Manoj G Kulkarni
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Šlechtitelů 11, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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Sousa HG, Uchôa VT, Cavalcanti SMG, de Almeida PM, Chaves MH, Lima Neto JDS, Nunes PHM, da Costa Júnior JS, Rai M, Do Carmo IS, de Sousa EA. Phytochemical screening, phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and cytogenotoxicity activities of Combretum leprosum Mart. (Combretaceae). J Toxicol Environ Health A 2021; 84:399-417. [PMID: 33494643 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1875345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Combretum leprosum Mart. (Combretaceae), a shrub popularly known as mofumbo, is used in folk medicine for treatment of uterine bleeding, pertussis, gastric pain, and as a sedative. The aim of this study was to (1) determine the phytochemical profile,(2) identify chemical constituents and (3) examine antioxidant and cytogenotoxic activity of ethanolic extracts and fractions of stem bark and leaves. The plant material (leaf and stem bark) was submitted to extraction with ethanol, followed by partition using hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. It was possible to identify and quantify the epicatechin in the ethanolic stem bark extract (0.065 mg/g extract) and rutin in the leaf extract (3.33 mg/g extract). Based upon in vitro tests a significant relationship was noted between findings from antioxidant tests and levels of total phenolic and flavonoid. Comparing all samples (extracts and fractions), the ethyl acetate fractions of stem bark (411.40 ± 15.38 GAE/g) and leaves (225.49 ± 9.47 GAE/g) exhibited higher phenolic content, whereas hexanic fraction of stem bark (124.28 ± 56 mg/g sample) and ethyl acetate fraction of leaves (238.91 ± 1.73 mg/g sample) demonstrated a higher content of flavonoids. Among the antioxidant tests, the intermediate fraction of stem bark (28.5 ± 0.60 μg/ml) and ethyl acetate fraction of leaves (40 ± 0.56 μg/ml) displayed a higher % inhibition of free radical DPPH activity, whereas intermediate fraction of stem bark (27.5 ± 0.9 μg/ml) and hydromethanol fraction of leaves (81 ± 1.4 μg/ml) demonstrated inhibition of the free radical ABTS. In biological tests (Allium cepa and micronucleus in peripheral blood), data showed that none of the tested concentrations of ethanolic extracts of leaves and stem bark produced significant cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenic activity.Abbreviations AA%: percentage of antioxidant activity; ABTS: 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); CEUA: Ethics Committee in the Use of Animals; TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; EEB: ethanol extract of the stem bark; HFB: Hexanic fraction of stem bark; IFB: Intermediate fraction of stem bark; CFB: Chloroform fraction of stem bark; EAFB: Ethyl acetate fraction of stem bark; HMFB: Hydromethanol fraction of the stem bark; EEL: Ethanol extract from leaves; HFL: Hexane fraction of leaves; CFL: Chloroform fraction of leaves; EAFL: Ethyl acetate fraction of leaves; HMFL: Hydromethanol fraction of leaves; GAE: Gallic Acid Equivalent; IC50: 50% inhibition concentration; HCOOH: Formic acid; HCl: hydrochloric acid; HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography; MN: micronucleus; WHO: World Health Organization; UFLC: Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography; UESPI: State University of Piauí.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Gonzaga Sousa
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Center, State University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Valdiléia Teixeira Uchôa
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Center, State University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Marcos de Almeida
- Health Sciences Center, Department of Genetics, State University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Mariana Helena Chaves
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mahendra Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University Amravati, Maharashtra, India
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Sharma P, Purchase D, Chandra R. Residual pollutants in treated pulp paper mill wastewater and their phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity in Allium cepa. Environ Geochem Health 2021; 43:2143-2164. [PMID: 33400008 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Discharged pulp and paper mill wastewater (PPMW) were collected near M/s K. R. pulp and papers Limited, Shahjahanpur, India. Chemical analysis of the wastewater showed high BOD (3653-4180 mg L-1) and COD (17,890-19100 mg L-1) values from two different sampling sites. The levels of total phenol were in the range of 389-432 mg L-1; nitrogen (125-234 mg L-1), sulfate (1926-2098 mg L-1), chloride (3.12-5.43 mg L-1) and lignin (38,950-39,000 mg L-1) along with various heavy metals (Fe, 87-79; Zn, 34-22; Cu, 3.28-2.57; Cd, 1.90-0.36; Ni, 6-5, and Pb, 41.23-36.54 mg L-1) were above the permissible limits recommended by the CPCB and the USEPA. The BOD/COD ratio was < 0.2 which indicated very low biodegradability of the organic matters present in the effluent. The organometallic complex generated from the pulp and paper industry persists in the environment and might be toxic to aquatic organisms. The organic polymers, lignin, metals and ions present in the PPMW were characterized using SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and UV-VIS spectroscopy. The major pollutants detected in the discharged PPMW included nonacosane, heptacosane, octadecanoic acid, hexadecane, and 6-benzamide- 3- [2- [1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl] ethyl]-1, 2-benzisoxazole, as well as a group of plant fatty acids classified as EDCs, and mutagenic pollutants. The cytotoxic and androgenic properties of these complex organics were examined. The seed germination test with Phaseolus mungo and cytotoxicity test with Allium cepa showed that at > 20% concentration of PPMW, α-amylase production was inhibited and chromosomal segregation at metaphase and anaphase during cell division was disturbed, which resulted in c-mitosis, sticky chromosomes, and laggard chromosomes. In addition, SEM of the root of A. cepa showed fissures and fractured tissues of the root cap, probably due to the inhibition of auxins that were responsible for root cap formation. The findings indicated A. cepa as a good test model for examining the DNA damage and cytotoxicity by PPMW, and the discharged effluent should be treated at a tertiary stage for environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central University, Vidya Vihar, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India
| | - Diane Purchase
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, Hendon, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Ram Chandra
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Central University, Vidya Vihar, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India.
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Barbosa MA, Fonseca JC, Ferraz V, Castro AHF, Alves Rodrigues Dos Santos Lima L. Phytotoxic and antioxidant effects of dichloromethane fraction of Smilax Brasiliensis Sprengel. Nat Prod Res 2021; 35:1676-1681. [PMID: 31174428 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1624955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dichloromethane (DCM) fraction and sub-fractions obtained from Smilax brasiliensis leaves were examined in order to determine their phytotoxic and antioxidant effects. The dichloromethane fraction was submitted to a preparative layer chromatography leading to seven sub-fractions (DCM1-DCM7). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed on the dichloromethane sub-fractions. The DCM sub-fractions presented phytotoxic potential; at a concentration of 125 µg per plate, DCM6 and DCM4 showed the strongest results on Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa, respectively. The DCM fraction and DCM4 sub-fraction were more effective than 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) at scavenging the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Analysis by GC-MS showed the presence of methyl palmitate (33.05%) in DCM4 and methyl palmitate (17.29%) and methyl oleate (50.96%) in DCM6, suggesting that the activities exhibited by the sub-fractions may be attributed, at least partially, to these major compounds. These results indicate that the DCM sub-fractions of S. brasiliensis could be used as natural herbicides and antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Almeida Barbosa
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Costa Fonseca
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vany Ferraz
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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11
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Younes NA, Rahman MM, Wardany AA, Dawood MFA, Mostofa MG, Keya SS, Abdel Latef AAH, Tran LSP. Antioxidants and Bioactive Compounds in Licorice Root Extract Potentially Contribute to Improving Growth, Bulb Quality and Yield of Onion ( Allium cepa). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092633. [PMID: 33946396 PMCID: PMC8124151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing culinary use of onion (Alium cepa) raises pressure on the current production rate, demanding sustainable approaches for increasing its productivity worldwide. Here, we aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root extract (LRE) in improving growth, yield, nutritional status, and antioxidant properties of two high-yielding onion cultivars, Shandaweel and Giza 20, growing under field conditions in two consecutive years. Our results revealed that pretreatments of both onion cultivars with LRE exhibited improved growth indices (plant height and number of leaves) and yield-related features (bulb length, bulb diameter, and bulb weight) in comparison with the corresponding LRE-devoid control plants. Pretreatments with LRE also improved the nutritional and antioxidant properties of bulbs of both cultivars, which was linked to improved mineral (e.g., K+ and Ca2+) acquisition, and heightened activities of enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase) and increased levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione, phenolics, and flavonoids). LRE also elevated the contents of proline, total free amino acids, total soluble carbohydrates, and water-soluble proteins in both onion bulbs. In general, both cultivars displayed positive responses to LRE pretreatments; however, the Shandaweel cultivar performed better than the Giza 20 cultivar in terms of yield and, to some extent, bulb quality. Collectively, our findings suggest that the application of LRE as biostimulant might be an effective strategy to enhance bulb quality and ultimately the productivity of onion cultivars under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A. Younes
- Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University-Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt;
| | - Md. Mezanur Rahman
- Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Ahmed A. Wardany
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt;
| | - Mona F. A. Dawood
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt;
| | - Mohammad Golam Mostofa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh;
| | - Sanjida Sultana Keya
- Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef
- Biology Department, Turabah University College, Turabah Branch, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: or (A.A.H.A.L.); or (L.-S.P.T.); Tel.: +966-501628042 (A.A.H.A.L.); +1-80-6834-7829 (L.-S.P.T.)
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Correspondence: or (A.A.H.A.L.); or (L.-S.P.T.); Tel.: +966-501628042 (A.A.H.A.L.); +1-80-6834-7829 (L.-S.P.T.)
