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Liu J, Godlewski G, Jourdan T, Liu Z, Cinar R, Xiong K, Kunos G. Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Antagonism Improves Glycemic Control and Increases Energy Expenditure Through Sirtuin-1/Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 and 5'Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling. Hepatology 2019; 69:1535-1548. [PMID: 30506571 PMCID: PMC6438767 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids promote energy conservation in obesity, whereas cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1 R) blockade reverses body weight gain and insulin resistance and increases energy expenditure. Here we investigated the molecular mechanisms of the catabolic effects of CB1 R blockade in the liver. Exposure of primary mouse hepatocytes and HepG2 cells to the CB1 R agonist arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide inhibited the expression of Sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) and Rictor, a component of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) and suppressed insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation at serine 473. These effects were reversed by peripheral CB1 R antagonist JD5037 in control hepatocytes but not in hepatocytes deficient in Sirt1 and/or Rictor, indicating that these two proteins are required for the CB1 R-mediated inhibition of insulin signaling. Feeding C57BL/6J mice a high-fat diet (HFD) inhibited hepatic Sirt1/mTORC2/Akt signaling, and the inhibition was reversed by rimonabant or JD5037 in wild-type but not liver-specific Sirt1-/- (Sirt1-LKO) mice, to levels observed in hepatocyte-specific CB1 R-/- mice. A similar attenuation of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in wild-type mice with obesity but not in Sirt1-LKO mice could be attributed to insufficient reversal of HFD-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation in peripheral tissues in the latter. In contrast, JD5037 treatment was equally effective in HFD-fed wild-type and Sirt1-LKO mice in reducing hepatic steatosis, increasing fatty acid β-oxidation, and activating 5'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through liver kinase B1 (LKB1), resulting in a similar increase in total energy expenditure in the two strains. Conclusion: Peripheral CB1 R blockade in mice with obesity improves glycemic control through the hepatic Sirt1/mTORC2/Akt pathway, whereas it increases fatty acid oxidation through LKB1/AMPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Grzegorz Godlewski
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tony Jourdan
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Keming Xiong
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Alshaarawy O, Kurjan E, Truong N, Olson LK. Diet-Induced Obesity in Cannabinoid-2 Receptor Knockout Mice and Cannabinoid Receptor 1/2 Double-Knockout Mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:454-461. [PMID: 30699233 PMCID: PMC6429563 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence suggests that cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) activation is associated with increased food intake and body weight gain. Human epidemiological studies, however, show decreased prevalence of obesity in cannabis users. Given the overlapping and complementary functions of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R), mice lacking CB2R and mice lacking both CB1R and CB2R were studied. METHODS A high-fat diet was used to study metabolic changes in male mice lacking CB2R (CB2-/- ) or lacking both CB1R and CB2R (double-knockout [CB-DKO]) compared with wild-type mice. RESULTS When CB2-/- mice were maintained on a high-fat diet, their weight gain was not different from wild-type mice (gaining 19 and 21 g, respectively), whereas CB-DKO mice gained only 5 g. There were no significant differences in food intake or locomotor activity between the three groups. Respiratory exchange rate and heat production were elevated in CB-DKO mice, with upregulation of adipose tissue thermogenic genes. Glucose tolerance test and insulin levels indicated increased insulin sensitivity in CB-DKO mice, whereas CB2-/- displayed signs of impaired glucose clearance. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that lacking both CB1R and CB2R protected mice from diet-induced obesity, possibly through the prominent role of CB1R in obesity or through an interactive effect of both receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayma Alshaarawy
- Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Emily Kurjan
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nguyen Truong
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - L. Karl Olson
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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53
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Devan SRK, Arumugam S, Shankar G, Poosala S. Differential sensitivity of chronic high-fat-diet-induced obesity in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 29:553-563. [PMID: 30076779 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of obesity is reported to be increasing owing to the high intake of dietary fat and is a predisposing risk factor with associated complex metabolic syndromes in the human population. Preclinical rodent models play a pivotal role in understanding the pathogenesis of obesity and development of new treatment strategies for humans. High-fat-diet (HFD)-induced rodents are used for chronic obesity models owing to their quick adaptation to high-fat diets and rapid body weight gain and different rats (Wistar Sprague-Dawley and Lewis) have been used by various researchers. However, the selection of appropriate stock contributes to the translation of clinically linked disease phenotypes to preclinical animal models.MethodsThe study was conducted using two commonly used rat stocks Hsd:Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Crl:Charles River (CD) to develop a chronic high-fat-diet-induced obesity model (DIO) to explore the underlying mechanisms of obesity and its utilization in drug discovery and development during preclinical stages. In addition two high-fat diets of different composition were evaluated (D12327; 40% kcal fat and D12492; 60% kcal fat) for their potential to induce obesity using these two stocks.ResultsA differential sensitivity to HFD was observed in body weight gain fat mass composition and obesity-linked symptoms such as impaired glucose tolerance insulin and leptin levels. The comparative research findings of Hsd:SD and Crl:CD rat stocks suggested that Crl:CD rats are more prone to diet-induced obesity and its associated complications.ConclusionsCrl:CD rats were found to be a suitable model for obesity over Hsd:SD when considering the important hallmarks of metabolic disorders that may be utilized for obesity-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakthi R K Devan
- Syngene International Limited, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Center, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV phase, Bangalore 560 099, India, Phone: +91 80 6633 4245
| | - Surendar Arumugam
- Syngene International Limited, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Center, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV phase, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Ganesh Shankar
- Syngene International Limited, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Center, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV phase, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Suresh Poosala
- Bristol-Myers Squibb India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400013, India
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Kuipers EN, Kantae V, Maarse BCE, van den Berg SM, van Eenige R, Nahon KJ, Reifel-Miller A, Coskun T, de Winther MPJ, Lutgens E, Kooijman S, Harms AC, Hankemeier T, van der Stelt M, Rensen PCN, Boon MR. High Fat Diet Increases Circulating Endocannabinoids Accompanied by Increased Synthesis Enzymes in Adipose Tissue. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1913. [PMID: 30687125 PMCID: PMC6335353 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) controls energy balance by regulating both energy intake and energy expenditure. Endocannabinoid levels are elevated in obesity suggesting a potential causal relationship. This study aimed to elucidate the rate of dysregulation of the ECS, and the metabolic organs involved, in diet-induced obesity. Eight groups of age-matched male C57Bl/6J mice were randomized to receive a chow diet (control) or receive a high fat diet (HFD, 45% of calories derived from fat) ranging from 1 day up to 18 weeks before euthanasia. Plasma levels of the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA), and related N-acylethanolamines, were quantified by UPLC-MS/MS and gene expression of components of the ECS was determined in liver, muscle, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) during the course of diet-induced obesity development. HFD feeding gradually increased 2-AG (+132% within 4 weeks, P < 0.05), accompanied by upregulated expression of its synthesizing enzymes Daglα and β in WAT and BAT. HFD also rapidly increased AEA (+81% within 1 week, P < 0.01), accompanied by increased expression of its synthesizing enzyme Nape-pld, specifically in BAT. Interestingly, Nape-pld expression in BAT correlated with plasma AEA levels (R 2 = 0.171, β = 0.276, P < 0.001). We conclude that a HFD rapidly activates adipose tissue depots to increase the synthesis pathways of endocannabinoids that may aggravate the development of HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline N Kuipers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vasudev Kantae
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Boukje C Eveleens Maarse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Susan M van den Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robin van Eenige
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kimberly J Nahon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anne Reifel-Miller
- Department of Diabetes/Endocrine, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Department of Diabetes/Endocrine, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy C Harms
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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55
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Pepper I, Vinik A, Lattanzio F, McPheat W, Dobrian A. Countering the Modern Metabolic Disease Rampage With Ancestral Endocannabinoid System Alignment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:311. [PMID: 31156558 PMCID: PMC6533883 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When primitive vertebrates evolved from ancestral members of the animal kingdom and acquired complex locomotive and neurological toolsets, a constant supply of energy became necessary for their continued survival. To help fulfill this need, the endocannabinoid (eCB) system transformed drastically with the addition of the cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) to its gene repertoire. This established an eCB/CB1R signaling mechanism responsible for governing the whole organism's energy balance, with its activation triggering a shift toward energy intake and storage in the brain and the peripheral organs (i.e., liver and adipose). Although this function was of primal importance for humans during their pre-historic existence as hunter-gatherers, it became expendable following the successive lifestyle shifts of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions. Modernization of the world has further increased food availability and decreased energy expenditure, thus shifting the eCB/CB1R system into a state of hyperactive deregulated signaling that contributes to the 21st century metabolic disease pandemic. Studies from the literature supporting this perspective come from a variety of disciplines, including biochemistry, human medicine, evolutionary/comparative biology, anthropology, and developmental biology. Consideration of both biological and cultural evolution justifies the design of improved pharmacological treatments for obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) that focus on peripheral CB1R antagonism. Blockade of peripheral CB1Rs, which universally promote energy conservation across the vertebrate lineage, represents an evolutionary medicine strategy for clinical management of present-day metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Pepper
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ian Pepper
| | - Aaron Vinik
- Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Frank Lattanzio
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - William McPheat
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Anca Dobrian
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
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56
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Han JH, Shin H, Park JY, Rho JG, Son DH, Kim KW, Seong JK, Yoon SH, Kim W. A novel peripheral cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonist, AJ5012, improves metabolic outcomes and suppresses adipose tissue inflammation in obese mice. FASEB J 2018; 33:4314-4326. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801152rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Han
- Department of Molecular Science and TechnologyAjou University Suwon South Korea
| | - Hanho Shin
- Department of Molecular Science and TechnologyAjou University Suwon South Korea
| | - Ju-Young Park
- Department of Molecular Science and TechnologyAjou University Suwon South Korea
| | - Jun Gi Rho
- Department of Molecular Science and TechnologyAjou University Suwon South Korea
| | - Dong Hwee Son
- Department of Oral BiologyYonsei University College of Dentistry Seoul South Korea
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Department of Oral BiologyYonsei University College of Dentistry Seoul South Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and GenomicsResearch Institute for Veterinary ScienceCollege of Veterinary Medicine Seoul South Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC)Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwa Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and TechnologyAjou University Suwon South Korea
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and TechnologyAjou University Suwon South Korea
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57
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Wei LW, Yuan ZQ, Zhao MD, Gu CW, Han JH, Fu L. Inhibition of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Can Influence the Lipid Metabolism in Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1279-1287. [PMID: 30472964 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of evidences accumulated about critical metabolic role of cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in some peripheral tissues, including adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle and heart. To better understand the interactions of CB1, CPT1 and PPARs in these tissues, 30 diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6J male mice were obtained, weight-matched and divided into two groups (15 in each group): (i) DIO/vehicle mice (D-Veh) and (ii) DIO/SR141716 mice (D-SR) treated with SR141716 (or rimonabant, a selective CB1 receptor blocker) administered orally (10 mg/kg daily). Another 15 mice fed standard diet (STD) formed the STD/vehicle group (S-Veh). At the end of 3-week treatment, mean body weight was 28.4 ± 0.5, 36.5 ± 0.8, and 30.3 ± 1.2 g for the S-Veh, D-Veh, and D-SR group, respectively (p < 0.05; D-Veh vs. D-SR). Liver weight in the D-SR group was also decreased significantly compared to the D-Veh group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, leptin and adiponectin in the D-SR group were ameliorated compared to the D-Veh group (p < 0.05). Both qRT-PCR and Western blot assay revealed that CB1 expression levels were efficiently blocked by SR141716 in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), skeletal muscles and liver (D-SR vs. D-Veh; p < 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference between S-Veh and D-Veh mice (p > 0.05). Simultaneously with the reduction of CB1 expression in the D-SR group, the expression levels of CPT1A isoform (protein) in the liver and heart and CPT1B isoform (protein) in the SAT, VAT, liver and skeletal muscles were significantly increased (p < 0.05; D-SR vs. D-Veh). Interestingly, the CPT1A and CPT1B expression levels in heart were detected slightly. The expression levels of PPARα in the SAT, VAT, liver and skeletal muscles and PPARγ in the SAT and skeletal muscles in the D-SR group were significantly increased compared to the D-Veh mice (p < 0.05). However, the PPARβ expression level differed from that of PPARα and PPARγ. Taken together, these data indicate that the inhibition of CB1 could ameliorate lipid metabolism via the stimulation of the CPT1A and CPT1B expression in vivo. Simultaneously, the PPARα and PPARγ expression levels significantly differed compared to that of PPARβ in obesity and lipid metabolism-related disorders under blockade of CB1. Both the mechanism of the influence of CB1 inhibition on lipid metabolism in the examined tissues and the specific mechanism of PPARα, PPARγ and PPARβ involvement in lipid exchange under these conditions remain to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Wei
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Z Q Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China.
