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Laborc KF, Spekker E, Bohár Z, Szűcs M, Nagy-Grócz G, Fejes-Szabó A, Vécsei L, Párdutz Á. Trigeminal activation patterns evoked by chemical stimulation of the dura mater in rats. J Headache Pain 2020; 21:101. [PMID: 32799798 PMCID: PMC7429748 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although migraine is one of the most common primary headaches, its therapy is still limited in many cases. The use of animal models is crucial in the development of novel therapeutic strategies, but unfortunately, none of them show all aspects of the disease, therefore, there is a constant need for further improvement in this field. The application of inflammatory agents on the dura mater is a widely accepted method to mimic neurogenic inflammation in rodents, which plays a key role in the pathomechanism of migraine. Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA), and a mixture of inflammatory mediators, called inflammatory soup (IS) are often used for this purpose. METHODS To examine the activation pattern that is caused by chemical stimulation of dura mater, we applied CFA or IS over the right parietal lobe. After 2 h and 4 h (CFA groups), or 2.5 h and 4 h (IS groups), animals were perfused, and c-Fos immunoreactive cells were counted in the caudal trigeminal nucleus. To explore every pitfall, we examined whether our surgical procedure (anesthetic drug, stereotaxic apparatus, local lidocaine) can alter the results under the same experimental settings. c-Fos labeled cells were counted in the second-order neuron area based on the somatotopic organization of the trigeminal nerve branches. RESULTS We could not find any difference between the CFA and physiological saline group neither 2 h, nor 4 h after dural stimulation. IS caused significant difference after both time points between IS treated and control group, and between treated (right) and control (left) side. Stereotaxic frame usage had a substantial effect on the obtained results. CONCLUSIONS Counting c-Fos immunoreactive cells based on somatotopic organization of the trigeminal nerve helped to examine the effect of chemical stimulation of dura in a more specific way. As a result, the use of IS over the parietal lobe caused activation in the area of the ophthalmic nerve. To see this effect, the use of lidocaine anesthesia is indispensable. In conclusion, application of IS on the dura mater induces short-term, more robust c-Fos activation than CFA, therefore it might offer a better approach to model acute migraine headache in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Flóra Laborc
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Eleonóra Spekker
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika Szűcs
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy-Grócz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Studies, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Fejes-Szabó
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary.
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Árpád Párdutz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
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Abstract
Migraine is a common disabling neurological condition that is associated with several premonitory symptoms that can occur days before the headache onset. The most commonly reported premonitory symptom is marked fatigue that has been shown to be highly predictive of an ensuing migraine attack. The locus coeruleus (LC) is a key nucleus involved in arousal that has also been shown to impact pain processing. It provides one of the major sources of noradrenaline to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and neocortex. Given the clinical association between migraine, sleep-wake regulation, and fatigue, we sought to determine whether LC modulation could impact migraine-related phenotypes in several validated preclinical models of migraine. To determine its role in migraine-related pain, we recorded dural nociceptive-evoked responses of neurons in the trigeminocervical complex, which receives trigeminal primary afferents from the durovascular complex. In addition, we explored the susceptibility to cortical spreading depression initiation, the presumed underlying phenomenon of migraine aura. Our experiments reveal a potent role for LC disruption in the differential modulation of migraine-related phenotypes, inhibiting dural-evoked activation of wide dynamic neurons in the trigeminocervical complex while increasing cortical spreading depression susceptibility. This highlights the potential divergent impact of LC disruption in migraine physiology, which may help explain the complex interactions between dysfunctional arousal mechanisms and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vila-Pueyo
- Headache Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren C Strother
- Headache Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malak Kefel
- Headache Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Goadsby
- Headache Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR-Wellcome Trust, King's Clinical Research Facility, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R Holland
- Headache Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Ramachandran R, Pedersen SH, Amrutkar DV, Petersen S, Jacobsen JM, Hay-Schmidt A, Olesen J, Jansen-Olesen I. Selective cephalic upregulation of p-ERK, CamKII and p-CREB in response to glyceryl trinitrate infusion. Cephalalgia 2018; 38:1057-1070. [PMID: 28738691 DOI: 10.1177/0333102417722511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background A common characteristic of migraine-inducing substances is that they cause headache and no pain in other areas of the body. Few studies have compared pain mechanisms in the trigeminal and spinal systems and, so far, no major differences have been noted. We compared signalling molecules in the trigeminal and spinothalamic system after infusion of the migraine-provoking substance glyceryltrinitrate. Method A catheter was placed in the femoral vein of rats and one week later glyceryltrinitrate 4 µg/kg/min was infused for 20 min. Protein expression in the dura mater, trigeminal ganglion, nucleus caudalis, dorsal root ganglion and the dorsal horn of the thoracic spinal cord was analysed at different time points using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results Glyceryltrinitrate caused a threefold increase in expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases at 30 min in the dura mater and nucleus caudalis ( P < 0.05) and at 2 h in the trigeminal ganglion with very few expressions in the dorsal root ganglion. In the nucleus caudalis, expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases and Cam KII increased 2.6-fold and 3.2-fold, respectively, at 2 h after glycerytrinitrate infusion ( P < 0.01). p-CREB/ATF-1 upregulation was observed only at 30 min ( P < 0.05) in the nucleus caudalis. None of these markers showed increased expression in the regions of thoracic spinal cord dorsal horn. Conclusion The dura, trigeminal ganglion and nucleus caudalis are activated shortly after glycerytrinitrate infusion with long-lasting expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases observed in the nucleus caudalis. These activations were not observed at the spinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Ramachandran
- 1 Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Sara Hougaard Pedersen
- 1 Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Dipak Vasantrao Amrutkar
- 1 Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Steffen Petersen
- 1 Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Julie Mie Jacobsen
- 1 Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anders Hay-Schmidt
- 2 Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- 1 Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Inger Jansen-Olesen
- 1 Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
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Boers PM, Donaldson C, Zagami AS, Lambert GA. Naratriptan Has a Selective Inhibitory Effect on Trigeminovascular Neurones at Central 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B/1D Receptors in the Cat: Implications for Migraine Therapy. Cephalalgia 2016; 24:99-109. [PMID: 14728705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The triptans are agonists at serotonin(5-HT) 1B/1D receptors; however, they are also active at 5-HT1A and 5-HT1F receptors. We conducted this series of experiments to further elucidate the site of action of naratriptan using a well-established animal model of trigeminovascular stimulation. Following electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus of the cat, single cell responses ( n = 83) were recorded in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Most cells (91%) also responded to electrical and mechanical stimulation of cutaneous or mucosal facial receptive fields. The micro-iontophoretic application of naratriptan resulted in a significant suppression of the response to sagittal sinus stimulation (response suppressed by 47 ± 4%, P < 0.001). The effect of naratriptan was significantly attenuated by application of either the 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist GR-127935 ( P < 0.001) or the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100635 ( P < 0.05). The response of single cells to receptive field stimulation was also suppressed by microiontophoretic application of naratriptan, but by only 20 ± 3%. Intravenous administration of naratriptan resulted in a similar selective suppression of sagittal sinus vs. receptive field responses in trigeminal neurones. These results indicate that naratriptan has a central effect in the trigeminovascular system, selectively inhibiting afferent activity in craniovascular neurones, via both 5-HT1B/1D and 5-HT1A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Boers
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales and Institute of Neurological Sciences, The Prince Henry and Prince of Wales Hospitals, Sydney, Australia.