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12
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Dey A, Hazra AK, Mukherjee A, Nandy S, Pandey DK. Chemotaxonomy of the ethnic antidote Aristolochia indica for aristolochic acid content: Implications of anti-phospholipase activity and genotoxicity study. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 266:113416. [PMID: 32980485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aristolochia indica L. (Aristolochiaceae) is a common medicinal plant described in many traditional medicine as well as in Ayurveda used against snakebites. Besides, the plant has also been reported traditionally against fever, rheumatic arthritis, madness, liver ailments, dyspepsia, oedema, leishmaniasis, leprosy, dysmenorrhoea, sexual diseases etc. The plant is known to contain its major bioactive constituent aristolochic acid (AA) known for its anti-snake venom, abortifacient, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS This present work describes a validated, fast and reproducible high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method to estimate AA from the roots of 20 chemotypes of A. indica procured from 20 diverse geographical locations from the state of West Bengal, India. Further, an evidence-based approach was adopted to investigate the reported anti-venom activity of the aqueous extracts of the A. indica roots by assessing its phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitory properties since PLA2 is a major component of many snake-venoms. Finally, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the aqueous root extract of the Purulia (AI 1) chemotype were assessed at various concentrations using Allium cepa root meristematic cells. RESULTS The highest amount of AA (7643.67 μg/g) was determined in the roots of A. indica chemotype collected from Purulia district followed by the chemotypes collected from Murshidabad, Jalpaiguri and Birbhum districts (7398.34, 7345.09 and 6809.97 μg/g respectively). This study not only determines AA in the plants to select pharmacologically elite chemotypes of A. indica, but it also identifies high AA producing A. indica for further domestication and propagation of the plants for pharmacological and industrial applications. The method was validated via analyzing inter-day and intra-day precision, repeatability, reproducibility, instrumental precision, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) and specificity. Chemotypes with high AA content exhibited superior anti-PLA2 activity by selectively inhibiting human-group PLA2. Moreover, A. indica root extract significantly inhibited mitosis in Allium cepa root tips as a potent clastogen. CONCLUSIONS The present quick, reproducible and validated HPTLC method provides an easy tool to determine AA in natural A. indica plant populations as well as in food and dietary supplements, a potential antivenin at one hand and a possible cause of aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) at another. Besides, the cytotoxic and mitotoxic properties of the root extracts should be used with caution especially for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Alok Kumar Hazra
- IRDM Faculty Centre, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Samapika Nandy
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India.
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Murali M, Anandan S, Ansari MA, Alzohairy MA, Alomary MN, Asiri SMM, Almatroudi A, Thriveni MC, Singh SB, Gowtham HG, Aiyaz M, Srinivasa C, Urooj A, Amruthesh KN. Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Phyto-Fabricated from the Obscure Morning Glory Plant Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. Molecules 2021; 26:891. [PMID: 33567661 PMCID: PMC7915295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was undertaken to investigate the antioxidant, genotoxic, and cytotoxic potentialities of phyto-fabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) from Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. aqueous leaf extract. The UV-visible spectral analysis of the ZnO-NPs showed an absorption peak at 304 nm with a bandgap energy of 3.54 eV, which are characteristics of zinc nanoparticles. Moreover, the particles were of nano-size (~24.26 nm) with 88.11% purity and were agglomerated as observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The phyto-fabricated ZnO-NPs offered radical scavenging activity (RSA) in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 0.45 mg mL-1. In addition, the genotoxicity studies of ZnO-NPs carried out on onion root tips revealed that the particles were able to significantly inhibit the cell division at the mitotic stage with a mitotic index of 39.49%. Further, the cytotoxic studies on HT-29 cells showed that the phyto-fabricated ZnO-NPs could arrest the cell division as early as in the G0/G1 phase (with 92.14%) with 73.14% cells showing early apoptotic symptoms after 24 h of incubation. The results of the study affirm the ability of phyto-fabricated ZnO-NPs from aqueous leaf extract of I. obscura is beneficial in the cytotoxic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadevamurthy Murali
- Applied Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India;
| | - Satish Anandan
- Department of Studies in Food Science and Nutrition, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (S.A.); (A.U.)
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar 563101, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institutes for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad A. Alzohairy
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim 51431, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad N. Alomary
- National Center for Biotechnology, Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sarah Mousa Maadi Asiri
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim 51431, Saudi Arabia;
| | - M. C. Thriveni
- Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Thally Road, TVS Nagar, Hosur 635109, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Sudarshana Brijesh Singh
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (S.B.S.); (H.G.G.); (M.A.)
| | | | - Mohammed Aiyaz
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (S.B.S.); (H.G.G.); (M.A.)
| | - Chandrashekar Srinivasa
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Davangere University, Davangere 577007, Karnataka, India;
| | - Asna Urooj
- Department of Studies in Food Science and Nutrition, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India; (S.A.); (A.U.)
| | - Kestur Nagaraj Amruthesh
- Applied Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, Karnataka, India;
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Chakrabarti M, Mukherjee A. Investigating the underlying mechanism of cadmium-induced plant adaptive response to genotoxic stress. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 209:111817. [PMID: 33383339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants as sessile organisms have developed some unique strategies to withstand environmental stress and adaptive response (AR) is one of them. In the present study Cadmium (Cd)-induced AR was evaluated to ameliorate the genotoxicity of a known chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) based on cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress in two model plant systems Allium cepa L. and Vicia faba L. Priming the plants with cadmium chloride (CdCl2, 25 and 50 μM) reduced the genotoxicity of EMS (0.25 mM). Cd-induced AR was evident by the magnitude of adaptive response (MAR) values calculated for cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and biochemical parameters. In addition the involvement of some major metabolic pathways and epigenetic modifications in AR was investigated. Metabolic blockers of protein kinase cascades, DNA repair, oxidative stress and de novo translation interfered with the adaptive response implying their role in AR whereas, inhibitors involved in post-replication repair and autophagy were ineffective implicating that they probably have no role in the AR studied. Moreover to find the role of DNA methylation in AR, methylation-sensitive comet assay was carried out. Simultaneously 5-methyl- 2'-deoxycytidine (5mdC) levels were quantified by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). AR was eliminated in cells treated with a demethylating agent, 5-aza- 2'deoxycytidine (AZA). Results implied a contribution of DNA hypermethylation. To the best of our knowledge this is a first report correlating DNA methylation to Cd-induced adaptive response in plants undergoing genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoswini Chakrabarti
- Cell Biology and Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Centre of Advance Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
| | - Anita Mukherjee
- Cell Biology and Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Centre of Advance Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India
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15
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Kalefetoğlu Macar T, Macar O, Yalçιn E, Çavuşoğlu K. Preventive efficiency of Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruit extract in diniconazole fungicide-treated Allium cepa L. roots. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2534. [PMID: 33510323 PMCID: PMC7844236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is a medicinal plant with antioxidant-rich fruits. Diniconazole, a broad-spectrum fungicide, is employed extensively. The present study was designed to evaluate the preventive efficiency of C. mas fruit extract (CME) against the toxic effects of diniconazole on a model organism, Allium cepa L. For this aim, physiological, cytogenetic and biochemical parameters as well as the meristematic cell damages were investigated in A. cepa treated with diniconazole and C. mas extract. A. cepa bulbs were divided into six groups which were treated with tap water, 0.5 g/L CME, 1.0 g/L CME, 100 mg/L diniconazole, 0.5 g/L CME + 100 mg/L diniconazole and 1.0 g/L CME + 100 mg/L diniconazole, respectively. Diniconazole application caused a significant reduction in germination percentage, root elongation and total weight gain. Mitotic index decreased, while chromosomal aberrations increased following diniconazole application. Diniconazole caused significant rises in malondialdehyde content and the total activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes. The meristematic cell damages induced by diniconazole were indistinct transmission tissue, epidermis cell deformation, thickening of the cortex cell wall and flattened cell nucleus. Aqueous C. mas extracts induced a dose-dependent prevention and amelioration in all damages arisen from diniconazole application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar
- Department of Food Technology, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Giresun University, 28400, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Oksal Macar
- Department of Food Technology, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Giresun University, 28400, Giresun, Turkey.
| | - Emine Yalçιn
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, 28049, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, 28049, Giresun, Turkey
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16
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Chang SN, Dey DK, Oh ST, Kong WH, Cho KH, Al-Olayan EM, Hwang BS, Kang SC, Park JG. Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate Induced Toxicity Study and the Role of Tangeretin in Abrogating HIF-1α-NF-κB Crosstalk In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9261. [PMID: 33291656 PMCID: PMC7729754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is a potent tumor promoter and highly inflammatory in nature. Here, we investigated the toxic effects of PMA on different model system. PMA (10 μg) caused chromosomal aberrations on the Allium cepa root tip and induced mitotic dysfunction. Similarly, PMA caused embryonic and larval deformities and a plummeted survivability rate on zebrafish embryo in a dose-dependent manner. Persistently, PMA treatment on immortalized human keratinocyte human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells caused massive inflammatory rush at 4 h and a drop in cell survivability at 24 h. Concomitantly, we replicated a cutaneous inflammation similar to human psoriasis induced by PMA. Herein, we used tangeretin (TAN), as an antagonist to counteract the inflammatory response. Results from an in vivo experiment indicated that TAN (10 and 30 mg/kg) significantly inhibited PMA stimulated epidermal hyperplasia and intra-epidermal neutrophilic abscesses. In addition, its treatment effectively neutralized PMA induced elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation on in vitro and in vivo systems, promoting antioxidant response. The association of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α)-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells (NF-κB) crosstalk triggered by PMA enhanced PKCα-ERK1/2-NF-κB pathway; its activation was also significantly counteracted after TAN treatment. Conclusively, we demonstrated TAN inhibited the nuclear translocation of HIF-1α and NF-κB p65. Collectively, TAN treatment ameliorated PMA incited malignant inflammatory response by remodeling the cutaneous microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukkum Ngullie Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea; (S.N.C.); (D.K.D.)
