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A Novel Preservation Solution Containing a JNK Inhibitory Peptide Efficiently Improves Islet Yield for Porcine Islet Isolation. Transplantation 2019; 103:344-352. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sun J, Ni Q, Xie J, Xu M, Zhang J, Kuang J, Wang Y, Ning G, Wang Q. β-Cell Dedifferentiation in Patients With T2D With Adequate Glucose Control and Nondiabetic Chronic Pancreatitis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:83-94. [PMID: 30085195 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and pancreatogenic diabetes are both associated with loss of functional β-cell mass. Previous studies have proposed β-cell dedifferentiation as a mechanism of islet β-cell failure, but its significance in humans is still controversial. OBJECTIVE To determine whether β-cell dedifferentiation occurs in human T2D with adequate glucose control and in nondiabetic chronic pancreatitis (NDCP), we examined pancreatic islets from nine nondiabetic controls, 10 patients with diabetes with well-controlled fasting glycemia, and four individuals with NDCP. DESIGN We calculated the percentage of hormone-negative endocrine cells and multihormone endocrine cells and scored the pathological characteristics; that is, inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrosis, atrophy, and steatosis, in each case. RESULTS We found a nearly threefold increase in dedifferentiated cells in T2D with adequate glucose control compared with nondiabetic controls (10.0% vs 3.6%, T2D vs nondiabetic controls, P < 0.0001). The dedifferentiation rate was positively correlated with the duration of diabetes. Moreover, we detected a considerable proportion of dedifferentiated cells in NDCP (10.4%), which correlated well with the grade of inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrosis, and atrophy. CONCLUSIONS The data support the view that pancreatic β-cells are dedifferentiated in patients with T2D with adequate glucose control. Furthermore, the existence of abundant dedifferentiated cells in NDCP suggests that inflammation-induced β-cell dedifferentiation can be a cause of pancreatogenic diabetes during disease progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qicheng Ni
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Kuang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qidi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ma L, Zheng J. Single-cell gene expression analysis reveals β-cell dysfunction and deficit mechanisms in type 2 diabetes. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:515. [PMID: 30598071 PMCID: PMC6311914 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most common chronic diseases. Studies on T2D are mainly built upon bulk-cell data analysis, which measures the average gene expression levels for a population of cells and cannot capture the inter-cell heterogeneity. The single-cell RNA-sequencing technology can provide additional information about the molecular mechanisms of T2D at single-cell level. RESULTS In this work, we analyze three datasets of single-cell transcriptomes to reveal β-cell dysfunction and deficit mechanisms in T2D. Focused on the expression levels of key genes, we conduct discrimination of healthy and T2D β-cells using five machine learning classifiers, and extracted major influential factors by calculating correlation coefficients and mutual information. Our analysis shows that T2D β-cells are normal in insulin gene expression in the scenario of low cellular stress (especially oxidative stress), but appear dysfunctional under the circumstances of high cellular stress. Remarkably, oxidative stress plays an important role in affecting the expression of insulin gene. In addition, by analyzing the genes related to apoptosis, we found that the TNFR1-, BAX-, CAPN1- and CAPN2-dependent pathways may be crucial for β-cell apoptosis in T2D. Finally, personalized analysis indicates cell heterogeneity and individual-specific insulin gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative stress is an important influential factor on insulin gene expression in T2D. Based on the uncovered mechanism of β-cell dysfunction and deficit, targeting key genes in the apoptosis pathway along with alleviating oxidative stress could be a potential treatment strategy for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Ma
- Biomedical Informatics Lab, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Jie Zheng
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210 China
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Dludla PV, Nkambule BB, Jack B, Mkandla Z, Mutize T, Silvestri S, Orlando P, Tiano L, Louw J, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE. Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Obese State and the Protective Effects of Gallic Acid. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010023. [PMID: 30577684 PMCID: PMC6356415 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic complications in an obese state can be aggravated by an abnormal inflammatory response and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Pro-inflammatory response is known to be associated with the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species and subsequent generation of oxidative stress. Indeed, adipocytes from obese individuals display an altered adipokine profile, with upregulated expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-6). Interestingly, natural compounds, including phenolic enriched foods are increasingly explored for their ameliorative effects against various metabolic diseases. Of interest is gallic acid, a trihydroxybenzoic acid that has progressively demonstrated robust anti-obesity capabilities in various experimental models. In addition to reducing excessive lipid storage in obese subjects, gallic acid has been shown to specifically target the adipose tissue to suppress lipogenesis, improve insulin signaling, and concomitantly combat raised pro-inflammatory response and oxidative stress. This review will revise mechanisms involved in the pathophysiological effects of inflammation and oxidative stress in an obese state. To better inform on its therapeutic potential and improvement of human health, available evidence reporting on the anti-obesity properties of gallic acid and its derivatives will be discussed, with emphases on its modulatory effect on molecular mechanisms involved in insulin signaling, inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - Bongani B Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Babalwa Jack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - Zibusiso Mkandla
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Tinashe Mutize
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Sonia Silvestri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
| | - Sithandiwe E Mazibuko-Mbeje
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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Tang C, Yeung LSN, Koulajian K, Zhang L, Tai K, Volchuk A, Giacca A. Glucose-Induced β-Cell Dysfunction In Vivo: Evidence for a Causal Role of C-jun N-terminal Kinase Pathway. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3643-3654. [PMID: 30215691 PMCID: PMC6195676 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged elevation of glucose can adversely affect β-cell function. Oxidative stress, which has been implicated in glucose-induced β-cell dysfunction, can activate c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). However, whether JNK is causal in glucose-induced β-cell dysfunction in vivo is unclear. Therefore, we aimed at investigating the causal role of JNK activation in in vivo models of glucose-induced β-cell dysfunction. Glucose-induced β-cell dysfunction was investigated in the presence or absence of JNK inhibition. JNK inhibition was achieved using either (i) the JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 or (ii) JNK-1-null mice. (i) Rats or mice were infused intravenously with saline or glucose with or without SP600125. (ii) JNK-1 null mice and their littermate wild-type controls were infused intravenously with saline or glucose. Following the glucose infusion periods in rats and mice, β-cell function was assessed in isolated islets or in vivo using hyperglycemic clamps. Forty-eight-hour hyperglycemia at ~20 mM in rats or 96-hour hyperglycemia at ~13 mM in mice impaired β-cell function in isolated islets and in vivo. Inhibition of JNK using either SP600125 or JNK-1-null mice prevented glucose-induced β-cell dysfunction in isolated islets and in vivo. Islets of JNK-1-null mice exposed to hyperglycemia in vivo showed an increase in Pdx-1 and insulin 2 mRNA, whereas islets of wild-type mice did not. Together, these data show that JNK pathway is involved in glucose-induced β-cell dysfunction in vivo and is thus a potential therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucy Shu Nga Yeung
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khajag Koulajian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liling Zhang
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Tai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allen Volchuk
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence: Adria Giacca, MD, Medical Sciences Building, 3336-1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. E-mail:
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Langfermann DS, Rössler OG, Thiel G. Stimulation of B-Raf increases c-Jun and c-Fos expression and upregulates AP-1-regulated gene transcription in insulinoma cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 472:126-139. [PMID: 29225069 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of pancreatic β-cells with glucose activates the protein kinases B-Raf and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase that participate in glucose sensing. Inhibition of both kinases results in impairment of glucose-regulated gene transcription. To analyze the signaling pathway controlled by B-Raf, we expressed a conditionally active form of B-Raf in INS-1 insulinoma cells. Here, we show that stimulation of B-Raf strongly activated the transcription factor AP-1 which is accompanied by increased c-Jun and c-Fos promoter activities, an upregulation of c-Jun and c-Fos biosynthesis, and elevated transcriptional activation potentials of c-Jun and c-Fos. Mutational analysis identified the AP-1 sites within the c-Jun promoter and the serum response element (SRE) within the c-Fos promoter as the essential genetic elements connecting B-Raf stimulation with AP-1 activation. In line with this, the transcriptional activation potential of the SRE-binding protein Elk-1 was increased following B-Raf activation. The signal pathway from B-Raf to AP-1 required the activation of c-Jun. We identified the cyclin D1 gene as a delayed response gene for AP-1 following stimulation of B-Raf in insulinoma cells. Moreover, MAP kinase phosphatase-1 and the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin were identified to function as shut-off-devices for the signaling cascade connecting B-Raf stimulation with the activation of AP-1. The fact that stimulation with glucose, activation of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and stimulation of B-Raf all trigger an activation of AP-1 indicates that AP-1 is a point of convergence of signaling pathways in β-cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Langfermann
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Oliver G Rössler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Thiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
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Li Y, Jung NY, Yoo JC, Kim Y, Yi GS. Acebutolol, a Cardioselective Beta Blocker, Promotes Glucose Uptake in Diabetic Model Cells by Inhibiting JNK-JIP1 Interaction. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:458-463. [PMID: 29129046 PMCID: PMC6131017 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphorylation of JNK is known to induce insulin resistance in insulin target tissues. The inhibition of JNK-JIP1 interaction, which interferes JNK phosphorylation, becomes a potential target for drug development of type 2 diabetes. To discover the inhibitors of JNK-JIP1 interaction, we screened out 30 candidates from 4320 compound library with In Cell Interaction Trap method. The candidates were further confirmed and narrowed down to five compounds using the FRET method in a model cell. Among those five compounds, Acebutolol showed notable inhibition of JNK phosphorylation and elevation of glucose uptake in diabetic models of adipocyte and liver cell. Structural computation showed that the binding affinity of Acebutolol on the JNK-JIP1 interaction site was comparable to the known inhibitor, BI-78D3. Our results suggest that Acebutolol, an FDA-approved beta blocker for hypertension therapy, could have a new repurposed effect on type 2 diabetes elevating glucose uptake process by inhibiting JNK-JIP1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan-Young Jung
