51
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Martinussen C, Dirksen C, Bojsen-Møller KN, Svane MS, Carlsson ER, Hartmann B, Clausen TR, Veedfald S, Kristiansen VB, Rehfeld JF, Hansen HS, Holst JJ, Madsbad S. Intestinal sensing and handling of dietary lipids in gastric bypass-operated patients and matched controls. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:28-41. [PMID: 31742316 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered meal-related gut hormone secretion seems important for weight loss and diabetes remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Elucidating the responsible meal components and receptors could aid discovery of new treatments of obesity and diabetes. Enteroendocrine cells respond to digestion products of dietary triacylglycerol, especially long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and 2-oleoyl-glycerol (2-OG), but not medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). OBJECTIVE We examined the impact of olive oil (20 mL) and its derivates, LCFAs and 2-OG, on enteroendocrine secretions [glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY), and neurotensin (NT)] and on glucose, lipid, and bile acid metabolism in RYGB-operated and unoperated individuals. METHODS In an exploratory randomized crossover design, 10 RYGB-operated patients and 10 matched controls ingested 3 equimolar triacylglycerol formulations on separate days: olive oil (digested to 2-OG + LCFAs), C8-dietary oil (2-OG + MCFAs), and tricaprylin (MCFAs; negative control). Hormone responses were calculated as area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS Independent of group status, olive oil had greater effects than C8-dietary oil on AUCs of plasma GLP-1 (+32%; 95% CI: 23%, 43%; P < 0.01), CCK (+53%, P < 0.01), and NT (+71%, P < 0.01), whereas the effect on GIP differed between groups (+90% in controls, P < 0.01; +24% in RYGB, P = 0.10). Independent of group status, C8-dietary oil had greater effects than tricaprylin on AUCs of plasma CCK (+40%, P < 0.01) and NT (+32%, P < 0.01), but not GLP-1 (+5%; 95% CI: -2.9%, 13%; P = 0.22), whereas the effect on GIP again differed between groups (+78% in controls, P < 0.01; +39% in RYGB, P = 0.01). Distal (GLP-1/PYY/NT), but not proximal (CCK/GIP), enteroendocrine responses were generally greater in RYGB patients than in controls. CONCLUSIONS The combination of LCFAs plus 2-OG was substantially more effective than 2-OG plus MCFAs in stimulating enteroendocrine secretion in RYGB-operated and matched control individuals. Distal lipid-induced gut hormone release was greater after RYGB.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03223389.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Martinussen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Dirksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine N Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria S Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elin R Carlsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Veedfald
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viggo B Kristiansen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harald S Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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52
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McCauley HA. Enteroendocrine Regulation of Nutrient Absorption. J Nutr 2020; 150:10-21. [PMID: 31504661 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in the intestine regulate many aspects of whole-body physiology and metabolism. EECs sense luminal and circulating nutrients and respond by secreting hormones that act on multiple organs and organ systems, such as the brain, gallbladder, and pancreas, to control satiety, digestion, and glucose homeostasis. In addition, EECs act locally, on enteric neurons, endothelial cells, and the gastrointestinal epithelium, to facilitate digestion and absorption of nutrients. Many recent reports raise the possibility that EECs and the enteric nervous system may coordinate to regulate gastrointestinal functions. Loss of all EECs results in chronic malabsorptive diarrhea, placing EECs in a central role regulating nutrient absorption in the gut. Because there is increasing evidence that EECs can directly modulate the efficiency of nutrient absorption, it is possible that EECs are master regulators of a feed-forward loop connecting appetite, digestion, metabolism, and abnormally augmented nutrient absorption that perpetuates metabolic disease. This review focuses on the roles that specific EEC hormones play on glucose, peptide, and lipid absorption within the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A McCauley
- Division of Developmental Biology and the Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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53
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Makaronidis JM, Batterham RL. The role of gut hormones in the pathogenesis and management of obesity. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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54
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Billing LJ, Larraufie P, Lewis J, Leiter A, Li J, Lam B, Yeo GS, Goldspink DA, Kay RG, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Single cell transcriptomic profiling of large intestinal enteroendocrine cells in mice - Identification of selective stimuli for insulin-like peptide-5 and glucagon-like peptide-1 co-expressing cells. Mol Metab 2019; 29:158-169. [PMID: 31668387 PMCID: PMC6812004 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) of the large intestine, found scattered in the epithelial layer, are known to express different hormones, with at least partial co-expression of different hormones in the same cell. Here we aimed to categorize colonic EECs and to identify possible targets for selective recruitment of hormones. Methods Single cell RNA-sequencing of sorted enteroendocrine cells, using NeuroD1-Cre x Rosa26-EYFP mice, was used to cluster EECs from the colon and rectum according to their transcriptome. G-protein coupled receptors differentially expressed across clusters were identified, and, as a proof of principle, agonists of Agtr1a and Avpr1b were tested as candidate EEC secretagogues in vitro and in vivo. Results EECs from the large intestine separated into 7 clear clusters, 4 expressing higher levels of Tph1 (enzyme required for serotonin (5-HT) synthesis; enterochromaffin cells), 2 enriched for Gcg (encoding glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1, L-cells), and the 7th expressing somatostatin (D-cells). Restricted analysis of L-cells identified 4 L-cell sub-clusters, exhibiting differential expression of Gcg, Pyy (Peptide YY), Nts (neurotensin), Insl5 (insulin-like peptide 5), Cck (cholecystokinin), and Sct (secretin). Expression profiles of L- and enterochromaffin cells revealed the clustering to represent gradients along the crypt-surface (cell maturation) and proximal-distal gut axes. Distal colonic/rectal L-cells differentially expressed Agtr1a and the ligand angiotensin II was shown to selectively increase GLP-1 and PYY release in vitro and GLP-1 in vivo. Conclusion EECs in the large intestine exhibit differential expression gradients along the crypt-surface and proximal-distal axes. Distal L-cells can be differentially stimulated by targeting receptors such as Agtr1a. Large intestinal enteroendocrine cells group into subclusters by single cell RNAseq. Enteroendocrine-cell subclusters differ along crypt-surface and longitudinal axes. L-cells differ longitudinally by production of NTS (proximal colon) or INSL5 (rectum). INSL5-positive cells express distinct GPCRs enabling cluster-specific stimulation. Targeted stimulation of INSL5-producing L-cells elevates plasma GLP-1 and PYY in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Billing
- University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (IMS) & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Larraufie
- University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (IMS) & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Lewis
- University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (IMS) & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Leiter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Joyce Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Brian Lam
- University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (IMS) & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Sh Yeo
- University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (IMS) & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah A Goldspink
- University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (IMS) & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G Kay
- University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (IMS) & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (IMS) & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Frank Reimann
- University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science (IMS) & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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55
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Fazio Coles TE, Fothergill LJ, Hunne B, Nikfarjam M, Testro A, Callaghan B, McQuade RM, Furness JB. Quantitation and chemical coding of enteroendocrine cell populations in the human jejunum. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:109-120. [PMID: 31478137 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies reveal substantial species and regional differences in enteroendocrine cell (EEC) populations, including differences in patterns of hormone coexpression, which limit extrapolation between animal models and human. In this study, jejunal samples, with no histologically identifiable pathology, from patients undergoing Whipple's procedure were investigated for the presence of gastrointestinal hormones using double- and triple-labelling immunohistochemistry and high-resolution confocal microscopy. Ten hormones (5-HT, CCK, secretin, proglucagon-derived peptides, PYY, GIP, somatostatin, neurotensin, ghrelin and motilin) were localised in EEC of the human jejunum. If only single staining is considered, the most numerous EEC were those containing 5-HT, CCK, ghrelin, GIP, motilin, secretin and proglucagon-derived peptides. All hormones had some degree of colocalisation with other hormones. This included a population of EEC in which GIP, CCK and proglucagon-derived peptides are costored, and four 5-HT cell populations, 5-HT/GIP, 5-HT/ghrelin, 5-HT/PYY, and 5-HT/secretin cell groups, and a high degree of overlap between motilin and ghrelin. The presence of 5-HT in many secretin cells is consistent across species, whereas lack of 5-HT and CCK colocalisation distinguishes human from mouse. It seems likely that the different subclasses of 5-HT cells subserve different roles. At a subcellular level, we examined the vesicular localisation of secretin and 5-HT, and found these to be separately stored. We conclude that hormone-containing cells in the human jejunum do not comply with a one-cell, one-hormone classification and that colocalisations of hormones are likely to define subtypes of EEC that have different roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese E Fazio Coles
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Mehrdad Nikfarjam
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Adam Testro
- Liver and Intestinal Transplant Unit, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Rachel M McQuade
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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56
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Smith NK, Hackett TA, Galli A, Flynn CR. GLP-1: Molecular mechanisms and outcomes of a complex signaling system. Neurochem Int 2019; 128:94-105. [PMID: 31002893 PMCID: PMC7081944 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Meal ingestion provokes the release of hormones and transmitters, which in turn regulate energy homeostasis and feeding behavior. One such hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), has received significant attention in the treatment of obesity and diabetes due to its potent incretin effect. In addition to the peripheral actions of GLP-1, this hormone is able to alter behavior through the modulation of multiple neural circuits. Recent work that focused on elucidating the mechanisms and outcomes of GLP-1 neuromodulation led to the discovery of an impressive array of GLP-1 actions. Here, we summarize the many levels at which the GLP-1 signal adapts to different systems, with the goal being to provide a background against which to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Smith