| | - M D Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - C W Gu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - J H Han
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - L Fu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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Alpár A, Harkany T. Novel insights into the spatial and temporal complexity of hypothalamic organization through precision methods allowing nanoscale resolution. J Intern Med 2018; 284:568-580. [PMID: 30027599 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian hypothalamus contains an astounding heterogeneity of neurons to achieve its role in coordinating central responses to virtually any environmental stressor over the life-span of an individual. Therefore, while core features of intrahypothalamic neuronal modalities and wiring patterns are stable during vertebrate evolution, integration of the hypothalamus into hierarchical brain-wide networks evolved to coordinate its output with emotionality, cognition and conscious decision-making. The advent of single-cell technologies represents a recent milestone in the study of hypothalamic organization by allowing the dissection of cellular heterogeneity and establishing causality between opto- and chemogenetic activity modulation of molecularly-resolved neuronal contingents and specific behaviours. Thus, organizational rules to accumulate an unprecedented variety of hierarchical neuroendocrine command networks into a minimal brain volume are being unravelled. Here, we review recent understanding at nanoscale resolution on how neuronal heterogeneity in the mammalian hypothalamus underpins the diversification of hormonal and synaptic output and keeps those sufficiently labile for continuous adaptation to meet environmental demands. Particular emphasis is directed towards the dissection of neuronal circuitry for aggression and food intake. Mechanistic data encompass cell identities, synaptic connectivity within and outside the hypothalamus to link vegetative and conscious levels of innate behaviours, and context- and circadian rhythm-dependent rules of synaptic neurophysiology to distinguish hypothalamic foci that either tune the body's metabolic set-point or specify behaviours. Consequently, novel insights emerge to explain the evolutionary advantages of non-laminar organization for neuroendocrine circuits coincidently using fast neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. These are then accrued into novel therapeutic principles that meet therapeutic criteria for human metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alpár
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Berrendero F, Flores Á, Robledo P. When orexins meet cannabinoids: Bidirectional functional interactions. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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60
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Perez PA, DiPatrizio NV. Impact of maternal western diet-induced obesity on offspring mortality and peripheral endocannabinoid system in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205021. [PMID: 30273406 PMCID: PMC6166980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over two-thirds of adults in the United States are obese or overweight, which is largely due to chronic overconsumption of diets high in fats and sugars (i.e., Western diet). Recent studies reveal that maternal obesity may predispose offspring to development of obesity and other metabolic diseases; however, the molecular underpinnings of these outcomes are largely unknown. The endocannabinoid system is an important signaling pathway that controls feeding behavior and energy homeostasis, and its activity becomes upregulated in the upper small intestinal epithelium of Western diet-induced obese mice, which drives overeating. In the current investigation, we examined the impact of chronic maternal consumption of Western diet on the expression and function of the endocannabinoid system in several peripheral organs important for food intake and energy homeostasis in offspring. Female C57BL/6Tac mice were fed a Western diet or low-fat/no-sucrose control chow for 10 weeks, then males were introduced for mating. Dams were maintained on their respective diets through weaning of pups, at which time pups were maintained on low-fat/no-sucrose chow for 10 weeks. Neonates born from dams fed Western diet, when compared to those born from mice fed control chow, unexpectedly displayed increases in mortality that occurred exclusively within six days following birth (greater than 50% mortality). Males comprised a larger fraction of surviving offspring from obese dams. Furthermore, surviving offspring displayed transient increases in body mass for first two days post weaning, and no marked changes in feeding patterns and endocannabinoid levels in upper small intestinal epithelium, pancreas, and plasma, or in expression of key endocannabinoid system genes in the upper small intestinal epithelium and pancreas at 10 weeks post-weaning. Collectively, these results suggest that maternal diet composition greatly influences survival of neonate C57BL/6Tac mice, and that surviving offspring from dams chronically fed a Western diet do not display marked changes in body mass, eating patterns, or expression and function of the endocannabinoid system in several peripheral organs important for feeding behavior and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A. Perez
- University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Riverside CA, United States of America
| | - Nicholas V. DiPatrizio
- University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Riverside CA, United States of America
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61
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Han JH, Shin H, Rho JG, Kim JE, Son DH, Yoon J, Lee YJ, Park JH, Song BJ, Choi CS, Yoon SG, Kim IY, Lee EK, Seong JK, Kim KW, Kim W. Peripheral cannabinoid 1 receptor blockade mitigates adipose tissue inflammation via NLRP3 inflammasome in mouse models of obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2179-2189. [PMID: 29740969 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM To analyze the metabolic parameters and adipose tissue inflammation via NLRP3 inflammasome following chronic treatment of mouse models of obesity with AJ5018 as the peripherally restricted cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist. MATERIALS AND METHODS The selectivity for CB1R over CB2R, brain/plasma concentration ratio, and centrally mediated neurobehavioural effects of AJ5018, were assessed. The long-term effects of AJ5018 and rimonabant on the metabolic parameters and adipose tissue inflammation were analyzed in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and diabetic db/db mice. RESULTS AJ5018 had a higher degree of selectivity for CB1R over CB2R and markedly reduced brain penetrance, as reflected by the lower brain/plasma concentration ratio and the attenuated centrally mediated neurobehavioural effects, compared with its brain-penetrant parent compound rimonabant. In DIO and db/db mice, AJ5018 exhibited comparable effects to rimonabant in improving metabolic abnormalities and suppressing macrophage infiltration into white adipose tissue, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and production of proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that peripheral CB1R blockade improves obesity-induced insulin resistance by suppressing adipose tissue inflammation via the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji H Han
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hanho Shin
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jun G Rho
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dong H Son
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juhwan Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yong J Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, CKD Research Institute, Yongin, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Seul G Yoon
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il Y Kim
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun K Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je K Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology and BIO-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki W Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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Fabelo C, Hernandez J, Chang R, Seng S, Alicea N, Tian S, Conde K, Wagner EJ. Endocannabinoid Signaling at Hypothalamic Steroidogenic Factor-1/Proopiomelanocortin Synapses Is Sex- and Diet-Sensitive. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:214. [PMID: 29973869 PMCID: PMC6020785 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypotheses that steroidogenic factor (SF)-1 neurons in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) provide sexually disparate, endocannabinoid (EC)- and diet-sensitive glutamatergic input onto proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Electrophysiological recordings were performed in hypothalamic slices from intact and castrated guinea pigs, along with in vitro optogenetic experiments in intact male as well as cycling and ovariectomized female NR5A1-Cre mice. In slices from castrated male and female guinea pigs, depolarized-induced suppression of excitation (DSE) time-dependently reduced the amplitude of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) in POMC neurons generated by electrically stimulating the dorsomedial VMN. Androgen stimulation rapidly enhanced this DSE, which was also found in insulin-resistant, high-fat diet (HFD)-fed males. By contrast, retrograde signaling at VMN/ARC POMC synapses was markedly attenuated in periovulatory females. HFD potentiated central cannabinoid-induced hyperphagia in both males and females, but exerted differential influences on cannabinoid-induced increases in energy expenditure. In NR5A1-Cre mice, the reduction in light-evoked EPSC amplitude caused by postsynaptic depolarization in cycling females was modest in comparison to that seen in intact males. Estradiol attenuated the DSE in light-evoked EPSC amplitude in slices from ovariectomized females. Moreover, the retrograde inhibition of transmission was further accentuated in HFD-fed males. Chemogenetic activation of SF-1 neurons suppressed appetite and increased energy expenditure in males, effects which were attenuated by HFD. Conversely, energy expenditure was increased in estradiol- but not vehicle-treated ovariectomized females. Together with our previous studies indicating that DSE in POMC neurons is EC-mediated, these findings indicate that VMN SF-1/ARC POMC synapses represent a sexually differentiated, EC- and diet-sensitive anorexigenic component within the hypothalamic energy balance circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Fabelo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Hernandez
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Rachel Chang
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Sakara Seng
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Natalia Alicea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Sharon Tian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Kristie Conde
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Edward J Wagner
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States.,Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
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63
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Ma H, Zhang G, Mou C, Fu X, Chen Y. Peripheral CB1 Receptor Neutral Antagonist, AM6545, Ameliorates Hypometabolic Obesity and Improves Adipokine Secretion in Monosodium Glutamate Induced Obese Mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:156. [PMID: 29615900 PMCID: PMC5869198 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of peripheral cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) blockade by AM6545 in the monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced hypometabolic and hypothalamic obesity was observed, and the impact on intraperitoneal adipose tissue and adipokines was investigated. The MSG mice is characterized by excessive abdominal obesity, and combined with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. 3-Week AM6545 treatment dose-dependently decreased the body weight, intraperitoneal fat mass, and rectified the accompanied dyslipidemia include elevated serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, free fatty acids, and lowered LDLc level. Glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia were also alleviated. But AM6545 didn’t affect the food-intake consistently through the experiment. In line with the reduction on fat mass, the size of adipocyte was reduced markedly. Most interestingly, AM6545 showed significant improvement on levels of circulating adipokines including lowering leptin, asprosin and TNFα, and increasing HMW adiponectin. Correspondingly, dysregulated gene expression of lipogenesis, lipolysis, and adipokines in the adipose tissue were nearly recovered to normal level after AM6545 treatment. Additionally, western blot analysis revealed that AM6545 corrected the elevated CB1R and PPARγ protein expression, while increased the key energy uncoupling protein UCP1 expression in adipose tissue. Taken together, the current study indicates that AM6545 induced a comprehensive metabolic improvement in the MSG mice including counteracting the hypometabolic and hypothalamic obesity, and improving the accompanied dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. One key underlying mechanism is related to ameliorate on the metabolic deregulation of adipose tissue, the synthesis and secretion of adipokines were thus rectified, and finally the catabolism was increased and the anabolism was reduced in intraperitoneal adipose tissue. Findings from this study will provide the valuable information about peripheral CB1R antagonist in managing hypometabolic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guina Zhang
- Linyi City 120 Emergency Command Center, Linyi, China
| | | | - Xiujuan Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yadan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Novel derivatives of 1,2,3-triazole, cannabinoid-1 receptor ligands modulate gastrointestinal motility in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:435-444. [PMID: 29404698 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors are broadly distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems; among others, they are located in the enteric nervous system. In the gastrointestinal (GI) system, they participate in regulation of intestinal motility or ion transport. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives (compound 1: 2-[4,5-bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl]-N-(2-fluorobenzyl)acetamide, compound 2: 2-[4,5-bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl]-N-(4-fluorobenzyl)acetamide, compound 3: N-benzyl-2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl]acetamide]), characterized in vitro as CB1 antagonists with high CB1 over CB2 selectivity, in the mouse GI tract. The action of compounds 1-3 was assessed in vitro (electrical field stimulated smooth muscle contractility of the mouse ileum and colon) and in vivo (whole GI transit time). Compound 1 decreased ileal (10-6 M) and colonic (10-7-10-6 M) smooth muscles contractility. Moreover, it prolonged whole GI transit. Compound 2 (10-10-10-8 M) slightly increased the amplitude of muscle contractions in the ileum, but at a higher concentration (10-6 M), the amplitude was decreased. Compound 2 reduced colonic contractility but accelerated GI transit. Compound 3 decreased the amplitude of intestinal muscle contractions in the ileum (10-6 M) and colon (10-10-10-6 M). Moreover, it increased the GI transit time in vivo. Triazole derivatives possess easily modifiable structure and interesting pharmacological action in the GI tract; further, alterations may enhance their efficacy at CB receptors and provide low side effect profile in clinical conditions.