- Advanced Bio Convergence Center, Pohang Technopark Foundation, Pohang 37668, Gyeongbuk, Korea; (S.T.O.); (W.H.K.)
| | - Debasish Kumar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea; (S.N.C.); (D.K.D.)
| | - Seong Taek Oh
- Advanced Bio Convergence Center, Pohang Technopark Foundation, Pohang 37668, Gyeongbuk, Korea; (S.T.O.); (W.H.K.)
- Okinawa Research Center Co. Ltd., 13-33, Suzaki, Uruma-si, Okinawa Ken 904-2234, Japan
| | - Won Ho Kong
- Advanced Bio Convergence Center, Pohang Technopark Foundation, Pohang 37668, Gyeongbuk, Korea; (S.T.O.); (W.H.K.)
| | - Kiu Hyung Cho
- Research Group, Gyeongbuk Institute for Bio Industry (GIB), Andong 36728, Korea;
| | - Ebtesam M. Al-Olayan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Buyng Su Hwang
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Korea;
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea; (S.N.C.); (D.K.D.)
| | - Jae Gyu Park
- Advanced Bio Convergence Center, Pohang Technopark Foundation, Pohang 37668, Gyeongbuk, Korea; (S.T.O.); (W.H.K.)
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Acharya P, Jayaprakasha GK, Semper J, Patil BS. 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Reveal Enhancement of Growth-Promoting Metabolites in Onion Seedlings Treated with Green-Synthesized Nanomaterials. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:13206-13220. [PMID: 32233481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Seed priming is a promising approach to improve germination, emergence, and seedling growth by triggering pre-germinative metabolism and enhancing seedling vigor. Recently, nanopriming gained importance in seed improvement as a result of the small size and unique physicochemical characteristics of nanomaterials. In the present study, silver and gold nanoparticles were synthesized using onion extracts as the reducing agent. Similarly, the agro-food industrial byproducts citrus seed oil and curcumin-removed turmeric oleoresin were used for the preparation of nanoemulsions. For seed priming, these green-synthesized nanomaterials were incubated with seeds of two onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars (Legend and 50147) for 72 h, and then the plants were grown in a greenhouse for 3 weeks. Seed priming with these nanomaterials increased seed germination and seedling emergence. One-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry metabolomics studies showed that different nanopriming treatments distinctly altered the metabolome of onion seedlings. Seed priming treatments significantly inhibited plant hormones and growth regulators, such as abscisic acid and cis-(+)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, and enhanced germination stimulators, such as γ-aminobutyric acid and zeatin, in onion seeds and seedlings. Therefore, these priming treatments have positive impact on improving seed performance and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Acharya
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, Texas 77845-2119, United States
| | - Guddadarangavvanahally K Jayaprakasha
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, Texas 77845-2119, United States
| | - James Semper
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, Texas 77845-2119, United States
| | - Bhimanagouda S Patil
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, 1500 Research Parkway, Suite A120, College Station, Texas 77845-2119, United States
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Souza PMS, Sommaggio LRD, Marin-Morales MA, Morales AR. PBAT biodegradable mulch films: Study of ecotoxicological impacts using Allium cepa, Lactuca sativa and HepG2/C3A cell culture. Chemosphere 2020; 256:126985. [PMID: 32445994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable mulch films are an alternative to polyethylene films used in agriculture for weed control, improving crop productivity. This change could minimize the residue production and costs related to the final disposal. Nevertheless, the environmental safety of these biodegradable products is scarcely investigated. In this work, samples of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-PBAT mulch films, with and without UV stabilizer additives, were prepared. Aqueous extracts of soil samples, where mulch films were disposed, were investigated using bioassays with Lactuca sativa, Allium cepa, and cell culture HepG2/C3A. As PBAT is expected to suffer photodegradation and biodegradation, soil samples mixed with films before and after these processes were evaluated. Soil aqueous extracts promoted root grown (mainly hypocotyl) of L. sativa, probably due to presence of nutrients. So, to evaluate toxicity potential, in this case it was necessary to use aqueous extract prepared with soil instead of ultrapure water as the control. After doing this analysis it was observed that no adverse impacts due to PBAT films occurred. No chromosomal abnormalities were observed in A. cepa bioassay for any of tested samples. The absence of genotoxic potential was confirmed by comet assay and micronucleus test using human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2/C3A. These results showed that the soil did not induce damage to the tested organisms, before and after degradation of PBAT films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Moraes Sinohara Souza
- Department of Materials Engineering and Bioprocess, School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Rita Morales
- Department of Materials Engineering and Bioprocess, School of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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19
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Sun C, Nile SH, Zhang Y, Qin L, El-Seedi HR, Daglia M, Kai G. Novel Insight into Utilization of Flavonoid Glycosides and Biological Properties of Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) Flower Byproducts. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:10685-10696. [PMID: 32924469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) byproducts are considered as a cheap source of bioactive polyphenolics endowed with potential antioxidant effects. The saffron biowaste is utilized for extraction of flavonoid glycosides and their potential biological properties. The total amount of polyphenolics and polysaccharides was found to be higher in the tepal than in the stamen. The bioactive compounds quercetin-3-O-sophoroside (Q-3-sop) and kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside (K-3-sop) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antioxidant effects were studied using 2,2 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC); Q-3-sop showed stronger antioxidant effects compared to K-3-sop, crocin-I, and crocin-II. Furthermore, Q-3-sop also inhibited cell apoptosis caused by H2O2 by reducing the levels of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In terms of cytogenetic effects, Q-3-sop revealed no cytogenic effects on onion root meristem cells but chromosomal aberration was observed at the highest dose (200 ppm). Thus, saffron byproducts and its flavonoids could be utilized as natural antioxidant agents with no cytogenetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengtao Sun
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Yiting Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Luping Qin
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
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Pamplona-Silva MT, Gonçalves LC, Bittencourt-Oliveira MDC, Marin-Morales MA. DNA damages induced by both endotoxin and exotoxin produced by cyanobacteria. Chemosphere 2020; 254:126716. [PMID: 32334246 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes involved in the contamination of aquatic environments since they release toxins that are highly potent and dangerous for living organisms. Prokaryotes produce endo and exotoxins, among others. Exotoxins are highly toxic, while endotoxins have milder toxic effects. The present study evaluated the cytotoxicogenetic potency of both toxins studying them in different concentrations of cyanobacterial biomasses (1 μg/L, 1.5 μg/L, 2 μg/L), to assess the amount of exotoxin present in the cultured medium in which the cyanobacteria were grown. For this evaluation, we used an extract taken from the medium in a concentration of 10%. Our results showed that genotoxic and mutagenic changes in Allium cepa could be observed in all of the varying concentrations of biomass (endotoxin action) and also in the medium induced with exotoxin. Even at low concentrations, these toxins were highly effective at triggering changes in the DNA molecules of organisms exposed to them. This information is highly significant when considering environmental contamination caused by cyanobacteria blooms, since the results of this study show that these toxins may not only kill organisms when found in high concentrations, but also induce mutations when found in low concentrations. Since these mutations are expressed later on in the organisms, it is impossible to associate the observed effect with the event that induced the damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tereza Pamplona-Silva
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Av 24-A, 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Cristina Gonçalves
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Av 24-A, 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Av 24-A, 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
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García-Medina S, Galar-Martínez M, Gómez-Oliván LM, Torres-Bezaury RMDC, Islas-Flores H, Gasca-Pérez E. The relationship between cyto-genotoxic damage and oxidative stress produced by emerging pollutants on a bioindicator organism (Allium cepa): The carbamazepine case. Chemosphere 2020; 253:126675. [PMID: 32278918 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The carbamazepine (CBZ) is one of the most frequently detected anticonvulsant drugs in water bodies. Although there are reports of its ecotoxicological effects in the scientific literature, toxicity studies have not focused on establishing the mechanism by which CBZ produces its effect at environmentally relevant concentrations. The objective of this work was to evaluate cyto-genotoxicity and its relationship with oxidative stress produced by carbamazepine in the Allium cepa model. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, as well as the biomarkers of oxidative stress were analyzed in the roots of A. cepa, exposed to 1 and 31.36 μg L-1 after 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. The results show that genotoxic capacity of this drug in the roots of A. cepa is related to the generation of oxidative stress, in particular with production of hydroperoxides and oxidized proteins. Also, the cytotoxic effect has a high correlation with DNA damage. The results of the present study clearly indicate that bioassays with sensitive plants such as A. cepa are useful and complementary tools to evaluate the environmental impact of emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra García-Medina
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, AV. Wilfrido Massieu S/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México, CP, 07700, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, AV. Wilfrido Massieu S/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México, CP, 07700, Mexico.