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Troy A Hackett
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aurelio Galli
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Charles R Flynn
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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57
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Schroeder LE, Furdock R, Quiles CR, Kurt G, Perez-Bonilla P, Garcia A, Colon-Ortiz C, Brown J, Bugescu R, Leinninger GM. [Not Available]. Neuropeptides 2019; 76:101930. [PMID: 31079844 PMCID: PMC7721284 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin (Nts) is a neuropeptide implicated in the regulation of many facets of physiology, including cardiovascular tone, pain processing, ingestive behaviors, locomotor drive, sleep, addiction and social behaviors. Yet, there is incomplete understanding about how the various populations of Nts neurons distributed throughout the brain mediate such physiology. This knowledge gap largely stemmed from the inability to simultaneously identify Nts cell bodies and manipulate them in vivo. One means of overcoming this obstacle is to study NtsCre mice crossed onto a Cre-inducible green fluorescent reporter line (NtsCre;GFP mice), as these mice permit both visualization and in vivo modulation of specific populations of Nts neurons (using Cre-inducible viral and genetic tools) to reveal their function. Here we provide a comprehensive characterization of the distribution and relative densities of the Nts-GFP populations observed throughout the male NtsCre;GFP mouse brain, which will pave the way for future work to define their physiologic roles. We also compared the distribution of Nts-GFP neurons with Nts-In situ Hybridization (Nts-ISH) data from the adult mouse brain. By comparing these data sets we can distinguish Nts-GFP populations that may only transiently express Nts during development but not in the mature brain, and hence which populations may not be amenable to Cre-mediated manipulation in adult NtsCre;GFP mice. This atlas of Nts-GFP neurons will facilitate future studies using the NtsCre;GFP line to describe the physiological functions of individual Nts populations and how modulating them may be useful to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Schroeder
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Ryan Furdock
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Cristina Rivera Quiles
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Gizem Kurt
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Patricia Perez-Bonilla
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Angela Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Crystal Colon-Ortiz
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Juliette Brown
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Raluca Bugescu
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Gina M Leinninger
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States.
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58
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Rose F, Bloom S, Tan T. Novel approaches to anti-obesity drug discovery with gut hormones over the past 10 years. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1151-1159. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1646243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Rose
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Bloom
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tricia Tan
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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59
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Ratner C, He Z, Grunddal KV, Skov LJ, Hartmann B, Zhang F, Feuchtinger A, Bjerregaard A, Christoffersen C, Tschöp MH, Finan B, DiMarchi RD, Leinninger GM, Williams KW, Clemmensen C, Holst B. Long-Acting Neurotensin Synergizes With Liraglutide to Reverse Obesity Through a Melanocortin-Dependent Pathway. Diabetes 2019; 68:1329-1340. [PMID: 30936142 PMCID: PMC6610020 DOI: 10.2337/db18-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT), a gut hormone and neuropeptide, increases in circulation after bariatric surgery in rodents and humans and inhibits food intake in mice. However, its potential to treat obesity and the subsequent metabolic dysfunctions have been difficult to assess owing to its short half-life in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that a long-acting, pegylated analog of the NT peptide (P-NT) reduces food intake, body weight, and adiposity in diet-induced obese mice when administered once daily for 6 days. Strikingly, when P-NT was combined with the glucagon-like peptide 1 mimetic liraglutide, the two peptides synergized to reduce food intake and body weight relative to each monotherapy, without inducing a taste aversion. Further, P-NT and liraglutide coadministration improved glycemia and reduced steatohepatitis. Finally, we show that the melanocortin pathway is central for P-NT-induced anorexia and necessary for the full synergistic effect of P-NT and liraglutide combination therapy. Overall, our data suggest that P-NT and liraglutide combination therapy could be an enhanced treatment for obesity with improved tolerability compared with liraglutide monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ratner
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhenyan He
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Kaare V Grunddal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise J Skov
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fa Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anette Bjerregaard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Gina M Leinninger
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Kevin W Williams
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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60
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Sandoval DA. Mechanisms for the metabolic success of bariatric surgery. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12708. [PMID: 30882956 PMCID: PMC9205614 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To date, bariatric surgery remains the most effective strategy for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. However, given the enormity of the obesity epidemic, and sometimes variable results, it is not a feasible strategy for the treatment of all obese patients. A simple PubMed search for 'bariatric surgery' reveals over 28 000 papers that have been published since the 1940s when the first bariatric surgeries were performed. However, there is still an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms for the weight loss and metabolic success of surgery. An understanding of the mechanisms is important because it may lead to greater understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity and thus surgery-alternative strategies for the treatment of all obese patients. In this review, the potential mechanisms that underlie the success of surgery are discussed, with a focus on the potential endocrine, neural and other circulatory factors (eg, bile acids) that have been proposed to play a role.
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61
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Roberts GP, Larraufie P, Richards P, Kay RG, Galvin SG, Miedzybrodzka EL, Leiter A, Li HJ, Glass LL, Ma MKL, Lam B, Yeo GSH, Scharfmann R, Chiarugi D, Hardwick RH, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Comparison of Human and Murine Enteroendocrine Cells by Transcriptomic and Peptidomic Profiling. Diabetes 2019; 68:1062-1072. [PMID: 30733330 PMCID: PMC6477899 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) produce hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY that regulate food absorption, insulin secretion, and appetite. Based on the success of glucagon-like peptide 1-based therapies for type 2 diabetes and obesity, EECs are themselves the focus of drug discovery programs to enhance gut hormone secretion. The aim of this study was to identify the transcriptome and peptidome of human EECs and to provide a cross-species comparison between humans and mice. By RNA sequencing of human EECs purified by flow cytometry after cell fixation and staining, we present a first transcriptomic analysis of human EEC populations and demonstrate a strong correlation with murine counterparts. RNA sequencing was deep enough to enable identification of low-abundance transcripts such as G-protein-coupled receptors and ion channels, revealing expression in human EECs of G-protein-coupled receptors previously found to play roles in postprandial nutrient detection. With liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we profiled the gradients of peptide hormones along the human and mouse gut, including their sequences and posttranslational modifications. The transcriptomic and peptidomic profiles of human and mouse EECs and cross-species comparison will be valuable tools for drug discovery programs and for understanding human metabolism and the endocrine impacts of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey P Roberts
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- Cambridge Oesophago-Gastric Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Pierre Larraufie
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Paul Richards
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Richard G Kay
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Sam G Galvin
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Emily L Miedzybrodzka
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Andrew Leiter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - H Joyce Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Leslie L Glass
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Marcella K L Ma
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Brian Lam
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Raphaël Scharfmann
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Davide Chiarugi
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Richard H Hardwick
- Cambridge Oesophago-Gastric Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
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Intermittent Hypoxia Up-Regulates Gene Expressions of Peptide YY (PYY), Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), and Neurotensin (NTS) in Enteroendocrine Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081849. [PMID: 30991633 PMCID: PMC6514992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The patients with sleep apnea syndrome are exposed to intermittent hypoxia (IH) during sleep. We previously demonstrated the IH-induced up-regulation of the mRNA levels of anorexigenic peptides proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in human neuronal cells. Appetite is regulated not only by the central nervous system but also by the peptides from gastrointestinal tract. Here, we investigated the effects of IH on the gene expression(s) of appetite-inhibiting gut hormones. Human enteroendocrine Caco-2 and mouse STC-1 cells were exposed to IH [64 cycles of 5 min hypoxia (1% O2) and 10 min normoxia (21% O2)] or normoxia for 24 h. Real-time RT-PCR revealed that IH significantly increased the mRNA levels of peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and neurotensin (NTS) in Caco-2 and STC-1 cells. ELISA showed that the concentrations of PYY, GLP-1, and NTS in the culture medium were significantly increased by IH. The mRNA levels of PYY, GLP-1, and NTS were significantly up-regulated even in normoxia by Trichostatin A (TSA) and were significantly decreased even in IH by 5-azacytidine (5AZC), suggesting that IH increases PYY, GLP-1, and NTS mRNAs via alterations in the chromatin structure in enteroendocrine cells. IH might have an anorexigenic influence on the enteric nervous system.