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Cheal Yoo
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yul Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwan-Su Yi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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58
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Timme-Laragy AR, Hahn ME, Hansen JM, Rastogi A, Roy MA. Redox stress and signaling during vertebrate embryonic development: Regulation and responses. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 80:17-28. [PMID: 28927759 PMCID: PMC5650060 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate embryonic development requires specific signaling events that regulate cell proliferation and differentiation to occur at the correct place and the correct time in order to build a healthy embryo. Signaling pathways are sensitive to perturbations of the endogenous redox state, and are also susceptible to modulation by reactive species and antioxidant defenses, contributing to a spectrum of passive vs. active effects that can affect redox signaling and redox stress. Here we take a multi-level, integrative approach to discuss the importance of redox status for vertebrate developmental signaling pathways and cell fate decisions, with a focus on glutathione/glutathione disulfide, thioredoxin, and cysteine/cystine redox potentials and the implications for protein function in development. We present a tissue-specific example of the important role that reactive species play in pancreatic development and metabolic regulation. We discuss NFE2L2 (also known as NRF2) and related proteins, their roles in redox signaling, and their regulation of glutathione during development. Finally, we provide examples of xenobiotic compounds that disrupt redox signaling in the context of vertebrate embryonic development. Collectively, this review provides a systems-level perspective on the innate and inducible antioxidant defenses, as well as their roles in maintaining redox balance during chemical exposures that occur in critical windows of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Mark E Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Jason M Hansen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Archit Rastogi
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Monika A Roy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Biotechnology Training Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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59
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Ma X, Chen Z, Wang L, Wang G, Wang Z, Dong X, Wen B, Zhang Z. The Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus by Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: Its Inhibition by Berberine. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:782. [PMID: 30100874 PMCID: PMC6072898 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial knowledge on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM) by oxidative stress and inflammation is available. Berberine is a biologically active botanical that can combat oxidative stress and inflammation and thus ameliorate DM, especially type 2 DM. This article describes the potential of berberine against oxidative stress and inflammation with special emphasis on its mechanistic aspects. In diabetic animal studies, the modified levels of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers were observed after administering berberine. In renal, fat, hepatic, pancreatic and several others tissues, berberine-mediated suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation was noted. Berberine acted against oxidative stress and inflammation through a very complex mechanism consisting of several kinases and signaling pathways involving various factors, including NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) and AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinases). Moreover, MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) and Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2) also have mechanistic involvement in oxidative stress and inflammation. In spite of above advancements, the mechanistic aspects of the inhibitory role of berberine against oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes mellitus still necessitate additional molecular studies. These studies will be useful to examine the new prospects of natural moieties against DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Ma
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjun Chen
- Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Le Wang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Gesheng Wang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Wang
- Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - XiaoBo Dong
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Binyu Wen
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhichen Zhang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Noguchi H, Miyagi-Shiohira C, Nakashima Y, Ebi N, Hamada E, Tamaki Y, Kuwae K, Kobayashi N, Saitoh I, Watanabe M. Modified cell-permeable JNK inhibitors efficiently prevents islet apoptosis and improves the outcome of islet transplantation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11082. [PMID: 30038242 PMCID: PMC6056537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that treatment with a JNK inhibitory peptide (11R-JNKI) prevents islet apoptosis and enhances the islet function in vivo. In the present study, we explored more efficient JNK inhibitors. The inhibition of the JNK activity by five types of deletion peptides in 11R-JNKI was investigated. One of the peptides, 8R-sJNKI(-9), significantly prevented JNK activation. At a concentration of 1 µM, 8R-sJNKI(-9) inhibited JNK activity similarly to 10 µM 11R-JNKI and the inhibition of the JNK activity by 10 µM 8R-sJNKI(-9) was significantly greater than that by 10 µM 11R-JNK. To evaluate the effects of 8R-sJNKI(-9), porcine islets were cultured with 1 µM of 8R-sJNKI(-9) or 8R-mutant sJNKI(-9) (8R-mJNKI(-9)). After 1 day of culture, the numbers of islets in the 8R-sJNKI(-9)-treated group was significantly higher than that in the 8R-mJNKI(-9)-treated group. After islet transplantation, the blood glucose levels reached the normoglycemic range in 58.3% of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice in the 8R-sJNKI(-9) group and 0% of the mice in the 8R-mJNKI(-9)-treated group. These data suggest that 8R-sJNKI(-9) inhibits islet apoptosis and improves islet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Noguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Chika Miyagi-Shiohira
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakashima
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Nana Ebi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Eri Hamada
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Tamaki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Kazuho Kuwae
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | | | - Issei Saitoh
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Masami Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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Bensellam M, Jonas JC, Laybutt DR. Mechanisms of β-cell dedifferentiation in diabetes: recent findings and future research directions. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:R109-R143. [PMID: 29203573 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Like all the cells of an organism, pancreatic β-cells originate from embryonic stem cells through a complex cellular process termed differentiation. Differentiation involves the coordinated and tightly controlled activation/repression of specific effectors and gene clusters in a time-dependent fashion thereby giving rise to particular morphological and functional cellular features. Interestingly, cellular differentiation is not a unidirectional process. Indeed, growing evidence suggests that under certain conditions, mature β-cells can lose, to various degrees, their differentiated phenotype and cellular identity and regress to a less differentiated or a precursor-like state. This concept is termed dedifferentiation and has been proposed, besides cell death, as a contributing factor to the loss of functional β-cell mass in diabetes. β-cell dedifferentiation involves: (1) the downregulation of β-cell-enriched genes, including key transcription factors, insulin, glucose metabolism genes, protein processing and secretory pathway genes; (2) the concomitant upregulation of genes suppressed or expressed at very low levels in normal β-cells, the β-cell forbidden genes; and (3) the likely upregulation of progenitor cell genes. These alterations lead to phenotypic reconfiguration of β-cells and ultimately defective insulin secretion. While the major role of glucotoxicity in β-cell dedifferentiation is well established, the precise mechanisms involved are still under investigation. This review highlights the identified molecular mechanisms implicated in β-cell dedifferentiation including oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation and hypoxia. It discusses the role of Foxo1, Myc and inhibitor of differentiation proteins and underscores the emerging role of non-coding RNAs. Finally, it proposes a novel hypothesis of β-cell dedifferentiation as a potential adaptive mechanism to escape cell death under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Bensellam
- Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Université Catholique de LouvainInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Jonas
- Université Catholique de LouvainInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Ross Laybutt
- Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical SchoolUNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Lee YS, Wollam J, Olefsky JM. An Integrated View of Immunometabolism. Cell 2018; 172:22-40. [PMID: 29328913 PMCID: PMC8451723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide obesity epidemic has emerged as a major cause of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Chronic tissue inflammation is a well-recognized feature of obesity, and the field of immunometabolism has witnessed many advances in recent years. Here, we review the major features of our current understanding with respect to chronic obesity-related inflammation in metabolic tissues and focus on how these inflammatory changes affect insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, food intake, and glucose homeostasis. There is a growing appreciation of the varied and sometimes integrated crosstalk between cells within a tissue (intraorgan) and tissues within an organism (interorgan) that supports inflammation in the context of metabolic dysregulation. Understanding these pathways and modes of communication has implications for translational studies. We also briefly summarize the state of this field with respect to potential current and developing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sok Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Joshua Wollam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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63