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Gupta S, Akerman S, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Saxena PR, Goadsby PJ, van den Brink AM. Intravital Microscopy on a Closed Cranial Window in Mice: A Model to Study Trigeminovascular Mechanisms Involved in Migraine. Cephalalgia 2016; 26:1294-303. [PMID: 17059436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to develop a mouse model to study trigeminovascular mechanisms using intravital microscopy on a closed cranial window. In addition, we studied exogenous and endogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-mediated vasodilation in dural arteries. Arteries in C57BL/6Jico mice were constricted with endothelin-1, which reduced the baseline diameter by 65-75%. Subsequently, vasodilation was induced by α-CGRP, capsaicin or transcranial electrical stimulation of perivascular trigeminal nerves in the absence or presence of different concentrations of BIBN4096BS or sumatriptan. Both α-CGRP and capsaicin induced vasodilation in preconstricted arteries. Transcranial electrical stimulation also induced current-dependent relaxation of dural arteries with 100 μA producing maximal dilation in the control group. BIBN4096BS blocked the responses evoked by ä-CGRP and capsaicin, as well as electrical stimulation, whereas sumatriptan attenuated only vasodilation induced by electrical stimulation. This model is likely to prove useful in dissecting elements of the trigeminovascular system and for exploring pathophysiological aspects of migraine, especially in future studies using transgenic mice with mutations relevant to those observed in patients with migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Offenhauser N, Zinck T, Hoffmann J, Schiemann K, Schuh-Hofer S, Rohde W, Arnold G, Dirnagl U, Jansen-Olesen I, Reuter U. CGRP Release and c-fos Expression within Trigeminal Nucleus Caudalis of the Rat following Glyceryltrinitrate Infusion. Cephalalgia 2016; 25:225-36. [PMID: 15689199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide release and the expression of c-fos like immunoreactivity (c-fos LI) within trigeminal nucleus caudalis neurons (TNC) are activation markers of the trigeminal nerve system. Glyceryltrinitrate (GTN) is believed to stimulate the trigeminal nerve system, thereby causing headache. We examined the effects of a 30 min NO-donor infusion on CGRP release in jugular vein blood and c-fos LI within TNC of the rat. GTN (2 and 50 μg/kg/min) or NONOate infusion (25 nmol/kg/min) did not cause any CGRP release during and shortly after infusion, whereas administration of capsaicin resulted in strongly increased CGRP levels. GTN infusion (2 μg/kg/min for 30 min) did not lead to enhanced c-fos LI after 2 h and 4 h, whereas capsaicin infusion caused a time- and dose-dependent expression of c-fos LI within laminae I and II of the TNC. Surprisingly, GTN attenuated capsaicin-induced c-fos expression by 64%. The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME (5 and 50 mg/kg) reduced capsaicin-induced c-fos LI dose dependently (reduction by 13% and 59%). We conclude that GTN may lead to headaches by mechanisms independent of CGRP release from trigeminal nerve fibres. GTN doses comparable to those used in humans did not activate or sensitize the trigeminal nerve system. Both GTN and L-NAME reduced capsaicin-induced c-fos LI. This is most likely due to a feedback inhibition of nitric oxide synthases, which indicates that the c-fos response to capsaicin within TNC is mediated by NO dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Offenhauser
- Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Macedo CG, Fanton LE, Fischer L, Tambeli CH. Coactivation of μ- and κ-Opioid Receptors May Mediate the Protective Effect of Testosterone on the Development of Temporomandibular Joint Nociception in Male Rats. J Oral Facial Pain Headache 2016; 30:61-7. [PMID: 26817034 DOI: 10.11607/ofph.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether the protective effect of testosterone on the development of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) nociception in male rats is mediated by the activation of central opioid mechanisms. METHODS Experiments were performed on 156 male Wistar rats. A pharmacologic approach was used to assess the ability of opioid receptor antagonists infused into the dorsal portion of the brainstem and adjacent to the caudal component (subnucleus caudalis) of the spinal trigeminal nucleus to block the protective effect of testosterone in male rats. The TMJ injection of 0.5% formalin was used as a nociceptive stimulus. One-way or two-way ANOVA was used for data analyses. RESULTS The injection of 0.5% formalin into the TMJ induced a significant nociceptive behavior in gonadectomized male rats (P < .05), but not in naïve, sham, and testosterone-replaced gonadectomized rats, confirming that testosterone prevents the development of TMJ nociception. The injection of either the nonselective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (15 μg) or the simultaneous injection of the μ-opioid receptor antagonist Cys2, Tyr3, Orn5, Pen7amide (CTOP, 30 μg) and the κ-opioid receptor antagonist Nor-Binaltorphimine (Nor-BNI, 90 μg) significantly increased the 0.5% formalin-induced behavioral response in sham and testosterone-replaced gonadectomized rats (P < .05) but had no effect in gonadectomized rats. However, the injection of each selective opioid receptor antagonist alone or the simultaneous injection of μ- or κ- and δ-opioid receptor antagonists had no effect. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the protective effect of endogenous testosterone on the development of TMJ nociception in male rats is mediated by the activation of central opioid mechanisms. Furthermore, the coactivation of central μ- and κ-opioid receptors is necessary for testosterone to protect male rats from developing TMJ nociception.
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Endo Y, Shoji N, Shimada Y, Kasahara E, Iikubo M, Sato T, Sasano T, Ichikawa H. Prednisolone induces microglial activation in the subnucleus caudalis of the rat trigeminal sensory complex. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:95-100. [PMID: 24077857 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prednisolone is a member of synthetic glucocorticoids which are widely used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, neuronal degeneration and cell death, and glial reaction were investigated in the rat trigeminal ganglion (TG) and brainstem after subcutaneous injection of prednisolone for 7 days. Expression of c-Jun activating transcription factor 3 and caspase-3 was absent or infrequent in the TG, and cranial sensory and motor nuclei of saline- and prednisolone-treated animals. In these animals, distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (-IR) neurons and nerve fibers was similar in the brainstem. In addition, the number of Iba1- and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-IR cells with some processes in the brainstem was barely affected by prednisolone treatment. However, the treatment increased ramification of Iba1-IR processes in the subnucleus caudalis of the trigeminal sensory complex. Prednisolone scarcely influenced the morphology of GFAP-IR cells in the brainstem. Expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase was very rare in the brainstem of saline- and prednisolone-treated animals. The present study suggests that microglia are activated by prednisolone in the subnucleus caudalis of the trigeminal sensory complex. The glucocorticoid may affect nociceptive transmission in the brainstem.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a risk factor associated with several pain syndromes. However, the mechanisms underlying the association between obesity and pain are not known. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that obesity enhances neuronal responses to nociceptive stimulation within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC). METHODS Male and female C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat or regular diet from the time of weaning until 20 weeks of age. We then quantified neuronal activation by measuring Fos immunoreactivity within the TNC in response to a facial injection of a low dose of capsaicin (1 μg/10 μL). RESULTS We found that 0.01% capsaicin did not significantly increase Fos immunoreactivity in control mice fed a regular diet. In contrast, this low dose of capsaicin caused a 3.3-fold increase in Fos in the TNC in obese mice (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that diet-induced obesity in mice enhances nociceptive processing within the TNC. Diet-induced obesity may be a useful model for mechanistic studies. Future studies will improve our understanding of how obesity may contribute to trigeminal pain by sensitizing the trigeminal nociceptive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.L. Rossi
- Department of Neurology. University of Iowa, USA
| | - A.K.S. Luu
- Department of Neurology. University of Iowa, USA
| | | | - A. Recober
- Department of Neurology. University of Iowa, USA
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Wang T, Xiang Q, Liu F, Wang G, Liu Y, Zhong L. Effects of caudal sufentanil supplemented with levobupivacaine on blocking spermatic cord traction response in pediatric orchidopexy. J Anesth 2013; 27:650-6. [PMID: 23608774 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-013-1613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES Caudal block is one of the most commonly used anesthetic techniques in subumbilical and genitourinary procedures. However, traditional administration of caudal levobupivacaine was inadequate on blocking peritoneal response during spermatic cord traction. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of caudal sufentanil to levobupivacaine provided better analgesia for children undergoing orchidopexy. METHODS Sixty-two patients, scheduled for right orchidopexy, received caudal block after induction. Group LS (n = 31) received levobupivacaine 0.25% 1 ml/kg plus sufentanil 0.5 μg/kg, and group L (n = 31) received levobupivacaine 0.25% 1 ml/kg only. HR or MAP fluctuation >20% or entropy increase >15% during spermatic cord traction was defined as inadequate anesthesia and was treated with increasing sevoflurane concentration. The number of children who needed sevoflurane rescue was counted, and postoperative side effects and quality of sleep were also recorded. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in age, weight, and duration of surgery. Two (6.45%) children in group LS required inspired sevoflurane rescue to block hemodynamic fluctuation during spermatic cord traction, as compared with 12 (38.71%) patients in group L (P < 0.001). At the time of exerting spermatic cord traction, the median HR was, respectively, 134 and 145 (P < 0.001); the corresponding response entropy (RE) and state entropy (SE) was 65 and 54, respectively, in group LS versus 76 and 65 in group L (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In pediatric orchidopexy, the addition of sufentanil to levobupivacaine for caudal blockade offers clinical benefit over levobupivacaine alone in blocking the spermatic cord traction response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Samengo I, Currò D, Navarra P, Barrese V, Taglialatela M, Martire M. Molecular and pharmacological evidence for a facilitatory functional role of pre-synaptic GLUK2/3 kainate receptors on GABA release in rat trigeminal caudal nucleus. Eur J Pain 2012; 16:1148-57. [PMID: 22392917 PMCID: PMC3444694 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (GLU) are involved in nociceptive signals processing in the trigeminal system. In this study, we investigated the influence of excitatory transmission on GABA release in nerve terminals isolated from the rat trigeminal caudal nucleus (TCN). METHODS We utilize biochemical (superfused synaptosomes loaded with [(3) H]GABA) and morphological (immunofluorescence experiments with specific antibody) techniques. RESULTS Our results show that GLU potentiates the release of [(3) H]GABA evoked by 9, 15 and 30 mM [K(+)](e); 15 mM [K(+)](e)-evoked [(3) H]GABA release was also reinforced by domoate and kainate (KA), two naturally occurring GLU-receptor agonists. The enhancement of 15 mM [K(+)](e)-evoked [(3) H]GABA release produced by 100 μM KA was abolished by NBQX, a mixed AMPA/KA receptor antagonist, but was not affected by GYKI52466, a selective AMPA receptor antagonist. ATPA, a selective agonist for KA receptors containing the GLUK1 subunit, had no effect on depolarization-induced [(3) H]GABA release, and UBP310, which selectively antagonizes these same receptors, failed to reverse the KA-induced potentiation of 15 mM [K(+)](e)-evoked [(3) H]GABA release. The KA-induced potentiation was also unaffected by concanavalin A (10 μM), a positive allosteric modulator of GLUK1- and GLUK2-containing KA receptors. Immunofluorescence experiments revealed that GABAergic nerve terminals in the TCN differentially expressed GLUK subunits, with GLUK2/3-positive terminals being twice more abundant than GLUK1-containing synaptosomes. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that pre-synaptic KA receptors facilitating GABA release from TCN nerve terminals mainly express GLUK2/GLUK3 subunits, supporting the notion that different types of KA receptors are involved in the various stages of pain transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Samengo