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Zhang X, Grosfeld A, Williams E, Vasiliauskas D, Barretto S, Smith L, Mariadassou M, Philippe C, Devime F, Melchior C, Gourcerol G, Dourmap N, Lapaque N, Larraufie P, Blottière HM, Herberden C, Gerard P, Rehfeld JF, Ferraris RP, Fritton JC, Ellero-Simatos S, Douard V. Fructose malabsorption induces cholecystokinin expression in the ileum and cecum by changing microbiota composition and metabolism. FASEB J 2019; 33:7126-7142. [PMID: 30939042 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801526rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Current fructose consumption levels often overwhelm the intestinal capacity to absorb fructose. We investigated the impact of fructose malabsorption on intestinal endocrine function and addressed the role of the microbiota in this process. To answer this question, a mouse model of moderate fructose malabsorption [ketohexokinase mutant (KHK)-/-] and wild-type (WT) littermate mice were used and received a 20%-fructose (KHK-F and WT-F) or 20%-glucose diet. Cholecystokinin (Cck) mRNA and protein expression in the ileum and cecum, as well as preproglucagon (Gcg) and neurotensin (Nts) mRNA expression in the cecum, increased in KHK-F mice. In KHK-F mice, triple-label immunohistochemistry showed major up-regulation of CCK in enteroendocrine cells (EECs) that were glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)+/Peptide YY (PYY-) in the ileum and colon and GLP-1-/PYY- in the cecum. The cecal microbiota composition was drastically modified in the KHK-F in association with an increase in glucose, propionate, succinate, and lactate concentrations. Antibiotic treatment abolished fructose malabsorption-dependent induction of cecal Cck mRNA expression and, in mouse GLUTag and human NCI-H716 cells, Cck mRNA expression levels increased in response to propionate, both suggesting a microbiota-dependent process. Fructose reaching the lower intestine can modify the composition and metabolism of the microbiota, thereby stimulating the production of CCK from the EECs possibly in response to propionate.-Zhang, X., Grosfeld, A., Williams, E., Vasiliauskas, D., Barretto, S., Smith, L., Mariadassou, M., Philippe, C., Devime, F., Melchior, C., Gourcerol, G., Dourmap, N., Lapaque, N., Larraufie, P., Blottière, H. M., Herberden, C., Gerard, P., Rehfeld, J. F., Ferraris, R. P., Fritton, J. C., Ellero-Simatos, S., Douard, V. Fructose malabsorption induces cholecystokinin expression in the ileum and cecum by changing microbiota composition and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufei Zhang
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Grosfeld
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1138, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Cités, Université Paris-Diderot (UPD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Instituts Hospitalo-Universitaires (IHU), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Edek Williams
- Department of Orthopedics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel Vasiliauskas
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Université Paris Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Mahendra Mariadassou
- Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées du Génome à l'Environnement (MaIAGE), Unité de Recherche (UR) 1404, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Catherine Philippe
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabienne Devime
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Chloé Melchior
- INSERM Unit 1073, University of Rouen (UNIROUEN), Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Guillaume Gourcerol
- INSERM Unit 1073, University of Rouen (UNIROUEN), Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Nathalie Dourmap
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Lapaque
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre Larraufie
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hervé M Blottière
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christine Herberden
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Gerard
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Ronaldo P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Veronique Douard
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Abstract
Gut hormones have many key roles in the control of metabolism, as they target diverse tissues involved in the control of intestinal function, insulin secretion, nutrient assimilation and food intake. Produced by scattered cells found along the length of the intestinal epithelium, gut hormones generate signals related to the rate of nutrient absorption, the composition of the luminal milieu and the integrity of the epithelial barrier. Gut hormones already form the basis for existing and developing therapeutics for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, exemplified by the licensed glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) mimetics and dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors that enhance GLP1 receptor activation. Modulating the release of the endogenous stores of GLP1 and other gut hormones is thought to be a promising strategy to mimic bariatric surgery with its multifaceted beneficial effects on food intake, body weight and blood glucose levels. This Review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of gut hormone release by food ingestion, obesity and the gut microbiota. Depending on the nature of the stimulus, release of gut hormones involves recruitment of a variety of signalling pathways, including G protein-coupled receptors, nutrient transporters and ion channels, which are targets for future therapeutics for diabetes mellitus and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Gribble
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Frank Reimann
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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65
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Rollins KA, Opitz L, Arnold M, Simon E, Neubauer H, Wolfrum S. The L cell transcriptome is unaffected by vertical sleeve gastrectomy but highly dependent upon position within the gastrointestinal tract. Peptides 2019; 113:22-34. [PMID: 30660763 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Altered GLP-1 secretion from L cells has been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its resolution following bariatric surgery. However, changes in L cell gene expression, which may form the basis for altered functionality after high fat diet (HFD) or bariatric surgery, have either not been investigated or have given conflicting results. We developed a gcg-DTR-eGFP reporter mouse to isolate ileal and colonic L cells from HFD fed insulin resistant mice and mice showing improved glucose tolerance following vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). Transcriptomic sequencing and identification of genes differentially expressed in response to HFD or VSG revealed small changes with HFD, primarily in immune related genes, but no regulation following VSG. In contrast, large differences were observed between ileal and colonic L cells due to the differential expression of genes involved in nutrient transport and metabolism, reflecting to some extent the differences in the surrounding epithelium. We showed that, in line with the gene expression data, colonic and ileal L cells exhibit differing GLP-1 responses to nutrients (glucose and the gly-sar dipeptide) and hormones (vasopressin). Thus, we hypothesise that colonic and ileal L cells have different physiological roles, with ileal L cells contributing more to postprandial glucose homeostasis by responding to dietary nutrients and colonic cells responding more to non-dietary stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Rollins
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
| | - Lennart Opitz
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
| | - Eric Simon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Target Discovery Research Department, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach/Riss, Germany.
| | - Heike Neubauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Cardiometabolic Diseases Research Department, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach/Riss, Germany.
| | - Susanne Wolfrum
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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67
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Clemmensen C, Finan B, Müller TD, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH, Hofmann SM. Emerging hormonal-based combination pharmacotherapies for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:90-104. [PMID: 30446744 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-018-0118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, constitute growing challenges for public health and economies globally. The available treatment options for these metabolic disorders cannot reverse the disease in most individuals and have not substantially reduced disease prevalence, which underscores the unmet need for more efficacious interventions. Neurobiological resilience to energy homeostatic perturbations, combined with the heterogeneous pathophysiology of human metabolic disorders, has limited the sustainability and efficacy of current pharmacological options. Emerging insights into the molecular origins of eating behaviour, energy expenditure, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance suggest that coordinated targeting of multiple signalling pathways is probably necessary for sizeable improvements to reverse the progression of these diseases. Accordingly, a broad set of combinatorial approaches targeting feeding circuits, energy expenditure and glucose metabolism in concert are currently being explored and developed. Notably, several classes of peptide-based multi-agonists and peptide-small molecule conjugates with superior preclinical efficacy have emerged and are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. Here, we summarize advances over the past decade in combination pharmacotherapy for the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, exclusively focusing on large-molecule formats (notably enteroendocrine peptides and proteins) and discuss the associated therapeutic opportunities and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanna M Hofmann
- Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Fakhry J, Stebbing MJ, Hunne B, Bayguinov Y, Ward SM, Sasse KC, Callaghan B, McQuade RM, Furness JB. Relationships of endocrine cells to each other and to other cell types in the human gastric fundus and corpus. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 376:37-49. [PMID: 30467709 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric endocrine cell hormones contribute to the control of the stomach and to signalling to the brain. In other gut regions, enteroendocrine cells (EECs) exhibit extensive patterns of colocalisation of hormones. In the current study, we characterise EECs in the human gastric fundus and corpus. We utilise immunohistochemistry to investigate EECs with antibodies to ghrelin, serotonin (5-HT), somatostatin, peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1, calbindin, gastrin and pancreastatin, the latter as a marker of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. EECs were mainly located in regions of the gastric glands populated by parietal cells. Gastrin cells were absent and PYY cells were very rare. Except for about 25% of 5-HT cells being a subpopulation of ECL cells marked by pancreastatin, colocalisation of hormones in gastric EECs was infrequent. Ghrelin cells were distributed throughout the fundus and corpus; most were basally located in the glands, often very close to parietal cells and were closed cells i.e., not in contact with the lumen. A small proportion had long processes located close to the base of the mucosal epithelium. The 5-HT cells were of at least three types: small, round, closed cells; cells with multiple, often very long, processes; and a subgroup of ECL cells. Processes were in contact with their surrounding cells, including parietal cells. Mast cells had very weak or no 5-HT immunoreactivity. Somatostatin cells were a closed type with long processes. In conclusion, four major chemically defined EEC types occurred in the human oxyntic mucosa. Within each group were cells with distinct morphologies and relationships to other mucosal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Fakhry
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Martin J Stebbing
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yulia Bayguinov