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Bryan K, McGivney BA, Farries G, McGettigan PA, McGivney CL, Gough KF, MacHugh DE, Katz LM, Hill EW. Equine skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise and training: evidence of differential regulation of autophagosomal and mitochondrial components. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:595. [PMID: 28793853 PMCID: PMC5551008 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single bout of exercise induces changes in gene expression in skeletal muscle. Regular exercise results in an adaptive response involving changes in muscle architecture and biochemistry, and is an effective way to manage and prevent common human diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disorders and type II diabetes. However, the biomolecular mechanisms underlying such responses still need to be fully elucidated. Here we performed a transcriptome-wide analysis of skeletal muscle tissue in a large cohort of untrained Thoroughbred horses (n = 51) before and after a bout of high-intensity exercise and again after an extended period of training. We hypothesized that regular high-intensity exercise training primes the transcriptome for the demands of high-intensity exercise. RESULTS An extensive set of genes was observed to be significantly differentially regulated in response to a single bout of high-intensity exercise in the untrained cohort (3241 genes) and following multiple bouts of high-intensity exercise training over a six-month period (3405 genes). Approximately one-third of these genes (1025) and several biological processes related to energy metabolism were common to both the exercise and training responses. We then developed a novel network-based computational analysis pipeline to test the hypothesis that these transcriptional changes also influence the contextual molecular interactome and its dynamics in response to exercise and training. The contextual network analysis identified several important hub genes, including the autophagosomal-related gene GABARAPL1, and dynamic functional modules, including those enriched for mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I and V, that were differentially regulated and had their putative interactions 're-wired' in the exercise and/or training responses. CONCLUSION Here we have generated for the first time, a comprehensive set of genes that are differentially expressed in Thoroughbred skeletal muscle in response to both exercise and training. These data indicate that consecutive bouts of high-intensity exercise result in a priming of the skeletal muscle transcriptome for the demands of the next exercise bout. Furthermore, this may also lead to an extensive 're-wiring' of the molecular interactome in both exercise and training and include key genes and functional modules related to autophagy and the mitochondrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Bryan
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Ireland
| | - Beatrice A. McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Ireland
| | - Gabriella Farries
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Ireland
| | - Paul A. McGettigan
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Ireland
| | - Charlotte L. McGivney
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Ireland
| | - Katie F. Gough
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Ireland
| | - David E. MacHugh
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Ireland
| | - Lisa M. Katz
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Ireland
| | - Emmeline W. Hill
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Ireland
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Teucrium polium extract reverses symptoms of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats via rebalancing the Pdx1 and FoxO1 expressions. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:1033-1039. [PMID: 28738518 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Teucrium polium Lamiaceae. an antidiabetic traditional medicine was observed to stimulate insulin secretion and β-cell mass restoration in pancreatic of diabetic rats. Bioactive compounds in T. polium such as terpenoids and flavonoids have a wide range of antioxidant properties. Given this background, our research was aimed at probing the effective molecular mechanism of T. polium which in turn protects the pancreatic β-cells of diabetic rats through attenuation of streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Induction of diabetes by streptozotocin (STZ) injection followed by treatment of the rats with T. polium extract (0.5g/kg) and glibenclamide as a standard drug (600μg/kg) for six consecutive weeks. Besides, biochemical indexes including sera glucose and lipids were investigated once every two weeks. Moreover, oxidative stress markers were also measured in the sixth week of treatment to assess the antioxidant capacity of T. polium. Prior to sacrifice of rats, the oral glucose tolerance test was carried out and thereafter western blot analysis was performed on pancreatic tissues to detect the expression of JNK, FoxO1 and Pdx1 proteins in the experimental groups. RESULTS Oral administration of T. polium extract not only disclosed the significant anti-hyperglycemic potential of the plant, but also relieved dyslipidemia and oxidative stress related to diabetes. Furthermore, remarkable improvement of glucose tolerance was exhibited among the treated groups, confirming the presence of insulin in the blood. Subsequently, the effective molecular mechanism of T. polium was partially revealed by western blot analyses which detected considerable up-regulation of p-FoxO1 and Pdx1 proteins parallel to reduction of p-JNK expression among the treated diabetic rats. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that T. polium extract is able to restore the β-cell mass and insulin secretion by regulation of pivotal transcription factor of the pancreatic β-cells Pdx1 in JNK pathway.
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Rehman K, Akash MSH. Mechanism of Generation of Oxidative Stress and Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: How Are They Interlinked? J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3577-3585. [PMID: 28460155 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been considered as a major hallmark for the pathogenesis and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but still it is debatable whether it is a mere aggregation of inflammatory-induced responses or clinical entity that underlies with various pathophysiological factors. In this regard, the latest studies have shown the increasing trends for the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and development of T2DM. ROS are highly reactive species and almost all cellular components are chemically changed due to the influence of ROS that ultimately results in the production of lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation is a major causative factor for the development of oxidative stress that leads to overt T2DM and its associated micro- and macro-vascular complications. In this article, we have briefly described the role of various causative factors, transcriptional and metabolic pathways which are responsible to increase the production of oxidative stress, a most pivotal factor for the pathogenesis and development of T2DM. Therefore, we conclude that measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers may be one of the optional tool for the diagnosis and prediction of T2DM. Moreover, the key findings described in this article also provides a new conceptual framework for forthcoming investigations on the role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of T2DM and drug discovery. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3577-3585, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Rehman
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Gerber PA, Rutter GA. The Role of Oxidative Stress and Hypoxia in Pancreatic Beta-Cell Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:501-518. [PMID: 27225690 PMCID: PMC5372767 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Metabolic syndrome is a frequent precursor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), a disease that currently affects ∼8% of the adult population worldwide. Pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and loss are central to the disease process, although understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is still fragmentary. Recent Advances: Oversupply of nutrients, including glucose and fatty acids, and the subsequent overstimulation of beta cells, are believed to be an important contributor to insulin secretory failure in T2D. Hypoxia has also recently been implicated in beta-cell damage. Accumulating evidence points to a role for oxidative stress in both processes. Although the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) results from enhanced mitochondrial respiration during stimulation with glucose and other fuels, the expression of antioxidant defense genes is unusually low (or disallowed) in beta cells. CRITICAL ISSUES Not all subjects with metabolic syndrome and hyperglycemia go on to develop full-blown diabetes, implying an important role in disease risk for gene-environment interactions. Possession of common risk alleles at the SLC30A8 locus, encoding the beta-cell granule zinc transporter ZnT8, may affect cytosolic Zn2+ concentrations and thus susceptibility to hypoxia and oxidative stress. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Loss of normal beta-cell function, rather than total mass, is increasingly considered to be the major driver for impaired insulin secretion in diabetes. Better understanding of the role of oxidative changes, its modulation by genes involved in disease risk, and effects on beta-cell identity may facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies to this disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 501-518.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A. Gerber
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Samadi R, Shafiei B, Azizi F, Ghasemi A. Radioactive Iodine Therapy and Glucose Tolerance. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 19:184-193. [PMID: 28670511 PMCID: PMC5413587 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Radioactive iodine therapy is commonly used as an adjuvant therapy in follicular and
papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and in the treatment of Graves’ disease (GD). The
basis of this therapy is the accumulation of radioactive iodine by the sodium-iodide
symporter (NIS) in the thyroid gland. Expression of NIS by extrathyroidal tissues such
as islets of pancreas has been reported. Radioactive iodine uptake by pancreatic
beta-cells can potentially damage these cells. In this study, we discuss the possible
associations between radioactive iodine and glucose intolerance. Overall, radioactive
iodine uptake by the pancreas may damage beta-cells and predispose patients to
glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes, particularly in patients exposed to radioactive
iodine therapy following total thyroidectomy. Further studies are needed to clarify and
confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghaieh Samadi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Shafiei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Swisa A, Glaser B, Dor Y. Metabolic Stress and Compromised Identity of Pancreatic Beta Cells. Front Genet 2017; 8:21. [PMID: 28270834 PMCID: PMC5318414 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta cell failure is a central feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the molecular underpinnings of the process remain only partly understood. It has been suggested that beta cell failure in T2D involves massive cell death. Other studies ascribe beta cell failure to cell exhaustion, due to chronic oxidative or endoplasmic reticulum stress leading to cellular dysfunction. More recently it was proposed that beta cells in T2D may lose their differentiated identity, possibly even gaining features of other islet cell types. The loss of beta cell identity appears to be driven by glucotoxicity inhibiting the activity of key beta cell transcription factors including Pdx1, Nkx6.1, MafA and Pax6, thereby silencing beta cell genes and derepressing alternative islet cell genes. The loss of beta cell identity is at least partly reversible upon normalization of glycemia, with implications for the reversibility of T2D, although it is not known if beta cell failure reaches eventually a point of no return. In this review we discuss current evidence for metabolism-driven compromised beta cell identity, key knowledge gaps and opportunities for utility in the treatment of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Swisa
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical SchoolJerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical SchoolJerusalem, Israel,*Correspondence: Yuval Dor,
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69