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van Eyk HJ, van Schinkel LD, Kantae V, Dronkers CEA, Westenberg JJM, de Roos A, Lamb HJ, Jukema JW, Harms AC, Hankemeier T, van der Stelt M, Jazet IM, Rensen PCN, Smit JWA. Caloric restriction lowers endocannabinoid tonus and improves cardiac function in type 2 diabetes. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:6. [PMID: 29343706 PMCID: PMC5851430 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-017-0016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Endocannabinoids (ECs) are associated with obesity and ectopic fat accumulation, both of which play a role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes (T2D). The effect of prolonged caloric restriction on ECs in relation to fat distribution and cardiac function is still unknown. Therefore, our aim was to investigate this relationship in obese T2D patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). SUBJECTS/METHODS In a prospective intervention study, obese T2D patients with CAD (n = 27) followed a 16 week very low calorie diet (VLCD; 450-1000 kcal/day). Cardiac function and fat accumulation were assessed with MRI and spectroscopy. Plasma levels of lipid species, including ECs, were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS VLCD decreased plasma levels of virtually all measured lipid species of the class of N-acylethanolamines including the EC anandamide (AEA; -15%, p = 0.016), without decreasing monoacylglycerols including the EC 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Baseline plasma AEA levels strongly correlated with the volume of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SAT; R2 = 0.44, p < 0.001). VLCD decreased the volume of SAT (-53%, p < 0.001), visceral white adipose tissue (VAT) (-52%, p < 0.001), epicardial white adipose tissue (-15%, p < 0.001) and paracardial white adipose tissue (-28%, p < 0.001). VLCD also decreased hepatic (-86%, p < 0.001) and myocardial (-33%, p < 0.001) fat content. These effects were accompanied by an increased left ventricular ejection fraction (54.8 ± 8.7-56.2 ± 7.9%, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Caloric restriction in T2D patients with CAD decreases AEA levels, but not 2-AG levels, which is paralleled by decreased lipid accumulation in adipose tissue, liver and heart, and improved cardiovascular function. Interestingly, baseline AEA levels strongly correlated with SAT volume. We anticipate that dietary interventions are worthwhile strategies in advanced T2D, and that reduction in AEA may contribute to the improved cardiometabolic phenotype induced by weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huub J van Eyk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Linda D van Schinkel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vasudev Kantae
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E A Dronkers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Hildo J Lamb
- Department of Radiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Amy C Harms
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry (LIC), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Jazet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W A Smit
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Fulmer ML, Thewke DP. The Endocannabinoid System and Heart Disease: The Role of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2018; 18:34-51. [PMID: 29412125 PMCID: PMC6020134 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x18666180206161457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research has provided evidence for the role of the endocannabinoid system in human health and disease. This versatile system, consisting of two receptors (CB1 and CB2), their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), and metabolic enzymes has been implicated in a wide variety of disease states, ranging from neurological disorders to cancer. CB2 has gained much interest for its beneficial immunomodulatory role that can be obtained without eliciting psychotropic effects through CB1. Recent studies have shed light on a protective role of CB2 in cardiovascular disease, an ailment which currently takes more lives each year in Western countries than any other disease or injury. By use of CB2 knockout mice and CB2-selective ligands, knowledge of how CB2 signaling affects atherosclerosis and ischemia has been acquired, providing a major stepping stone between basic science and translational clinical research. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the endocannabinoid system in human pathologies and provide a review of the results from preclinical studies examining its function in cardiovascular disease, with a particular emphasis on possible CB2-targeted therapeutic interventions to alleviate atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makenzie L. Fulmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Douglas P. Thewke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Forner-Piquer I, Maradonna F, Gioacchini G, Santangeli S, Allarà M, Piscitelli F, Habibi HR, Di Marzo V, Carnevali O. Dose-Specific Effects of Di-Isononyl Phthalate on the Endocannabinoid System and on Liver of Female Zebrafish. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3462-3476. [PMID: 28938452 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates, used as plasticizers, have become a ubiquitous contaminant and have been reported for their potential to induce toxicity in living organisms. Among them, di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) has been recently used to replace di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Nowadays, there is evidence that DiNP is an endocrine-disrupting chemical; however, little is known about its effects on the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and lipid metabolism. Hence, the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of DiNP on the ECS in zebrafish liver and brain and on hepatic lipid storage. To do so, adult female zebrafish were exposed to three concentrations (0.42 µg/L, 4.2 µg/L, and 42 µg/L) of DiNP via water for 3 weeks. Afterwards, we investigated transcript levels for genes involved in the ECS of the brain and liver as well as liver histology and image analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy imaging, and measurement of endocannabinoid levels. Our results demonstrate that DiNP upregulates orexigenic signals and causes hepatosteatosis together with deregulation of the peripheral ECS and lipid metabolism. A decrease in the levels of ECS components at the central level was observed after exposure to the highest DiNP concentration tested. These findings suggest that replacement of DEHP with DiNP should be considered with caution because of observed adverse DiNP effects on aquatic organisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acids/metabolism
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Endocrine Disruptors/pharmacology
- Fatty Liver/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Glycerides/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Lipoprotein Lipase/drug effects
- Lipoprotein Lipase/genetics
- Lipoprotein Lipase/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Phospholipase D/drug effects
- Phospholipase D/genetics
- Phospholipase D/metabolism
- Phthalic Acids/pharmacology
- Plasticizers/pharmacology
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Zebrafish
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Maradonna
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gioacchini
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Santangeli
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Allarà
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Hamid R Habibi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T3B 2V4, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Conzorzio Interuniversitario, 00136 Rome, Italy
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Endocannabinoid tone is higher in healthy lean South Asian than white Caucasian men. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7558. [PMID: 28790443 PMCID: PMC5548787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
South Asians have a higher risk to develop obesity and related disorders compared to white Caucasians. This is likely in part due to their lower resting energy expenditure (REE) as related with less energy-combusting brown adipose tissue (BAT). Since overactivation of the endocannabinoid system is associated with obesity and low BAT activity, we hypothesized that South Asians have a higher endocannabinoid tone. Healthy lean white Caucasian (n = 10) and South Asian (n = 10) men were cold-exposed to activate BAT. Before and after cooling, REE was assessed and plasma was collected for analysis of endocannabinoids and lipids. At thermoneutrality, South Asians had higher plasma levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG; 11.36 vs 8.19 pmol/mL, p < 0.05), N-arachidonylethanolamine (AEA; 1.04 vs 0.89 pmol/mL, p = 0.05) and arachidonic acid (AA; 23.24 vs 18.22 nmol/mL, p < 0.001). After pooling of both ethnicities, plasma 2-AG but not AEA positively correlated with triglycerides (R2 = 0.32, p < 0.05) and body fat percentage (R2 = 0.18, p < 0.05). Interestingly, AA negative correlated with REE (R2 = 0.46, p < 0.001) and positively with body fat percentage (R2 = 0.33, p < 0.01). Cooling increased endocannabinoids. In conclusion, South Asian compared to white Caucasian men have higher endocannabinoid tone. This suggests that endocannabinoids may, at least in part, underlie the disadvantageous metabolic phenotype of South Asians later in life.
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69
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Abstract
The cannabinoid CB1 receptor is abundant in the central nervous system and regulates neuronal transmission and other key physiological processes including those leading to pain, inflammation, memory, and feeding behavior. CB1 is activated by the endogenous ligands, arachidonoyl ethanolamine and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, by various synthetic ligands (e.g., CP55940), and by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive component of Cannabis sativa. These CB1 ligands are orthosteric and transduce downstream signals by binding CB1 and primarily inducing Gi coupling, but Gs and β-arrestin coupling are also possible. Recently, allosteric modulators for CB1 were discovered that bind to topographically distinct sites and can noncompetitively impact the potency and efficacy of orthosteric compounds. These offer the exciting potential for mechanistic analyses and for developing therapeutics. Yet, it is critical to elucidate whether a compound is a positive allosteric modulator or a negative allosteric modulator of orthosteric ligand-induced CB1 profiles to understand pathway specificity and ameliorate diseases. In this chapter, we present equilibrium and kinetic binding analysis to reveal the impact of allosteric modulators on CB1. Also described are activities consistent with CB1 activation (or inactivation) and include cellular internalization of CB1 and downstream signaling patterns. Since many CB1 allosteric modulators do not enhance G protein coupling, it is critical to distinguish CB1 activation and biased signaling patterns via β-arrestin from CB1 inactivation. These strategies can illuminate pathway specificity and are valuable for the fine-tuning of CB1 function.