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Miyamoto M, Tsuboi Y, Honda K, Kobayashi M, Takamiya K, Huganir RL, Kondo M, Shinoda M, Sessle BJ, Katagiri A, Kita D, Suzuki I, Oi Y, Iwata K. Involvement of AMPA receptor GluR2 and GluR3 trafficking in trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis and C1/C2 neurons in acute-facial inflammatory pain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44055. [PMID: 22937151 PMCID: PMC3427165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the involvement of trafficking of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) GluR2 and GluR3 subunits in an acute inflammatory orofacial pain, we analyzed nocifensive behavior, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) and Fos expression in Vi/Vc, Vc and C1/C2 in GluR2 delta7 knock-in (KI), GluR3 delta7 KI mice and wild-type mice. We also studied Vc neuronal activity to address the hypothesis that trafficking of GluR2 and GluR3 subunits plays an important role in Vi/Vc, Vc and C1/C2 neuronal activity associated with orofacial inflammation in these mice. Late nocifensive behavior was significantly depressed in GluR2 delta7 KI and GluR3 delta7 KI mice. In addition, the number of pERK-immunoreactive (IR) cells was significantly decreased bilaterally in the Vi/Vc, Vc and C1/C2 in GluR2 delta7 KI and GluR3 delta7 KI mice compared to wild-type mice at 40 min after formalin injection, and was also significantly smaller in GluR3 delta7 KI compared to GluR2 delta7 KI mice. The number of Fos protein-IR cells in the ipsilateral Vi/Vc, Vc and C1/C2 was also significantly smaller in GluR2 delta7 KI and GluR3 delta7 KI mice compared to wild-type mice 40 min after formalin injection. Nociceptive neurons functionally identified as wide dynamic range neurons in the Vc, where pERK- and Fos protein-IR cell expression was prominent, showed significantly lower spontaneous activity in GluR2 delta7 KI and GluR3 delta7 KI mice than wild-type mice following formalin injection. These findings suggest that GluR2 and GluR3 trafficking is involved in the enhancement of Vi/Vc, Vc and C1/C2 nociceptive neuronal excitabilities at 16-60 min following formalin injection, resulting in orofacial inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Miyamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tsuboi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniya Honda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kogo Takamiya
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Integrative Physiology Faculty of medicine, Graduate School of Medicine University of Miyazaki, Kihara, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Richard L. Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Masahiro Kondo
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Barry J. Sessle
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayano Katagiri
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiju Kita
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Suzuki
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Oi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Tuka B, Helyes Z, Markovics A, Bagoly T, Németh J, Márk L, Brubel R, Reglődi D, Párdutz A, Szolcsányi J, Vécsei L, Tajti J. Peripheral and central alterations of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the rat in response to activation of the trigeminovascular system. Peptides 2012; 33:307-16. [PMID: 22245521 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is present in the cranial arteries and trigeminal sensory neurons. We therefore examined the alterations in PACAP-like immunoreactivity (PACAP-LI) in a time-dependent manner in two rat models of trigeminovascular system (TS) activation. In one group chemical stimulation (CS) was performed with i.p. nitroglycerol (NTG), and in the other one the trigeminal ganglia (TRG) were subjected to electrical stimulation (ES). The two biologically active forms, PACAP-38 and PACAP-27, were determined by means of radioimmunoassay (RIA) and mass spectrometry (MS) in the plasma, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC), the spinal cord (SC) and the TRG. The tissue concentrations of PACAP-27 were 10 times lower than those of PACAP-38 in the TNC and SC, but about half in the TRG. PACAP-38, but not PACAP-27, was present in the plasma. Neither form could be identified in the CSF. PACAP-38-LI in the plasma, SC and TRG remained unchanged after CS, but it was increased significantly in the TNC 90 and 180 min after NTG injection. In response to ES of the TRG, the level of PACAP-38 in the plasma and the TNC was significantly elevated 90 and 180 min later, but not in the SC or the TRG. The alterations in the levels of PACAP-27 in the tissue homogenates in response to both forms of stimulation were identical to those of PACAP-38. The selective increases in both forms of PACAP in the TNC suggest its important role in the central sensitization involved in migraine-like headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Tuka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Semmelweis u 6, Hungary
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14
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Mitsikostas DD, Knight YE, Lasalandra M, Kavantzas N, Goadsby PJ. Triptans attenuate capsaicin-induced CREB phosphorylation within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis: a mechanism to prevent central sensitization? J Headache Pain 2011; 12:411-7. [PMID: 21626018 PMCID: PMC3139063 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-011-0352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) and its phosphorylated product (P-CREB) are nuclear proteins expressed after stimulation of pain-producing areas of the spinal cord. There is evidence indicating that central sensitization within dorsal horn neurons is dependent on P-CREB transcriptional regulation. The objectives of the study were to investigate the expression of P-CREB in cells in rat trigeminal nucleus caudalis after noxious stimulation and to determine whether pre-treatment with specific anti-migraine agents modulate this expression. CREB and P-CREB labelling was investigated within the trigeminal caudalis by immunohistochemistry after capsaicin stimulation. Subsequently, the effect of i.v. pre-treatment with either sumatriptan (n = 5), or naratriptan (n = 7) on P-CREB expression was studied. Five animals pre-treated with i.v. normal saline were served as controls. CREB and P-CREB labelling was robust in all animal groups within Sp5C. Both naratriptan and sumatriptan decreased P-CREB expression (p = 0.0003 and 0.0013) within the Sp5C. Triptans attenuate activation of CREB within the central parts of the trigeminal system, thereby leading to potential inhibition of central sensitization. P-CREB may serve as a new marker for post-synaptic neuronal activation within Sp5C in animal models relevant to migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimos D Mitsikostas
- Headache Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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15
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Sokolov AI, Liubashina OA, Ignatov ID, Panteleev SS, Syrovaia AO, Zviagintseva TV. [Effect of migrepin on activity of trigeminal nucleus caudalis neurons]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2011; 74:13-16. [PMID: 21809692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Neurophysiological experiments on anesthetized rats were used to study the effects of various doses (12.5, 25, 37.5 mg/kg, i.v.) of drug composition migrepin (representing a combination of potassium-2,4-dichlorobenzoate, carbamazepine, and caffeine) on background firing of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis neurons and their responses to electrical stimulation of the dura mater. It was found that migrepin produces direct, dose-dependent inhibitory action on functional activity of TNC neurons. The results confirmed anti-migraine properties of the drug but did not exclude the necessity to study its action in clinical trials.
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Duenes SL, Thompson R, Chang Z, Okamoto K, Bereiter DA. Psychophysical stress increases the expression of phospho-CREB, Fos protein and neurokinin-1 receptors in superficial laminae of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis in female rats. Neurosci Lett 2010; 486:207-10. [PMID: 20884322 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress and estrogen status are risk factors to develop painful temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJD); however, the neural basis for this relationship is not known. This study tested the hypothesis that repeated forced swim stress and estradiol treatment alter the phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element-binding protein (pCREB) in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), the initial site of sensory input from the TMJ. Ovariectomized female rats were given low or high dose estradiol and subjected to repeated forced swim stress for 3 days and on day 4 an intra-TMJ injection of mustard oil or vehicle was given. Forced swim alone increased the number of pCREB-positive neurons, independent of estradiol treatment or TMJ stimulation, in superficial and deep laminae of Vc. Forced swim also increased the number of Fos-positive neurons in superficial laminae and neurokinin-1 receptor mRNA in whole dorsal Vc, independent of estradiol treatment. These results indicated that persistent psychophysical stress alone was sufficient to increase the expression of pCREB and downstream regulated genes associated with enhanced excitability in the caudal medullary dorsal horn, a brainstem region thought to be critical for TMJD pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Duenes
- Dept. Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, 18-214 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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17
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Vernon H, Sun K, Zhang Y, Yu XM, Sessle BJ. Central sensitization induced in trigeminal and upper cervical dorsal horn neurons by noxious stimulation of deep cervical paraspinal tissues in rats with minimal surgical trauma. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2010; 32:506-14. [PMID: 19748401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated if central sensitization is induced in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (also termed the medullary dorsal horn) and C1 and C2 dorsal horns by noxious stimulation of deep upper cervical paraspinal tissues in a preparation relatively free of surgical trauma. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (275-450 g) were anesthetized intraperitoneally. Animals were then placed in a stereotaxic frame; a small cutaneous incision was made 3 to 4 mm near the bregma in the midline, and an opening into the skull was prepared by a 1/32-inch drill, 1 mm to the left from the midline. An epoxylite-coated tungsten microelectrode was introduced at an 18 degrees angle to enter this small opening on the skull and was then carefully advanced about 16 mm through cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem to reach subsequently histologically confirmed sites in the Vc and upper cervical (C1 and C2) dorsal horn region. Thirty-three, 27, and 15 neurons recorded in medullary, C1, and C2 dorsal horns, respectively, of chloralose/urethane-anesthetized rats were activated by noxious stimulation of mechanoreceptive fields involving V1, V2, and/or V3 trigeminal nerve territories. The inflammatory irritant mustard oil was injected into the deep paraspinal tissues at the level of the left C1-C2 joint. Pre and postinjection receptive field (RF) sizes were mapped by nonnoxious mechanical stimuli and noxious mechanical and heat stimuli. RESULTS A 30- to 50-minute increase (mean, 165% +/- 38.1%) in RF size postinjection for 62% of neurons tested was demonstrated, suggesting central sensitization; for most (>70%) neurons, the RF expanded caudally into cervically innervated tissues. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first documentation that deep cervical nociceptive inputs can induce central sensitization in medullary and C1/C2 dorsal horns and suggest that these effects may reflect mechanisms contributing to deep cervical pain and its referral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Vernon