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Kuzmenko DI, Klimentyeva TK. Role of Ceramide in Apoptosis and Development of Insulin Resistance. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:913-27. [PMID: 27682164 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916090017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review presents data on the functional biochemistry of ceramide, one of the key sphingolipids with properties of a secondary messenger. Molecular mechanisms of the involvement of ceramide in apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells and its role in the formation of insulin resistance in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes are reviewed. One of the main predispositions for the development of insulin resistance and diabetes is obesity, which is associated with ectopic fat deposition and significant increase in intracellular concentrations of cytotoxic ceramides. A possible approach to the restoration of tissue sensitivity to insulin in type 2 diabetes based on selective reduction of the content of cytotoxic ceramides is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Kuzmenko
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
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70
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Mehta V, Malairaman U. Flavonoids. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is one of the major healthcare problems faced by the society today and has become alarmingly epidemic in many parts of the world. Despite enormous knowledge and technology advancement, available diabetes therapeutics only provide symptomatic relief by reducing blood glucose level, thereby, just slows down development and progression of diabetes and its associated complications. Thus, the need of the day is to develop alternate strategies that can not only prevent the progression but also reverse already “set-in” diabetic complications. Many flavonoids are reported, traditionally as well as experimentally, to be beneficial in averting diabetes and lowering risk of its accompanying complications. In the present chapter we have convened different flavonoids beneficial in diabetes and comorbid complications and discussed their mechanisms of action. Further, we conclude that coupling current therapeutics with flavonoids might provide exceptional advantage in the management of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Mehta
- Jaypee University of Information Technology, India
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71
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Solinas G, Becattini B. JNK at the crossroad of obesity, insulin resistance, and cell stress response. Mol Metab 2016; 6:174-184. [PMID: 28180059 PMCID: PMC5279903 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cJun-N-terminal-kinase (JNK) plays a central role in the cell stress response, with outcomes ranging from cell death to cell proliferation and survival, depending on the specific context. JNK is also one of the most investigated signal transducers in obesity and insulin resistance, and studies have identified new molecular mechanisms linking obesity and insulin resistance. Emerging evidence indicates that whereas JNK1 and JNK2 isoforms promote the development of obesity and insulin resistance, JNK3 activity protects from excessive adiposity. Furthermore, current evidence indicates that JNK activity within specific cell types may, in specific stages of disease progression, promote cell tolerance to the stress associated with obesity and type-2 diabetes. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review provides an overview of the current literature on the role of JNK in the progression from obesity to insulin resistance, NAFLD, type-2 diabetes, and diabetes complications. MAJOR CONCLUSION Whereas current evidence indicates that JNK1/2 inhibition may improve insulin sensitivity in obesity, the role of JNK in the progression from insulin resistance to diabetes, and its complications is largely unresolved. A better understanding of the role of JNK in the stress response to obesity and type-2 diabetes, and the development of isoform-specific inhibitors with specific tissue distribution will be necessary to exploit JNK as possible drug target for the treatment of type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Solinas
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Barbara Becattini
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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72
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Thrombospondin 1 protects pancreatic β-cells from lipotoxicity via the PERK-NRF2 pathway. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1995-2006. [PMID: 27588705 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure of β-cells has a central role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, and the identification of novel approaches to improve functional β-cell mass is essential to prevent/revert the disease. Here we show a critical novel role for thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) in β-cell survival during lipotoxic stress in rat, mouse and human models. THBS1 acts from within the endoplasmic reticulum to activate PERK and NRF2 and induce a protective antioxidant defense response against palmitate. Prolonged palmitate exposure causes THBS1 degradation, oxidative stress, activation of JNK and upregulation of PUMA, culminating in β-cell death. These findings shed light on the mechanisms leading to β-cell failure during metabolic stress and point to THBS1 as an interesting therapeutic target to prevent oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes.
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Duan H, Lee JW, Moon SW, Arora D, Li Y, Lim HY, Wang W. Discovery, Synthesis, and Evaluation of 2,4-Diaminoquinazolines as a Novel Class of Pancreatic β-Cell-Protective Agents against Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7783-800. [PMID: 27505441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic insulin-producing β-cell dysfunction and death plays central roles in the onset and progression of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Current antidiabetic drugs cannot halt the ongoing progression of β-cell dysfunction and death. In diabetes, a major cause for the decline in β-cell function and survival is endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we identified quinazoline derivatives as a novel class of β-cell protective agents against ER stress-induced dysfunction and death. A series of quinazoline derivatives were synthesized from dichloroquiazoline utilizing a sequence of nucleophilic reactions. Through SAR optimization, 2,4-diaminoquinazoline compound 9c markedly protects β-cells against ER stress-induced dysfunction and death with 80% maximum rescue activity and an EC50 value of 0.56 μM. Importantly, 9c restores the ER stress-impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion response and survival in primary human islet β-cells. We showed that 9c protects β-cells by alleviating ER stress through the suppression of the induction of key genes of the unfolded protein response and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Duan
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-340, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Moon
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Daleep Arora
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center , 941 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Hui-Ying Lim
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center , 941 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Weidong Wang
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center , 941 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
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Wallbach M, Duque Escobar J, Babaeikelishomi R, Stahnke MJ, Blume R, Schröder S, Kruegel J, Maedler K, Kluth O, Kehlenbach RH, Miosge N, Oetjen E. Distinct functions of the dual leucine zipper kinase depending on its subcellular localization. Cell Signal 2016; 28:272-83. [PMID: 26776303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The dual leucine zipper kinase DLK induces β-cell apoptosis by inhibiting the transcriptional activity conferred by the β-cell protective transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein CREB. This action might contribute to β-cell loss and ultimately diabetes. Within its kinase domain DLK shares high homology with the mixed lineage kinase (MLK) 3, which is activated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and interleukin (IL)-1β, known prediabetic signals. In the present study, the regulation of DLK in β-cells by these cytokines was investigated. Both, TNFα and IL-1β induced the nuclear translocation of DLK. Mutations within a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) prevented basal and cytokine-induced nuclear localization of DLK and binding to the importin receptor importin α, thereby demonstrating a functional NLS within DLK. DLK NLS mutants were catalytically active as they phosphorylated their down-stream kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase to the same extent as DLK wild-type but did neither inhibit CREB-dependent gene transcription nor transcription conferred by the promoter of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-xL. In addition, the β-cell apoptosis-inducing effect of DLK was severely diminished by mutation of its NLS. In a murine model of prediabetes, enhanced nuclear DLK was found. These data demonstrate that DLK exerts distinct functions, depending on its subcellular localization and thus provide a novel level of regulating DLK action. Furthermore, the prevention of the nuclear localization of DLK as induced by prediabetic signals with consecutive suppression of β-cell apoptosis might constitute a novel target in the therapy of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Wallbach
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jorge Duque Escobar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rohollah Babaeikelishomi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Jeannette Stahnke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Blume
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schröder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jenny Kruegel
- Department of Prothetics, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University, GZMB, Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Maedler
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Leobener Str. Im NW2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Oliver Kluth
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Ralph H Kehlenbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University, GZMB, Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicolai Miosge
- Department of Prothetics, Faculty of Medicine, Georg-August-University, GZMB, Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elke Oetjen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Kaneto H, Matsuoka TA, Kimura T, Obata A, Shimoda M, Kamei S, Mune T, Kaku K. Appropriate therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus in view of pancreatic β-cell glucose toxicity: "the earlier, the better". J Diabetes 2016. [PMID: 26223490 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells secrete insulin when blood glucose levels become high; however, when β-cells are chronically exposed to hyperglycemia, β-cell function gradually deteriorates, which is known as β-cell glucose toxicity. In the diabetic state, nuclear expression of the pancreatic transcription factors pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1) and v-Maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein A (MafA) is decreased. In addition, incretin receptor expression in β-cells is decreased, which is likely involved in the impairment of incretin effects in diabetes. Clinically, it is important to select appropriate therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) so that β-cell function can be preserved. In addition, when appropriate pharmacological interventions against β-cell glucose toxicity are started at the early stages of diabetes, β-cell function is substantially restored, which is not observed if treatment is started at advanced stages. These observations indicate that it is likely that downregulation of pancreatic transcription factors and/or incretin receptors is involved in β-cell dysfunction observed in T2DM and it is very important to start appropriate pharmacological intervention against β-cell glucose toxicity in the early stages of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki