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan S/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rosalía María Del Consuelo Torres-Bezaury
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, AV. Wilfrido Massieu S/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México, CP, 07700, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan S/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Eloy Gasca-Pérez
- Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, AV. Wilfrido Massieu S/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México, CP, 07700, Mexico; Cátedra CONACYT, Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, AV. Wilfrido Massieu S/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo., Ciudad de México, CP, 07700, Mexico
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22
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Nawalage SK, Pathiratne A. Application of cytogenetic model Allium cepa for screening potential cytogenotoxicity of herbal-based hair dyes. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2020; 55:1366-1372. [PMID: 32684077 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1795502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant models may be useful as test organisms for initial screening of potential toxicity of personal care products. The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy of the Allium cepa (common onion) test system as a bioanalytical tool for screening potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of herbal-based hair dye formulations. Exposure of black hair dye formulations for 48 hours resulted in root growth retardation and mitosis suppression in the root meristems of A. cepa bulbs indicating concentration dependent cytotoxicity. At the 72 hour post exposure, cytotoxic effects on the roots were reduced but not recovered completely signifying prolong toxic action of the hair dyes. The condensed nuclei was the most frequent nuclear abnormality found in the dye exposed root meristematic cells indicating the cell death process. Induction of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations in the root meristematic cells even at the post exposure stage indicates persistent genotoxicity of the hair dyes which may be attributed to the interactive effects of chemical mixtures present in the commercial hair dye formulations. The results revealed that A. cepa test system is an effective bioanalytical tool for screening cytogenotoxicity of commercial hair dye formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semini K Nawalage
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Asoka Pathiratne
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Management, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
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Porciuncula LM, Teixeira AR, Santos MFC, D'Oca MGM, Santos LS, Nachtigall FM, Orth ES, D'Oca CRM. Novel lipophilic analogues from 2,4-D and Propanil herbicides: Biological activity and kinetic studies. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 231:104947. [PMID: 32622838 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the synthesis of new lipophilic amides and esters analogues of classical organochlorides herbicides by incorporation of long-chains from fatty acids and derivatives. The new fatty esters and amides were synthesized in 96-99% and 80-89% yields, respectively. In general, all compounds tested showed superior in vitro activity than commercial herbicides against growth L. sativa and A. cepa, in ranges 86-100% of germinative inhibition. The target compounds showed, significantly more susceptible towards acid hydrolysis than 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The kinetic and NMR studies showed that the incorporation of lipophilic chains resulted in a decrease in half-life time of new herbicides compounds (1.5 h) than 2,4-D (3 h). These findings suggest the synthesis of new lipophilic herbicides as potential alternative to traditional formulations, by incorporation of long fatty alkyl chains in the molecular structure of 2,4-D, resulting in superior in vitro herbicidal activity, best degradation behavior and more hydrophobic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa M Porciuncula
- Laboratorio Kolbe de Síntese Orgânica, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 08, s/n, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Alex R Teixeira
- Grupo de Catálise e Cinética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria F C Santos
- Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo G M D'Oca
- Laboratorio Kolbe de Síntese Orgânica, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, Km 08, s/n, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S Santos
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| | - Fabiane M Nachtigall
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, 3467987, Chile
| | - Elisa S Orth
- Grupo de Catálise e Cinética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Caroline R M D'Oca
- Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Rodrigues CM, Suchoronczek A, De Lima VA, Boldrini KR, De Lima PCG. Toxicity of Explosive Effluent by Alliumcepa and Germination Test. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 105:127-133. [PMID: 32548730 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work the toxicity caused by explosive industries effluent (yellow water) at different levels of toxicity (genetic, cellular and organismal level) was evaluated by the Allium cepa test and the Sorghum sudanense germination. The results showed that the effluent paralyze the mitotic process, keeping the cells in the interphase, decreasing the mitotic index in A. cepa. Chromosomal abnormalities such as c-metaphases, adhesions, breaks, early ascending chromosomes and irregular nucleus were observed for this receptor species. The germination of S. sudanense was reduced, and the development of the radicles were affected, showing reduced tolerance index at the highest concentrations of the effluent. Thus, it is concluded that the effluent from the explosive industry is extremely toxic to the tested organisms, both in cellular and chromosomal level and also for seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Muniz Rodrigues
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste, Guarapuava, PR, Brasil.
| | - Andreia Suchoronczek
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste, Guarapuava, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Kellen Regina Boldrini
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste, Guarapuava, PR, Brasil
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25
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Salazar Mercado SA, Quintero Caleño JD, Rojas Suárez JP. Cytogenotoxic effect of propanil using the Lens culinaris Med and Allium cepa L test. Chemosphere 2020; 249:126193. [PMID: 32086064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Propanil can produce methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia, hepatotoxicity, metabolic disorder and nephrotoxicity. It also has a genotoxic effect, although it is not listed as a carcinogen and it continues to be applied excessively throughout the world. Consequently, in this study the cytogenotoxic effect of propanil was evaluated, using apical root cells of Allium cepa and Lens culinaris. In which, L. culinaris seeds and A. cepa bulbs were subjected to 6 treatments with propanil (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mg L-1) and to distilled water as control treatment. Subsequently, the root growth was measured every 24 h for 3 days. Next, the mitotic index and cellular anomalies were determined. Whereby, decreased root development was observed in all treatments. Likewise, greater inhibition of mitosis was evidenced in L. culinaris compared to A. cepa. In addition, chromosomal abnormalities, such as nucleus absence, sticky chromosomes in metaphase and binucleated cells, were present in most of the treatments. Thus, the presence of micronuclei and the results of L. culinaris, indicate the high cytogenotoxicity of propanil and the feasibility of this species as bioindicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seir Antonio Salazar Mercado
- Department of Biology, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Avenida Gran Colombia No. 12E-96B Colsag, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia.
| | | | - Jhan Piero Rojas Suárez
- Department of Civil Constructions, Roads, Transportation, Hydraulics and Fluids, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Cúcuta, Colombia.
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Durairaj K, Roy B, Chandrasekaran N, Krishnan SP, Mukherjee A. Silver nanorods induced oxidative stress and chromosomal aberrations in the Allium cepa model. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:161-166. [PMID: 32433034 PMCID: PMC8675964 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of different size and shape silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has increased considerably in recent years due to several commercial and biological applications. Here, rod-shaped AgNPs (SNRs) were prepared using the microwave-assisted method and characterised by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The present study aims to investigate the cyto-genotoxic effect of various concentrations (5, 10, and 15 µM) of SNRs using Allium cepa model. As a result, concentration-dependent cyto-genotoxic effect of SNRs was observed through a decrease in the mitotic index, and an increase in the chromosomal aberrations such as chromosome break, disturbed metaphase, and anaphase bridge. To check the impact of Ag+ ions, 15 µM silver nitrate (AgNO3) was prepared and tested in all the assays. Furthermore, cell viability and different reactive oxygen species assays were performed to test the cytotoxicity evaluation of SNRs. The authors found that in all the tested assays, SNRs at high concentrations (15 µM) and AgNO3 (15 µM) were observed to cause maximal damage to the roots. Therefore, the current study implies that the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of SNRs were dependent on the concentration of SNRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthiga Durairaj
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Barsha Roy
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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Giorgetti L, Spanò C, Muccifora S, Bottega S, Barbieri F, Bellani L, Ruffini Castiglione M. Exploring the interaction between polystyrene nanoplastics and Allium cepa during germination: Internalization in root cells, induction of toxicity and oxidative stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 149:170-177. [PMID: 32070910 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With the aim to investigate the mechanisms of action of nano plastics (nano PS) on plants, seeds of Allium cepa were germinated for 72 h in the presence of polystyrene nano PS (50 nm size, at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 g L-1) and, subsequently, roots were analysed by a multifaceted approach. No effect was induced by any concentration of nano PS on the percentage of seed germination while root growth was inhibited by 0.1 and 1 g L-1 nano PS. Cytological analysis of the root meristems indicated cytotoxicity (reduction of mitotic index) and genotoxicity (induction of cytogenetic anomalies and micronuclei) starting from the lowest dose. Moreover, the biochemical and histochemical analysis of oxidative stress markers gave evidence of stress induction, especially at the highest doses. Damages reported could be due to mechanical surface contact in root external layers, as evidenced by histological localization, and to the internalization of nano PS in different cellular compartments, observed under TEM. The present research underlines the hazardous nature of nano PS, that for their ability to be internalized into crop plants, can enter into different trophic levels of the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Giorgetti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, (IBBA-CNR), Pisa, Italy.
| | - Carmelina Spanò
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Italy; Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Lorenza Bellani
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, (IBBA-CNR), Pisa, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Monica Ruffini Castiglione
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Italy; Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Italy
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Avelar Amado P, Fonsêca Castro AH, Samúdio Santos Zanuncio V, Stein VC, Brentan da Silva D, Alves Rodrigues Dos Santos Lima L. Assessment of allelopathic, cytotoxic, genotoxic and antigenotoxic potential of Smilax brasiliensis Sprengel leaves. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 192:110310. [PMID: 32061987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Smilax brasiliensis (Smilacaceae) is a native Brazilian plant found in the Cerrado biome and commonly used in folk medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the allelopathic, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and antigenotoxic potential of extract and fractions of Smilax brasiliensis leaves. Quercetin and rutin isomers were observed in the subfractions. The dichloromethane fraction (1000 μg/mL) decreased lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seed vigor, while and ethyl acetate and hydromethanol fractions (1000 μg/mL) affected the germination, and quercetin and rutin affected the vigor and germination of onion seeds. The extract, fractions, quercetin, and rutin inhibited or promoted lettuce hypocotyl and radicle growth. The extract and fractions inhibited onion hypocotyl growth at all concentrations. With regards to radicle growth, the results were diversified: growth was either inhibited or promoted. Rutin and quercetin inhibited onion hypocotyl and radicle growth at all concentrations. The extract and fractions of Smilax brasiliensis, rutin, and quercetin did not cause cytotoxic effect evaluated by mitotic index. The extract and fractions showed genotoxic effects. Quercetin and rutin did not cause genotoxic effects. On the other hand, the extract and fractions showed antigenotoxic effects at all tested concentrations, where they were able to revert chromosomal abnormalities caused by glyphosate. However, additional studies are required to evaluate the possible use of the S. brasiliensis leaf methanol extract and fractions as natural sources of bioherbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Avelar Amado
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Hortência Fonsêca Castro
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Samúdio Santos Zanuncio
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LaPNEM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cristina Stein
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan da Silva
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LaPNEM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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29
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Liman R, Kursunlu AN, Ciğerci İH, Ozmen M, Acikbas Y. Assessment of the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of pillar[5]arene derivatives by Allium cepa roots and Drosophila melanogaster haemocytes. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 192:110328. [PMID: 32078840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study pillar[5]arene (P5) and a quinoline-functionalized pillar[5]arene (P5-6Q) which is used for detecting radioactive element, gas adsorption and toxic ions were synthesized. These materials were characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), elemental analysis, melting point, Mass Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Zeta Potential. The cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of P5 and P5-6Q at distinct concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL were also investigated by Allium ana-telophase and comet assays on Allium cepa roots and Drosophila melanogaster haemocytes. P5 and P5-6Q showed dose dependent cytotoxic effect by decreasing mitotic index (MI) and genotoxic effect by increasing chromosomal aberrations (CAs such as disturbed anaphase-telophase, polyploidy, stickiness, chromosome laggards and bridges) and DNA damage at the exposed concentrations. These changes in P5-6Q were lower than P5. Further research is necessary to clarify the cytotoxic and genotoxic action mechanisms of P5 and P5-6Q at molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Liman
- Usak University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, 64300, Uşak, Turkey.