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70
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Fride E, Bregman T, Kirkham TC. Endocannabinoids and Food Intake: Newborn Suckling and Appetite Regulation in Adulthood. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 230:225-34. [PMID: 15792943 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The appetite-stimulating effects of the cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa) have been known since ancient times, and appear to be effected through the incentive and rewarding properties of foods. Investigations into the biological basis of the multiple effects of cannabis have yielded important breakthroughs in recent years: the discovery of two cannabinoid receptors in brain and peripheral organ systems, and endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) for these receptors. These advances have greatly increased our understanding of how appetite is regulated through these endocannabinoid receptor systems. The presence of endocannabinoids in the developing brain and in maternal milk have led to evidence for a critical role for CB, receptors in oral motor control of suckling during neonatal development. The endocannabinoids appear to regulate energy balance and food intake at four functional levels within the brain and periphery: (i) limbic system (for hedonic evaluation of foods), (ii) hypothalamus and hindbrain (integrative functions), (iii) intestinal system, and (iv) adipose tissue. At each of these levels, the endocannabinoid system interacts with a number of better known molecules involved in appetite and weight regulation, including leptin, ghrelin, and the melanocortins. Therapeutically, appetite stimulation by cannabinoids has been studied for several decades, particularly in relation to cachexia and malnutrition associated with cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or anorexia nervosa. The recent advances in cannabinoid pharmacology may lead to improved treatments for these conditions or, conversely, for combating excessive appetite and body weight, such as CB, receptor antagonists as antiobesity medications. In conclusion, the exciting progress in the understanding of how the endocannabinoid CB receptor systems influence appetite and body weight is stimulating the development of therapeutic orexigenic and anorectic agents. Furthermore, the role of cannabinoid CB, receptor activation for milk suckling in newborns may open new doors toward understanding nonorganic failure-to-thrive in infants, who display growth failure without known organic cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Fride
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, College of Judea and Samaria, Ariel, Israel.
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71
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Mendizabal-Zubiaga J, Melser S, Bénard G, Ramos A, Reguero L, Arrabal S, Elezgarai I, Gerrikagoitia I, Suarez J, Rodríguez De Fonseca F, Puente N, Marsicano G, Grandes P. Cannabinoid CB 1 Receptors Are Localized in Striated Muscle Mitochondria and Regulate Mitochondrial Respiration. Front Physiol 2016; 7:476. [PMID: 27826249 PMCID: PMC5078489 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor is widely distributed in the brain and peripheral organs where it regulates cellular functions and metabolism. In the brain, CB1 is mainly localized on presynaptic axon terminals but is also found on mitochondria (mtCB1), where it regulates cellular respiration and energy production. Likewise, CB1 is localized on muscle mitochondria, but very little is known about it. The aim of this study was to further investigate in detail the distribution and functional role of mtCB1 in three different striated muscles. Immunoelectron microscopy for CB1 was used in skeletal muscles (gastrocnemius and rectus abdominis) and myocardium from wild-type and CB1-KO mice. Functional assessments were performed in mitochondria purified from the heart of the mice and the mitochondrial oxygen consumption upon application of different acute delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) concentrations (100 nM or 200 nM) was monitored. About 26% of the mitochondrial profiles in gastrocnemius, 22% in the rectus abdominis and 17% in the myocardium expressed CB1. Furthermore, the proportion of mtCB1 versus total CB1 immunoparticles was about 60% in the gastrocnemius, 55% in the rectus abdominis and 78% in the myocardium. Importantly, the CB1 immunolabeling pattern disappeared in muscles of CB1-KO mice. Functionally, acute 100 nM or 200 nM THC treatment specifically decreased mitochondria coupled respiration between 12 and 15% in wild-type isolated mitochondria of myocardial muscles but no significant difference was noticed between THC treated and vehicle in mitochondria isolated from CB1-KO heart. Furthermore, gene expression of key enzymes involved in pyruvate synthesis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and mitochondrial respiratory chain was evaluated in the striated muscle of CB1-WT and CB1-KO. CB1-KO showed an increase in the gene expression of Eno3, Pkm2, and Pdha1, suggesting an increased production of pyruvate. In contrast, no significant difference was observed in the Sdha and Cox4i1 expression, between CB1-WT and CB1-KO. In conclusion, CB1 receptors in skeletal and myocardial muscles are predominantly localized in mitochondria. The activation of mtCB1 receptors may participate in the mitochondrial regulation of the oxidative activity probably through the relevant enzymes implicated in the pyruvate metabolism, a main substrate for TCA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mendizabal-Zubiaga
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque CountryLeioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology ParkZamudio, Spain
| | - Su Melser
- Group "Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation," NeuroCentre Magendie, Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, U81215Bordeaux, France; Group "Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation," NeuroCentre Magendie, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Bénard
- Group "Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation," NeuroCentre Magendie, Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, U81215Bordeaux, France; Group "Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation," NeuroCentre Magendie, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Almudena Ramos
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque CountryLeioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology ParkZamudio, Spain
| | - Leire Reguero
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque CountryLeioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology ParkZamudio, Spain
| | - Sergio Arrabal
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Izaskun Elezgarai
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque CountryLeioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology ParkZamudio, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gerrikagoitia
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque CountryLeioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology ParkZamudio, Spain
| | - Juan Suarez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez De Fonseca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Nagore Puente
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque CountryLeioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology ParkZamudio, Spain
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Group "Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation," NeuroCentre Magendie, Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, U81215Bordeaux, France; Group "Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation," NeuroCentre Magendie, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque CountryLeioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology ParkZamudio, Spain; Division of Medical Sciences, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
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72
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Knani I, Earley BJ, Udi S, Nemirovski A, Hadar R, Gammal A, Cinar R, Hirsch HJ, Pollak Y, Gross I, Eldar-Geva T, Reyes-Capo DP, Han JC, Haqq AM, Gross-Tsur V, Wevrick R, Tam J. Targeting the endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor system for treating obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome. Mol Metab 2016; 5:1187-1199. [PMID: 27900261 PMCID: PMC5123200 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Extreme obesity is a core phenotypic feature of Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS). Among numerous metabolic regulators, the endocannabinoid (eCB) system is critically involved in controlling feeding, body weight, and energy metabolism, and a globally acting cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) blockade reverses obesity both in animals and humans. The first-in-class CB1R antagonist rimonabant proved effective in inducing weight loss in adults with PWS. However, it is no longer available for clinical use because of its centrally mediated, neuropsychiatric, adverse effects. Methods We studied eCB ‘tone’ in individuals with PWS and in the Magel2-null mouse model that recapitulates the major metabolic phenotypes of PWS and determined the efficacy of a peripherally restricted CB1R antagonist, JD5037 in treating obesity in these mice. Results Individuals with PWS had elevated circulating levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol and its endogenous precursor and breakdown ligand, arachidonic acid. Increased hypothalamic eCB ‘tone’, manifested by increased eCBs and upregulated CB1R, was associated with increased fat mass, reduced energy expenditure, and decreased voluntary activity in Magel2-null mice. Daily chronic treatment of obese Magel2-null mice and their littermate wild-type controls with JD5037 (3 mg/kg/d for 28 days) reduced body weight, reversed hyperphagia, and improved metabolic parameters related to their obese phenotype. Conclusions Dysregulation of the eCB/CB1R system may contribute to hyperphagia and obesity in Magel2-null mice and in individuals with PWS. Our results demonstrate that treatment with peripherally restricted CB1R antagonists may be an effective strategy for the management of severe obesity in PWS. Circulating levels of endocannabinoids are increased in individuals with PWS. Magel2 is a negative regulator of hypothalamic endocannabinoid ‘tone’. Peripherally-restricted CB1 receptor blockade reverses obesity in Magel2-null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Knani
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Brian J Earley
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shiran Udi
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alina Nemirovski
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rivka Hadar
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaad Gammal
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harry J Hirsch
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehuda Pollak
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itai Gross
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Talia Eldar-Geva
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Genetics Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniela P Reyes-Capo
- Unit on Metabolism and Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joan C Han
- Unit on Metabolism and Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrea M Haqq
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Varda Gross-Tsur
- Neuropediatric Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Wevrick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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73
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González-Mariscal I, Krzysik-Walker SM, Doyle ME, Liu QR, Cimbro R, Santa-Cruz Calvo S, Ghosh S, Cieśla Ł, Moaddel R, Carlson OD, Witek RP, O'Connell JF, Egan JM. Human CB1 Receptor Isoforms, present in Hepatocytes and β-cells, are Involved in Regulating Metabolism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33302. [PMID: 27641999 PMCID: PMC5027555 DOI: 10.1038/srep33302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutics aimed at blocking the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor for treatment of obesity resulted in significant improvements in liver function, glucose uptake and pancreatic β-cell function independent of weight loss or CB1 receptor blockade in the brain, suggesting that peripherally-acting only CB1 receptor blockers may be useful therapeutic agents. Neuropsychiatric side effects and lack of tissue specificity precluded clinical use of first-generation, centrally acting CB1 receptor blockers. In this study we specifically analyzed the potential relevance to diabetes of human CB1 receptor isoforms in extraneural tissues involved in glucose metabolism. We identified an isoform of the human CB1 receptor (CB1b) that is highly expressed in β-cells and hepatocytes but not in the brain. Importantly, CB1b shows stronger affinity for the inverse agonist JD-5037 than for rimonabant compared to CB1 full length. Most relevant to the field, CB1b is a potent regulator of adenylyl cyclase activity in peripheral metabolic tissues. CB1b blockade by JD-5037 results in stronger adenylyl cyclase activation compared to rimonabant and it is a better enhancer of insulin secretion in β-cells. We propose this isoform as a principal pharmacological target for the treatment of metabolic disorders involving glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel González-Mariscal
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Susan M Krzysik-Walker
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Máire E Doyle
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Raffaello Cimbro
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sara Santa-Cruz Calvo
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Soumita Ghosh
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Łukasz Cieśla
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Olga D Carlson
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rafal P Witek
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 7300 Governor's Way, Frederick, MD 21704 USA
| | - Jennifer F O'Connell
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Abstract
Obesity, particularly intra-abdominal (visceral) obesity, is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, inflammation and thrombosis. A useful indicator for visceral fat is waist circumference, which is associated with all-cause mortality. Pro-inflammatory adipokines play a causal role in the development of pathologies associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and CVD. In addition to established anti-obesity therapies, namely orlistat and sibutramine, a new type of agent that inhibits the cannabinoid receptor (CB1) is advanced in development to reduce appetite and act predominantly against intra-abdominal adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Broom
- Robert Gordon University and NHS Grampian, St Andrew Street, Aberdeen, AB25 1HG, Scotland,
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75
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Finer N, Pagotto U. Review: The endocannabinoid system: a new therapeutic target for cardiovascular risk factor management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/14746514050050030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
uropean guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice have identified obesity and smoking as primary risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the increased prevalence of which underlines the need for new therapeutic targets. The endocannabinoid (EC) system is a physiological system, comprising the cannabinoid receptors, cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2), and their natural ligands, such as anandamide and 2-arachidonyl-glycerol (2-AG). The system plays a key role in energy balance regulation, both centrally and peripherally impacting on food intake, lipid and glucose metabolism, and fat accumulation. The EC system is also involved in nicotine dependence. Over activity of the EC system, associated with obesity or chronic tobacco use, leads to increased levels of endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) and disrupts the feedback mechanism related to steady state homeostasis. Rimonabant, the first selective CB1 receptor blocker, normalises the EC system, reduces food intake and body weight, improves lipid and glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity and reduces nicotine self-administration. Clinical trials are ongoing to support the therapeutic potential of rimonabant in reducing these multiple cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Finer
- University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Box 127, Level 5 ACCI, Addenbrooke's Hospital (Box 127), Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK,
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit and Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata (C.R.B.A), Sant-Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40125, Bologna, Italy
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76
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Marcus DJ, Zee ML, Davis BJ, Haskins CP, Andrews MJ, Amin R, Henderson-Redmond AN, Mackie K, Czyzyk TA, Morgan DJ. Mice Expressing a "Hyper-Sensitive" Form of the Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1) Are Neither Obese Nor Diabetic. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160462. [PMID: 27501235 PMCID: PMC4976987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence implicate the endocannabinoid signaling system in the modulation of metabolic disease. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of CB1 in rodents leads to reduced body weight, resistance to diet-induced obesity, decreased intake of highly palatable food, and increased energy expenditure. Cannabinoid agonists stimulate feeding in rodents and increased levels of endocannabinoids can disrupt lipid metabolism. Therefore, the hypothesis that sustained endocannabinoid signaling can lead to obesity and diabetes was examined in this study using S426A/S430A mutant mice expressing a desensitization-resistant CB1 receptor. These mice display exaggerated and prolonged responses to acute administration of phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and endocannabinoids. As a consequence these mice represent a novel model for determining the effect of enhanced endocannabinoid signaling on metabolic disease. S426A/S430A mutants consumed equivalent amounts of both high fat (45%) and low fat (10%) chow control diet compared to wild-type littermate controls. S426A/S430A mutants and wild-type mice fed either high or low fat control diet displayed similar fasting blood glucose levels and normal glucose clearance following a 2 g/kg glucose challenge. Furthermore, S426A/S430A mutants and wild-type mice consumed similar amounts of chow following an overnight fast. While both THC and JZL195 significantly increased food intake two hours after injection, this increase was similar between the S426A/S430A mutant and wildtype control mice Our results indicate that S426A/S430A mutant mice expressing the desensitization-resistant form of CB1 do not exhibit differences in body weight, food intake, glucose homeostasis, or re-feeding following a fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Marcus