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Albrecht J, Kopietz R, Linn J, Sakar V, Anzinger A, Schreder T, Pollatos O, Brückmann H, Kobal G, Wiesmann M. Activation of olfactory and trigeminal cortical areas following stimulation of the nasal mucosa with low concentrations of S(-)-nicotine vapor--an fMRI study on chemosensory perception. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:699-710. [PMID: 18381635 PMCID: PMC6870617 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Applied to the nasal mucosa in low concentrations, nicotine vapor evokes odorous sensations (mediated by the olfactory system) whereas at higher concentrations nicotine vapor additionally produces burning and stinging sensations in the nose (mediated by the trigeminal system). The objective of this study was to determine whether intranasal stimulation with suprathreshold concentrations of S(-)-nicotine vapor causes brain activation in olfactory cortical areas or if trigeminal cortical areas are also activated. Individual olfactory detection thresholds for S(-)-nicotine were determined in 19 healthy occasional smokers using a computer-controlled air-dilution olfactometer. Functional magnetic resonance images were acquired using a 1.5T MR scanner with applications of nicotine in concentrations at or just above the individual's olfactory detection threshold. Subjects reliably perceived the stimuli as being odorous. Accordingly, activation of brain areas known to be involved in processing of olfactory stimuli was identified. Although most of the subjects never or only rarely observed a burning or painful sensation in the nose, brain areas associated with the processing of painful stimuli were activated in all subjects. This indicates that the olfactory and trigeminal systems are activated during perception of nicotine and it is not possible to completely separate olfactory from trigeminal effects by lowering the concentration of the applied nicotine. In conclusion, even at low concentrations that do not consistently lead to painful sensations, intranasally applied nicotine activates both the olfactory and the trigeminal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Albrecht
- Department of Neuroradiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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19
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Lee JS, Zhang Y, Ro JY. Involvement of neuronal, inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthases in capsaicin-induced muscle hypersensitivity. Eur J Pain 2008; 13:924-8. [PMID: 19084437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide, which has been implicated in the development of hyperalgesia in the spinal system, has not been systematically studied in the trigeminal system, especially in the context of inflammatory muscle pain condition. In this study, we investigated the functional role of centrally released nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of orofacial muscle pain. Specifically, we examined the contribution of neuronal, inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthases, nNOS, iNOS and eNOS, respectively, in mediating masseter hypersensitivity under acute inflammatory condition. Time-dependent changes in nNOS, iNOS and eNOS protein expression in the subnucleus caudalis (Vc) were assessed following capsaicin injection in the masseter muscle of male Sprague Dawley rats. The expression of all three nitric oxide synthases was significantly up-regulated 30-60 min following capsaicin stimulation, which paralleled the time course of the development of capsaicin-induced masseter hypersensitivity. Pretreatment with each NOS inhibitor significantly attenuated the masseter hypersensitivity. These data showed that all three NOS in the Vc are functionally important for the development of craniofacial muscle hyperalgesia and suggest that the three NOS are closely orchestrated to regulate the level of nitric oxide under normal and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Seok Lee
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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20
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Ro JY, Lee J, Capra NF, Zhang Y. Role of soluble guanylate cyclase in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis in capsaicin-induced muscle hypersensitivity. Brain Res 2007; 1184:141-8. [PMID: 17980861 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) produces its effects by activating soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). In the present study, we investigated the potential role of sGC in the subnucleus caudalis (Vc) in mediating masseter hypersensitivity under acute inflammatory condition in male Sprague-Dawley rats. First, our Western blot analysis revealed that sGC protein is reliably detected in the Vc. Subsequent immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that neuronal cell bodies in the superficial laminae of the Vc positively stained for sGC. Astrocytes in deeper lamina of the Vc also showed sGC immunoreactivity. We then tested whether intrathecal administration of sGC inhibitors, methylene blue (MB), and ODQ, in the Vc, attenuates masseter hypersensitivity induced by intramuscular injection of capsaicin. Intrathecal MB or ODQ significantly blocked the capsaicin-induced reduction of mechanical threshold to noxious stimulation of the masseter. These data indicate that the NO-sGC pathway in the Vc is involved in mediating orofacial muscle hypersensitivity under acute inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Y Ro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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21
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Takeda M, Kadoi J, Takahashi M, Nasu M, Matsumoto S. Somatostatin inhibits the excitability of rat small-diameter trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate nasal mucosa and project to the upper cervical dorsal horn via activation of somatostatin 2a receptor. Neuroscience 2007; 148:744-56. [PMID: 17706880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether somatostatin (SST) modulates the excitability of nociceptive trigeminal ganglion (TRG) neurons that innervate the nasal mucosa and project to the upper cervical (C(1)) dorsal horn by using perforated-patch clamping, retrograde-labeling, and immunohistochemistry. Fluorogold (FG) retrograde labeling was used to identify the rat TRG neurons innervating the nasal mucosa, while microbeads (MB) were used to label neurons projected onto the superficial layer of the C(1) dorsal horn. FG-labeled small-diameter TRG neurons exhibited SST(2A) receptor immunoreactivity (19%) and half of these neurons were also labeled with MB. In whole-cell current-clamp mode, most (72%) of the dissociated FG-/MB-labeled TRG neurons were hyperpolarized by application of SST. The hyperpolarization was evoked by SST in a concentration-dependent manner (0.1-10 microM) and the responses were associated with a decrease in the cell input resistance. The minimum concentration to elicit a significant hyperpolarization was 1 microM. The repetitive firings during a depolarizing pulse were significantly reduced by SST (1 microM) application. The hyperpolarization and decreased firing evoked by SST were both blocked by the SST(2) receptor antagonist, CYN154806 (1 microM). Under voltage-clamp conditions, SST (1 microM) significantly increased the voltage-gated K(+) transient (I(A)) and sustained (I(K)) currents and these increases were abolished by coapplication of CYN154806 (1 microM). In the presence of both 4-aminopyridine (6 mM) and tetraethylammonium (10 mM), no significant changes in the membrane potential in response to SST application were found. These results suggest that modulation of trigeminal nociceptive transmission in the C(1) dorsal horn by activation of SST(2A) receptors occurs at the level of small-diameter TRG cell bodies and/or their afferent terminals, and that this may be related to regulation of protective upper-airway reflexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takeda
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20, Fujimi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan.
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22
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Knyihár-Csillik E, Toldi J, Krisztin-Péva B, Chadaide Z, Németh H, Fenyo R, Vécsei L. Prevention of electrical stimulation-induced increase of c-fos immunoreaction in the caudal trigeminal nucleus by kynurenine combined with probenecid. Neurosci Lett 2007; 418:122-6. [PMID: 17382471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The systemic administration of nitroglycerine, regarded as a migraine model, was previously observed to result in an increased number of c-fos immunoreactive secondary sensory neurons in the caudal trigeminal nucleus, which forward nociceptive impulses to the thalamus. The present investigation tested the hypothesis of whether kynurenine in combination with systemically administered probenecid protects second-order trigeminal neurons against stimulation arriving via central processes of trigeminal ganglion cells. Electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion, one of the experimental migraine models, is known to induce an increase in the number of c-fos immunoreactive second-order nerve cells projecting to the thalamus. Since the synapses between first- and second-order trigeminal neurons are presumed to be mediated by excitatory amino acids, postsynaptic NMDA receptors should be inhibited by kynurenic acid, an endogenous NMDA receptor antagonist. Kynurenic acid, however, does not cross the blood-brain barrier, and its use as a neuroprotective agent is therefore not feasible. In contrast, kynurenine, from which kynurenic acid is formed on the action of kynurenine aminotransferase, passes the blood-brain barrier without difficulty. After the i.p. injection of kynurenine combined with probenecid it was found that the stimulation-induced increase in the c-fos immunoreactivity of the secondary sensory neurons does not occur.
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Abstract
Ionotropic purine receptors (P2X) have been implicated in nociceptive neurotransmission. In this study, we examine the actions of the P2X receptor agonist alpha,beta methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate on excitatory neurotransmission in neurons in the deep and superficial laminae of the trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), which receives nociceptive inputs from the craniofacial region. Alpha, beta methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate caused an increase in spontaneous excitatory neurotransmission (miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents) in neurons in deep but not superficial laminae of Vc; this effect could be inhibited by the P2X receptor antagonist 2,3-O-2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-ATP. Conversely, the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin caused an increase in miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in neurons in the superficial but not deep laminae. These data suggest that alpha,beta methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate acts on presynaptic terminals to increase glutamatergic neurotransmission in deep Vc neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest A Jennings
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Ogawa A, Meng ID, Ren K, Imamura Y, Iwata K. Differential responses of rostral subnucleus caudalis and upper cervical dorsal horn neurons to mechanical and chemical stimulation of the parotid gland in rats. Brain Res 2006; 1106:123-133. [PMID: 16854383 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Blockage of the salivary duct can produce pain and inflammation from the build up of saliva in the parotid gland. The processing of parotid inflammation-induced pain, however, is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to clarify the functional involvement of the trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris/caudalis transition region (Vi/Vc) and upper cervical spinal cord (C1/C2) in processing nociceptive input relevant to parotitis. The effect of capsaicin-induced parotitis was examined on a total of 37 nociceptive neurons isolated from the Vi/Vc (n = 23) and C1/C2 (n = 14) regions. Eight of 23 Vi/Vc neurons responded to mechanical distention of the parotid gland, whereas no C1/C2 neurons responded to the parotid distention. Receptive field characteristics in all neurons were examined following capsaicin injections into the parotid gland. Mechanical and cold responses increased significantly in C1/C2 but not Vi/Vc neurons following capsaicin. Receptive field sizes also increased in C1/C2 but not Vi/Vc neurons. At the Vi/Vc transition region, pinch-evoked activity increased in neurons receiving convergent inputs from the parotid gland and facial skin when compared to non-convergent neurons. The present data indicate that the hyperalgesia and referred pain associated with parotitis may result from sensitization of C1/C2, but not Vi/Vc nociceptive neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ogawa
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.