| | - Taka-Aki Matsuoka
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Kimura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki
| | - Atsushi Obata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki
| | - Masashi Shimoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki
| | - Shinji Kamei
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki
| | - Tomoatsu Mune
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki
| | - Kohei Kaku
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki
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76
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Bretón-Romero R, Feng B, Holbrook M, Farb MG, Fetterman JL, Linder EA, Berk BD, Masaki N, Weisbrod RM, Inagaki E, Gokce N, Fuster JJ, Walsh K, Hamburg NM. Endothelial Dysfunction in Human Diabetes Is Mediated by Wnt5a-JNK Signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:561-9. [PMID: 26800561 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial dysfunction is linked to insulin resistance, inflammatory activation, and increased cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus; however, the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Recent studies have identified proinflammatory signaling of wingless-type family member (Wnt) 5a through c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) as a regulator of metabolic dysfunction with potential relevance to vascular function. We sought to gain evidence that increased activation of Wnt5a-JNK signaling contributes to impaired endothelial function in patients with diabetes mellitus. APPROACH AND RESULTS We measured flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery and characterized freshly isolated endothelial cells by protein expression, eNOS activation, and nitric oxide production in 85 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=42) and age- and sex-matched nondiabetic controls (n=43) and in human aortic endothelial cells treated with Wnt5a. Endothelial cells from patients with diabetes mellitus displayed 1.3-fold higher Wnt5a levels (P=0.01) along with 1.4-fold higher JNK activation (P<0.01) without a difference in total JNK levels. Higher JNK activation was associated with lower flow-mediated dilation, consistent with endothelial dysfunction (r=0.53, P=0.02). Inhibition of Wnt5a and JNK signaling restored insulin and A23187-mediated eNOS activation and improved nitric oxide production in endothelial cells from patients with diabetes mellitus. In endothelial cells from nondiabetic controls, rWnt5a treatment inhibited eNOS activation replicating the diabetic endothelial phenotype. In human aortic endothelial cells, Wnt5a-induced impairment of eNOS activation and nitric oxide production was reversed by Wnt5a and JNK inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that noncanonical Wnt5a signaling and JNK activity contribute to vascular insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction and may represent a novel therapeutic opportunity to protect the vasculature in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bretón-Romero
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Bihua Feng
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Monika Holbrook
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Melissa G Farb
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Jessica L Fetterman
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Erika A Linder
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Brittany D Berk
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Nobuyuki Masaki
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Robert M Weisbrod
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Elica Inagaki
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Noyan Gokce
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Jose J Fuster
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Naomi M Hamburg
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA.
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77
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Candiello J, Richardson T, Padgaonkar K, Task K, Kumta PN, Banerjee I. Alginate encapsulation of chitosan nanoparticles: a viable alternative to soluble chemical signaling in definitive endoderm induction of human embryonic stem cells. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:3575-3583. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02428e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitoson nanoparticle augmented encapsulated alginate (CNPEA) induces definitive endoderm (DE) differentiation of human embryonic stem cells without growth factor supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Candiello
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Thomas Richardson
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Kimaya Padgaonkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Keith Task
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Prashant N. Kumta
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh
- USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Ipsita Banerjee
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh
- USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
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78
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Yu Y, Jia XJ, Zhang WP, Fang TT, Hu J, Ma SF, Gao Q. The Protective Effect of Low-Dose Ethanol on Myocardial Fibrosis through Downregulating the JNK Signaling Pathway in Diabetic Rats. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:3834283. [PMID: 27547765 PMCID: PMC4983369 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3834283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the effects of low dose ethanol feeding in diabetic rats and analyze its underlying mechanisms. Methods. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: control (Con), diabetes at 4 weeks (DM4W), diabetes at 8 weeks (DM8W), and EtOH + DM8W. After 8 weeks, hemodynamic parameters were recorded and heart weight/body weight (H/B) and hydroxyproline (Hp) content in myocardium were measured. Morphology of collagen in myocardial tissue was observed with Masson's trichrome staining method and collagen volume fraction (CVF) was analysed. The mRNA expression of ALDH2 was assessed with Real-Time PCR. The protein expressions of p-JNK and JNK were evaluated using western blot. Results. In contrast to Con group, there was no difference in hemodynamic parameters in DM4W group, but mean arterial pressure and heart rate were decreased in DM8W group, and the ratios of H/B, Hp, and CVF were markedly increased. ALDH2 mRNA expression was decreased, while the ratio of p-JNK/JNK were increased. Compared with DM8W group, the above indexes were improved in EtOH + DM8W group. Conclusion. With low dose ethanol intervention, enhanced ALDH2 expression can antagonize the happening of myocardial fibrosis in diabetic rats, which may be relevant with downregulating the JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Xian-Jie Jia
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Wei-ping Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Ting-ting Fang
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Shan-Feng Ma
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Qin Gao
- Department of Physiology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, China
- *Qin Gao:
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79
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Cicero AFG, Baggioni A. Berberine and Its Role in Chronic Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 928:27-45. [PMID: 27671811 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids. It is found in such plants as Berberis [e.g. Berberis aquifolium (Oregon grape), Berberis vulgaris (barberry), Berberis aristata (tree turmeric)], Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal), Xanthorhiza simplicissima (yellowroot), Phellodendron amurense [2] (Amur corktree), Coptis chinensis (Chinese goldthread), Tinospora cordifolia, Argemone mexicana (prickly poppy) and Eschscholzia californica (Californian poppy). In vitro it exerts significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In animal models berberine has neuroprotective and cardiovascular protective effects. In humans, its lipid-lowering and insulin-resistance improving actions have clearly been demonstrated in numerous randomized clinical trials. Moreover, preliminary clinical evidence suggest the ability of berberine to reduce endothelial inflammation improving vascular health, even in patients already affected by cardiovascular diseases. Altogether the available evidences suggest a possible application of berberine use in the management of chronic cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrigo F G Cicero
- Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Research Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Baggioni
- Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Research Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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80
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Abstract
Obesity is a new global pandemic, with growing incidence and prevalence. This disease is associated with increased risk of several pathologies, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The mechanisms underlying obesity-associated metabolic changes are the focus of efforts to identify new therapies. Stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK), including cJun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and p38, are required for cellular responses to metabolic stress and therefore might contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity. Tissue-specific knockout models support a cell-type-specific role for JNK isoforms, in particular JNK1, highlighting its importance in cell homeostasis and organ crosstalk. However, more efforts are needed to elucidate the specific roles of other JNK isoforms and p38 family members in metabolism and obesity. This review provides an overview of the role of SAPKs in the regulation of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Manieri
- Myocardial Pathophysiology AreaFundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, CNIC, C/Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 2, 28029 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Immunology and OncologyCentro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain Myocardial Pathophysiology AreaFundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, CNIC, C/Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 2, 28029 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Immunology and OncologyCentro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Myocardial Pathophysiology AreaFundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, CNIC, C/Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 2, 28029 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Immunology and OncologyCentro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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81