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Kent C Sasse
- School of Medicine, Universiity of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.,Renown Regional Medical Center, Reno, NV, 89502, USA
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Rachel M McQuade
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Fothergill LJ, Furness JB. Diversity of enteroendocrine cells investigated at cellular and subcellular levels: the need for a new classification scheme. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:693-702. [PMID: 30357510 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells were historically classified by a letter code, each linked to a single hormone, deduced to be the only hormone produced by the cell. One type, the L cell, was recognised to store and secrete two products, peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-related peptides. Many other exceptions to the one-cell one-hormone classifications have been reported over the last 40 years or so, and yet the one-hormone dogma has persisted. In the last 6 years, a plethora of data has appeared that makes the concept unviable. Here, we describe the evidence that multiple hormone transcripts and their products reside in single cells and evidence that the hormones are often, but not always, processed into separate storage vesicles. It has become clear that most enteroendocrine cells contain multiple hormones. For example, most secretin cells contain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and in mouse many of these also contain cholecystokinin (CCK). Furthermore, CCK cells also commonly store ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), neurotensin, and PYY. Several hormones, for example, secretin and 5-HT, are in separate storage vesicles at a subcellular level. Hormone patterns can differ considerably between species. Another complication is that relative levels of expression vary substantially. This means that data are significantly influenced by the sensitivities of detection techniques. For example, a hormone that can be detected in storage vesicles by super-resolution microscopy may not be above threshold for detection by conventional fluorescence microscopy. New nomenclature for cell clusters with common attributes will need to be devised and old classifications abandoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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70
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Petersen N, Frimurer TM, Terndrup Pedersen M, Egerod KL, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ, Grapin-Botton A, Jensen KB, Schwartz TW. Inhibiting RHOA Signaling in Mice Increases Glucose Tolerance and Numbers of Enteroendocrine and Other Secretory Cells in the Intestine. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1164-1176.e2. [PMID: 29935151 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) is produced by L cells in the intestine, and agonists of the GLP1 receptor are effective in the treatment of diabetes. Levels of GLP1 increase with numbers of L cells. Therefore, agents that increase numbers of L cell might be developed for treatment of diabetes. Ras homologue family member A (RhoA) signaling through Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinases 1 and 2 (ROCK1 and ROCK2) controls cell differentiation, but it is not clear whether this pathway regulates enteroendocrine differentiation in the intestinal epithelium. We investigated the effects of Y-27632, an inhibitor of ROCK1 and ROCK2, on L-cell differentiation. METHODS We collected intestinal tissues from GLU-Venus, GPR41-RFP, and Neurog3-RFP mice, in which the endocrine lineage is fluorescently labeled, for in vitro culture and histologic analysis. Small intestine organoids derived from these mice were cultured with Y-27632 and we measured percentages of L cells, expression of intestinal cell-specific markers, and secretion of GLP1 in medium. Mice were fed a normal chow or a high-fat diet and given Y-27632 or saline (control) and blood samples were collected for measurement of GLP1, insulin, and glucose. RESULTS Incubation of intestinal organoids with Y-27632 increased numbers of L cells and secretion of GLP1. These increases were associated with upregulated expression of genes encoding intestinal hormones, neurogenin 3, neurogenic differentiation factor 1, forkhead box A1 and A2, and additional markers of secretory cells. Mice fed the normal chow diet and given Y-27632 had increased numbers of L cells in intestinal tissues, increased plasma levels of GLP1 and insulin, and lower blood levels of glucose compared with mice fed the normal chow diet and given saline. In mice with insulin resistance induced by the high-fat diet, administration of Y-27632 increased secretion of GLP1 and glucose tolerance compared with administration of saline. CONCLUSIONS In mouse intestinal organoids, an inhibitor of RhoA signaling increased the differentiation of the secretory lineage and the development of enteroendocrine cells. Inhibitors of RhoA signaling or other strategies to increase numbers of L cells might be developed for treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes or for increasing glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Petersen
- Section of Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas M Frimurer
- Section of Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kristoffer L Egerod
- Section of Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Translational Metabolic Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Translational Metabolic Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical and Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim B Jensen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical and Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Section of Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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71
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Terry NA, Ngaba LV, Wilkins BJ, Pi D, Gheewala N, Kaestner KH. Lipid malabsorption from altered hormonal signaling changes early gut microbial responses. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G580-G591. [PMID: 29953253 PMCID: PMC6230693 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00135.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Infants with congenital diarrheal disorders caused by enteroendocrine cell dysgenesis, or the loss of intestinal endocrine cells, causes severe malabsorptive diarrhea, though the mechanism is not fully understood. The transcription factor "aristaless-related homeobox" (Arx) is specifically expressed in intestinal endocrine cells. This study seeks to characterize the early malabsorptive phenotype of mice deficient for Arx using cell-type specific gene ablation in Villin-Cre; ArxloxP/Y ( Arxint) mice. In neonatal mice, the loss of intestinal Arx caused the loss of intestinal hormones, such as cholecystokinin, secretin, neurotensin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and GLP-2 but also upregulation of somatostatin. Arxint mice exhibited steatorrhea with the loss of lipid transport in duodenal enterocytes, upregulation of lysozyme-positive Paneth cells, and a secondary increase in antimicrobial peptides, specifically Reg3β. When the epithelium from Arxint mice was cultured ex vivo into enteroids, however, the Reg3β upregulation was lost under the sterile conditions. Thus, Arx is required for the appropriate lineage allocation of multiple enteroendocrine subtypes. We concluded that altered hormonal signaling caused by Arx deficiency results in lipid malabsorption, premature Paneth cell differentiation, and an inflammatory response, including neutrophilic infiltrates and a microbiota-triggered upregulation of Reg3β. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The enteroendocrine transcription factor aristaless-related homeobox (Arx) plays a key role in lineage specification. Changes in hormonal expression mediated by Arx lead to lipid malabsorption and premature Paneth cell development. Furthermore, global profiling of whole intestine from Arx-deficient mice revealed significant upregulation of antimicrobial peptides. This antimicrobial response in Arx-deficient animals is lost under sterile culture conditions of enteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Terry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucie V Ngaba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin J Wilkins
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Danielle Pi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nishi Gheewala
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Genetics and Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Barchetta I, Ciccarelli G, Cimini FA, Ceccarelli V, Orho-Melander M, Melander O, Cavallo MG. Association between systemic leptin and neurotensin concentration in adult individuals with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:1159-1163. [PMID: 29417469 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leptin is an adipokine which regulates appetite and energy balance through a mechanism partially mediated by neurotensin (NT) in central nervous system. Besides acting as a neurotransmitter, NT is expressed in human intestine where it promotes fat absorption and its circulating levels associate with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease. Whether a relation exists between circulating leptin and NT levels has not been investigated yet. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis of an association between plasma leptin and NT concentration in adults with or without T2DM. METHODS We recruited a population of 72 subjects (M/F: 39/33; age: 49.5 ± 10.6 years; BMI: 26.5 ± 4.7 kg/m2) including individuals with T2DM (n = 32) referring to our Diabetes Outpatient Clinics, Sapienza University of Rome, and healthy controls. Study participants underwent metabolic characterization; plasma leptin was measured by MILLIPLEX, Luminex, and proneurotensin (proNT), a stable precursor of NT, by chemiluminometric sandwich immunoassay. RESULTS Circulating median (25°-75°) leptin levels were 2.75 (1.27-4.93) ng/mL and did not differ between T2DM and non-diabetic subjects. Leptin concentration directly correlated with proNT (r = 0.41; p = 0.015); higher leptin levels were also associated with age, male gender, obesity, higher HOMA-IR, systolic blood pressure and C-reactive protein. Belonging to the highest pro-NT quartile correlated with greater leptin levels independent of age, gender and other confounders (r2 = 0.82, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Circulating leptin is associated with higher proNT levels independent of diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome components; besides its effects on central leptin signaling, NT may influence energy balance by modulating circulating leptin concentration likely through a mechanism involving gut fat absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Barchetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - G Ciccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - F A Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - V Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - M Orho-Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmoe, Sweden
| | - O Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmoe, Sweden
| | - M G Cavallo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Fothergill LJ, Ringuet MT, Sioras E, Hunne B, Fazio Coles TE, Martins PR, Furness JB. Cellular and sub-cellular localisation of oxyntomodulin-like immunoreactivity in enteroendocrine cells of human, mouse, pig and rat. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:359-369. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Adriaenssens AE, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Distribution and Stimulus Secretion Coupling of Enteroendocrine Cells along the Intestinal Tract. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1603-1638. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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75