| | - Ahmed Nuri Kursunlu
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, 42250, Konya, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Hakkı Ciğerci
- Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozmen
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, 42250, Konya, Turkey
| | - Yaser Acikbas
- Usak University, Faculty of Engineering, Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, 64200, Usak, Turkey
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Maity S, Chatterjee A, Guchhait R, De S, Pramanick K. Cytogenotoxic potential of a hazardous material, polystyrene microparticles on Allium cepa L. J Hazard Mater 2020; 385:121560. [PMID: 31732349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution represents a global concern for the biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and public health. The polystyrene is one of the dominant pollutants in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. This work measured the hazardous nature of 100 nm micropolystyrene (MPS) using 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/L concentrations in terms of oxidative stress, morphotoxicity and cytogenotoxicity in Allium cepa. The results were compared with the positive control (PC) (400 mg/L chlorpyrifos). MPS significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the root length while induced the production of hydroxyl, superoxide radicals with a concomitant increase in DPPH scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation as compared to the negative control. The significant decrease in mitotic index with respect to the negative control (MI: 23.855 ± 5.336 %; lowest MI: 3.88 ± 1.042 %) showed the cytotoxic nature of MPS. Genotoxicity was assessed by various chromosomal and nuclear aberrations. The highest 3.029 ± 0.403 % (PC: 3.09 ± 0.535 %) chromosomal abnormality index and 2.31 ± 0.338 % (PC: 1.178 ± 0.095 %) nuclear abnormality index were observed. MPS down-regulated the expression of plant CDKA encoding gene: cdc2, an important cell cycle regulator. The overall results indicated that MPS could induce cytogenotoxicity through the exacerbation of ROS production and inhibition of cdc2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhendu Maity
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Ankit Chatterjee
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Rajkumar Guchhait
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Sukanta De
- Department of Physics, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Kousik Pramanick
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India.
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Heikal YM, Şuţan NA, Rizwan M, Elsayed A. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles induced cytogenotoxic and genotoxic changes in Allium cepa L. varies with nanoparticles doses and duration of exposure. Chemosphere 2020; 243:125430. [PMID: 31995881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to test the ability of aqueous leaf extract of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and to estimate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of AgNPs using Allium cepa assay. Fresh Eichhornia crassipes plants were collected from the Nile River of Egypt. The mixed-shaped structures of the biogenic AgNPs were qualitatively characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Selected area electron diffraction confirmed the crystalline structure of AgNPs and energy dispersive X-ray analysis clarified the presence of the elemental silver in a percentage of 83.29%. The biogenic AgNPs were quite stable (0.316) and negatively charged (-18.5 mV) based on the polydispersity index values. Allium cepa L. roots were exposed to several AgNPs concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg L-1) for different time intervals 2, 4 and 6 h. Cytotoxicity measured by both the spectrophotometric and macroscopic techniques recorded the maximum cell death of root tips of A. cepa after 20 mg L-1 treatment. The analysis of comet assay output images showed an alteration of DNA repair kinetics. The use of aqueous leaf extract of E. crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach in the large-scale production of AgNPs by the method proposed in this study may be a step in improving the water loss in the Nile River. At the same time, a sensitive approach to the cytogenotoxicity of AgNPs must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin M Heikal
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nicoleta Anca Şuţan
- University of Piteşti, Faculty of Sciences, Physical Education and Informatics, Department of Natural Sciences, 1 Targu din Vale Str., 110040, Pitesti, Romania
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ashraf Elsayed
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
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Raguraman V, Suthindhiran K. Comparative ecotoxicity assessment of magnetosomes and magnetite nanoparticles. Int J Environ Health Res 2020; 30:13-25. [PMID: 30714827 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1570489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) are gaining attention because of their biomedical, environmental and industrial applications. However, they have limited uses because of ecotoxicity. On contrast, bacterially synthesized MNPs such as magnetosomes are found to be biocompatible and less toxic due to the lipid bilayer membrane found around magnetite. In this context, this study compares the physio-chemical properties and toxicology effects of MNPs and magnetosomes in different models such as human red blood cells, macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7), onion root tips (Allium cepa), Artemia salina (A. salina) and zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio). MNPs showed 38.59% hemolysis whereas the maximum hemolysis induced by magnetosomes was 7.03% for the same concentration (250 μg/ml). The cytotoxicity of MNPs and magnetosomes were 36.01% and 13.4%, respectively, at 250 μg/ml. Onion root tip assay revealed high toxicity when treated with MNPs than magnetosomes. The MNPs were further tested for its toxicity against A. salina and 50% mortality rate was observed. Similarly, notable malformation was seen in zebrafish embryo treated with MNPs. However, magnetosomes did not exhibit any mortality and malformation in A. salina and zebrafish embryo. The study revealed that magnetosomes are safe and do not cause any potential risk to environment compared to synthetic MNPs.Abbreviation: MNPs: Magnetic nanoparticles; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; MTB: Magnetotactic bacteria; MSR-1: Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense; DSMZ: Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen; MSGM: Magnetospirillum growth medium; D-PBS: Dulbecco phosphate buffer saline; RBC: Red blood cells; SEM: Scanning electron microscopy; HRTEM: High-resolution transition electron microscope; FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; XRD: X-ray powder diffraction; AFM: Atomic-force microscopy; ZP: Zeta Potential; PSD: Particle Size Distribution; EDX: Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; PBS: Phosphate buffer saline; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified eagle medium; HEPES: (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid); MTT:3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varalakshmi Raguraman
- Marine Biotechnology and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - K Suthindhiran
- Marine Biotechnology and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Liman R, Acikbas Y, Ciğerci İH, Ali MM, Kars MD. Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Assessment of Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles by Allium and Comet Tests. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 104:215-221. [PMID: 31932906 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02783-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanoparticles gained a great interest due to its use in biomedical research. It is considered as safe and has been used in nanomedicine. But literature still states its toxicity depending upon the size and dose of silicon nanoparticles. So, current study was aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) by Allium anaphase-telophase and Comet tests. Characterization of SiO2NPs showed the particle size as 16.12 ± 3.07 nm. The mean diameter of SiO2NPs was having range of 404.66 ± 93.39 nm in solution. Highest total anomalies (18.80 ± 0.45) were observed at 100 µg/mL, whereas least (11.2 ± 0.84) were observed by the 12.5 µg/mL concentration. There was concentration-response association in increased CAs and DNA damage. The highest concentration (100 µg/mL) of SiO2NPs induced the significant DNA damage (149.67 ± 1.15), whereas the least was observed by the negative control (2.67 ± 0.58). The current study revealed the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of SiO2NPs on the root meristem cells of A. cepa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Liman
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Uşak University, 64200, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Yaser Acikbas
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Uşak University, 64200, Uşak, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Hakkı Ciğerci
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Science and Literature, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Muddassir Ali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Meltem Demirel Kars
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Program, Meram Vocational School, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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Wijeyaratne WMDN, Wickramasinghe PGMU. Treated Textile Effluents: Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects in the Natural Aquatic Environment. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 104:245-252. [PMID: 31858153 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Textile effluent treatment methods use biological and chemical treatments to reduce the toxicity and to comply with standard effluent discharge limits. However, trace amounts of pollutants can affect the biological organisms in the receiving environment. The present study used Allium cepa bio assay to assess the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of treated textile effluents discharged to the natural environment. The results of the bioassay indicated that treated textile effluents can induce alterations in the mitotic index. Also nuclear buds, bi nuclei, condensed nuclei, were recorded in the bioassay and the severity of them decreased towards downstream of the effluent discharge point. Therefore, it can be concluded that even the discharged effluents comply with the standard limits, there is a possibility of causing cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in the organisms living in the natural environment.