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Choudhury S, Ghosh S, Gupta P, Mukherjee S, Chattopadhyay S. Inflammation-induced ROS generation causes pancreatic cell death through modulation of Nrf2/NF-κB and SAPK/JNK pathway. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:1371-83. [PMID: 26189548 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1075016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by progressive loss of exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas and is considered to be the single most important cause for development of pancreatic cancer. Recent evidence suggests that inflammation and oxidative stress play pivotal roles in the development of clinical conditions like pancreatitis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Nonetheless, molecular signaling pathways linking inflammation, oxidative stress, and pancreatic cell death are not yet well defined. In this study, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used (injected twice a week for three weeks) to emulate a chronic systemic inflammatory state in experimental Swiss albino mice. Using this model, we traced the genesis of inflammation-induced pancreatic dysfunction and mapped the signaling events which contribute to the induction of this state. Histopathological studies revealed the appearance of cell injuries and increased collagen content in LPS-exposed group, indicative of fibrosis. Assays for intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, insulin levels, and insulin receptor mRNA expression signified inflammation-induced insulin insensitivity. For the first time we present evidence that cellular inflammation and subsequent oxidative stress modulate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)/NF-E2-related factor 2 or Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 pathway and initiates pancreatic cell death by activation of stress-responsive Rho/stress-activated protein kinase or SAPK/Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Scavenging of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a standard antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine led to pancreatic cell survival. The data obtained strongly indicates that the LPS/toll-like receptor-4 or TLR-4/ROS/NF-κB pathway is critically involved in the initiation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and pancreatic cell death and might prove to be an excellent choice as a target for novel therapeutic strategies in the management of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Choudhury
- a Department of Physiology , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India
| | - S Ghosh
- a Department of Physiology , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India
| | - P Gupta
- a Department of Physiology , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India
| | - S Mukherjee
- a Department of Physiology , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India
| | - S Chattopadhyay
- a Department of Physiology , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India.,b Centre for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India
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82
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Noguchi H, Miyagi-Shiohira C, Kurima K, Kobayashi N, Saitoh I, Watanabe M, Noguchi Y, Matsushita M. Islet Culture/Preservation Before Islet Transplantation. CELL MEDICINE 2015; 8:25-9. [PMID: 26858905 DOI: 10.3727/215517915x689047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although islet culture prior to transplantation provides flexibility for the evaluation of isolated islets and the pretreatment of patients, it is well known that isolated islets deteriorate rapidly in culture. Human serum albumin (HSA) is used for medium supplementation instead of fetal bovine serum (FBS), which is typically used for islet culture research, to avoid the introduction of xenogeneic materials. However, FBS contains several factors that are beneficial to islet viability and which also neutralize the endogenous pancreatic enzymes or exogenous enzymes left over from the isolation process. Several groups have reported the comparison of cultures at 22°C and 37°C. Recent studies have demonstrated the superiority of 4°C preservation to 22°C and 37°C cultures. We herein review the current research on islet culture/preservation for clinical islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Noguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus , Okinawa , Japan
| | - Chika Miyagi-Shiohira
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus , Okinawa , Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kurima
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus , Okinawa , Japan
| | | | - Issei Saitoh
- ‡ Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Masami Watanabe
- § Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Yasufumi Noguchi
- ¶ Department of Socio-environmental Design, Hiroshima International University , Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Masayuki Matsushita
- # Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus , Okinawa , Japan
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Bellini L, Campana M, Mahfouz R, Carlier A, Véret J, Magnan C, Hajduch E, Le Stunff H. Targeting sphingolipid metabolism in the treatment of obesity/type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1037-50. [PMID: 25814122 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1028359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a major factor that is linked to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Excess circulating fatty acids (FAs), which characterize obesity, induce insulin resistance, steatosis, β cells dysfunction and apoptosis. These deleterious effects have been defined as lipotoxicity. AREAS COVERED FAs are metabolized to different lipid species, including ceramides which play a crucial role in lipotoxicity. The action of ceramides on tissues, such as muscle, liver, adipose tissue and pancreatic β cells, during the development of T2D will also be reviewed. In addition, the potential antagonist action of other sphingolipids, namely sphingoid base phosphates, on lipotoxicity in skeletal muscle and β cells will be addressed. EXPERT OPINION Ceramide is a critical mediator to the development of T2D linked to obesity. Targeting proteins involved in ceramide's deleterious action has not been possible due to their involvement in many other intracellular signaling pathways. A possible means of counteracting ceramide action would be to prevent the accumulation of the specific ceramide species involved in both insulin resistance and β-cell apoptosis/dysfunction. Another possibility would be to adjust the dynamic balance between ceramide and sphingoid base phosphate, both known to display opposing properties on the development of T2D-linked obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Bellini
- Université PARIS-DIDEROT (7), Unité Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative - UMR CNRS 8251, Équipe Régulation de la glycémie par le système nerveux central (REGLYS) , 4, rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75205 PARIS Cedex 13 , France +01 57 27 77 97 ; +01 57 27 77 96 ;
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Kaneto H, Matsuoka TA. Role of pancreatic transcription factors in maintenance of mature β-cell function. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:6281-97. [PMID: 25794287 PMCID: PMC4394532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16036281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of pancreatic transcription factors including PDX-1 and MafA play crucial roles in the pancreas and function for the maintenance of mature β-cell function. However, when β-cells are chronically exposed to hyperglycemia, expression and/or activities of such transcription factors are reduced, which leads to deterioration of β-cell function. These phenomena are well known as β-cell glucose toxicity in practical medicine as well as in the islet biology research area. Here we describe the possible mechanism for β-cell glucose toxicity found in type 2 diabetes. It is likely that reduced expression levels of PDX-1 and MafA lead to suppression of insulin biosynthesis and secretion. In addition, expression levels of incretin receptors (GLP-1 and GIP receptors) in β-cells are decreased, which likely contributes to the impaired incretin effects found in diabetes. Taken together, down-regulation of insulin gene transcription factors and incretin receptors explains, at least in part, the molecular mechanism for β-cell glucose toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kaneto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Taka-aki Matsuoka
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Chaudhari HN, Kim SW, Yun JW. Gender-dimorphic regulation of DJ1 and its interactions with metabolic proteins in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:996-1009. [PMID: 25726699 PMCID: PMC4420602 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of DJ1 is associated with a number of human diseases. To determine the involvement of DJ1 in progression of diabetes in a gender-dependent manner, we investigated its tissue-specific expression in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male and female rats in this study. In animal experiments, females showed greater susceptibility towards developing diabetes because of lower insulin secretion and higher blood glucose levels as compared to male diabetic rats upon exposure to STZ. Immunoblotting confirmed sexually dimorphic regulation of DJ1 in various metabolic tissues such as the liver, pancreas and skeletal muscle. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed the location as well as reinforced the gender-dependent expression of DJ1 in hepatic tissue. Co-immunoprecipitation assay identified several interacting proteins with DJ1 whose functions were shown to be involved in various metabolic pathways viz. antioxidative and stress defence system, protein and methionine metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, urea metabolism, etc. Using GeneMANIA, a predictive web interface for gene functions, we showed for the first time that DJ1 may regulate T1DM via the JNK1 pathway, suggesting DJ1 interacts with other proteins from various metabolic pathways. We anticipate that the current data will provide insights into the aetiology of T1DM.
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86
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Jung M, Lee J, Seo HY, Lim JS, Kim EK. Cathepsin inhibition-induced lysosomal dysfunction enhances pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis in high glucose. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116972. [PMID: 25625842 PMCID: PMC4308077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradative pathway that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. We previously showed that the inhibition of autophagy causes pancreatic β-cell apoptosis, suggesting that autophagy is a protective mechanism for the survival of pancreatic β-cells. The current study demonstrates that treatment with inhibitors and knockdown of the lysosomal cysteine proteases such as cathepsins B and L impair autophagy, enhancing the caspase-dependent apoptosis of INS-1 cells and islets upon exposure to high concentration of glucose. Interestingly, treatment with cathepsin B and L inhibitors prevented the proteolytic processing of cathepsins B, D and L, as evidenced by gradual accumulation of the respective pro-forms. Of note, inhibition of aspartic cathepsins had no effect on autophagy and cell viability, suggesting the selective role of cathepsins B and L in the regulation of β-cell autophagy and apoptosis. Lysosomal localization of accumulated pro-cathepsins in the presence of cathepsin B and L inhibitors was verified via immunocytochemistry and lysosomal fractionation. Lysotracker staining indicated that cathepsin B and L inhibitors led to the formation of severely enlarged lysosomes in a time-dependent manner. The abnormal accumulation of pro-cathepsins following treatment with inhibitors of cathepsins B and L suppressed normal lysosomal degradation and the processing of lysosomal enzymes, leading to lysosomal dysfunction. Collectively, our findings suggest that cathepsin defects following the inhibition of cathepsin B and L result in lysosomal dysfunction and consequent cell death in pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Jung
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jaemeun Lee
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Seo
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji Sun Lim
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, Korea; Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, Korea