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Wang D, Meng Q, Leech CA, Yepuri N, Zhang L, Holz GG, Wang C, Cooney RN. α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Regulates the Function and Viability of L Cells. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3132-3142. [PMID: 29992246 PMCID: PMC6456923 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine L cells secrete the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and they also express the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), which may regulate GLP-1 secretion. Here, GTS-21, a selective α7nAChR agonist, was used to examine the effect of α7nAChR activation in L-cell lines, mouse intestinal primary cell cultures, and C57BL/6 mice. GTS-21 stimulated GLP-1 secretion in vitro, and this effect was attenuated by an α7nAChR antagonist or by α7nAChR-specific small interfering RNA. Under in vitro cell culture conditions of glucotoxicity, GTS-21 restored GLP-1 secretion and improved L-cell viability while also acting in vivo to raise levels of circulating GLP-1 in mice. To assess potential signaling mechanisms underlying these actions of GTS-21, we first monitored Ca2+, cAMP, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity. As expected for a GLP-1 secretagogue promoting Ca2+ influx through α7nAChR cation channels, [Ca2+]i increased in response to GTS-21, but [cAMP]i was unchanged. Surprisingly, pharmacological inhibition of growth factor signaling pathways revealed that GTS-21 also acts on the PI3K-protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway to promote L-cell viability. Moreover, the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM counteracted GTS-21‒stimulated PI3K activity, thereby indicating unexpected crosstalk of L-cell Ca2+ and growth factor signaling pathways. Collectively, these data demonstrate that α7nAChR activation enhances GLP-1 secretion by increasing levels of cytosolic Ca2+ while also revealing Ca2+- and PI3K-dependent processes of α7nAChR activation that promote L-cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Qinghe Meng
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Colin A Leech
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Natesh Yepuri
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Chunting Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Correspondence: Robert N. Cooney, MD, Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Suite 8141, Syracuse, New York 13210. E-mail: ; or Chunting Wang, MD, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 9677 Jing 10 Road, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China. E-mail:
| | - Robert N Cooney
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
- Correspondence: Robert N. Cooney, MD, Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Suite 8141, Syracuse, New York 13210. E-mail: ; or Chunting Wang, MD, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, 9677 Jing 10 Road, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China. E-mail:
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Beumer J, Artegiani B, Post Y, Reimann F, Gribble F, Nguyen TN, Zeng H, Van den Born M, Van Es JH, Clevers H. Enteroendocrine cells switch hormone expression along the crypt-to-villus BMP signalling gradient. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:909-916. [PMID: 30038251 PMCID: PMC6276989 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) control a wide range of physiological processes linked to metabolism1. We show that EEC hormones are differentially expressed between crypts (for example, Glp1) and villi (for example, secretin). As demonstrated by single-cell mRNA sequencing using murine Lgr5+ cell-derived organoids, BMP4 signals alter the hormone expression profiles of individual EECs to resemble those found in the villus. Accordingly, BMP4 induces hormone switching of EECs migrating up the crypt-villus axis in vivo. Our findings imply that EEC lineages in the small intestine exhibit a more flexible hormone repertoire than previously proposed. We also describe a protocol to generate human EECs in organoids and demonstrate a similar regulation of hormone expression by BMP signalling. These findings establish alternative strategies to target EECs with therapeutically relevant hormone production through BMP modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Beumer
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Artegiani
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yorick Post
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maaike Van den Born
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan H Van Es
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Billing LJ, Smith CA, Larraufie P, Goldspink DA, Galvin S, Kay RG, Howe JD, Walker R, Pruna M, Glass L, Pais R, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Co-storage and release of insulin-like peptide-5, glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptideYY from murine and human colonic enteroendocrine cells. Mol Metab 2018; 16:65-75. [PMID: 30104166 PMCID: PMC6158034 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin-like peptide-5 (INSL5) is an orexigenic gut hormone found in a subset of colonic and rectal enteroendocrine L-cells together with the anorexigenic hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptideYY (PYY). Unlike GLP-1 and PYY, INSL5 levels are elevated by calorie restriction, raising questions about how these hormones respond to different stimuli when they arise from the same cell type. The aim of the current study was to identify whether and how INSL5, GLP-1 and PYY are co-secreted or differentially secreted from colonic L-cells. METHODS An inducible reporter mouse (Insl5-rtTA) was created to enable selective characterisation of Insl5-expressing cells. Expression profiling and Ca2+-dynamics were assessed using TET-reporter mice. Secretion of INSL5, PYY, and GLP-1 from murine and human colonic crypt cultures was quantified by tandem mass spectrometry. Vesicular co-localisation of the three hormones was analysed in 3D-SIM images of immunofluorescently-labelled murine colonic primary cultures and tissue sections. RESULTS INSL5-producing cells expressed a range of G-protein coupled receptors previously identified in GLP-1 expressing L-cells, including Ffar1, Gpbar1, and Agtr1a. Pharmacological or physiological agonists for these receptors triggered Ca2+ transients in INSL5-producing cells and stimulated INSL5 secretion. INSL5 secretory responses strongly correlated with those of PYY and GLP-1 across a range of stimuli. The majority (>80%) of secretory vesicles co-labelled for INSL5, PYY and GLP-1. CONCLUSIONS INSL5 is largely co-stored with PYY and GLP-1 and all three hormones are co-secreted when INSL5-positive cells are stimulated. Opposing hormonal profiles observed in vivo likely reflect differential stimulation of L-cells in the proximal and distal gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Billing
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | - Christopher A Smith
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | - Pierre Larraufie
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | - Deborah A Goldspink
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | - Sam Galvin
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | - Richard G Kay
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Ryan Walker
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | - Mihai Pruna
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | - Leslie Glass
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | - Ramona Pais
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK.
| | - Frank Reimann
- Institute of Metabolic Sciences and MRC-Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB0 0QQ, UK.
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Kuhre RE, Christiansen CB, Saltiel MY, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ. On the relationship between glucose absorption and glucose-stimulated secretion of GLP-1, neurotensin, and PYY from different intestinal segments in the rat. Physiol Rep 2018; 5. [PMID: 29199179 PMCID: PMC5727272 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingested glucose powerfully stimulates the secretion of appetite‐ and metabolism‐regulating peptide hormones from the gut – including glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), neurotensin (NT), and polypeptide YY (PYY). However, the regional origin of these secretions after glucose stimulation is not well characterized, and it remains uncertain how their secretion is related to glucose absorption. We isolated and perfused either the upper (USI) or the lower (LSI) small intestine or the colon from rats and investigated concomitant glucose absorption and secretory profiles of GLP‐1, NT, and PYY. In the USI and LSI luminal glucose (20%, w/v) increased GLP‐1 and NT secretion five to eightfold compared to basal secretion. Compared to the USI, basal and stimulated GLP‐1 secretion from the colon was 8–10 times lower and no NT secretion was detected. Luminal glucose stimulated secretion of PYY four to fivefold from the LSI and from the USI and colon, but the responses in the USI and colon were 5‐ to 15‐fold lower than in the LSI. Glucose was absorbed to a comparable extent in the USI and LSI by mechanisms that partly depended on both SGLT1 and GLUT2 activity, whereas the absorption in the colon was 80–90% lower. The absorption rates were, however, similar when adjusted for segmental length. Glucose absorption rates and NT, PYY and in particular GLP‐1 secretion were strongly correlated (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that the rate of secretion of GLP‐1, NT, and PYY in response to glucose, regardless of the involved molecular machinery, is predominantly regulated by the rate of glucose absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune E Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte B Christiansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Monika Y Saltiel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bliss ES, Whiteside E. The Gut-Brain Axis, the Human Gut Microbiota and Their Integration in the Development of Obesity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:900. [PMID: 30050464 PMCID: PMC6052131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic, placing socioeconomic strain on public healthcare systems, especially within the so-called Western countries, such as Australia, United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, where energy intake exceeds expenditure. Current non-invasive treatments lack efficacy in combating obesity, suggesting that obesity is a multi-faceted and more complex disease than previously thought. This has led to an increase in research exploring energy homeostasis and the discovery of a complex bidirectional communication axis referred to as the gut-brain axis. The gut-brain axis is comprised of various neurohumoral components that allow the gut and brain to communicate with each other. Communication occurs within the axis via local, paracrine and/or endocrine mechanisms involving a variety of gut-derived peptides produced from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY3-36 (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and oxyntomodulin. Neural networks, such as the enteric nervous system (ENS) and vagus nerve also convey information within the gut-brain axis. Emerging evidence suggests the human gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem residing in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), may influence weight-gain through several inter-dependent pathways including energy harvesting, short-chain fatty-acids (SCFA) signalling, behaviour modifications, controlling satiety and modulating inflammatory responses within the host. Hence, the gut-brain axis, the microbiota and the link between these elements and the role each plays in either promoting or regulating energy and thereby contributing to obesity will be explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S. Bliss
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
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Brubaker PL. Glucagon‐like Peptide‐2 and the Regulation of Intestinal Growth and Function. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1185-1210. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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81