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Souza IR, Silva LR, Fernandes LSP, Salgado LD, Silva de Assis HC, Firak DS, Bach L, Santos-Filho R, Voigt CL, Barros AC, Peralta-Zamora P, Mattoso N, Franco CRC, Soares Medeiros LC, Marcon BH, Cestari MM, Sant'Anna-Santos BF, Leme DM. Visible-light reduced silver nanoparticles' toxicity in Allium cepa test system. Environ Pollut 2020; 257:113551. [PMID: 31801672 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in consumer products due to their antibacterial property; however, their potential toxicity and release into the environment raises concern. Based on the limited understanding of AgNPs aggregation behavior, this study aimed to investigate the toxicity of uncoated (uc-AgNP) and coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-AgNP), at low concentrations (0.5-100 ng/mL), under dark and visible-light exposure, using a plant test system. We exposed Allium cepa seeds to both types of AgNPs for 4-5 days to evaluate several toxicity endpoints. AgNPs did not cause acute toxicity (i.e., inhibition of seed germination and root development), but caused genotoxicity and biochemical alterations in oxidative stress parameters (lipid peroxidation) and activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in light and dark conditions. However, the light exposure decreased the rate of chromosomal aberration and micronuclei up to 5.60x in uc-AgNP and 2.01x in PVP-AgNP, and 2.69x in uc-AgNP and 3.70x in PVP-AgNP, respectively. Thus, light exposure reduced the overall genotoxicity of these AgNPs. In addition, mitotic index alterations and morphoanatomical changes in meristematic cells were observed only in the dark condition at the highest concentrations, demonstrating that light also reduces AgNPs cytotoxicity. The light-dependent aggregation of AgNPs may have reduced toxicity by reducing the uptake of these NPs by the cells. Our findings demonstrate that AgNPs can be genotoxic, cytotoxic and induce morphoanatomical and biochemical changes in A. cepa roots even at low concentrations, and that visible-light alters their aggregation state, and decreases their toxicity. We suggest that visible light can be an alternative treatment to remediate AgNP residues, minimizing their toxicity and environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irisdoris R Souza
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucas R Silva
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Letícia S P Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lilian D Salgado
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele S Firak
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Larissa Bach
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Santos-Filho
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carmen L Voigt
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Ariana C Barros
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Ney Mattoso
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Celia Regina C Franco
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marta M Cestari
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela M Leme
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Gashi B, Osmani M, Aliu S, Zogaj M, Kastrati F. Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity by sensitive biomarker δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) for onion plants cultivated in polluted areas in Kosovo. J Environ Sci Health B 2020; 55:462-469. [PMID: 32003294 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1721229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers allow an integrated risk assessment of heavy metal pollution effects in living organisms. In this study, the biochemical effects of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn pollution in agricultural soil and their accumulation in Alium cepa L. (onion) were evaluated with ALA-D enzyme response as a biomarker, along with δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and total chlorophyll contents in leaves of this plant. Soil samples were randomly selected from agricultural areas in two regions, Mitrovica and Obiliqi, which are considered the most industrially polluted regions in Kosovo. Results show that Pb and Zn concentrations in soil samples from Mitrovica (1953-2576 mg kg -1) and Obiliqi regions (138-179 mg kg -1) and their bioaccumulation levels in onion were significantly higher in comparison with the control group. There was an adverse negative correlation between Pb or Zn concentration and ALA-D activity and total chlorophyll content, and a positive correlation with ALA content. This study indicates that ALA-D activity can be used as a very sensitive biomarker for evaluation of heavy metal pollution. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals from soil polluted areas poses a threat for food contamination and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekim Gashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtinë, Kosovo
| | - Mirsade Osmani
- Faculty of Food Technology, University of Mitrovica "Isa Boletini", Mitrovica, Kosovo
| | - Sali Aliu
- Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtinë, Kosovo
| | - Muhamet Zogaj
- Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtinë, Kosovo
| | - Fitim Kastrati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtinë, Kosovo
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Mercado SAS, Caleño JDQ. Cytotoxic evaluation of glyphosate, using Allium cepa L. as bioindicator. Sci Total Environ 2020; 700:134452. [PMID: 31629268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a chemical compound used mainly as a broad spectrum herbicide, it is recognized for its proven effectiveness and easy handling. It represents more than 60% of the world market of non-selective herbicides and is used in both agricultural fields and family gardens. The present study was designed to test the cytogenotoxic potential of glyphosate using the Allium cepa test as toxicity bioindicator. Consequently, bulbs of A. cepa were exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate (5, 10, 15, 25 and 30 mgL-1) and a control (deionized water), for 72 h; root development was also studied in this period of time. The cytogenotoxic potential of glyphosate was determined by calculating the mitotic index (MI), cellular anomalies (CA) and registering the roots longitudinal growth at 24, 48 and 72 h. Regarding root development, a greater growth was observed in the control treatment in the three measurement times. The mitotic phases analysis, determined that the higher the concentration, the lower the mitotic index, in addition the inhibition of the telophase Mitotic Index (TMI) was observed in any of the concentrations. The results indicate that the exposure to glyphosate of A. cepa meristematic cells induces diverse types of chromosomal anomalies, such as micronuclei (MN), chromosome breaking (CB), nuclear notch (Nn), among others. Therefore, in demonstrates that glyphosate has a highly cytogenotoxic effect for any of the concentrations used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seir Antonio Salazar Mercado
- Department of Biology, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Avenida Gran Colombia No. 12E-96B Colsag, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia.
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Macar TK, Macar O, Yalçın E, Çavuşoğlu K. Resveratrol ameliorates the physiological, biochemical, cytogenetic, and anatomical toxicities induced by copper(II) chloride exposure in Allium cepa L. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:657-667. [PMID: 31808086 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Excessive copper (Cu) exposure ultimately results in toxicosis in all organisms. The protective potential of resveratrol compound against the CuCl2 toxicity was evaluated in Allium cepa L. root tip cells. For this aim, A. cepa bulbs were divided into six groups and the groups were treated with tap water, 400 mg/L resveratrol, 800 mg/L resveratrol, 20 μM CuCl2, 400 mg/L resveratrol + 20 μM CuCl2, and 800 mg/L resveratrol + 20 μM CuCl2 solutions, respectively for 72 h. The first group irrigated with tap water was accepted as control. All groups were screened for the germination percentage, root elongation, total bulb weight gain, micronucleus (MN) frequency, mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations, and anatomical changes. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) level as an indicator of lipid peroxidation were investigated. It was found that CuCl2 exposure alone triggered a definite negative effects on all parameters examined. On the other hand, the groups treated with resveratrol did not have statistically different values compared to the control group. Resveratrol doses induced a remarkable recovery in growth parameters including germination percentage, root elongation, and total bulb weight gain when applied with CuCl2. In these groups, MN frequency, chromosomal aberrations, and anatomical abnormalities were alleviated, whereas the MI levels increased significantly. Moreover, lipid peroxidation level and antioxidant enzyme activities showed a marked amelioration when resveratrol and CuCl2 were applied together. Copper compounds have become common pollutants due to their direct uses as pesticides in agricultural areas as well as their spreading to natural areas from industrial fields. The study clearly demonstrated the therapeutic potential of resveratrol against the harmful effects of CuCl2 exposure in Allium roots. So, resveratrol could be considered as a plant-derived restorative agent for the reduction of the risks from the other copper compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar
- Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Technology, Giresun University, 28400, Giresun, Turkey.
| | - Oksal Macar
- Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Technology, Giresun University, 28400, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Emine Yalçın
- Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, Giresun University, 28049, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
- Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, Giresun University, 28049, Giresun, Turkey
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Gomes RP, de Paula Silva JA, Carvalho Junior MC, Alburquerque WCA, Scalize PS, Galvão Filho AR, de Jesus Pires D, Vieira JDG, Carneiro LC. Evaluation of the raw water quality: physicochemical and toxicological approaches. Environ Geochem Health 2019; 41:2425-2442. [PMID: 30982157 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmental degradation has increased, mainly as a result of anthropogenic effects arising from population, industrial and agricultural growth. Water pollution is a problem that affects health, safety and welfare of the whole biota which shares the same environment. In Goiânia and metropolitan region, the main water body is the Meia Ponte River that is used for the abstraction of water, disposal of treated wastewater and effluents. In addition, this river receives wastewater from urban and rural areas. The aim in this present study was to evaluate the quality of raw water by some physical, chemical and toxicological tests. The physicochemical results found high levels of turbidity, conductivity, aluminum, phosphorus and metal iron, manganese, copper and lithium when compared to the standards of the Brazilian legislation. The values found of toxicity demonstrated a high degree of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Therefore, it was concluded that the Meia Ponte River has been undergoing constant environmental degradation, causing the poor quality of its waters. Thus, measures for the prevention and recovery should be adopted for the maintenance of the Meia Ponte River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raylane Pereira Gomes
- Graduate Program in Biology of Host-Parasite Relationships, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235 - s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Celestino Carvalho Junior
- School of Electrical, Mechanical and Computer Engineering, Federal University of Goiás, Avenida Universitária, Quadra 86, Lote Área, 1488 - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Winnie Castro Amorin Alburquerque
- Graduate Program in Biology of Host-Parasite Relationships, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235 - s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio Scalize
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Goiás, Avenida Universitária, Quadra 86, Lote Área, 1488 - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Arlindo Rodrigues Galvão Filho
- School of Exact Sciences and Computing, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, University Square, 2-102 - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Débora de Jesus Pires
- State University of Goiás, Campus Morrinhos, Rua quatorze - 327 - Jardim América, Morrinhos, Goiás, Brazil
| | - José Daniel Gonçalves Vieira
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235 - s/n - Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lilian Carla Carneiro
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Rua 235 - s/n - Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Çavuşoğlu K, Yalçin E. Antioxidant-oxidant balance and vital parameter alterations in an eukaryotic system induced by aflatoxin B 2 exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:37275-37281. [PMID: 31748996 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) on antioxidant-oxidant balance and vital parameters such as physiological, cytogenetic, and anatomical alterations in Allium cepa L. root tip cells. Toxic effects of AFB2 on vital parameters were investigated by using the changes in weight gain, germination percentage, chromosomal aberrations (CAs), mitotic index (MI), micronucleus frequency (MN), and anatomical structure. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathion (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in root cells were investigated as antioxidant-oxidant parameters. For this aim, A. cepa bulbs were seperated into five groups as negative control, positive control, and AFB2 treatment groups. In results, while the rate of germination percentage, weight gain, and MI rates decreased, MN and CA frequency increased in AFB2-treated groups compared with the negative control. Most common CAs observed in AFB2-treated groups were fragment and chromosome bridges. It was determined that in 160 μg L-1 AFB2-treated group there was a 70.8% increase in MDA and a 78.1% decrease in GSH level compared with the negative control group and these changes indicate oxidative damage. In 160 μg L-1 AFB2 treatment group, SOD and CAT activities decreased importantly due to inhibition. In anatomical examinations, it was determined that AFB2 treatment caused some anatomical damages in A. cepa root cells such as necrosis, cell deformation, and thickening in cell wall. This study showed that AFB2, which has the least data among aflatoxins, causes serious in vivo toxic effects in A. cepa root cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Güre Location, 28100, Giresun, Turkey.