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Zee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Davis
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Chris P. Haskins
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Mary-Jeanette Andrews
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Randa Amin
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Angela N. Henderson-Redmond
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Traci A. Czyzyk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Morgan
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
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77
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Cinar R, Iyer MR, Liu Z, Cao Z, Jourdan T, Erdelyi K, Godlewski G, Szanda G, Liu J, Park JK, Mukhopadhyay B, Rosenberg AZ, Liow JS, Lorenz RG, Pacher P, Innis RB, Kunos G. Hybrid inhibitor of peripheral cannabinoid-1 receptors and inducible nitric oxide synthase mitigates liver fibrosis. JCI Insight 2016; 1:87336. [PMID: 27525312 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis, a consequence of chronic liver injury and a way station to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, lacks effective treatment. Endocannabinoids acting via cannabinoid-1 receptors (CB1R) induce profibrotic gene expression and promote pathologies that predispose to liver fibrosis. CB1R antagonists produce opposite effects, but their therapeutic development was halted due to neuropsychiatric side effects. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) also promotes liver fibrosis and its underlying pathologies, but iNOS inhibitors tested to date showed limited therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory diseases. Here, we introduce a peripherally restricted, orally bioavailable CB1R antagonist, which accumulates in liver to release an iNOS inhibitory leaving group. In mouse models of fibrosis induced by CCl4 or bile duct ligation, the hybrid CB1R/iNOS antagonist surpassed the antifibrotic efficacy of the CB1R antagonist rimonabant or the iNOS inhibitor 1400W, without inducing anxiety-like behaviors or CB1R occupancy in the CNS. The hybrid inhibitor also targeted CB1R-independent, iNOS-mediated profibrotic pathways, including increased PDGF, Nlrp3/Asc3, and integrin αvβ6 signaling, as judged by its ability to inhibit these pathways in cnr1-/- but not in nos2-/- mice. Additionally, it was able to slow fibrosis progression and to attenuate established fibrosis. Thus, dual-target peripheral CB1R/iNOS antagonists have therapeutic potential in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ziyi Liu
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies and
| | - Zongxian Cao
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Katalin Erdelyi
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies and
| | | | | | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Kidney Diseases Section, National Institute on Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, Washington, DC, USA.,Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeih-San Liow
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute on Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robin G Lorenz
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute on Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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78
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Jourdan T, Godlewski G, Kunos G. Endocannabinoid regulation of β-cell functions: implications for glycaemic control and diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:549-57. [PMID: 26880114 PMCID: PMC5045244 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Visceral obesity is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance which can progress to overt type 2 diabetes (T2D) with loss of β-cell function and, ultimately, loss of β-cells. Insulin secretion by β-cells of the pancreatic islets is tightly coupled to blood glucose concentration and modulated by a large number of blood-borne or locally released mediators, including endocannabinoids. Obesity and its complications, including T2D, are associated with increased activity of the endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor (CB1 R) system, as indicated by the therapeutic effects of CB1 R antagonists. Similar beneficial effects of CB1 R antagonists with limited brain penetrance indicate the important role of CB1 R in peripheral tissues, including the endocrine pancreas. Pancreatic β-cells express all of the components of the endocannabinoid system, and endocannabinoids modulate their function via both autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, which influence basal and glucose-induced insulin secretion and also affect β-cell proliferation and survival. The present brief review will survey available information on the modulation of these processes by endocannabinoids and their receptors, with an attempt to assess the contribution of such effects to glycaemic control in T2D and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jourdan
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G Godlewski
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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79
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Kobyliak N, Virchenko O, Falalyeyeva T. Pathophysiological role of host microbiota in the development of obesity. Nutr J 2016; 15:43. [PMID: 27105827 PMCID: PMC4841968 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity increase the risk for a number of diseases, namely, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, premature death, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as well as different types of cancer. Approximately 1.7 billion people in the world suffer from being overweight, most notably in developed countries. Current research efforts have focused on host and environmental factors that may affect energy balance. It was hypothesized that a microbiota profile specific to an obese host with increased energy-yielding behavior may exist. Consequently, the gut microbiota is becoming of significant research interest in relation to obesity in an attempt to better understand the aetiology of obesity and to develop new methods of its prevention and treatment. Alteration of microbiota composition may stimulate development of obesity and other metabolic diseases via several mechanisms: increasing gut permeability with subsequent metabolic inflammation; increasing energy harvest from the diet; impairing short-chain fatty acids synthesis; and altering bile acids metabolism and FXR/TGR5 signaling. Prebiotics and probiotics have physiologic functions that contribute to the health of gut microbiota, maintenance of a healthy body weight and control of factors associated with obesity through their effects on mechanisms that control food intake, body weight, gut microbiota and inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazarii Kobyliak
- Bogomolets National Medical University, T. Shevchenko Boulevard, 13, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine.
| | - Oleksandr Virchenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64/13, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Falalyeyeva
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64/13, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
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80
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Lipina C, Vaanholt LM, Davidova A, Mitchell SE, Storey-Gordon E, Hambly C, Irving AJ, Speakman JR, Hundal HS. CB1 receptor blockade counters age-induced insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Aging Cell 2016; 15:325-35. [PMID: 26757949 PMCID: PMC4783351 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system can modulate energy homeostasis by regulating feeding behaviour as well as peripheral energy storage and utilization. Importantly, many of its metabolic actions are mediated through the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R), whose hyperactivation is associated with obesity and impaired metabolic function. Herein, we explored the effects of administering rimonabant, a selective CB1R inverse agonist, upon key metabolic parameters in young (4 month old) and aged (17 month old) adult male C57BL/6 mice. Daily treatment with rimonabant for 14 days transiently reduced food intake in young and aged mice; however, the anorectic response was more profound in aged animals, coinciding with a substantive loss in body fat mass. Notably, reduced insulin sensitivity in aged skeletal muscle and liver concurred with increased CB1R mRNA abundance. Strikingly, rimonabant was shown to improve glucose tolerance and enhance skeletal muscle and liver insulin sensitivity in aged, but not young, adult mice. Moreover, rimonabant‐mediated insulin sensitization in aged adipose tissue coincided with amelioration of low‐grade inflammation and repressed lipogenic gene expression. Collectively, our findings indicate a key role for CB1R in aging‐related insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction and highlight CB1R blockade as a potential strategy for combating metabolic disorders associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lipina
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology; Sir James Black Centre; School of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - Lobke M. Vaanholt
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen UK
| | - Anastasija Davidova
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology; Sir James Black Centre; School of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - Sharon E. Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen UK
| | - Emma Storey-Gordon
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology; Sir James Black Centre; School of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen UK
| | - Andrew J. Irving
- Division of Neuroscience; Medical Research Institute; Ninewells Hospital; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - John R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen UK
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang; Beijing China
| | - Harinder S. Hundal
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology; Sir James Black Centre; School of Life Sciences; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
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Liisberg U, Fauske KR, Kuda O, Fjære E, Myrmel LS, Norberg N, Frøyland L, Graff IE, Liaset B, Kristiansen K, Kopecky J, Madsen L. Intake of a Western diet containing cod instead of pork alters fatty acid composition in tissue phospholipids and attenuates obesity and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 33:119-27. [PMID: 27155918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The content of the marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is far lower in lean than in fatty seafood. Cod filets contain less than 2g fat per kg, whereof approximately 50% is EPA and DHA. However, a large fraction of these n-3 PUFAs is present in the phospholipid (PL) fraction and may have high bioavailability and capacity to change the endocannabinoid profile. Here we investigated whether exchanging meat from a lean terrestrial animal with cod in a background Western diet would alter the endocannabinoid tone in mice and thereby attenuate obesity development and hepatic lipid accumulation. Accordingly, we prepared iso-caloric diets with 15.1 energy (e) % protein, 39.1 e% fat and 45.8 e% carbohydrates using freeze-dried meat from cod filets or pork sirloins, and using a combination of soybean oil, corn oil, margarine, milk fat, and lard as the fat source. Compared with mice receiving diets containing pork, mice fed cod gained less adipose tissue mass and had a lower content of hepatic lipids. This was accompanied by a lower n-6 to n-3 ratio in liver PLs and in red blood cells (RBCs) in the mice. Furthermore, mice receiving the cod-containing diet had lower circulating levels of the two major endocannabinoids, N-arachidonoylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Together, our data demonstrate that despite the relatively low content of n-3 PUFAs in cod fillets, the cod-containing diet could exert beneficial metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Liisberg
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristin Røen Fauske
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Even Fjære
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
| | - Lene Secher Myrmel
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina Norberg
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
| | - Livar Frøyland
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingvild Eide Graff
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Liaset
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lise Madsen
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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82
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Yimam M, Jiao P, Hong M, Brownell L, Lee YC, Hyun EJ, Kim HJ, Kim TW, Nam JB, Kim MR, Jia Q. Appetite Suppression and Antiobesity Effect of a Botanical Composition Composed of Morus alba, Yerba mate, and Magnolia officinalis. J Obes 2016; 2016:4670818. [PMID: 27699065 PMCID: PMC5028828 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4670818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Obesity and its comorbidities continue to challenge the world at an alarming rate. Although the long term solution lies on lifestyle changes in the form of dieting and exercising, drug, medical food, or dietary supplement interventions are required for those who are already obese. Here we describe a standardized blend composed of extracts from three medicinal plants: Morus alba, Yerba mate, and Magnolia officinalis for appetite suppression and metabolic disorders management. Method. Extracts were standardized to yield a composition designated as UP601. Appetite suppression activity was tested in acute feed intake rat model. Efficacy was evaluated in C57BL/6J mouse models treated with oral doses of 1.3 g/kg/day for 7 weeks. Orlistat at 40 mg/kg/day was used as a positive control. Body compositions of mice were assessed using a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). ELISA was done for insulin, leptin, and ghrelin level quantitation. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) scoring was conducted. Results. Marked acute hypophagia with 81.8, 75.3, 43.9, and 30.9% reductions in food intake at 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours were observed for UP601. Decreases in body weight gain (21.5% compared to the HFD at weeks 7 and 8.2% compared to baseline) and calorie intake (40.5% for the first week) were observed. 75.9% and 46.8% reductions in insulin and leptin, respectively, 4.2-fold increase in ghrelin level, and reductions of 18.6% in cholesterol and 59% in low-density lipoprotein were documented. A percentage body fat of 18.9%, 47.8%, 46.1%, and 30.4% was found for mice treated with normal control, HFD, Orlistat, and UP601, respectively. 59.3% less mesenteric fat pad and improved NASH scores were observed for UP601. Conclusion. UP601, a standardized botanical composition from Morus alba, Yerba mate, and Magnolia officinalis could be used as a natural alternative for appetite suppression, maintaining healthy body weight and metabolism management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin Yimam
- Unigen Inc., 3005 1st Avenue Seattle, WA 98121, USA
- *Mesfin Yimam:
| | - Ping Jiao
- Unigen Inc., 3005 1st Avenue Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Mei Hong
- Unigen Inc., 3005 1st Avenue Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | | | - Young-Chul Lee
- Unigen Inc., No. 450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-863, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu-Jin Hyun
- Unigen Inc., No. 450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-863, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Unigen Inc., No. 450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-863, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Kim
- Unigen Inc., No. 450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-863, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Bum Nam
- Unigen Inc., No. 450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-863, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ran Kim
- Unigen Inc., No. 450-86, Maebong-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan-Si, Chungnam 330-863, Republic of Korea
| | - Qi Jia
- Unigen Inc., 3005 1st Avenue Seattle, WA 98121, USA
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83
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Lu D, Dopart R, Kendall DA. Controlled downregulation of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor provides a promising approach for the treatment of obesity and obesity-derived type 2 diabetes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:1-7. [PMID: 26498013 PMCID: PMC4679742 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased activity of the endocannabinoid system has emerged as a pathogenic factor in visceral obesity, which is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The endocannabinoid system is composed of at least two Gprotein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), and the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2). Downregulation of CB1 activity in rodents and humans has proven efficacious to reduce food intake, abdominal adiposity, fasting glucose levels, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Unfortunately, downregulation of CB1 activity by universally active CB1 inverse agonists has been found to elicit psychiatric side effects, which led to the termination of using globally active CB1 inverse agonists to treat diet-induced obesity. Interestingly, preclinical studies have shown that downregulation of CB1 activity by CB1 neutral antagonists or peripherally restricted CB1 inverse agonists provided similar anorectic effects and metabolic benefits without psychiatric side effects seen in globally active CB1 inverse agonists. Furthermore, downregulation of CB1 activity may ease endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress which are contributors to obesity-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This suggests new approaches for cannabinoid-based therapy in the management of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Lu
- Rangel College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Rachel Dopart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269-3092, USA
| | - Debra A Kendall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269-3092, USA.