| | - Ian D Meng
- Division of Clinical Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Department of Physiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd., Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Ke Ren
- Department of Physiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd., Biddeford, ME 04005, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Yoshiki Imamura
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Division of Clinical Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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25
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Nag S, Mokha SS. Activation of alpha2-adrenoceptors in the trigeminal region produces sex-specific modulation of nociception in the rat. Neuroscience 2006; 142:1255-62. [PMID: 16934408 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sex-related differences in the sensitivity to pain and in the response to analgesics have been reported including higher perceptual responses to experimentally induced pain and the higher prevalence of many pain syndromes in women compared with men. This study examines whether alpha2-adrenoceptor-mediated antinociceptive effects are reduced by estrogen which could account for the sex-related differences in pain perception and modulation. Clonidine, an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, has been shown to inhibit noxious stimulus-evoked nociceptive behavior as well as the responses of nociceptive neurons in the medullary dorsal horn. Intracisternal microinjection of clonidine (7 microg/5 microl) through the implanted PE-10 cannulae dorsal to the trigeminal region in male, ovariectomized (OVX), and diestrous (DiE) Sprague-Dawley rats produced a strong antinociceptive effect on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-induced nociceptive scratching behavior and heat-induced face withdrawal nociceptive tests. However, it failed to produce any inhibition in the estradiol-treated ovariectomized (OVX+E) group regardless of the dose of estradiol (1, 10 or 100 microg/100 microl sesame oil) or in the proestrous (ProE) group. Further, clonidine produced dose-dependent effects in male and OVX groups but not in the OVX+E group on the NMDA-induced nociceptive behavior. Finally, the effect of clonidine was reversed by yohimbine, an alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, in male and OVX groups on thermal nociceptive test. These results lead us to conclude that activation of alpha2-adrenoceptors produces sex-specific, estrogen dependent modulation of nociception in the trigeminal region of the rat. A decreased alpha2-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition could be one of the factors responsible for the higher prevalence of pain syndromes in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nag
- Division of Neurobiology and Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D B Todd Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
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26
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Knyihár-Csillik E, Toldi J, Mihály A, Krisztin-Péva B, Chadaide Z, Németh H, Fenyo R, Vécsei L. Kynurenine in combination with probenecid mitigates the stimulation-induced increase of c-fos immunoreactivity of the rat caudal trigeminal nucleus in an experimental migraine model. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 114:417-21. [PMID: 16897600 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitroglycerin, often used as a migraine model, results in increased number of c-fos immunoreactive secondary sensory neurons in the caudal trigeminal nucleus. Since synapses between first- and second-order trigeminal neurons are mediated by excitatory amino acids, NMDA receptors are presumably inhibited by kynurenic acid, the only known endogeneous NMDA receptor antagonist. Although kynurenic acid does not cross the BBB, its precursor, kynurenine, if combined with probenecid, crosses it readily. Systemic kynurenine + probenecid treatment significantly diminishes nitroglycerin-induced increase of c-fos immunoreactivity in the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Knyihár-Csillik
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical and Pharmaceutical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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27
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Saunier-Rébori BT, Pazo JH. Inhibition of jaw opening reflex and single neurons in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis by activation of striatal D2 dopamine receptors. Neuropharmacology 2006; 51:263-71. [PMID: 16697016 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The influence of striatal dopaminergic receptors on the inhibitory action of the striatum on the jaw opening reflex (JOR) was studied in anesthetized rats. Single unit activity was recorded at the subnucleus caudalis of the trigeminal nerve. Dopamine agonists and antagonists were microinjectd into the striatum. The striatal administration of apomorphine inhibits the JOR evoked by dental pulp stimulation. Similar results were observed by microinjections of quinpirole, an agonist of D2 receptors, but not by microinjection of SKF 38393, a D1 agonist. The effect of quinpirole was only inhibited by intrastriatal microinjection of haloperidol, a blocker of D2 receptors and reversed by systemic administration of 1 mg/kg of naloxone. The evoked neuronal responses in subnucleus caudalis, by tooth pulp stimulation, were also suppressed by microinjection of quinpirole into the striatum and reversed by naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.v.). Based on the above results, we conclude that the activation of striatal D2 dopamine receptors is responsible for the inhibition of the JOR possibly by action on the subnucleus caudalis of the trigeminal nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardette T Saunier-Rébori
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
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28
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Aita M, Maeda T, Takagi R, Seo K. Postnatal development of substance P-immunoreaction in the trigeminal caudalis of neonatally capsaicin-treated mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 68:311-20. [PMID: 16477150 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.68.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) is a critical relay site for processing nociceptive afferent input from the orofacial area in addition to its modulation by neuroplastic change. Although an administration of capsaicin in neonates induces a selective destruction of substance P (SP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers, little information is available regarding its detailed effects on the Vc, particularly during postnatal development. The present study examined postnatal changes in the distribution of SP in the Vc and trigeminal ganglion (TG) by immunohistochemical techniques in naïve (NV) and neonatally capsaicin-treated (CP) mice, combined with a quantitative analysis. The neonatal mice received a single subcutaneous injection of capsaicin (50 mg/kg) at 48 hours after birth. The neural density of the SP-immunoreaction decreased to approximately a quarter of that in 1-week-old NV mice but increased to three-quarters of that in the NV in the superficial area after postnatal week 2. A double staining with SP and myelin basic protein confirmed the absence of any SP-immunoreaction in the myelinated nerve fibers in both NV and CP mice. The SP-immunoreaction never overlapped with non-peptidergic IB4-labeled neurons in the Vc and TG of either group. Neither the size distribution of SP-positive neurons nor their relative ratio in the TG differed between NV and CP mice at the ages of postnatal weeks 1 and 8. These findings indicate two putative origins for the emergent SP-immunoreaction in the superficial layer of the Vc of the CP mice: the surviving trigeminal neurons with SP against capsaicin treatment and/or intrinsic neurons/interneurons in the Vc without SP under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Aita
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
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29
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Bartsch T, Levy MJ, Knight YE, Goadsby PJ. Inhibition of nociceptive dural input in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis by somatostatin receptor blockade in the posterior hypothalamus. Pain 2006; 117:30-9. [PMID: 16043293 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin is a neuromodulator in the central nervous system and is involved in the regulation of metabolic and neuroendocrine functions. Recent experimental and clinical findings point to a role for somatostatin in the central processing of nociception. We studied the effects of somatostatin receptor modulation in the posterior hypothalamic area (PH) of the rat on dural nociceptive input. Somatostatin (10 microg/microl) and the somatostatin antagonist cyclo-somatostatin (50 microg/microl) were microinjected into the PH and the effects on responses of neurons in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis studied. Injection of somatostatin (n=11) did not affect A- and C-fibre responses to dural electrical stimulation, nor was spontaneous activity altered (P>0.05). Injection of cyclo-somatostatin (n=10) into the PH reduced A-(-35.5+/-5.8%) and C-fibre (-43.1+/-7.5%) responses to dural stimulation and resulted in decreased spontaneous activity (-38.1+/-7.3%, P<0.05). Responses to facial thermal stimulation were decreased by 51.2+/-5.8% (n=5). Control injections had no significant effect (n=9). Blockade of somatostatin receptors in the PH has an anti-nociceptive effect on dural and facial input, probably mediated via GABAergic mechanisms. As somatostatin is also involved in hypothalamic regulation of metabolic, neuroendocrine and autonomic functions, somatostatin receptor mechanisms in the PH may play a role in the pathophysiology of primary headache disorders, such as migraine or cluster headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bartsch
- Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
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30
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Bereiter DA, Okamoto K, Bereiter DF. Effect of persistent monoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint region on acute mustard oil-induced excitation of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neurons in male and female rats. Pain 2005; 117:58-67. [PMID: 16043292 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of persistent inflammation of the temporomandibular (TMJ) region on Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) evoked by acute noxious stimulation of the same or opposite TMJ was assessed in male and cycling female rats. Two weeks after inflammation of the TMJ by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, 25 microg) the selective small fiber excitant, mustard oil (MO, 20%), was injected into the arthritic or opposite TMJ under barbiturate anesthesia. MO stimulation of the arthritic TMJ increased Fos-LI ipsilateral, but not contralateral, to MO compared to naïve subjects in superficial laminae at the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical cord (Vc/C2) junction independent of sex hormone status. Unexpectedly, MO stimulation of the opposite TMJ in arthritic rats also produced a greater Fos-LI response ipsilateral to MO than naïve animals. Fos-LI produced in the dorsal paratrigeminal region (dPa5) and Vc/C2 junction after MO stimulation of the normal TMJ was significantly greater in proestrous than diestrous females or male monoarthritic rats. In contrast to naïve animals, Fos-LI was produced in deep laminae at the Vc/C2 junction ipsilateral to MO in CFA-treated animals independent of the site of prior CFA inflammation or sex hormone status. These results indicated that persistent monoarthritis of the TMJ region enhanced the excitability of trigeminal brainstem neurons to subsequent TMJ injury that occurred bilaterally in multiple regions of the lower trigeminal brainstem complex and depended on sex hormone status.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bereiter
- Department of Surgery, Brown Medical School, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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31
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Fischer L, Parada CA, Tambeli CH. A novel method for subarachnoid drug delivery in the medullary region of rats. J Neurosci Methods 2005; 148:108-12. [PMID: 16024089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a novel method for direct subarachnoid drug delivery to the medullary dorsal horn region of rats, without introducing a catheter. The reliability of the method was demonstrated by a pharmacological validation; that is, morphine administration to the medullary region blocked the nociceptive response to formalin injected in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region, an effect that was prevented by co-administration of naloxone. The method proposed offers many advantages over the existing methods for medullary drug delivery with catheter implantation. It is easy to be employed, it does not induce any sign of motor impairment, and it does not require the neck surgery performed to implant a catheter in the medullary dorsal horn region. Therefore, it is a useful method for subarachnoid drug delivery in behavioral trigeminal pain studies, particularly when nociceptive behavioral measures that require normal neck muscle activity to occur, such as head withdraw or head flinch, are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Fischer
- Laboratory of Orofacial Pain, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba, University of Campinas-Unicamp, Av. Limeira 901, CEP 13414-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Seo K, Fujiwara N, Takeuchi K, Maeda T, Someya G. Postnatal development of excitation propagation in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis evoked by afferent stimulation in mice. Neurosci Res 2005; 52:201-10. [PMID: 15927721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal development of nociceptive afferent activity expansion and its modulation features were examined in mice using an optical imaging technique. Developing mice (1-2 weeks old (N1-2 w), 3-4 weeks old (N3-4 w), 5-6 weeks old (N5-6 w) and 7-8 weeks old (N7-8 w)) and neonatally capsaicin-treated mice were used. The propagation of neuronal excitation was measured by changes in fluorescent intensity in horizontal brain stem slices evoked by electrical stimulation to the trigeminal spinal tract. A single-pulse stimulation evoked excitation propagation in the trigeminal caudalis (Vc). The propagation area was larger in N1-2 w than in N7-8 w, and no differences were observed between capsaicin-treated and naive mice in the same age groups. Repetitive stimulation (100 Hz, 30 pulses) elicited long-lasting and widespread excitation propagation. The excitation propagation area was significantly larger in N7-8 w than in N1-2 w, N3-4 w and N5-6 w. This propagation was suppressed by 5 microM L-703.606, an NK1-receptor antagonist, suggesting that the repetitive stimulation-elicited excitation may require substance-P releases. Morphological observations demonstrated that the neural network in the Vc had grown by postnatal week 5. These results suggest that nociceptive afferent activity co-operatively matures with development of the network structure in the Vc, and that a mechanism for prolonged increase in central excitability is established during a later postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Seo
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 5274, 2 Ban-cho, Gakkocho-dori, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
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33
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Rozen TD. Non-hypothalamic cluster headache: the role of the greater occipital nerve in cluster headache pathogenesis. J Headache Pain 2005; 6:149-51. [PMID: 16355296 PMCID: PMC3451637 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-005-0171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster headache is
marked by its circadian rhythmicity
and the hypothalamus appears to
have a significant influence over
cluster pathogenesis. However, as
not all cluster patients present in
the same manner and not all
respond to the same combination of
medications, there is likely a nonhypothalamic
form of cluster
headache. A patient is presented
who began to develop cluster
headaches after receiving bilateral
greater occipital nerve (GON)
blockade. His headaches fit the IHS
criteria for cluster headache but had
some irregularities including frequent
side shifting of pain, irregular
duration and time of onset and the
ability of the patient to sit completely
still during a headache without
any sense of agitation. This article
will suggest that some forms of
cluster headache are not primarily
hypothalamic influenced and that
the GON may play a significant
role in cluster pathogenesis in some
individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Rozen
- Michigan Head-Pain and Neurological Institute, 3120 Professional Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA.