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Alejandro EU, Gregg B, Blandino-Rosano M, Cras-Méneur C, Bernal-Mizrachi E. Natural history of β-cell adaptation and failure in type 2 diabetes. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 42:19-41. [PMID: 25542976 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a complex disease characterized by β-cell failure in the setting of insulin resistance. The current evidence suggests that genetic predisposition, and environmental factors can impair the capacity of the β-cells to respond to insulin resistance and ultimately lead to their failure. However, genetic studies have demonstrated that known variants account for less than 10% of the overall estimated T2D risk, suggesting that additional unidentified factors contribute to susceptibility of this disease. In this review, we will discuss the different stages that contribute to the development of β-cell failure in T2D. We divide the natural history of this process in three major stages: susceptibility, β-cell adaptation and β-cell failure, and provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms involved. Further research into mechanisms will reveal key modulators of β-cell failure and thus identify possible novel therapeutic targets and potential interventions to protect against β-cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilyn U Alejandro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brigid Gregg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Manuel Blandino-Rosano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Corentin Cras-Méneur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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88
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Chang W, Chen L, Hatch GM. Berberine as a therapy for type 2 diabetes and its complications: From mechanism of action to clinical studies. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 93:479-86. [PMID: 25607236 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing rapidly worldwide, and the development of novel anti-diabetic drugs is emerging. However, most anti-diabetic drugs cannot be used in patients with hepatic dysfunction, renal disease, and heart disease, which makes pharmacological therapy of type 2 diabetes complicated. Despite continued introduction of novel agents, the search for an ideal drug that is useful as both a hypoglycemic agent and to reduce diabetes-related complications remains elusive. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid extract that has shown promise as a hypoglycemic agent in the management of diabetes in animal and human studies. Mechanistic studies have revealed beneficial effects of berberine on diabetes-related complications. Although there have been few clinical reports of the anti-diabetic effects of berberine, little documentation of adverse effects in humans positions it as a potential candidate drug to treat type 2 diabetes. In the present review, the anti-diabetic mechanism of berberine, its effect on diabetes-related complications, and its recent use in human clinical studies is highlighted. In addition, we summarize the different treatments for type 2 diabetes in adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Chang
- a Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 501C John Buhler Research Center, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0P4, Canada
| | - Li Chen
- b Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Grant M Hatch
- a Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 501C John Buhler Research Center, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0P4, Canada.,c Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, DREAM Theme, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
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89
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Free fatty acid induced impairment of insulin signaling is prevented by the diastereomeric mixture of calophyllic acid and isocalophyllic acid in skeletal muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 746:70-7. [PMID: 25445050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Elevated fatty acid levels play a pathogenic role in the development of insulin resistance, associated with type 2 diabetes. Interventions with ability to ameliorate fatty acid-induced insulin resistance might be useful for the management of diabetes. Here, we explored the effect of the diastereomeric mixture of calophyllic acid and isocalophyllic acid (F015) on palmitate-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells. An incubation of L6 myotubes with palmitate inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and translocation of GLUT4 to cell surface. Addition of F015 strongly prevented these inhibitions. Furthermore, F015 effectively inhibited the ability of palmitate to reduce insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of IRS-1, AKT and GSK-3β in L6 myotubes. F015 presented a strong inhibition on palmitate-induced production of reactive oxygen species and associated inflammation, as the activation JNK, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK were greatly reduced. F015 also inhibited inflammation-stimulated IRS-1 serine phosphorylation and restored insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation in presence of palmitate, resulted in enhanced insulin sensitivity. Results suggest that F015 inhibits palmitate-induced, reactive oxygen species-associated MAPK kinase activation and restored insulin sensitivity through regulating IRS-1 function. All these indicate F015 to be a potentially therapeutic candidate for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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90
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Vargas-Guerrero B, García-López PM, Martínez-Ayala AL, Domínguez-Rosales JA, Gurrola-Díaz CM. Administration of Lupinus albus gamma conglutin (Cγ) to n5 STZ rats augmented Ins-1 gene expression and pancreatic insulin content. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 69:241-247. [PMID: 24894193 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-014-0424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several studies support the health-promoting benefits of lupins, particularly lupin proteins. It has been demonstrated that Lupinus albus gamma conglutin (Cγ) protein lowered blood glucose levels; thus, Cγ showed promise as a new anti-diabetic compound for type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Cγ on Ins-1 gene expression and on pancreatic insulin content in streptozotocin-mediated diabetic rats. Cγ was isolated from Lupinus albus seeds. Its identification was confirmed with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under native and denaturing conditions. We used streptozotocin (STZ) to induce T2D on the 5th day of life of newborn male Wistar rats (n5-STZ). After 20 weeks post-induction, these animals (glycemia > 200 mg/dL) were randomly assigned to three groups that received the following one-week treatments: vehicle, 0.90% w/v NaCl (n5 STZ-Ctrl); glibenclamide, 10 mg/kg (n5 STZ-Glib); or Cγ, 120 mg/kg (n5 STZ-Cγ). Glucose and insulin levels were measured before and after treatment. Ins-1 gene expression was quantified using real time polymerase chain reaction and the pancreatic insulin content was evaluated with immunohistochemistry. Post-treatment, the n5 STZ-Cγ and n5 STZ-Glib groups showed reductions in glucose, increments in serum insulin, and increases in Ins-1 gene expression and beta cell insulin content compared to the n5 STZ-Ctrl group. The results showed that Cγ had beneficial effects on Ins-1 gene expression and pancreatic insulin content. These biological effects of Cγ strengthen its promising potential as a nutraceutical and/or new agent for controlling hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Vargas-Guerrero
- Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, C.U.C.S., Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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91
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Lasram MM, Dhouib IB, Annabi A, El Fazaa S, Gharbi N. A review on the molecular mechanisms involved in insulin resistance induced by organophosphorus pesticides. Toxicology 2014; 322:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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92
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93
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Mizukami H, Takahashi K, Inaba W, Tsuboi K, Osonoi S, Yoshida T, Yagihashi S. Involvement of oxidative stress-induced DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy deficits in the decline of β-cell mass in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1966-74. [PMID: 24705612 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficits of β-cells characterize the islet pathology in type 2 diabetes. It is yet to be clear how the β-cell loss develops in type 2 diabetes. We explored the implication of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-induced stress, and autophagy deficit in the β-cell decline in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Pancreases from recent autopsy cases of 47 type 2 diabetic and 30 nondiabetic subjects were investigated on the islet structure with morphometric analysis. Volume densities of islet (Vi), β-cell (Vβ), and α-cell (Vα) were measured. To evaluate cell damage of endocrine cells, immunohistochemical expressions of oxidative stress-related DNA damage as expressed by γH2AX, ER stress-related cell damage as CCAAT/enhancer 1 binding protein-β (C/EBP-β), and autophagy deficit as P62 were semiquantified, and their correlations to islet changes were sought. RESULTS Compared with nondiabetic subjects, Vβ was reduced in diabetic subjects. Contrariwise, there was an increase in Vα. There was a significant link between reduced Vβ and increased HbA1c levels (P < 0.01) and a trend of inverse correlation between Vβ and duration of diabetes (P = 0.06). Expressions of γH2AX, P62, and C/EBP-β were all enhanced in diabetic islets, and reduced Vβ correlated with the intensity of γH2AX expression but not with C/EBP-β or P62 expressions. Combined expressions of γH2AX, P62, and C/EBP-β were associated with severe reduction of Vβ. CONCLUSIONS β-Cell deficit in type 2 diabetes was associated with increased oxidative stress and may further be augmented by autophagic deficits and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kazunori Takahashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Wataru Inaba
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tsuboi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Sho Osonoi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Taro Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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94
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Rochette L, Zeller M, Cottin Y, Vergely C. Diabetes, oxidative stress and therapeutic strategies. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2709-29. [PMID: 24905298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes has emerged as a major threat to health worldwide. SCOPE OF REVIEW The exact mechanisms underlying the disease are unknown; however, there is growing evidence that excess generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), largely due to hyperglycemia, causes oxidative stress in a variety of tissues. Oxidative stress results from either an increase in free radical production, or a decrease in endogenous antioxidant defenses, or both. ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are products of cellular metabolism and are well recognized for their dual role as both deleterious and beneficial species. In type 2 diabetic patients, oxidative stress is closely associated with chronic inflammation. Multiple signaling pathways contribute to the adverse effects of glucotoxicity on cellular functions. There are many endogenous factors (antioxidants, vitamins, antioxidant enzymes, metal ion chelators) that can serve as endogenous modulators of the production and action of ROS. Clinical trials that investigated the effect of antioxidant vitamins on the progression of diabetic complications gave negative or inconclusive results. This lack of efficacy might also result from the fact that they were administered at a time when irreversible alterations in the redox status are already under way. Another strategy to modulate oxidative stress is to exploit the pleiotropic properties of drugs directed primarily at other targets and thus acting as indirect antioxidants. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS It appears important to develop new compounds that target key vascular ROS producing enzymes and mimic endogenous antioxidants. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This strategy might prove clinically relevant in preventing the development and/or retarding the progression of diabetes associated with vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Rochette
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie et Pharmacologie Cardio-Métaboliques, INSERM UMR866, Université de Bourgogne, Facultés de Médecine et Pharmacie, 7 Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France.