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Egerod KL, Petersen N, Timshel PN, Rekling JC, Wang Y, Liu Q, Schwartz TW, Gautron L. Profiling of G protein-coupled receptors in vagal afferents reveals novel gut-to-brain sensing mechanisms. Mol Metab 2018; 12:62-75. [PMID: 29673577 PMCID: PMC6001940 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) act as transmembrane molecular sensors of neurotransmitters, hormones, nutrients, and metabolites. Because unmyelinated vagal afferents richly innervate the gastrointestinal mucosa, gut-derived molecules may directly modulate the activity of vagal afferents through GPCRs. However, the types of GPCRs expressed in vagal afferents are largely unknown. Here, we determined the expression profile of all GPCRs expressed in vagal afferents of the mouse, with a special emphasis on those innervating the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS Using a combination of high-throughput quantitative PCR, RNA sequencing, and in situ hybridization, we systematically quantified GPCRs expressed in vagal unmyelinated Nav1.8-expressing afferents. RESULTS GPCRs for gut hormones that were the most enriched in Nav1.8-expressing vagal unmyelinated afferents included NTSR1, NPY2R, CCK1R, and to a lesser extent, GLP1R, but not GHSR and GIPR. Interestingly, both GLP1R and NPY2R were coexpressed with CCK1R. In contrast, NTSR1 was coexpressed with GPR65, a marker preferentially enriched in intestinal mucosal afferents. Only few microbiome-derived metabolite sensors such as GPR35 and, to a lesser extent, GPR119 and CaSR were identified in the Nav1.8-expressing vagal afferents. GPCRs involved in lipid sensing and inflammation (e.g. CB1R, CYSLTR2, PTGER4), and neurotransmitters signaling (CHRM4, DRD2, CRHR2) were also highly enriched in Nav1.8-expressing neurons. Finally, we identified 21 orphan GPCRs with unknown functions in vagal afferents. CONCLUSION Overall, this study provides a comprehensive description of GPCR-dependent sensing mechanisms in vagal afferents, including novel coexpression patterns, and conceivably coaction of key receptors for gut-derived molecules involved in gut-brain communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer L Egerod
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Natalia Petersen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pascal N Timshel
- Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens C Rekling
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yibing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Terauchi Y, Yamada Y, Watada H, Nakatsuka Y, Shiosakai K, Washio T, Taguchi T. Efficacy and safety of the G protein-coupled receptor 119 agonist DS-8500a in Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with inadequate glycemic control on sitagliptin: A phase 2 randomized placebo-controlled study. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:1333-1341. [PMID: 29607623 PMCID: PMC6215943 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We evaluated the efficacy and safety of DS‐8500a as add‐on therapy to sitagliptin in Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Materials and Methods This multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase 2 trial randomized patients aged ≥20 years with hemoglobin A1c ≥7.0% and <9.0%, and inadequate glycemic control with sitagliptin 50‐mg monotherapy to receive 25 or 75 mg DS‐8500a, or a placebo, orally. The primary end‐point was change from baseline to day 28 in 24‐h weighted mean glucose. Secondary end‐points included change from baseline in fasting plasma glucose, 2‐h postprandial plasma glucose and lipid profiles. Results Overall, 29, 28 and 27 patients in the placebo, 25‐ and 75‐mg groups, respectively, were analyzed. A significant dose‐dependent reduction was observed in 24‐h weighted mean glucose (linear: P = 0.0006, saturated at 25 mg: P = 0.0003, responded from 75 mg: P = 0.0176) when compared with the placebo (25 mg: −13.19 mg/dL [−0.73 mmol/L], P = 0.0044 vs placebo and 75 mg: −16.12 mg/dL [−0.89 mmol/L], P = 0.0006 vs placebo). A significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose at 75 mg vs placebo was observed (P < 0.001). At 25 and 75 mg, significant reductions of 2‐h postprandial plasma glucose (after breakfast), total cholesterol, low‐cholesterol and triglycerides were observed (all P < 0.05), with a (non‐significant) trend towards increased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Both doses of DS‐8500a were well tolerated. There were no significant treatment‐emergent adverse events leading to discontinuation during the study. Conclusions DS‐8500a was well tolerated, and showed significant glycemic benefits and favorable changes in lipid profile in Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with inadequate glycemic control with sitagliptin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takuo Washio
- Asia Development Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Taguchi
- Clinical Development Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Kuhre RE, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Larsen O, Jepsen SL, Balk-Møller E, Andersen DB, Deacon CF, Schoonjans K, Reimann F, Gribble FM, Albrechtsen R, Hartmann B, Rosenkilde MM, Holst JJ. Bile acids are important direct and indirect regulators of the secretion of appetite- and metabolism-regulating hormones from the gut and pancreas. Mol Metab 2018; 11:84-95. [PMID: 29656109 PMCID: PMC6001409 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Bile acids (BAs) facilitate fat absorption and may play a role in glucose and metabolism regulation, stimulating the secretion of gut hormones. The relative importance and mechanisms involved in BA-stimulated secretion of appetite and metabolism regulating hormones from the gut and pancreas is not well described and was the purpose of this study. Methods The effects of bile acids on the secretion of gut and pancreatic hormones was studied in rats and compared to the most well described nutritional secretagogue: glucose. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the secretion was studied by isolated perfused rat and mouse small intestine and pancreas preparations and supported by immunohistochemistry, expression analysis, and pharmacological studies. Results Bile acids robustly stimulate secretion of not only the incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), but also glucagon and insulin in vivo, to levels comparable to those resulting from glucose stimulation. The mechanisms of GLP-1, neurotensin, and peptide YY (PYY) secretion was secondary to intestinal absorption and depended on activation of basolateral membrane Takeda G-protein receptor 5 (TGR5) receptors on the L-cells in the following order of potency: Lithocholic acid (LCA) >Deoxycholicacid (DCA)>Chenodeoxycholicacid (CDCA)> Cholic acid (CA). Thus BAs did not stimulate secretion of GLP-1 and PYY from perfused small intestine in TGR5 KO mice but stimulated robust responses in wild type littermates. TGR5 is not expressed on α-cells or β-cells, and BAs had no direct effects on glucagon or insulin secretion from the perfused pancreas. Conclusion BAs should be considered not only as fat emulsifiers but also as important regulators of appetite- and metabolism-regulating hormones by activation of basolateral intestinal TGR5. Bile acids stimulate the secretion of metabolism-regulating hormones from the gut. Bile acids stimulate secretion of gut hormones to a similar extent as glucose. Activation of basolateral TGR5 receptors mediates the responses. Bile acids stimulate glucagon and insulin secretion, but only indirectly. Bile acids should be regarded as important regulators of blood glucose and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune E Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olav Larsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara L Jepsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie Balk-Møller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel B Andersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carolyn F Deacon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Reidar Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Lund ML, Egerod KL, Engelstoft MS, Dmytriyeva O, Theodorsson E, Patel BA, Schwartz TW. Enterochromaffin 5-HT cells - A major target for GLP-1 and gut microbial metabolites. Mol Metab 2018; 11:70-83. [PMID: 29576437 PMCID: PMC6001397 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives 5-HT storing enterochromaffin (EC) cells are believed to respond to nutrient and gut microbial components, and 5-HT receptor-expressing afferent vagal neurons have been described to be the major sensors of nutrients in the GI-tract. However, the molecular mechanism through which EC cells sense nutrients and gut microbiota is still unclear. Methods and results TPH1, the 5-HT generating enzyme, and chromogranin A, an acidic protein responsible for secretory granule storage of 5-HT, were highly enriched in FACS-purified EC cells from both small intestine and colon using a 5-HT antibody-based method. Surprisingly, EC cells from the small intestine did not express GPCR sensors for lipid and protein metabolites, such as FFAR1, GPR119, GPBAR1 (TGR5), CaSR, and GPR142, in contrast to the neighboring GLP-1 storing enteroendocrine cell. However, the GLP-1 receptor was particularly highly expressed and enriched in EC cells as judged both by qPCR and by immunohistochemistry using a receptor antibody. GLP-1 receptor agonists robustly stimulated 5-HT secretion from intestinal preparations using both HPLC and a specific amperometric method. Colonic EC cells expressed many different types of known and potential GPCR sensors of microbial metabolites including three receptors for SCFAs, i.e. FFAR2, OLF78, and OLF558 and receptors for aromatic acids, GPR35; secondary bile acids GPBAR1; and acyl-amides and lactate, GPR132. Conclusion Nutrient metabolites apparently do not stimulate EC cells of the small intestine directly but through a paracrine mechanism involving GLP-1 secreted from neighboring enteroendocrine cells. In contrast, colonic EC cells are able to sense a multitude of different metabolites generated by the gut microbiota as well as gut hormones, including GLP-1. Pure intestinal 5-HT cells are obtained through antibody-based FACS sorting. Small intestinal 5-HT cells do not express sensors for nutrient metabolites. Colonic 5-HT cells express multiple types of receptors for gut microbial metabolites. GLP-1 stimulates 5-HT release from ex vivo intestinal preparations. GLP-1 and 5-HT act in series and synergy to control GI-tract and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari L Lund
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolite Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer L Egerod
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolite Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja S Engelstoft
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolite Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oksana Dmytriyeva
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Bhavik A Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, UK
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolite Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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85
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Zakeri R, Batterham RL. Potential mechanisms underlying the effect of bariatric surgery on eating behaviour. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2018; 25:3-11. [PMID: 29120924 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Reduced energy intake, resulting from favourable changes in eating behaviour, is the predominant driver of weight loss following bariatric surgery. Here we review the most recent studies examining the impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy, the two most common bariatric procedures, upon eating behaviour and the suggested underlying biological mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Following RYGB or sleeve gastrectomy, most people report subjective changes in appetite, taste and food preference, with decreased high-fat preference most commonly reported. Objective postsurgery changes in taste and olfactory acuity occur. A new phenomenon, 'meal-size aversion', may contribute to reduced postoperative energy intake. Recent studies provide evidence for peptide YY3-36, glucagon-like peptide-1, ghrelin, neurotensin and oleoylethanolamide as mediators of postoperative eating behaviour changes. Factors modulating these changes include sex, type 2 diabetes status, genetics and bariatric procedure. New studies implicate central dopaminergic and opioid receptor signalling as key neural mediators driving altered eating behaviour. Brain neuroimaging studies show that obesity-associated changes in food-cue responses, brain connectivity and structural abnormalities are normalized following bariatric surgery. SUMMARY Understanding the biological mechanisms mediating the eating behaviour changes engendered by bariatric surgery may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for people with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna Zakeri
- Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospital (UCLH) Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research, UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Rachel L Batterham
- Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- University College London Hospital (UCLH) Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research, UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
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86
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Catry E, Bindels LB, Tailleux A, Lestavel S, Neyrinck AM, Goossens JF, Lobysheva I, Plovier H, Essaghir A, Demoulin JB, Bouzin C, Pachikian BD, Cani PD, Staels B, Dessy C, Delzenne NM. Targeting the gut microbiota with inulin-type fructans: preclinical demonstration of a novel approach in the management of endothelial dysfunction. Gut 2018; 67:271-283. [PMID: 28377388 PMCID: PMC5868295 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the beneficial role of prebiotics on endothelial dysfunction, an early key marker of cardiovascular diseases, in an original mouse model linking steatosis and endothelial dysfunction. DESIGN We examined the contribution of the gut microbiota to vascular dysfunction observed in apolipoprotein E knockout (Apoe-/-) mice fed an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-depleted diet for 12 weeks with or without inulin-type fructans (ITFs) supplementation for the last 15 days. Mesenteric and carotid arteries were isolated to evaluate endothelium-dependent relaxation ex vivo. Caecal microbiota composition (Illumina Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene) and key pathways/mediators involved in the control of vascular function, including bile acid (BA) profiling, gut and liver key gene expression, nitric oxide and gut hormones production were also assessed. RESULTS ITF supplementation totally reverses endothelial dysfunction in mesenteric and carotid arteries of n-3 PUFA-depleted Apoe-/- mice via activation of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase/NO pathway. Gut microbiota changes induced by prebiotic treatment consist in increased NO-producing bacteria, replenishment of abundance in Akkermansia and decreased abundance in bacterial taxa involved in secondary BA synthesis. Changes in gut and liver gene expression also occur upon ITFs suggesting increased glucagon-like peptide 1 production and BA turnover as drivers of endothelium function preservation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that ITF improve endothelial dysfunction, implicating a short-term adaptation of both gut microbiota and key gut peptides. If confirmed in humans, prebiotics could be proposed as a novel approach in the prevention of metabolic disorders-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Catry
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Tailleux
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Univ Lille, Lille, France,INSERM UMR 1011, Lille, France,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France,CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Lestavel
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Univ Lille, Lille, France,INSERM UMR 1011, Lille, France,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France,CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Goossens
- Centre Universitaire de Mesures et d'Analyses, Univ. Lille, Lille, France,EA 7365 GRITA, Lille, France
| | - Irina Lobysheva
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hubert Plovier
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium,Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Belgium
| | - Ahmed Essaghir
- Pole of Experimental Medicine, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Baptiste Demoulin
- Pole of Experimental Medicine, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- IREC Imaging Platform, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Barbara D Pachikian
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium,Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Belgium
| | - Bart Staels
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Univ Lille, Lille, France,INSERM UMR 1011, Lille, France,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France,CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Chantal Dessy
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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87
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Pedro-Botet J, Benaiges D. Neurotensin and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Beyond Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:251. [PMID: 29318777 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pedro-Botet
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital del Mar, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Benaiges
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital del Mar, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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88
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Auclair N, Melbouci L, St-Pierre D, Levy E. Gastrointestinal factors regulating lipid droplet formation in the intestine. Exp Cell Res 2018; 363:1-14. [PMID: 29305172 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLD) are considered as neutral lipid reservoirs, which protect cells from lipotoxicity. It became clear that these fascinating dynamic organelles play a role not only in energy storage and metabolism, but also in cellular lipid and protein handling, inter-organelle communication, and signaling among diverse functions. Their dysregulation is associated with multiple disorders, including obesity, liver steatosis and cardiovascular diseases. The central aim of this review is to highlight the link between intra-enterocyte CLD dynamics and the formation of chylomicrons, the main intestinal dietary lipid vehicle, after overviewing the morphology, molecular composition, biogenesis and functions of CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Auclair
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - L Melbouci
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Department of Sciences and Physical Activities, UQAM, Quebec, Canada H2X 1Y4
| | - D St-Pierre
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Department of Sciences and Physical Activities, UQAM, Quebec, Canada H2X 1Y4
| | - E Levy
- Research Centre, CHU Sainte-Justine and Department of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6.
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89
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Sun EWL, Martin AM, Young RL, Keating DJ. The Regulation of Peripheral Metabolism by Gut-Derived Hormones. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:754. [PMID: 30662430 PMCID: PMC6328484 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells lining the gut epithelium constitute the largest endocrine organ in the body and secrete over 20 different hormones in response to cues from ingested foods and changes in nutritional status. Not only do these hormones convey signals from the gut to the brain via the gut-brain axis, they also act directly on metabolically important peripheral targets in a highly concerted fashion to maintain energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Gut-derived hormones released during fasting tend to be orexigenic and have hyperglycaemic potential. Conversely, gut hormones secreted postprandially generally promote satiety and facilitate glucose clearance. Although some of the metabolic benefits conferred by bariatric surgeries have been ascribed to changes in the secretory profiles of various gut hormones, the therapeutic potential of the enteroendocrine system as a viable target against metabolic diseases remain largely underexploited, except for incretin-mimetics. This review provides a brief overview of the physiological importance and highlights the therapeutic potential of the following gut hormones: serotonin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, glucagon-like peptide 1, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, insulin-like peptide 5, and ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. L. Sun
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alyce M. Martin
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard L. Young
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Damien J. Keating
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Damien J. Keating
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90
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Worthington JJ, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Enteroendocrine cells-sensory sentinels of the intestinal environment and orchestrators of mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:3-20. [PMID: 28853441 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium must balance efficient absorption of nutrients with partitioning commensals and pathogens from the bodies' largest immune system. If this crucial barrier fails, inappropriate immune responses can result in inflammatory bowel disease or chronic infection. Enteroendocrine cells represent 1% of this epithelium and have classically been studied for their detection of nutrients and release of peptide hormones to mediate digestion. Intriguingly, enteroendocrine cells are the key sensors of microbial metabolites, can release cytokines in response to pathogen associated molecules and peptide hormone receptors are expressed on numerous intestinal immune cells; thus enteroendocrine cells are uniquely equipped to be crucial and novel orchestrators of intestinal inflammation. In this review, we introduce enteroendocrine chemosensory roles, summarize studies correlating enteroendocrine perturbations with intestinal inflammation and describe the mechanistic interactions by which enteroendocrine and mucosal immune cells interact during disease; highlighting this immunoendocrine axis as a key aspect of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Worthington
- Lancaster University, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | - F Reimann
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - F M Gribble
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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91
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Hutch CR, Sandoval D. The Role of GLP-1 in the Metabolic Success of Bariatric Surgery. Endocrinology 2017; 158:4139-4151. [PMID: 29040429 PMCID: PMC5711387 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two of the most popular bariatric procedures, vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), are commonly considered metabolic surgeries because they are thought to affect metabolism in a weight loss-independent manner. In support of this classification, improvements in glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and even discontinuation of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) medication can occur before substantial postoperative weight loss. The mechanisms that underlie this effect are unknown. However, one of the common findings after VSG and RYGB in both animal models and humans is the sharp postprandial rise in several gut peptides, including the incretin and satiety peptide glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1). The increase in endogenous GLP-1 signaling has been considered a primary pathway leading to postsurgical weight loss and improvements in glucose metabolism. However, the degree to which GLP-1 and other gut peptides are responsible for the metabolic successes after bariatric surgery is continually debated. In this review we discuss the mechanisms underlying the increase in GLP-1 and its potential role in the metabolic improvements after bariatric surgery, including remission of T2DM. Understanding the role of changes in gut peptides, or lack thereof, will be crucial in understanding the critical factors necessary for the metabolic success of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea R. Hutch
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Darleen Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Abstract
Understanding of the neural and physiological substrates of hunger and satiety has increased rapidly over the last three decades, and pharmacological targets have already been identified for the treatment of obesity that has moved from pre-clinical screening to therapies approved by regulatory authorities. Initially, this review describes the way in which physiological signals of energy availability interact with hedonic and rewarding properties of food to modulate the neural circuitry that supports eating behaviour. This is followed by a brief account of current and promising targets for drug development and a review of the wide range of preclinical paradigms that model important influences on human eating behaviour, and can be used to guide early stages of the drug development process.