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Okamoto K, Tashiro A, Hirata H, Bereiter DA. Differential modulation of TMJ neurons in superficial laminae of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical cord junction region of male and cycling female rats by morphine. Pain 2005; 114:203-11. [PMID: 15733646 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in the cellular responses to morphine were examined in an animal model of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain. TMJ-responsive neurons were recorded in the superficial laminae at the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical cord (Vc/C(2)) junction region, the initial site of synaptic integration for TMJ afferents, in male and cycling female rats under barbiturate anesthesia. Unit activity was evoked by local injection of bradykinin into the TMJ capsule at 30 min intervals and the effects of morphine sulfate (0.03-3 mg/kg, i.v.) were assessed by a cumulative dose regimen. Morphine caused a dose-related inhibition of bradykinin-evoked unit activity in males and diestrous females in a naloxone-reversible manner, while evoked unit activity in proestrous females was not reduced. The apparent sex hormone-related aspect of morphine analgesia was selective for evoked unit activity, since the spontaneous activity of TMJ units was reduced similarly in all groups, while the convergent cutaneous receptive field area of TMJ units did not change in any group. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that sex hormone status interacts with pain control systems to modify neural activity at the level of the Vc/C(2) junction region relevant for TMD pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okamoto
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Abe T, Ohshita N, Sugiyo S, Moritani M, Kobayashi M, Takemura M. Elimination of neurokinin-1 receptor neurons in caudal nucleus reverses the effects of systemic bicuculline on c-Fos expression in rat trigeminal sensory nucleus: I. High intensity electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion. Neuroscience 2005; 133:739-47. [PMID: 15896914 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 03/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1)-bearing neurons are distributed in lamina I of the trigeminal caudal nucleus (Vc) and constitute major projection neurons, little is known about their fundamental role(s) in nociceptive processing. This study examines the effect of intra cisterna magna injection of substance P (SP) conjugated to saporin (SP-Sap; 5 microM, 5 microl) [with/without systemic administration of bicuculline] on c-Fos expression in the trigeminal sensory nucleus (TSN) induced 2 h after 10 min repetitive electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion (TG) at high intensity (1.0 mA, 5 Hz, 5 ms) in the urethane-anesthetized rat. In the SP-Sap-treated rats, the numbers of NK-1-immunopositive neurons in laminae I and III of the Vc decreased compared with rats similarly pretreated with saline (Sal; 5 microl) or blank-saporin (Bl-Sap; 5 microM, 5 microl). In Sal- or Bl-Sap-treated controls, high intensity stimulation induced c-Fos expression in neurons throughout the full extent of ipsilateral superficial layers of the Vc (VcI/II), magnocellular zone of the Vc (VcIII/IV) and the dorsal or dorsomedial subdivisions of the rostral TSN above the obex (trigeminal principal, oral (Vo) and interpolar nuclei). Preadministration of bicuculline (2 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the numbers of c-Fos-immunopositive neurons in the VcI/II, VcIII/IV and Vo in Sal- or Bl-Sap-treated controls. In contrast, high intensity stimulation induced less c-Fos-immunopositive neurons in the VcI/II and Vo of rats treated with SP-Sap compared with those in Sal- or Bl-Sap-treated controls. In SP-Sap-treated rats preadministered with bicuculline, the numbers of c-Fos-immunopositive neurons in the VcI/II and Vo were increased compared with the SP-Sap-treated rats preadministered with Sal. These results suggest that NK-1-immunopositive neurons in laminae I and III of Vc play a pivotal role in the nociceptive specific processing in the TSN through GABA(A) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Abe
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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36
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Jennings EA, Ryan RM, Christie MJ. Effects of sumatriptan on rat medullary dorsal horn neurons. Pain 2004; 111:30-7. [PMID: 15327806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Revised: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the cellular actions of the anti-migraine drug sumatriptan, on neurons in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis. Sumatriptan inhibited the miniature EPSC (mEPSC) rate in a dose dependent fashion, with an EC(50) of 250 nM. Sumatriptan (3 microM) inhibited the mEPSC rate by 36%, without altering the mEPSC amplitude. This effect was partially reversed by the 5HT(1D) specific antagonist BRL15572 (10 microM). In contrast, the 5HT(1B) agonist CP93129 (10 microm) did not alter the mEPSC rate. Furthermore, sumatriptan (3 microM) decreased the amplitude of electrically evoked EPSCs (eEPSC) by 40%. After incubating the slices in ketanserin (an antagonist which shows selectivity for 5HT(1D) over 5HT(1B) receptors) sumatriptan had little effect on eEPSC amplitude. In control conditions paired stimuli resulted in paired pulse depression (PPD; the ratio eEPSC(2)/eEPSC(1)=0.7+/-0.01), whilst in the presence of sumatriptan the PPD was blocked (ratio eEPSC(2)/eEPSC(1)=0.9+/-0.1). Sumatriptan produced no post-synaptic membrane current and had no significant effect on membrane conductance over a range of membrane potentials (-60 to -130 mV). RT-PCR experiments revealed the presence of mRNA for both 5HT(1D) and 5HT(1B) receptor subtypes in the trigeminal ganglia and subnucleus caudalis. These data suggest that sumatriptan acts pre-synaptically on trigeminal primary afferent central terminals to reduce the probability of release of glutamate, and that this action is mediated through 5HT(1D) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Jennings
- Department Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Storer RJ, Akerman S, Goadsby PJ. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) modulates nociceptive trigeminovascular transmission in the cat. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142:1171-81. [PMID: 15237097 PMCID: PMC1575174 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2003] [Revised: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is released into the cranial circulation of humans during acute migraine. To determine whether CGRP is involved in neurotransmission in craniovascular nociceptive pathways, we microiontophoresed onto neurons in the trigeminocervical complex and intravenously administered the CGRP receptor antagonists alpha-CGRP-(8-37) and BIBN4096BS. Cats were anaesthetised with alpha-chloralose, and using halothane during surgical preparation. A craniotomy and C1/C2 laminectomy allowed access to the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and recording site. Recordings of activity in the trigeminocervical complex evoked by electrical stimulation of the SSS were made. Multibarrelled micropipettes incorporating a recording electrode were used for microiontophoresis of test substances. Cells recorded received wide dynamic range (WDR) or nociceptive specific (NS) input from cutaneous receptive fields on the face or forepaws. Cell firing was increased to 25-30 Hz by microiontophoresis of L-glutamate (n = 43 cells). Microiontophoresis of alpha-CGRP excited seven of 17 tested neurons. BIBN4096BS inhibited the majority of units (26 of 38 cells) activated by l-glutamate, demonstrating a non-presynaptic site of action for CGRP. alpha-CGRP-(8-37) inhibited a similar proportion of units (five of nine cells). Intravenous BIBN4096BS resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of trigeminocervical SSS-evoked activity (ED50 31 microg kg(-1)). The maximal effect observed within 30 min of administration. The data suggest that there are non-presynaptic CGRP receptors in the trigeminocervical complex that can be inhibited by CGRP receptor blockade and that a CGRP receptor antagonist would be effective in the acute treatment of migraine and cluster headache.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Akerman
- Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WCIN SBG
| | - Peter J Goadsby
- Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WCIN SBG
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Privitera PJ, Beckstead RM, Yates P, Walgren R. Autoradiographic localization of [125I-Tyr0]bradykinin binding sites in brains of Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2004; 23:805-15. [PMID: 14514033 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025061205355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
1. The present study was undertaken to localize and characterize bradykinin (BK) binding sites in brains from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). 2. Serial sections of brains were cut from adult WKY and SHR and specific [125I-Tyr0]bradykinin ([125I-Tyr0]BK) binding was determined using in vitro quantitative receptor autoradiographic techniques. 3. Specific binding of [125I Tyr0]BK was localized in the medulla oblongata to the regions of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), area postrema (AP), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (X), and caudal subnucleus of the spinal trigeminal nucleus in both strains of rat. The specific binding (85-90% of total binding) was of high affinity and saturable with KD values in the range of 100 pM and a B(max) of 0.75 fmol per mg tissue equivalent in the NTS-X-AP complex of both the WKY and SHR. In competition studies, the rank order of potencies was similar in both strains with BK = Lys-BK > icatibant >>> DesArg9-BK. The B2 receptor antagonist icatibant inhibited [125I-Tyr0]BK binding with a Ki value of 0.63 +/ 0.19 nM in WKY and 0.91 +/- 0.73 nM in SHR, while Ki values for the B1 receptor agonist DesArg9-BK were 1475 +/- 1055 and 806 +/-362 nM in WKY and SHR, respectively. 4. Our finding of specific high-affinity [125I-Tyr0]BK B2 binding sites in the NTS, AP, and the X of WKY and SHR is important because these brain areas are associated with central cardiovascular regulation. However, alterations in BK B2 receptors in the medulla that could contribute to the hypertensive state in the SHR were not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Privitera
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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Simons CT, Sudo S, Sudo M, Carstens E. Mecamylamine reduces nicotine cross-desensitization of trigeminal caudalis neuronal responses to oral chemical irritation. Brain Res 2004; 991:249-53. [PMID: 14575899 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in nicotine cross-desensitization of chemonociceptive responses of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) neurons in rats. Vc responses to lingually applied pentanoic acid were significantly reduced following nicotine, and this was prevented when the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine was applied before or after nicotine. A peripheral site of nicotine cross-desensitization is suggested via a nAChR-mediated reduction in acidic excitation of lingual nociceptors that project to Vc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Simons