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Anti-Obesity Effect of the CB2 Receptor Agonist JWH-015 in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140592. [PMID: 26588700 PMCID: PMC4654496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is well known for its immune modulatory role. However, recent localisation of CB2 receptors in metabolically active tissue suggests that the CB2 receptor plays a significant role in energy homeostasis. This study was designed to investigate the impact of chronic CB2 receptor stimulation on food intake, body weight and mood. Lean male C57BL/6 mice were injected i.p. with the selective CB2 receptor agonist, JWH-015 (0.0, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg kg-1) to establish dose response parameters. Mice made obese following exposure to a diet consisting of 19.4 MJ/kg (4641 Kcal/kg) of energy (19.0% protein, 21.0% total fat, 4.7% crude fiber, and 4.7% AD fiber were given either vehicle or 10 mg/kg JWH-015. Impact on mood, food intake, body weight, plasma metabolites, expression of key metabolic proteins in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT), and markers of inflammation were measured. High dose (10 mg/kg) JWH-015 reduced food intake after 1, 2, 4, and 24 h in lean mice. When given to diet induced obese (DIO) mice, a 10 mg/kg dose of JWH-015 significantly reduced body weight compared to vehicle. This dose led to a shift in markers of lipid metabolism and inflammation in WAT consistent with lipolysis and improved immune response. Furthermore, JWH-015 (10 mg/kg) produced a transient reduction in food intake and significant reduction in fat mass and adipocyte cell size. Importantly, JWH-015 produced an anxiolytic response in the elevated plus maze while having no effect on immobility time in the forced swim test. It should be noted that though the 10 mg/kg dose produced positive effects on the obese state, the possibility that these effects are mediated via non-CB2 receptor mechanisms cannot be ruled out. These results demonstrate a role for CB2 receptors in modulating energy homeostasis and obesity associated metabolic pathologies in the absence of any adverse impact on mood.
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85
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Abstract
Diabetes, a group of metabolic and age-related diseases, is a major global health problem, the incidence of which has increased dramatically in recent decades. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex, T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by immune cell infiltration and chronic inflammation in the islets of Langerhans. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) resulting from insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. The involvement of inflammatory processes, such as immune cell infiltration, and chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetes is less well understood in T2DM than in T1DM. However, studies conducted in the past decade have shown a strong link between inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. They have also shown that chronic inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of both T1DM and T2DM. Two immunological factors commonly contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes: the activation of inflammasomes and the release of proinflammatory cytokines in response to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein molecular platforms. DAMPs act as endogenous danger signals. Here, we review current research on the function(s) of inflammasomes and DAMPs and discuss their pathological relevance and therapeutic implications in diabetes.
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86
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Kabir M, Iyer MS, Richey JM, Woolcott OO, Asare Bediako I, Wu Q, Kim SP, Stefanovski D, Kolka CM, Hsu IR, Catalano KJ, Chiu JD, Ionut V, Bergman RN. CB1R antagonist increases hepatic insulin clearance in fat-fed dogs likely via upregulation of liver adiponectin receptors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E747-58. [PMID: 26306598 PMCID: PMC4609878 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00196.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The improvement of hepatic insulin sensitivity by the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) antagonist rimonabant (RIM) has been recently been reported to be due to upregulation of adiponectin. Several studies demonstrated that improvement in insulin clearance accompanies the enhancement of hepatic insulin sensitivity. However, the effects of RIM on hepatic insulin clearance (HIC) have not been fully explored. The aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism(s) by which RIM affects HIC, specifically to determine whether upregulation of liver adiponectin receptors (ADRs) and other key genes regulated by adiponectin mediate the effects. To induce insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and liver, dogs were fed a hypercaloric high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 wk. Thereafter, while still maintained on a HFD, animals received RIM (HFD+RIM; n = 11) or placebo (HFD+PL; n = 9) for an additional 16 wk. HIC, calculated as the metabolic clearance rate (MCR), was estimated from the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. The HFD+PL group showed a decrease in MCR; in contrast, the HFD+RIM group increased MCR. Consistently, the expression of genes involved in HIC, CEACAM-1 and IDE, as well as gene expression of liver ADRs, were increased in the HFD+RIM group, but not in the HFD+PL group. We also found a positive correlation between CEACAM-1 and the insulin-degrading enzyme IDE with ADRs. Interestingly, expression of liver genes regulated by adiponectin and involved in lipid oxidation were increased in the HFD+RIM group. We conclude that in fat-fed dogs RIM enhances HIC, which appears to be linked to an upregulation of the adiponectin pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/drug effects
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat
- Dogs
- Glucose Clamp Technique
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Insulysin/drug effects
- Insulysin/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Metabolic Clearance Rate
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Adiponectin/drug effects
- Receptors, Adiponectin/genetics
- Receptors, Adiponectin/metabolism
- Rimonabant
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Morvarid Kabir
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Malini S Iyer
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Joyce M Richey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Orison O Woolcott
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Isaac Asare Bediako
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Qiang Wu
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Stella P Kim
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Cathryn M Kolka
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Isabel R Hsu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karyn J Catalano
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jenny D Chiu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Viorica Ionut
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California; and
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87
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Bersani FS, Santacroce R, Coviello M, Imperatori C, Francesconi M, Vicinanza R, Minichino A, Corazza O. Cannabis: a self-medication drug for weight management? The never ending story. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:177-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Saverio Bersani
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
- School of Life and Medical Sciences; University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield UK
| | - Rita Santacroce
- School of Life and Medical Sciences; University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield UK
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging; Gabriele D'Annunzio University; Chieti Italy
| | - Marialuce Coviello
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | | | - Marta Francesconi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Roberto Vicinanza
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrologic and Geriatric Sciences; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Amedeo Minichino
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Ornella Corazza
- School of Life and Medical Sciences; University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield UK
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88
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Dietary DHA reduces downstream endocannabinoid and inflammatory gene expression and epididymal fat mass while improving aspects of glucose use in muscle in C57BL/6J mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015. [PMID: 26219414 PMCID: PMC4722239 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Endocannabinoid system (ECS) overactivation is associated with increased adiposity and likely contributes to type 2 diabetes risk. Elevated tissue cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and circulating endocannabinoids (ECs) derived from the n-6 polyunsaturated acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid (AA) occur in obese and diabetic patients. Here we investigate whether the n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the diet can reduce ECS overactivation (that is, action of ligands, receptors and enzymes of EC synthesis and degradation) to influence glycemic control. This study targets the ECS tonal regulation of circulating glucose uptake by skeletal muscle as its primary end point. Design: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a semipurified diet containing DHA or the control lipid. Serum, skeletal muscle, epididymal fat pads and liver were collected after 62 and 118 days of feeding. Metabolites, genes and gene products associated with the ECS, glucose uptake and metabolism and inflammatory status were measured. Results: Dietary DHA enrichment reduced epididymal fat pad mass and increased ECS-related genes, whereas it reduced downstream ECS activation markers, indicating that ECS activation was diminished. The mRNA of glucose-related genes and proteins elevated in mice fed the DHA diet with increases in DHA-derived and reductions in AA-derived EC and EC-like compounds. In addition, DHA feeding reduced plasma levels of various inflammatory cytokines, 5-lipoxygenase-dependent inflammatory mediators and the vasoconstrictive 20-HETE. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that DHA feeding altered ECS gene expression to reduce CB1 activation and reduce fat accretion. Furthermore, the DHA diet led to higher expression of genes associated with glucose use by muscle in mice, and reduced those associated with systemic inflammatory status.