| | - Marianne Zeller
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie et Pharmacologie Cardio-Métaboliques, INSERM UMR866, Université de Bourgogne, Facultés de Médecine et Pharmacie, 7 Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Yves Cottin
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie et Pharmacologie Cardio-Métaboliques, INSERM UMR866, Université de Bourgogne, Facultés de Médecine et Pharmacie, 7 Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Vergely
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie et Pharmacologie Cardio-Métaboliques, INSERM UMR866, Université de Bourgogne, Facultés de Médecine et Pharmacie, 7 Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France
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95
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Merry TL, Tran M, Stathopoulos M, Wiede F, Fam BC, Dodd GT, Clarke I, Watt MJ, Andrikopoulos S, Tiganis T. High-fat-fed obese glutathione peroxidase 1-deficient mice exhibit defective insulin secretion but protection from hepatic steatosis and liver damage. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2114-29. [PMID: 24252128 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2 can promote signaling through the inactivation of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). However, in obesity, the generation of ROS exceeds the antioxidant reserve and can contribute to the promotion of insulin resistance. Glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) is an antioxidant enzyme that eliminates H2O2. Here, we have used Gpx1(-/-) mice to assess the impact of oxidative stress on glucose homeostasis in the context of obesity. RESULTS Gpx1(-/-) mice fed an obesogenic high-fat diet for 12 weeks exhibited systemic oxidative stress and hyperglycemia, but had unaltered whole-body insulin sensitivity, improved hepatic insulin signaling, and decreased whole-body glucose production. High-fat-fed Gpx1(-/-) mice also exhibited decreased hepatic steatosis and liver damage accompanied by decreased plasma insulin and decreased glucose-induced insulin secretion. The decreased insulin secretion was associated with reduced islet β cell pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx1) and insulin content, elevated pancreatic PTP oxidation (including PTPN2 oxidation), and elevated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) Y701 phosphorylation. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION Taken together, these results are consistent with H2O2 inactivating pancreatic PTPs (such as the STAT1 phosphatase PTPN2) for the promotion of STAT-1 signaling to suppress Pdx1 expression and differentiation and, consequently, reduce β cell insulin secretion. We propose that the decreased insulin secretion, in turn, results in decreased hepatic lipogenesis and steatosis, attenuates liver damage, and improves hepatic insulin signaling to suppress hepatic glucose production. Limiting insulin secretion may help combat the development of hepatic steatosis and liver damage in diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy L Merry
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University , Victoria, Australia
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96
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Stahnke MJ, Dickel C, Schröder S, Kaiser D, Blume R, Stein R, Pouponnot C, Oetjen E. Inhibition of human insulin gene transcription and MafA transcriptional activity by the dual leucine zipper kinase. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1792-9. [PMID: 24726898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Insulin biosynthesis is an essential β-cell function and inappropriate insulin secretion and biosynthesis contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 2. Previous studies showed that the dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) induces β-cell apoptosis. Since β-cell dysfunction precedes β-cell loss, in the present study the effect of DLK on insulin gene transcription was investigated in the HIT-T15 β-cell line. Downregulation of endogenous DLK increased whereas overexpression of DLK decreased human insulin gene transcription. 5'- and 3'-deletion human insulin promoter analyses resulted in the identification of a DLK responsive element that mapped to the DNA binding-site for the β-cell specific transcription factor MafA. Overexpression of DLK wild-type but not its kinase-dead mutant inhibited MafA transcriptional activity conferred by its transactivation domain. Furthermore, in the non-β-cell line JEG DLK inhibited MafA overexpression-induced human insulin promoter activity. Overexpression of MafA and DLK or its kinase-dead mutant into JEG cells revealed that DLK but not its mutant reduced MafA protein content. Inhibition of the down-stream DLK kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by SP600125 attenuated DLK-induced MafA loss. Furthermore, mutation of the serine 65 to alanine, shown to confer MafA protein stability, increased MafA-dependent insulin gene transcription and prevented DLK-induced MafA loss in JEG cells. These data suggest that DLK by activating JNK triggers the phosphorylation and degradation of MafA thereby attenuating insulin gene transcription. Given the importance of MafA for β-cell function, the inhibition of DLK might preserve β-cell function and ultimately retard the development of diabetes mellitus type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corinna Dickel
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schröder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diana Kaiser
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Blume
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Celio Pouponnot
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Paris Sud University Centre de Recherche, Orsay, France
| | - Elke Oetjen
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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97
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Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) impairs insulin secretion in humans and in animal models of IUGR. Several underlying mechanisms have been implicated, including decreased expression of molecular regulators of β-cell mass and function, in some cases shown to be due to epigenetic changes initiated by an adverse fetal environment. Alterations in cell cycle progression contribute to loss of β-cell mass, whereas decreased islet vascularity and mitochondrial dysfunction impair β-cell function in IUGR rodents. Animal models of IUGR sharing similar insulin secretion outcomes as the IUGR human are allowing underlying mechanisms to be identified. This review will focus on models of uteroplacental insufficiency.
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98
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Alismail H, Jin S. Microenvironmental stimuli for proliferation of functional islet β-cells. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:12. [PMID: 24594290 PMCID: PMC3974598 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is characterized by high blood glucose level due to either autoimmune destruction of islet β-cells or insufficient insulin secretion or glucose non-responsive production of insulin by β-cells. It is highly desired to replace biological functional β-cells for the treatment of diabetes. Unfortunately, β-cells proliferate with an extremely low rate. This cellular property hinders cell-based therapy for clinical application. Many attempts have been made to develop techniques that allow production of large quantities of clinically relevant islet β-cells in vitro. A line of studies evidently demonstrate that β-cells can proliferate under certain circumstances, giving the hopes for generating and expanding these cells in vitro and transplanting them to the recipient. In this review, we discuss the requirements of microenvironmental stimuli that stimulate β-cell proliferation in cell cultures. We highlight advanced approaches for augmentation of β-cell expansion that have recently emerged in this field. Furthermore, knowing the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms would enable manipulating cell proliferation and optimizing its insulin secretory function. Thus, signaling pathways involved in the enhancement of cell proliferation are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sha Jin
- Department of Bioengineering, Thomas J, Watson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State University of New York in Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
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99
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Mizukami H, Takahashi K, Inaba W, Osonoi S, Kamata K, Tsuboi K, Yagihashi S. Age-associated changes of islet endocrine cells and the effects of body mass index in Japanese. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 5:38-47. [PMID: 24843735 PMCID: PMC4025233 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Impaired growth and premature death of β-cells are implicated in the progression of islet pathology in type 2 diabetes. It remains unclear, however, how aging affects islet cells, or whether the islet change in diabetes is an augmented process of aging. We studied age-related changes of the islet structure in Japanese non-diabetic subjects and explored the underlying mechanism of the changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 115 non-diabetic autopsy cases were subjected to morphometric analysis for volume densities of islets, β- and non-β-cells, as well as their masses. Proliferation activity identified by Ki67, and expressions of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox (PDX)-1, cell cycle inhibitor P16, and oxidative stress marker γH2AX were also examined. RESULTS There was a gradual and marginal decline of volume densities of islets, β- and non-β-cells with aging, while masses of these components were increased during maturation and slowly decreased after the 40s. Islet density was high in the young, but reduced after maturation. There was only a minimal influence of increased body mass index (BMI) on the increase in β-cell mass, but not on the other variables. Ki67 positivity and PDX-1 expressions were high in the young, but low after maturation, whereas expressions of P16 and γH2AX were elevated in the aged. CONCLUSIONS Age-associated decline of β-cell mass is marginal after maturation, and the reduction of β-cell mass could be a specific process in diabetes. The impact of BMI on the islet structure is limited in Japanese with normal glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiAomoriJapan
| | - Kazunori Takahashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiAomoriJapan
| | - Wataru Inaba
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiAomoriJapan
| | - Sho Osonoi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiAomoriJapan
| | - Kosuke Kamata
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiAomoriJapan
| | - Kentaro Tsuboi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiAomoriJapan
| | - Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiAomoriJapan
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100
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Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of berberine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:289264. [PMID: 24669227 PMCID: PMC3942282 DOI: 10.1155/2014/289264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are proved to be critical for the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Berberine (BBR) is a natural compound isolated from plants such as Coptis chinensis and Hydrastis canadensis and with multiple pharmacological activities. Recent studies showed that BBR had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which contributed in part to its efficacy against diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarized the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of BBR as well as their molecular basis. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of BBR were noted with changes in oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes, and proinflammatory cytokines after BBR administration in diabetic animals. BBR inhibited oxidative stress and inflammation in a variety of tissues including liver, adipose tissue, kidney and pancreas. Mechanisms of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of BBR were complex, which involved multiple cellular kinases and signaling pathways, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) pathway, and nuclear factor- κ B (NF- κ B) pathway. Detailed mechanisms and pathways for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of BBR still need further investigation. Clarification of these issues could help to understand the pharmacology of BBR in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and promote the development of antidiabetic natural products.
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