| | - Emine Yalçin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Güre Location, 28100, Giresun, Turkey
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Teixeira MG, Alvarenga ES, Lopes DT, Oliveira DF. Herbicidal activity of isobenzofuranones and in silico identification of their enzyme target. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:3331-3339. [PMID: 31026360 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the weed resistance to various herbicides with different mechanisms of action, the search for new compounds that are more effective and exhibit low levels of impact to other species in nature has been imperative in the field of the agriculture. For this purpose, 16 phthalides, and furan-2(5H)-one were synthetized and evaluated for their effectiveness as herbicides in seeds of Sorghum bicolor (sorghum), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), and Allium cepa (onion). Furthermore, a preliminary in silico study was carried out to identify the enzyme target of the most active compounds. RESULTS In the assays with S. bicolor, the mixture rac-(3aR,4R,5S,6S,7S,7aS)-5,6-dibromohexahydro-4,7-methanoisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one + rac-(3aR,4R,5R,6R,7S,7aS)-5,6-dibromohexahydro-4,7-methanoisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one (15a + 15b) showed comparable inhibitory activity to (S)-metolachlor, which was used as control herbicide at concentrations ranging from 50 μm to 1000 μm. The developments of the seeds evaluated were altered by all 17 compounds, either stimulating or inhibiting. The best results were presented by compounds 15a, and 15b, either in their pure form or as a mixture. CONCLUSION The results presented by 15a, and 15b were superior to the activity of the commercial herbicide (S)-metolachlor in the assays with C. sativus, and A. cepa. The in silico study provides strong evidence that the most active compounds bind to strigolactones esterases D14 through the same binding site of (5R)-5-hydroxy-3-methylfuran-2(5H)-one (H3M), which is one of the strigolactones (SLs) cleavage products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena G Teixeira
- Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Elson S Alvarenga
- Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Dayane T Lopes
- Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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de Lima GG, Mendes C, de Marchi G, Vicari T, Cestari MM, Gomes MF, Ramsdorf WA, Magalhães WLE, Hansel FA, Leme DM. The evaluation of the potential ecotoxicity of pyroligneous acid obtained from fast pyrolysis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 180:616-623. [PMID: 31132557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyroligneous acid (PA) is a by-product of bio-oil, which is obtained by pyrolysis of the wood. This product has been tested for use in several areas, such as agriculture, as a promising green herbicide; however, there are few scientific data regarding its environmental impacts. For this study, an ecotoxicity testing battery, composed of Daphnia magna acute toxicity test, Allium cepa test and in vitro Comet assay with the rainbow trout gonad-2 cell fish line (RTG-2) were used to evaluate the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of PA obtained from fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus wood fines. The PA presented acute toxicity to D. magna (microcrustacea) with EC50 of 26.12 mg/L, and inhibited the seed germination (EC50 5.556 g/L) and root development (EC50 3.436 g/L) of A. cepa (higher plant). No signs of genotoxicity (chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in A. cepa and primary DNA lesions in RTG-2 cells) were detected to this product. The acute toxicity and absence of genotoxicity may relate to the molecules found in the PA, being the phenolic fraction the key chemical candidate responsible for the toxicity observed. In addition, daphnids seem to be more sensitivity to the toxicity of PA than higher plants based on their EC50 values. This first ecotoxicological evaluation of PA from fast pyrolysis pointed out the need of determining environmental exposure limits to promote the safer agriculture use of this product, avoiding impacts to living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Goetten de Lima
- Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Materials - PIPE, Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, 81.531-990 Curitiba PR, Brazil; Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Camila Mendes
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Gustavo de Marchi
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Taynah Vicari
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Monike F Gomes
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Chandel S, Kaur S, Issa M, Singh HP, Batish DR, Kohli RK. Appraisal of immediate and late effects of mobile phone radiations at 2100 MHz on mitotic activity and DNA integrity in root meristems of Allium cepa. Protoplasma 2019; 256:1399-1407. [PMID: 31115694 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the potential of 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiations to act as cytotoxic and genotoxic agent. Fresh onion (Allium cepa L.) roots were exposed to electromagnetic field radiations (EMF-r) for different durations (1 h and 4 h) and evaluated for mitotic index (MI), phase index, chromosomal aberrations, and DNA damage. DNA damage was investigated with the help of the comet assay by assessing various parameters like % head DNA (HDNA), % tail DNA (TDNA), tail moment (TM), and olive tail moment (OTM). Effects of EMF-r exposure were also compared with that of methyl methanesulfonate (MMS; 90 μM), which acted as a positive control. The post-exposure effects of EMF-r after providing the test plants with an acclimatization period of 24 h were also evaluated. Compared to the control, a significant increase in the MI and aberration percentage was recorded upon 4 h of exposure. However, no specific trend of phase index in response to exposure was detected. EMF-r exposure incited DNA damage with a significant decrease in HDNA accompanied by an increase in TDNA upon exposure of 4 h. However, TM and OTM did not change significantly upon exposure as compared to that of control. Analysis of the post-exposure effects of EMF-r did not show any significant change/recovery. Our data, thus, suggest the potential cytotoxic and genotoxic nature of 2100 MHz EMF-r. Our study bears great significance in view of the swiftly emergent EMF-r in the surrounding environment and their potential for inciting aberrations at the chromosomal level, thus posing a genetic hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Chandel
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Shalinder Kaur
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Mohd Issa
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Harminder Pal Singh
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | | | - Ravinder Kumar Kohli
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
- Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
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Pascoli M, Jacques MT, Agarrayua DA, Avila DS, Lima R, Fraceto LF. Neem oil based nanopesticide as an environmentally-friendly formulation for applications in sustainable agriculture: An ecotoxicological perspective. Sci Total Environ 2019; 677:57-67. [PMID: 31051383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture encourages practices that present low risks to the environment and human health. To this end, zein (corn protein) can be used to develop nanocarrier systems capable of improving the physicochemical properties of biopesticides, reducing their possible toxicity. Neem oil extracted from the Azadirachta indica tree contains many active ingredients including azadirachtin, which is the active ingredient in multiple commercially available biopesticides. In this study, we describe the preparation and characterization of neem oil-loaded zein nanoparticles, together with evaluation of their toxicity towards nontarget organisms, using Allium cepa, soil nitrogen cycle microbiota, and Caenorhabditis elegans aiming to achieve the safer by design strategy. The spherical nanoparticles showed an average diameter of 278 ± 61.5 nm and a good stability during the experiments. In the toxicity assays with A. cepa, the neem oil-loaded zein nanoparticles mitigated the increase in the DNA relative damage index caused by the neem oil. Molecular genetic analysis of the soil nitrogen cycle microbiota revealed that neem oil-loaded zein nanoparticles did not change the number of genes which encode nitrogen-fixing enzymes and denitrifying enzymes. In C. elegans, the neem oil-loaded zein nanoparticles had no toxic effect, while neem oil interfered with pharyngeal pumping and GST-4 protein expression. These neem oil-loaded zein nanoparticles showed promising results in the toxicity studies, opening perspectives for its use in crop protection in organic agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Pascoli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology, Av. 3 de março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba CEP 18087-180, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauricio T Jacques
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, km 585, Caixa Postal 118, Uruguaiana, CEP 97501-970 Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Danielle A Agarrayua
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, km 585, Caixa Postal 118, Uruguaiana, CEP 97501-970 Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daiana S Avila
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, km 585, Caixa Postal 118, Uruguaiana, CEP 97501-970 Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata Lima
- Laboratory of Bioactivity Assessment and Toxicology of Nanomaterials, University of Sorocaba, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 92.5, Vila Artura, Sorocaba, CEP 18023-000 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F Fraceto
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology, Av. 3 de março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba CEP 18087-180, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Teixeira de Oliveira G, Amado PA, Siqueira Ferreira JM, Alves Rodrigues Dos Santos Lima L. Allelopathic effect of the ethanol extract and fractions of the aerial parts of Lippia alba (Verbenaceae). Nat Prod Res 2019; 33:2402-2407. [PMID: 29468885 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1443090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lippia alba, belonging to the Verbenaceae family, is one of the most commonly utilized medicinal plants in folk medicine. The allelopathic activity was assessed using seeds of Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Allium cepa (onion) by assessing the growth of the radicle and hypocotyl. The tests showed allelopathic efficiency in inhibiting the growth of lettuce and onion seeds. The best results for allelopathic activity were presented by the dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of the fresh plant, which inhibited radicle (23.04-100% lettuce and 64.17-66.36% onion) and hypocotyl (16.77-100% lettuce and 65.10-69.43% onion) formation, and as well as the DCM fraction of the dry plant, which also inhibited radicle (30.74-82.83% lettuce and 63.50-93.67% onion) and hypocotyl (24.12-70% lettuce and 69.07-79.95% onion) formation. Based on these results, it was found that the aerial parts of L. alba are rich in bioactive substances, suggesting the possibility of using of L. alba as a natural herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Avelar Amado
- a Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu , Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei , Divinópolis , Brazil
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Ubessi C, Tedesco SB, de Bona da Silva C, Baldoni M, Krysczun DK, Heinzmann BM, Rosa IA, Mori NC. Antiproliferative potential and phenolic compounds of infusions and essential oil of chamomile cultivated with homeopathy. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 239:111907. [PMID: 31029759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Chamomilla recutita (Asteraceae) is used worldwide as a soothing, anti-inflammatory and aromatherapy. In Brazil, it is one of the most cultivated medicinal species. However, the cultivation form may alter the production of compounds in the secondary metabolism and compromise the therapeutic purpose of this species. AIM OF THE STUDY Evaluation of antiproliferative and genotoxic effects of infusions and essential oil of chamomile, cultivated with homeopathy, on the cell cycle of Allium cepa, as well as the determination of the phenolic compounds present in the infusions of the chamomile inflorescences. MATERIAL AND METHODS For the Allium cepa test, two concentrations of 10 and 40 g L-1 of inflorescences of chamomile were used for the preparation of the infusions and essential oil diluted to 0.10%, referring to the six treatments obtained in field cultivation, in which were carried out the applications of homeopathy from the emergence to the harvest of the plants. Distilled water and ethanol were used as negative control and glyphosate 2% as a positive control. The determination of phenolic compounds present in the infusions was carried by liquid chromatography in a UHPLC apparatus. RESULTS Chamomile infusions at concentrations of 10 and 40 g L-1 of inflorescence reduced mitotic index and emphasized antiproliferative activity on the cell cycle of Allium cepa. However, the treatments related to essential oil diluted to 0.10% showed a response variation dependent on the dynamization used, as well as for apigenin concentration. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, cultivation with homeopathy does not induce a genotoxic effect in the use of infusions and essential oil of chamomile and it emphasize antiproliferative activity on the cell cycle of Allium cepa, favoring the sustainable cultivation and the safe use of this medicinal species when cultivated with homeopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassiane Ubessi
- Plant Science Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Micheli Baldoni
- Biology Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Berta Maria Heinzmann
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Isadora Aguirre Rosa
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Natacha Cossettin Mori
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; University of Cruz Alta, Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil.