- Section of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE Experimental inflammation of the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is commonly used to study trigeminal nociceptive processing. This study describes spontaneous pain-related behaviors following TMJ inflammation in the rat. The ability of preemptive systemic morphine to attenuate behaviors as well as immediate-early gene expression in the trigeminal nucleus is described. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intra-articular injection of mustard oil (0% to 20%, 50 microL) and were observed for behavioral changes. Morphine sulfate (0 to 10 mg/kg SC) was given 30 minutes before mustard oil; this was reversed in one group with naltrexone hydrochloride (5 mg/kg SC). Two hours after injection rats were killed and perfused. Immunohistochemistry for the protein product of the immediate-early gene c-fos was performed, and brain stem sections including the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis were examined for positive nuclei. RESULTS Mustard oil inflammation of the rat TMJ induces dose-dependent, morphine-sensitive behaviors. Behaviors observed included excessive grooming of the region, a chewing-like behavior, and head shaking. Fos expression in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis parallels changes in behaviors. Morphine dose dependently attenuates the number of behaviors, as well as Fos expression; this effect is reversed by the micro-opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone. CONCLUSIONS Mustard oil inflammation of the rat TMJ causes reliable behavioral changes, which may be quantified and, together with Fos expression, used to assess various experimental TMJ treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Hartwig
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
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Abstract
A high-speed optical imaging technique was employed for visualizing neuronal excitation propagation elicited by afferent stimulation in the mouse trigeminal caudalis (Vc) to clarify the central nociceptive modulation mechanism. Membrane depolarization evoked by a single-pulse stimulation to the spinal trigeminal tract (Tr) was propagated rostrally to the Vc, which was suppressed by CNQX. This is consistent with our morphological observation that axons expand from the Tr into the Vc. A trained-pulse (tetanus) stimulation to the Tr evoked a broad, persistent excitation in the Vc, while MK-801 suppressed it. Neonatally capsaicin-treated mice maintained a single-pulse response but a lacked tetanus-evoked one. These indicated that prolonged depolarization elicited by repetitive stimulation is a prerequisite to C-fiber excitation for activating the NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Seo
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University School of Health Sciences, 2-746, Asahimachi, Niigata, 951-9518, Japan.
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Sudo S, Sudo M, Simons CT, Dessirier JM, Iodi Carstens M, Carstens E. Activation of neurons in trigeminal caudalis by noxious oral acidic or salt stimuli is not reduced by amiloride. Brain Res 2003; 969:237-43. [PMID: 12676384 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the possible role of amiloride-sensitive ion channels of the ENaC/DEGenerin superfamily in the activation of trigeminal nociceptive neurons elicited by noxious chemical stimulation of the oral mucosa using two methodologies, single-unit recording and c-fos immunohistochemistry. In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, single-unit recordings were made from neurons in superficial laminae of dorsomedial trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) that responded to noxious thermal and chemical stimuli applied to the dorsal tongue. Successive application of each of three chemicals (250 mM pentanoic acid, n=6 units; 250 mM citric acid, n=8; 5 M NaCl, n=6) evoked responses that were not affected following topical application of amiloride (1 mM). In separate experiments, pentobarbital-anesthetized rats received one of the following stimuli delivered to the dorsal tongue: 250 mM pentanoic acid (n=6); 1 mM amiloride followed by 250 mM pentanoic (N=6); 5 M NaCl (n=5); or 1 mM amiloride followed by 5 M NaCl (n=5). Two hours later they were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and the brain stems processed for c-fos immunoreactivity. Both pentanoic acid and 5 M NaCl evoked similar numbers and patterns of fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in dorsomedial Vc and other brain stem regions, with no significant difference in counts of FLI in animals pretreated with amiloride. These results suggest that amiloride-sensitive Na(+) channels are not essential in mediating the activation of intraoral trigeminal nociceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Sudo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Shigenobu, Japan
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Hutchins B, Patel H, Spears R. Attenuation of pro-inflammatory neuropeptide levels produced by a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in an animal model of chronic temporomandibular joint inflammation. J Orofac Pain 2003; 16:312-6. [PMID: 12455432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To study the neurogenic effects of a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, rofecoxib, in an animal model of persistent inflammation. METHODS Arthritis was induced within the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) by placing complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) within the superior joint space of the TMJ in adult male rats. The CFA animals were divided into 2 groups, with 1 group given the COX-2 inhibitor, rofecoxib, on days 21 through 28. Tissues were taken from experimental and control animals 4 weeks post-injection and analyzed by radioimmunoassay. The inflammatory-related neuropeptide, immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRPi), was assayed from both the TMJ tissues and the trigeminal brain stem subnucleus caudalis. RESULTS CGRPi content was significantly increased in TMJ tissues within the untreated CFA group (72%) and was found to be effectively no different between the CFA/COX-2 group and controls. Trigeminal brain stem subnucleus caudalis CGRPi levels were not different between the groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that use of an inhibitor selective for the inducible form of cyclooxygenase enzyme, COX-2, may significantly attenuate the neurogenic component in an inflammatory TMJ animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Hutchins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA.
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Knight YE, Bartsch T, Goadsby PJ. Trigeminal antinociception induced by bicuculline in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) is not affected by PAG P/Q-type calcium channel blockade in rat. Neurosci Lett 2003; 336:113-6. [PMID: 12499053 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that injection of the P/Q-type (Ca(v)2.1/alpha(1A)) calcium channel blocker, omega-agatoxin IVA, into the periaqueductal gray (PAG) facilitates meningeal dural stimulation-evoked trigeminal nociceptive processing. We injected the GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline into the PAG in addition to the agatoxin and observed bicuculline's effect on neurons responding to dural stimulation recorded in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis of rats in order to determine if P/Q channel-mediated changes acted through GABAergic mechanisms. The inhibition of trigeminal nociceptive neurons characteristic of bicuculline administered into the PAG was maintained in the presence of blocked PAG P/Q-type calcium channels. This suggests the PAG descending pain modulatory pathway is not affected by P/Q-type calcium channel blockade at the postsynaptic GABAergic inhibitory interneuron and the facilitation produced by agatoxin is mediated by another mechanism. These findings have implications for disorders involving the PAG or P/Q-type channels, such as migraine, in particular for the development of preventative treatments, suggesting GABAergic and voltage-gated calcium channels could be separately modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolande E Knight
- Headache Group, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The analgesic action of NSAIDs has been attributed to the peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis via the blockade of the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase (COX) and prevention of bradykinin and cytokine-induced hyperalgesia via inhibition of the release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that NSAIDs exert their analgesic effect through several mechanisms. Recent data suggest that significant expression of COX-2 is found in the central nervous system, where COX-2 seems to have, together with nitric oxide, an important role in spinal nociceptive transmission. Nitroglycerin is a nitric oxide donor and induces a hyperalgesic state, partially mediated by central mechanisms. Nimesulide is a preferential COX-2 inhibitor widely used to treat pain. In this study, we evaluated the analgesic effect of nimesulide in several animal models of pain, intending to provide additional information on the characteristics of the analgesic effect of nimesulide, with specific focus on a possible central component. STUDY DESIGN Nimesulide was compared with vehicle in groups of 4-10 rats that were randomly tested with different models of pain. The experimental design also included study of the effect of nimesulide upon nitroglycerin-induced neuronal activation at central sites. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the influence of time and treatments. Differences between groups at specific time-points were analysed by post-hoc t-test. A probability level of less than 5% was regarded as significant. METHODS The analgesic effect of nimesulide (or vehicle) was evaluated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals underwent tail-flick and formalin tests, both performed in baseline conditions and after nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia. Two separate groups of rats were treated with nitroglycerin alone or nimesulide followed by nitroglycerin, and their brains were processed for immunocytochemical detection of Fos protein, a marker of neuronal activation. RESULTS Nimesulide showed a significant analgesic effect in both the tail-flick and the formalin tests in baseline conditions. In addition, the drug proved effective in counteracting nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia in both tests. Brain mapping of nuclei activated by the administration of nitroglycerin showed that nimesulide pretreatment significantly inhibited neuronal activation in several areas, namely the supraoptic nucleus, ventrolateral column of the periaqueductal grey, locus coeruleus, nucleus tractus solitarius and area postrema. We conclude that nimesulide possesses a strong analgesic and antihyperalgesic activity, the mechanisms of action of which are partly central.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tassorelli
- Laboratories of Integrative Autonomic Systems and Neurophysiology of Pain, IRCCS Institute of Neurology C. Mondino Foundation, University Center for Adaptive Disorders and Headache, Pavia, Italy
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Kyrkanides S, Tallents RH, Macher DJ, Olschowka JA, Stevens SY. Temporomandibular joint nociception: effects of capsaicin on substance P-like immunoreactivity in the rabbit brain stem. J Orofac Pain 2002; 16:229-36. [PMID: 12221739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To specify the regions of the brain stem that are characterized by changes in substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity following activation of capsaicin-sensitive afferents innervating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) tissues in New Zealand rabbits. METHODS Capsaicin, an activator of small-diameter unmyelinated and thinly myelinated nociceptive afferent fibers, was administered unilaterally to the right TMJ of experimental animals. Another group received vehicle solution and served as controls. The animals were sacrificed 6 hours post-treatment through transcardial perfusion. Their brain stems were removed and sectioned, and SP-like immunoreactivity was assessed in serial horizontal sections. RESULTS A decrease in brain stem SP-like immunoreactivity occurred ipsilateral to capsaicin application. This reduction was primarily localized in brain stem regions that correspond to the trigeminal main sensory nucleus, as well as subnucleus oralis, interpolaris, and caudalis of the trigeminal spinal tract nucleus. CONCLUSION The present study revealed central nervous system changes following TMJ capsaicin treatment in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanos Kyrkanides
- Craniofacial Research Core, University of Rochester Eastman Dental Center, 625 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14620, USA.