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89
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Endocannabinoid system activation may be associated with insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2015; 104:200-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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90
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Picone RP, Kendall DA. Minireview: From the bench, toward the clinic: therapeutic opportunities for cannabinoid receptor modulation. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:801-13. [PMID: 25866875 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of cannabinoids have been known for centuries and over the past several decades two G protein-coupled receptors, CB1 and CB2, that are responsible for their activity have been identified. Endogenous lipid-derived cannabinergic agents have been found, biosynthetic and catabolic machinery has been characterized, and synthetic agents have been designed to modulate these receptors. Selective agents including agonists, antagonists, inverse agonists, and novel allosteric modulators targeting either CB1 or CB2 have been developed to inhibit or augment their basal tone. As a result, the role these receptors play in human physiology and their potential therapeutic applications in disease states are being elucidated. The CB1 receptor, although ubiquitous, is densely expressed in the brain, and CB2 is largely found on cells of immune origin. This minireview highlights the role of CB1 in excitotoxic assaults in the brain and its potential to limit addiction liability. In addition, it will examine the relationship between receptor activity and stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic β-cells, insulin resistance, and feeding behavior leading toward obesity. The roles of CB2 in the neuropathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in the central manifestations of chronic HIV infection potentially converge at inflammatory cell activation, thereby providing an opportunity for intervention. Last, CB2 modulation is discussed in the context of an experimental model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Achieving exquisite receptor selectivity and elucidating the mechanisms underlying receptor inhibition and activation will be essential for the development of the next generation of cannabinergic-based therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Picone
- Clinical Development (R.P.P.), Medical and Regulatory Affairs, Novo Nordisk Inc, Plainsboro, New Jersey 08536; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.A.K.), University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092
| | - Debra A Kendall
- Clinical Development (R.P.P.), Medical and Regulatory Affairs, Novo Nordisk Inc, Plainsboro, New Jersey 08536; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.A.K.), University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092
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91
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Powell DR, Gay JP, Wilganowski N, Doree D, Savelieva KV, Lanthorn TH, Read R, Vogel P, Hansen GM, Brommage R, Ding ZM, Desai U, Zambrowicz B. Diacylglycerol Lipase α Knockout Mice Demonstrate Metabolic and Behavioral Phenotypes Similar to Those of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Knockout Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:86. [PMID: 26082754 PMCID: PMC4451644 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After creating >4,650 knockouts (KOs) of independent mouse genes, we screened them by high-throughput phenotyping and found that cannabinoid receptor 1 (Cnr1) KO mice had the same lean phenotype published by others. We asked if our KOs of DAG lipase α or β (Dagla or Daglb), which catalyze biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid (EC) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), or Napepld, which catalyzes biosynthesis of the EC anandamide, shared the lean phenotype of Cnr1 KO mice. We found that Dagla KO mice, but not Daglb or Napepld KO mice, were among the leanest of 3651 chow-fed KO lines screened. In confirmatory studies, chow- or high fat diet-fed Dagla and Cnr1 KO mice were leaner than wild-type (WT) littermates; when data from multiple cohorts of adult mice were combined, body fat was 47 and 45% lower in Dagla and Cnr1 KO mice, respectively, relative to WT values. By contrast, neither Daglb nor Napepld KO mice were lean. Weanling Dagla KO mice ate less than WT mice and had body weight (BW) similar to pair-fed WT mice, and adult Dagla KO mice had normal activity and VO2 levels, similar to Cnr1 KO mice. Our Dagla and Cnr1 KO mice also had low fasting insulin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels, and after glucose challenge had normal glucose but very low insulin levels. Dagla and Cnr1 KO mice also showed similar responses to a battery of behavioral tests. These data suggest: (1) the lean phenotype of young Dagla and Cnr1 KO mice is mainly due to hypophagia; (2) in pathways where ECs signal through Cnr1 to regulate food intake and other metabolic and behavioral phenotypes observed in Cnr1 KO mice, Dagla alone provides the 2-AG that serves as the EC signal; and (3) small molecule Dagla inhibitors with a pharmacokinetic profile similar to that of Cnr1 inverse agonists are likely to mirror the ability of these Cnr1 inverse agonists to lower BW and improve glycemic control in obese patients with type 2 diabetes, but may also induce undesirable neuropsychiatric side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Powell
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
- *Correspondence: David R. Powell, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA,
| | - Jason P. Gay
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | - Deon Doree
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Read
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Urvi Desai
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA
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92
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Mallipedhi A, Prior SL, Dunseath G, Bracken RM, Barry J, Caplin S, Eyre N, Morgan J, Baxter JN, O'Sullivan SE, Sarmad S, Barrett DA, Bain SC, Luzio SD, Stephens JW. Changes in plasma levels of N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine and N-palmitoylethanolamine following bariatric surgery in morbidly obese females with impaired glucose homeostasis. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:680867. [PMID: 25874237 PMCID: PMC4385619 DOI: 10.1155/2015/680867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We examined endocannabinoids (ECs) in relation to bariatric surgery and the association between plasma ECs and markers of insulin resistance. METHODS A study of 20 participants undergoing bariatric surgery. Fasting and 2-hour plasma glucose, lipids, insulin, and C-peptide were recorded preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively with plasma ECs (AEA, 2-AG) and endocannabinoid-related lipids (PEA, OEA). RESULTS Gender-specific analysis showed differences in AEA, OEA, and PEA preoperatively with reductions in AEA and PEA in females postoperatively. Preoperatively, AEA was correlated with 2-hour glucose (r = 0.55, P = 0.01), HOMA-IR (r = 0.61, P = 0.009), and HOMA %S (r = -0.71, P = 0.002). OEA was correlated with weight (r = 0.49, P = 0.03), waist circumference (r = 0.52, P = 0.02), fasting insulin (r = 0.49, P = 0.04), and HOMA-IR (r = 0.48, P = 0.05). PEA was correlated with fasting insulin (r = 0.49, P = 0.04). 2-AG had a negative correlation with fasting glucose (r = -0.59, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Gender differences exist in circulating ECs in obese subjects. Females show changes in AEA and PEA after bariatric surgery. Specific correlations exist between different ECs and markers of obesity and insulin and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhila Mallipedhi
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Morriston Hospital, ABM University Health Board, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Sarah L. Prior
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth Dunseath
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Richard M. Bracken
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jonathan Barry
- Welsh Institute of Metabolic and Obesity Surgery, Morriston Hospital, ABM University Health Board, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Scott Caplin
- Welsh Institute of Metabolic and Obesity Surgery, Morriston Hospital, ABM University Health Board, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Nia Eyre
- Welsh Institute of Metabolic and Obesity Surgery, Morriston Hospital, ABM University Health Board, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - James Morgan
- Welsh Institute of Metabolic and Obesity Surgery, Morriston Hospital, ABM University Health Board, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - John N. Baxter
- Welsh Institute of Metabolic and Obesity Surgery, Morriston Hospital, ABM University Health Board, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Saoirse E. O'Sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Sarir Sarmad
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - David A. Barrett
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stephen C. Bain
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Steve D. Luzio
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jeffrey W. Stephens
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Morriston Hospital, ABM University Health Board, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
- Welsh Institute of Metabolic and Obesity Surgery, Morriston Hospital, ABM University Health Board, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK
- *Jeffrey W. Stephens:
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93
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Abstract
The physiological and pathophysiological functions of the endocannabinoid system have been studied extensively using transgenic and targeted knockout mouse models. The first gene deletions of the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor were described in the late 1990s, soon followed by CB(2) and FAAH mutations in early 2000. These mouse models helped to elucidate the fundamental role of endocannabinoids as retrograde transmitters in the CNS and in the discovery of many unexpected endocannabinoid functions, for example, in the skin, bone and liver. We now have knockout mouse models for almost every receptor and enzyme of the endocannabinoid system. Conditional mutant mice were mostly developed for the CB(1) receptor, which is widely expressed on many different neurons, astrocytes and microglia, as well as on many cells outside the CNS. These mouse strains include "floxed" CB(1) alleles and mice with a conditional re-expression of CB(1). The availability of these mice made it possible to decipher the function of CB(1) in specific neuronal circuits and cell populations or to discriminate between central and peripheral effects. Many of the genetic mouse models were also used in combination with viral expression systems. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing genetic models and to summarize some of the most important discoveries that were made with these animals.