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Bernardes PM, Andrade-Vieira LF, Aragão FB, Ferreira A, da Silva Ferreira MF. Toxicological effects of comercial formulations of fungicides based on procymidone and iprodione in seedlings and root tip cells of Allium cepa. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:21013-21021. [PMID: 31119539 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study the phytotoxic, cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of two commercial fungicide-active compounds, procymidone (PR) and iprodione (IP), were determined. The parameters evaluated were germination and root growth, mitotic index, chromosomal and nuclear aberrations, and molecular analyses were also performed in the model plant Allium cepa L. The results demonstrated that the active compounds PR and IP were phytotoxic, delaying germination and slowing the development of A. cepa seedlings. Moreover, PR and IP showed cytogenotoxicity towards A. cepa meristematic cells, inducing chromosomal changes and cell death. The mutagenic activity of the active compounds was demonstrated by the detection of DNA changes in simple sequence repeat (SSR) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers in the treated cells compared to the negative control. Together, these results contribute to a better understanding of the damage caused by these substances in living organisms and reveal a promising strategy for prospective studies of the toxic effects of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mauri Bernardes
- Department of Agronomy, Center for Agricultural and Engineering Sciences (Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, CCAE), Federal University of Espírito Santo (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo), Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, (CCAE/UFES), Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Francielen Barroso Aragão
- Department of Agronomy, Center for Agricultural and Engineering Sciences (Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, CCAE), Federal University of Espírito Santo (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo), Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Adésio Ferreira
- Department of Agronomy, Center for Agricultural and Engineering Sciences (Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, CCAE), Federal University of Espírito Santo (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo), Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Marcia Flores da Silva Ferreira
- Department of Agronomy, Center for Agricultural and Engineering Sciences (Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, CCAE), Federal University of Espírito Santo (Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo), Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil
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Caritá R, Mazzeo DEC, Marin-Morales MA. Comparison of the toxicogenetic potential of sewage sludges from different treatment processes focusing agricultural use. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:21475-21483. [PMID: 31127510 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A problem that has been dragging in recent decades is the final disposal of the waste produced in the wastewater treatment process. In addition to its high amount of organic matter and nutrients, this waste, known as sewage sludge (SS), may also contain toxic compounds that, when in the environment, can cause deleterious effects to organisms and lead to severe and irreversible consequences to human health. In order to understand the potential of inducing cellular and chromosomal instabilities, the species Allium cepa was employed to assess the presence of toxic agents in SS samples. Seeds of A. cepa were exposed to several dilutions of aqueous extract of SSs from 5 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), whose characteristics of treated sewage and the technologies employed differ among them. The results obtained showed that all the studied SSs induced significant genotoxic and mutagenic alterations, even in smaller dilutions tested. With these results, it was also possible to observe that SSs from WWTPs that present system of activated sludge and receive sewage of industrial origin induced a greater number of toxicogenetic alterations in the test organism. The high frequencies of chromosomal and nuclear aberrations observed, induced by contaminants present in the SS, represent worrying results because it proves a direct action of this agent on the genetic material of the exposed organism. Therefore, the agronomic application of SS in agriculture requires additional and more effective technologies in order to promote its complete decontamination and its safe disposal in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Caritá
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Av. 24-A, 1515, CP 199, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Dânia Elisa Christofoletti Mazzeo
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Av. 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Av. 24-A, 1515, CP 199, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil.
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Pino-Otín MR, Val J, Ballestero D, Navarro E, Sánchez E, González-Coloma A, Mainar AM. Ecotoxicity of a new biopesticide produced by Lavandula luisieri on non-target soil organisms from different trophic levels. Sci Total Environ 2019; 671:83-93. [PMID: 30927731 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based biopesticides have become an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides by reducing the undesired environmental impacts and side-effects on human health. However, their effects on the environment and especially on non-target organisms have been little studied. This study analyses the ecotoxicological effects of the extract of Lavandula luisieri on soil non-target organisms from different trophic levels: the earthworm Eisenia fetida, the plant Allium cepa and a natural-soil microbial community whose taxonomy was analysed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The extract tested is the hydrolate -product from a semi industrial steam distillation process- of a Spanish pre-domesticated variety of L. luisieri. This hydrolate has been recently shown to have bionematicide activity against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. A previous study showed that the main components of the hydrolate are camphor and 2,3,4,4-Tetramethyl-5-methylidenecyclopent-2-en-1-one. Hydrolate caused acute toxicity (LC50 2.2% v/v) on A. cepa, while only a slight toxicity on E. fetida (LC50 > 0.4 mL/g). All the concentrations tested (from 1 to 100% v/v) caused a significant decrease in bacterial growth (LC50 9.8% v/v after 120 h of exposure). The physiological diversity of the community was also significantly altered, except in the case of the lowest concentration of hydrolate (1% v/v). The ability of soil microbial communities to use a variety of carbon sources increased for all substrates at the highest concentrations. These results show that both the plants and bacterial communities of the soil can be affected by the application of biopesticides based on these hydrolates, which highlights the need for a more detailed risk assessment during the development of plant-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª Rosa Pino-Otín
- Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Jonatan Val
- Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain; Colegio Internacional Ánfora, c/ Pirineos, 8, Cuarte de Huerva, 50410, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego Ballestero
- Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrique Navarro
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciónes Científicas, Av. Montañana 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Esther Sánchez
- Colegio Internacional Ánfora, c/ Pirineos, 8, Cuarte de Huerva, 50410, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Ana M Mainar
- I3A, Universidad de Zaragoza, c/ Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
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Gopinath PM, Saranya V, Vijayakumar S, Mythili Meera M, Ruprekha S, Kunal R, Pranay A, Thomas J, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Assessment on interactive prospectives of nanoplastics with plasma proteins and the toxicological impacts of virgin, coronated and environmentally released-nanoplastics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8860. [PMID: 31222081 PMCID: PMC6586940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the concerns about micro- and nano-plastics (NPs) toxicity have been increasing constantly, however the investigations are quiet meager. The present study provides evidences on the toxicological prospectives of virgin-, coronated- and isolated-NPs on human blood cells and Allium cepa root tip, respectively. Several plasma proteins displayed strong affinity towards NPs and produced multi-layered corona of 13 nm to 600 nm size. The coronated-NPs often attracted each other via non-specific protein-protein attraction which subsequently induced protein-induced coalescence in NPs. In the protein point of view, the interaction caused conformational changes and denaturation of protein thereby turned it as bio-incompatible. The coronated-NPs with increased protein confirmation changes caused higher genotoxic and cytotoxic effect in human blood cells than the virgin-NPs. On the other hand, virgin-NPs and the NPs isolated from facial scrubs hindered the root growth and caused chromosome aberration (ring formation, C-mitotic and chromosomal breaks, etc.) in root of Allium cepa. At the outset, the present study highlights the urgent need of scrutinization and regulation of NPs use in medical applications and pre-requisition of additional studies for assessing the bio-accumulation and bio-magnification of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinayagam Saranya
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, TN, India
| | - Shanmugam Vijayakumar
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, TN, India
| | - Mohan Mythili Meera
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, TN, India
| | - Sharma Ruprekha
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, TN, India
| | - Reshamwala Kunal
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, TN, India
| | - Agarwal Pranay
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, TN, India
| | - John Thomas
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, TN, India
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, TN, India
| | - Natarajan Chandrasekaran
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, TN, India.
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