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Lambert GA, Boers PM, Hoskin KL, Donaldson C, Zagami AS. Suppression by eletriptan of the activation of trigeminovascular sensory neurons by glyceryl trinitrate. Brain Res 2002; 953:181-8. [PMID: 12384251 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of intracarotid arterial infusions of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), a substance known to precipitate vascular headache, on the spontaneous activity of trigeminal neurons with craniovascular input was studied in cats. Cats were anaesthetised with alpha-chloralose, immobilised and artificially ventilated. The superior sagittal sinus (SSS) was isolated and stimulated electrically. Facial receptive fields (RF) were also stimulated. Single neurons were recorded from the trigeminal nucleus caudalis with a metal microelectrode equipped with six glass barrels for microiontophoresis. Infusions of GTN were administered via a catheter inserted retrogradely into the common carotid artery through the lingual artery. Infusions of GTN (mean rate 19+/-7, range 5-100 microg kg(-1) min(-1), in a volume of 2 ml min(-1)) increased the spontaneous discharge rate of second-order neurons which received dural and facial sensory input to 429+/-80% of control. Iontophoretic application of the 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist eletriptan (50 nA) at the peak of the response decreased the discharge rate of neurons towards pre-GTN control levels. In the presence of continuous iontophoretic application of the 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor antagonist GR127935, the decrease in discharge rate caused by eletriptan was antagonised. We conclude (1) that GTN activates craniovascular sensory pathways at a site at, or peripheral to, the second-order neuron and that such an action may account for at least the acute-onset headache induced by GTN and (2) that the antimigraine agent eletriptan is able to selectively suppress noxious sensory information from the dura, induced by GTN, via an action at 5-HT(1B/1D) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Lambert
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, The Prince Henry and Prince of Wales Hospitals, University of New South Wales, Australia.
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Sudo S, Sudo M, Simons CT, Dessirier JM, Carstens E. Sensitization of trigeminal caudalis neuronal responses to intraoral acid and salt stimuli and desensitization by nicotine. Pain 2002; 98:277-286. [PMID: 12127029 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In human studies, repeated intraoral application of strong acidic or salt stimuli induces irritation that progressively increases across trials (sensitization), whereas irritation elicited by nicotine progressively decreases (desensitization). We investigated whether nociceptive neurons in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) exhibit increasing or decreasing patterns of firing to the intraoral application of these irritants. In rats anesthetized with halothane and thiopental, single-unit recordings were made from nociceptive neurons in superficial layers of dorsomedial Vc that responded to mechanical and noxious thermal and chemical stimulation of the tongue. NaCl (5M), citric acid (300 mM), pentanoic acid (300 mM) or nicotine (600 mM) were separately delivered to the tongue by constant flow (0.32 ml/min) for 15 or 25 min. NaCl, citric acid and pentanoic acid each elicited a progressive, significant increase in Vc neuronal firing over the initial 10 min to a plateau level that was maintained for the stimulus duration. Nicotine induced a significant increase in firing rate of Vc neurons within 6 min, followed by a decline back to the baseline level over the ensuing 10 min. Following a rest period, reapplication of nicotine no longer activated Vc neurons, indicative of self-desensitization. We additionally tested for nicotine cross-desensitization to acid. After recording the responses of Vc neurons to pentanoic acid and noxious heat, nicotine was then applied for 15 min. Post-nicotine responses to pentanoic acid were markedly reduced (to 13% of control), indicative of cross-desensitization; responses to noxious heat were also reduced to a lesser degree (to 71% of control). The progressive increase in Vc neuronal firing elicited by NaCl and acid, and the decline in firing after initial nicotinic excitation, resemble psychophysical patterns of sensitization and desensitization, respectively, and support the involvement of Vc neurons in the signaling of oral irritant sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Sudo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Shigenobu, Japan Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA Unilever Research US, Edgewater, NY 07020, USA Section of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
The neurological basis for painful temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and the higher prevalence of TMD pain in women than men is not known. To better define the circuitry and neurochemical mechanisms in the lower brainstem associated with noxious sensory inputs from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region a microdialysis method was used to measure the release of amino acid transmitters from the ventral trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris/caudalis transition region (Vi/Vc-vl). The irritant chemical, mustard oil, was injected into the TMJ region (TMJ-MO) under barbiturate anesthesia in males and normal cycling female rats. Males displayed significant increases in glutamate, serine, and glycine within 15 min after TMJ-MO and increases in citrulline occurred after a delay of 15-30 min. TMJ-MO did not enhance amino acid release in diestrus or proestrus females. GABA release was not affected by TMJ-MO in males or females. Pretreatment with morphine (3 mg/kg, i.v.) prevented the increase in amino acid release seen after TMJ-MO in males. Amino acid release at the Vi/Vc-vl transition region evoked by TMJ-MO also was prevented by prior microinjection of the GABA(A) receptor agonist, muscimol, into the most caudal portion of Vc suggesting this region acted as a critical relay for nociceptive inputs from the TMJ region. These results suggest that glutamatergic mechanisms acting at the Vi/Vc-vl transition region contribute to processing of nociceptive signals that arise from the TMJ region. These results also are consistent with the hypothesis that central neural mechanisms that integrate nociceptive inputs from deep craniofacial tissues are different in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Bereiter
- Department of Surgery, Brown Medical School, Rhode Island Hospital, 222 Nursing Arts Bldg., Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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50
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Mitsikostas DD, Sanchez del Rio M, Waeber C. 5-Hydroxytryptamine(1B/1D) and 5-hydroxytryptamine1F receptors inhibit capsaicin-induced c-fos immunoreactivity within mouse trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Cephalalgia 2002; 22:384-94. [PMID: 12110114 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.2002.00382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the c-fos response within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C) after noxious meningeal stimulation, capsaicin (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 5 nmol) was administered intracisternally in urethane (1 g/kg) and alpha-chloralose (20 mg/kg) anaesthetized male mice. Capsaicin induced a robust and dose-dependent c-fos-like immunoreactivity (c-fos LI) within Sp5C. C-fos LI was observed within laminae I and II of the entire brain stem from the area postrema to C2 level, being maximum at the decussatio pyramidum level. The area postrema, solitary tract, medullary and lateral reticular nuclei were also labelled. The 5-hydroxytryptamine(1B/1D/1F) receptor agonist sumatriptan (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg), administered intraperitoneally 15 min before capsaicin stimulation (1 nmol), decreased the c-fos response within Sp5C, but not within solitary tract. The novel specific 5-hydroxytryptamine1F agonist LY 344864 (0.1 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased the c-fos LI within the Sp5C as well. These findings suggest that intracisternally administered capsaicin activates the trigeminovascular system and that the pain neurotransmission can be modulated by 5-hydroxytryptamine(1B/1D/1F) receptors in mice. Thus, the availability of this model in mice, taken together with the possibility of altering the expression of specific genes in this species, may help to investigate further the importance of distinct proteins in the neurotransmission of cephalic pain.
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MESH Headings
- Anesthetics, General
- Animals
- Area Postrema/metabolism
- Brain Stem/metabolism
- Capsaicin/administration & dosage
- Capsaicin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Capsaicin/pharmacology
- Carbazoles/pharmacology
- Chloralose
- Cisterna Magna
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fluorobenzenes/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genes, fos
- Hemodynamics/drug effects
- Injections
- Male
- Mice
- Models, Animal
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Pain/physiopathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1D
- Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin/physiology
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Sumatriptan/pharmacology
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus/drug effects
- Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus/metabolism
- Urethane
- Vasomotor System/physiopathology
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1F
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Mitsikostas
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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