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93
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Stefanidis A, Oldfield BJ. Neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying bariatric surgery: Insights from human studies and animal models. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28887853 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and, to date, bariatric surgery remains the only effective treatment for morbid obesity in terms of its capacity to achieve durable weight loss. Bariatric surgery procedures, including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), adjustable gastric banding (AGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), have been the primary procedures conducted over the past decade, with SG increasing in popularity over the past 5 years at the expense of both RYGB and AGB. Although these procedures were initially proposed to function via restrictive or malabsorptive mechanisms, it is now clear that profound physiological changes underlie the metabolic improvements in patients who undergo bariatric surgery. Data generated in human patients and animal models highlight the rapid and sustained changes in gut hormones that coincide with these procedures. Furthermore, recent studies highlight the involvement of the nervous system, specifically the vagus nerve, in mediating the reduction in appetite and food intake following bariatric surgery. What is unclear is where these pathways converge and interact within the gut-brain axis and whether vagally-mediated circuits are sufficient to drive the metabolic sequalae following bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stefanidis
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - B J Oldfield
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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94
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Neurotensin receptor 1 facilitates intracellular and transepithelial delivery of macromolecules. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 119:300-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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95
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Abstract
Gut-brain signaling plays a central role in a range of homeostatic processes, yet details of this cross-talk remain enigmatic. In this issue of Cell, Bellono and colleagues identify a variety of luminal stimuli acting on serotonin-secreting enteroendocrine cells and, for the first time, demonstrate a functional synaptic interaction with neurons.
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96
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Dhanvantari S. Secretory Granules Tell (Almost) All in Enteroendocrine Cells. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2068-2070. [PMID: 28881871 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Savita Dhanvantari
- Lawson Health Research Institute and Western University, London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada
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97
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Fothergill LJ, Callaghan B, Hunne B, Bravo DM, Furness JB. Costorage of Enteroendocrine Hormones Evaluated at the Cell and Subcellular Levels in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2113-2123. [PMID: 28430903 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies reveal complex patterns of hormone coexpression within enteroendocrine cells (EECs), contrary to the traditional view that gut hormones are expressed individually in EECs. Moreover, different hormones have been found in separate subcellular vesicles. However, detailed analysis of relative expression of multiple hormones has not been made. Subcellular studies have been confined to peptide hormones, and have not included the indolamine 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or the neuroendocrine protein chromogranin A (CgA). In the present work, coexpression of 5-HT, CgA, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, and glucagonlike peptide (GLP)-1 in mouse duodenum was quantified at a cellular and subcellular level by semiautomated cell counting and quantitative vesicle measurements. We investigated whether relative numbers of cells with colocalized hormones analyzed at a cell level matched the numbers revealed by examination of individual storage vesicles within cells. CgA and 5-HT were frequently expressed in EECs that contained combinations of GLP-1, ghrelin, secretin, and CCK. Separate subcellular stores of 5-HT, CgA, secretin, CCK, ghrelin, and GLP-1 were identified. In some cases, high-resolution analysis revealed small numbers of immunoreactive vesicles in cells dominated by a different hormone. Thus the observed incidence of cells with colocalized hormones is greater when analyzed at a subcellular, compared with a cellular, level. Subcellular analysis also showed that relative numbers of vesicles differ considerably between cells. Thus separate packaging of hormones that are colocalized is a general feature of EECs, and EECs exhibit substantial heterogeneity, including the colocalization of hormones that were formerly thought to be in cells of different lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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98
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Clemmensen C, Müller TD, Woods SC, Berthoud HR, Seeley RJ, Tschöp MH. Gut-Brain Cross-Talk in Metabolic Control. Cell 2017; 168:758-774. [PMID: 28235194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Because human energy metabolism evolved to favor adiposity over leanness, the availability of palatable, easily attainable, and calorically dense foods has led to unprecedented levels of obesity and its associated metabolic co-morbidities that appear resistant to traditional lifestyle interventions. However, recent progress identifying the molecular signaling pathways through which the brain and the gastrointestinal system communicate to govern energy homeostasis, combined with emerging insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying successful bariatric surgery, gives reason to be optimistic that novel precision medicines that mimic, enhance, and/or modulate gut-brain signaling can have unprecedented potential for stopping the obesity and type 2 diabetes pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Clemmensen
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine, and Nutritional Sciences at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany.
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99
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Monteiro MP, Batterham RL. The Importance of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Controlling Food Intake and Regulating Energy Balance. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1707-1717.e2. [PMID: 28193513 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract, the key interface between ingested nutrients and the body, plays a critical role in regulating energy homeostasis. Gut-derived signals convey information regarding incoming nutrients to the brain, initiating changes in eating behavior and energy expenditure, to maintain energy balance. Here we review hormonal, neural, and nutrient signals emanating from the gastrointestinal tract and evidence for their role in controlling feeding behavior. Mechanistic studies that have utilized pharmacologic and/or transgenic approaches targeting an individual hormone/mediator have yielded somewhat disappointing body weight changes, often leading to the hormone/mediator in question being dismissed as a potential obesity therapy. However, the recent finding of sustained weight reduction in response to systemic administration of a long-acting analog of the gut-hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 highlights the therapeutic potential of gut-derived signals acting via nonphysiologic mechanisms. Thus, we also review therapeutics strategies being utilized or developed to leverage gastrointestinal signals in order to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Monteiro
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal; Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom; University College London Hospitals Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L Batterham
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom; University College London Hospitals Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom.
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100
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Nielsen S, Svane MS, Kuhre RE, Clausen TR, Kristiansen VB, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Bojsen-Moller KN. Chenodeoxycholic acid stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/3/e13140. [PMID: 28202805 PMCID: PMC5309580 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial secretion of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is enhanced after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB), but the precise molecular mechanisms explaining this remain poorly understood. Plasma concentrations of bile acids (BAs) increase after RYGB, and BAs may act as molecular enhancers of GLP‐1 secretion through activation of TGR5‐receptors. We aimed to evaluate GLP‐1 secretion after oral administration of the primary bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and the secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) (which are available for oral use) in RYGB‐operated participants. Eleven participants (BMI 29.1 ± 1.2, age 37.0 ± 3.2 years, time from RYGB 32.3 ± 1.1 months, weight loss after RYGB 37.0 ± 3.1 kg) were studied in a placebo‐controlled, crossover‐study. On three different days, participants ingested (1) placebo (water), (2) UDCA 750 mg, (3) CDCA 1250 mg (highest recommended doses). Oral intake of CDCA increased plasma concentrations of GLP‐1, C‐peptide, glucagon, peptide YY, neurotensin, total bile acids, and fibroblast growth factor 19 significantly compared with placebo (all P < 0.05 for peak and positive incremental area‐under‐the‐curve (piAUC)). All plasma hormone concentrations were unaffected by UDCA. Neither UDCA nor CDCA changed glucose, cholecystokinin or glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) concentrations. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the primary bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid is able to enhance secretion of gut hormones when administered orally in RYGB‐operated patients—even in the absence of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria S Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Viggo B Kristiansen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine N Bojsen-Moller
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark .,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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