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MESH Headings
- Amidohydrolases/genetics
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Animals
- Endocannabinoids/genetics
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genotype
- Humans
- Hydrolysis
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/genetics
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/metabolism
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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94
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Gabrielsson J, Hjorth S, Vogg B, Harlfinger S, Gutierrez PM, Peletier L, Pehrson R, Davidsson P. Modeling and design of challenge tests: Inflammatory and metabolic biomarker study examples. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 67:144-159. [PMID: 25435491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the complexity of pharmacological challenge experiments, it is perhaps not surprising that design and analysis, and in turn interpretation and communication of results from a quantitative point of view, is often suboptimal. Here we report an inventory of common designs sampled from anti-inflammatory, respiratory and metabolic disease drug discovery studies, all of which are based on animal models of disease involving pharmacological and/or patho/physiological interaction challenges. The corresponding data are modeled and analyzed quantitatively, the merits of the respective approach discussed and inferences made with respect to future design improvements. Although our analysis is limited to these disease model examples, the challenge approach is generally applicable to the vast majority of pharmacological intervention studies. In the present five Case Studies results from pharmacodynamic effect models from different therapeutic areas were explored and analyzed according to five typical designs. Plasma exposures of test compounds were assayed by either liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry or ligand binding assays. To describe how drug intervention can regulate diverse processes, turnover models of test compound-challenger interaction, transduction processes, and biophase time courses were applied for biomarker response in eosinophil count, IL6 response, paw-swelling, TNFα response and glucose turnover in vivo. Case Study 1 shows results from intratracheal administration of Sephadex, which is a glucocorticoid-sensitive model of airway inflammation in rats. Eosinophils in bronchoalveolar fluid were obtained at different time points via destructive sampling and then regressed by the mixed-effects modeling. A biophase function of the Sephadex time course was inferred from the modeled eosinophil time courses. In Case Study 2, a mouse model showed that the time course of cytokine-induced IL1β challenge was altered with or without drug intervention. Anakinra reversed the IL1β induced cytokine IL6 response in a dose-dependent manner. This Case Study contained time courses of test compound (drug), challenger (IL1β) and cytokine response (IL6), which resulted in high parameter precision. Case Study 3 illustrates collagen-induced arthritis progression in the rat. Swelling scores (based on severity of hind paw swelling) were used to describe arthritis progression after the challenge and the inhibitory effect of two doses of an orally administered test compound. In Case Study 4, a cynomolgus monkey model for lipopolysaccharide LPS-induced TNFα synthesis and/or release was investigated. This model provides integrated information on pharmacokinetics and in vivo potency of the test compounds. Case Study 5 contains data from an oral glucose tolerance test in rats, where the challenger is the same as the pharmacodynamic response biomarker (glucose). It is therefore convenient to model the extra input of glucose simultaneously with baseline data and during intervention of a glucose-lowering compound at different dose levels. Typically time-series analyses of challenger- and biomarker-time data are necessary if an accurate and precise estimate of the pharmacodynamic properties of a test compound is sought. Erosion of data, resulting in the single-point assessment of drug action after a challenge test, should generally be avoided. This is particularly relevant for situations where one expects time-curve shifts, tolerance/rebound, impact of disease, or hormetic concentration-response relationships to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gabrielsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Stephan Hjorth
- CVMD iMed Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, R&D, Innovative Medicines, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Barbara Vogg
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, DMPK/Nonclinical PK/PD, Fabrikstrasse 28, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Harlfinger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Lambertus Peletier
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, PB 9512, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rikard Pehrson
- RIRA iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, R&D, Innovative Medicines, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Pia Davidsson
- CVMD iMed Translational Science, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, R&D, Innovative Medicines, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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95
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Patel KN, Joharapurkar AA, Patel V, Kshirsagar SG, Bahekar R, Srivastava BK, Jain MR. Cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist treatment induces glucagon release and shows an additive therapeutic effect with GLP-1 agonist in diet-induced obese mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:975-83. [PMID: 25361428 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor antagonists reduce body weight and improve insulin sensitivity. Preclinical data indicates that an acute dose of CB1 antagonist rimonabant causes an increase in blood glucose. A stable analog of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), exendin-4 improves glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreas, and reduces appetite through activation of GLP-1 receptors in the central nervous system and liver. We hypothesized that the insulin secretagogue effect of GLP-1 agonist exendin-4 may synergize with the insulin-sensitizing action of rimonabant. Intraperitoneal as well as intracerebroventricular administration of rimonabant increased serum glucose upon glucose challenge in overnight fasted, diet-induced obese C57 mice, with concomitant rise in serum glucagon levels. Exendin-4 reversed the acute hyperglycemia induced by rimonabant. The combination of exendin-4 and rimonabant showed an additive effect in the food intake, and sustained body weight reduction upon repeated dosing. The acute efficacy of both the compounds was additive for inducing nausea-like symptoms in conditioned aversion test in mice, whereas exendin-4 treatment antagonized the effect of rimonabant on forced swim test upon chronic dosing. Thus, the addition of exendin-4 to rimonabant produces greater reduction in food intake owing to increased aversion, but reduces the other central nervous system side effects of rimonabant. The hyperglucagonemia induced by rimonabant is partially responsible for enhancing the antiobesity effect of exendin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartikkumar Navinchandra Patel
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
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96
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Schaich CL, Shaltout HA, Brosnihan KB, Howlett AC, Diz DI. Acute and chronic systemic CB1 cannabinoid receptor blockade improves blood pressure regulation and metabolic profile in hypertensive (mRen2)27 rats. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/8/e12108. [PMID: 25168868 PMCID: PMC4246581 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated acute and chronic effects of CB1 cannabinoid receptor blockade in renin‐angiotensin system‐dependent hypertension using rimonabant (SR141716A), an orally active antagonist with central and peripheral actions. In transgenic (mRen2)27 rats, a model of angiotensin II‐dependent hypertension with increased body mass and insulin resistance, acute systemic blockade of CB1 receptors significantly reduced blood pressure within 90 min but had no effect in Sprague‐Dawley rats. No changes in metabolic hormones occurred with the acute treatment. During chronic CB1 receptor blockade, (mRen2)27 rats received daily oral administration of SR141716A (10 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. Systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced within 24 h, and at Day 21 of treatment values were 173 mmHg in vehicle versus 149 mmHg in drug‐treated rats (P < 0.01). This accompanied lower cumulative weight gain (22 vs. 42 g vehicle; P < 0.001), fat mass (2.0 vs. 2.9% of body weight; P < 0.05), and serum leptin (2.8 vs. 6.0 ng/mL; P < 0.05) and insulin (1.0 vs. 1.9 ng/mL; P < 0.01), following an initial transient decrease in food consumption. Conscious hemodynamic recordings indicate twofold increases occurred in spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (P < 0.05) and heart rate variability (P < 0.01), measures of cardiac vagal tone. The beneficial actions of CB1 receptor blockade in (mRen2)27 rats support the interpretation that an upregulated endocannabinoid system contributes to hypertension and impaired autonomic function in this angiotensin II‐dependent model. We conclude that systemic CB1 receptor blockade may be an effective therapy for angiotensin II‐dependent hypertension and associated metabolic syndrome. Acute and chronic systemic CB1 cannabinoid receptor blockade significantly lowers blood pressure in Angiotensin II‐dependent hypertensive (mRen2)27 rats, with a concomitant positive influence over conscious autonomic blood pressure regulation and metabolic profile. Results from our study indicate novel mechanisms for maintenance of hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and impaired autonomic control of blood pressure associated with upregulation of Angiotensin II signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris L Schaich
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Hossam A Shaltout
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - K Bridget Brosnihan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Allyn C Howlett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Debra I Diz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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97
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Boon MR, Kooijman S, van Dam AD, Pelgrom LR, Berbée JFP, Visseren CAR, van Aggele RC, van den Hoek AM, Sips HCM, Lombès M, Havekes LM, Tamsma JT, Guigas B, Meijer OC, Jukema JW, Rensen PCN. Peripheral cannabinoid 1 receptor blockade activates brown adipose tissue and diminishes dyslipidemia and obesity. FASEB J 2014; 28:5361-75. [PMID: 25154875 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-247643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is an important player in energy metabolism by regulating appetite, lipolysis, and energy expenditure. Chronic blockade of the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) leads to long-term maintenance of weight loss and reduction of dyslipidemia in experimental and human obesity. The molecular mechanism by which CB1R blockade reverses dyslipidemia in obesity has not yet been clarified. In this study, we showed that CB1R blockade with the systemic CB1R blocker rimonabant enhanced whole-body energy expenditure and activated brown adipose tissue (BAT), indicated by increased expression of genes involved in BAT thermogenesis and decreased lipid droplet size in BAT. This was accompanied by selectively increased triglyceride (TG) uptake by BAT and lower plasma TG levels. Interestingly, the effects on BAT activation were still present at thermoneutrality and could be recapitulated by using the strictly peripheral CB1R antagonist AM6545, indicating direct peripheral activation of BAT. Indeed, CB1R blockade directly activated T37i brown adipocytes, resulting in enhanced uncoupled respiration, most likely via enhancing cAMP/PKA signaling via the adrenergic receptor pathway. Our data indicate that selective targeting of the peripheral CB1R in BAT has therapeutic potential in attenuating dyslipidemia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea D van Dam
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard R Pelgrom
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cheryl A R Visseren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robin C van Aggele
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hetty C M Sips
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Lombès
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands; TNO Biosciences, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | | | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, and Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
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98
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Engeli S, Lehmann AC, Kaminski J, Haas V, Janke J, Zoerner AA, Luft FC, Tsikas D, Jordan J. Influence of dietary fat intake on the endocannabinoid system in lean and obese subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:E70-6. [PMID: 24616451 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endocannabinoid system (ECS) activation promotes obesity-associated metabolic disease. Increased dietary fat intake increases blood endocannabinoids and alters adipose and skeletal muscle ECS gene expression in human. METHODS Two weeks isocaloric low- (LFD) and high-fat diets (HFD) in obese (n = 12) and normal-weight (n = 17) subjects in a randomized cross-over study were compared. Blood endocannabinoids were measured in the fasting condition and after food intake using mass spectrometry. Adipose and skeletal muscle gene expression was determined using real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Baseline fasting plasma endocannabinoids were similar with both diets. Anandamide decreased similarly with high- or low-fat test meals in both groups. Baseline arachidonoylglycerol plasma concentrations were similar between groups and diets, and unresponsive to eating. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, DAGL-α mRNA was upregulated and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) mRNAs were down-regulated in obese subjects, but the diets had no influence. In contrast, the HFD produced pronounced reductions in skeletal muscle CB1-R and MAGL mRNA expression, whereas obesity did not affect muscular gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Weight-neutral changes in dietary fat intake cannot explain excessive endocannabinoid availability in human obesity. Obesity and dietary fat intake affect ECS gene expression in a tissue-specific manner.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Amidohydrolases/genetics
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Arachidonic Acids/blood
- Blood Glucose
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Cross-Over Studies
- Diet, High-Fat
- Dietary Fats/administration & dosage
- Down-Regulation
- Endocannabinoids/blood
- Fasting
- Female
- Humans
- Lipoprotein Lipase/genetics
- Lipoprotein Lipase/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/genetics
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Obesity/metabolism
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides/blood
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Subcutaneous Fat/metabolism
- Thinness/metabolism
- Triglycerides/blood
- Up-Regulation
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Engeli
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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99
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Oleoylethanolamide: a novel potential pharmacological alternative to cannabinoid antagonists for the control of appetite. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:203425. [PMID: 24800213 PMCID: PMC3996326 DOI: 10.1155/2014/203425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The initial pharmaceutical interest for the endocannabinoid system as a target for antiobesity therapies has been restricted by the severe adverse effects of the CB1 antagonist rimonabant. This study points at oleoylethanolamide (OEA), a monounsaturated analogue, and functional antagonist of anandamide, as a potential and safer antiobesity alternative to CB1 antagonism. Mice treated with equal doses (5 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) of OEA or rimonabant were analyzed for the progressive expression of spontaneous behaviors (eating, grooming, rearing, locomotion, and resting) occurring during the development of satiety, according to the paradigm called behavioral satiety sequence (BSS). Both drugs reduced food (wet mash) intake to a similar extent. OEA treatment decreased eating activity within the first 30 min and caused a temporary increase of resting time that was not accompanied by any decline of horizontal, vertical and total motor activity. Besides decreasing eating activity, rimonabant caused a marked increase of the time spent grooming and decreased horizontal motor activity, alterations that might be indicative of aversive nonmotivational effects on feeding. These results support the idea that OEA suppresses appetite by stimulating satiety and that its profile of action might be predictive of safer effects in humans as a novel antiobesity treatment.
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100
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Kim J, Carlson ME, Watkins BA. Docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide improves glucose uptake and alters endocannabinoid system gene expression in proliferating and differentiating C2C12 myoblasts. Front Physiol 2014; 5:100. [PMID: 24711795 PMCID: PMC3968752 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a major storage site for glycogen and a focus for understanding insulin resistance and type-2-diabetes. New evidence indicates that overactivation of the peripheral endocannabinoid system (ECS) in skeletal muscle diminishes insulin sensitivity. Specific n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are precursors for the biosynthesis of ligands that bind to and activate the cannabinoid receptors. The function of the ECS and action of PUFA in skeletal muscle glucose uptake was investigated in proliferating and differentiated C2C12 myoblasts treated with either 25 μM of arachidonate (AA) or docosahexaenoate (DHA), 25 μM of EC [anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA)], 1 μM of CB1 antagonist NESS0327, and CB2 inverse agonist AM630. Compared to the BSA vehicle control cell cultures in both proliferating and differentiated myoblasts those treated with DHEA, the EC derived from the n-3 PUFA DHA, had higher 24 h glucose uptake, while AEA and 2-AG, the EC derived from the n-6 PUFA AA, had lower basal glucose uptake. Adenylyl cyclase mRNA was higher in myoblasts treated with DHA in both proliferating and differentiated states while those treated with AEA or 2-AG were lower compared to the control cell cultures. Western blot and qPCR analysis showed higher expression of the cannabinoid receptors in differentiated myoblasts treated with DHA while the opposite was observed with AA. These findings indicate a compensatory effect of DHA and DHEA compared to AA-derived ligands on the ECS and associated ECS gene expression and higher glucose uptake in myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kim
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Morgan E Carlson
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Bruce A Watkins
- Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington, CT, USA
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