951
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Vivarelli S, Salemi R, Candido S, Falzone L, Santagati M, Stefani S, Torino F, Banna GL, Tonini G, Libra M. Gut Microbiota and Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010038. [PMID: 30609850 PMCID: PMC6356461 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multifactorial pathology and it represents the second leading cause of death worldwide. In the recent years, numerous studies highlighted the dual role of the gut microbiota in preserving host’s health. Gut resident bacteria are able to produce a number of metabolites and bioproducts necessary to protect host’s and gut’s homeostasis. Conversely, several microbiota subpopulations may expand during pathological dysbiosis and therefore produce high levels of toxins capable, in turn, to trigger both inflammation and tumorigenesis. Importantly, gut microbiota can interact with the host either modulating directly the gut epithelium or the immune system. Numerous gut populating bacteria, called probiotics, have been identified as protective against the genesis of tumors. Given their capability of preserving gut homeostasis, probiotics are currently tested to help to fight dysbiosis in cancer patients subjected to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Most recently, three independent studies show that specific gut resident species may potentiate the positive outcome of anti-cancer immunotherapy. The highly significant studies, uncovering the tight association between gut microbiota and tumorigenesis, as well as gut microbiota and anti-cancer therapy, are here described. The role of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), as the most studied probiotic model in cancer, is also reported. Overall, according to the findings here summarized, novel strategies integrating probiotics, such as LGG, with conventional anti-cancer therapies are strongly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vivarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Oncologic, Clinic and General Pathology Section, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Rossella Salemi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Oncologic, Clinic and General Pathology Section, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Oncologic, Clinic and General Pathology Section, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Luca Falzone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Oncologic, Clinic and General Pathology Section, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Maria Santagati
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Francesco Torino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Giuseppe Tonini
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Oncologic, Clinic and General Pathology Section, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
- Research Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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952
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Abstract
Human T cells are a highly heterogeneous population and can recognize a wide variety of antigens by their T cell receptors (TCRs). Tumor cells display a large repertoire of antigens that serve as potential targets for recognition, thus making T cells in the tumor micro-environment more complicated. Making a connection between TCRs and the transcriptional information of individual T cells will be interesting for investigating clonal expansion within T cell populations under pathologic conditions. Advances in single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) have allowed for comprehensive analysis of T cells. In this review, we briefly describe the research progress on tumor micro-environment T cells using single cell RNA sequencing, and then discuss how scRNA-seq can be used to resolve immune system heterogeneity in health and disease. Finally, we point out future directions in this field and potential for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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953
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Adler M, Korem Kohanim Y, Tendler A, Mayo A, Alon U. Continuum of Gene-Expression Profiles Provides Spatial Division of Labor within a Differentiated Cell Type. Cell Syst 2019; 8:43-52.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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954
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Sudo N. Biogenic Amines: Signals Between Commensal Microbiota and Gut Physiology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:504. [PMID: 31417492 PMCID: PMC6685489 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the interactions among the gut microbiota, gut, and brain, which is often referred to as the "microbiota-gut-brain" axis. Biogenic amines including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamines are all generated by commensal gut microorganisms and are suggested to play roles as signaling molecules mediating the function of the "microbiota-gut-brain" axis. In addition, such amines generated in the gut have attracted attention in terms of possible clues into the etiologies of depression, anxiety, and even psychosis. This review covers the latest research related to the potential role of microbe-derived amines such as catecholamine, serotonin, histamine, as well as other trace amines, in modulating not only gut physiology but also brain function of the host. Further attention in this field can offer not only insight into expanding the fundamental roles and impacts of the human microbiome, but also further offer new therapeutic strategies for psychological disorders based on regulating the balance of resident bacteria.
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955
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Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation and recycling machinery by which cellular materials are delivered to the lysosome for disposal. Beyond lysosomal degradation, autophagy genes play additional roles in secretion and membrane-trafficking pathways. Ranging from cell-intrinsic and cell-type-specific regulation of innate inflammatory signaling pathways to intercellular cross talk through secretion of soluble factors (e.g., shaping the MHC immunopeptidome for T cell response, etc.), autophagy exerts multiple functions in driving inflammation and modulating the pathological progression of immune-related disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, autoimmunity, and metabolic diseases. Notably, owing to the complexity of autophagy process involving multiple proteins and stepwise assembly of protein complexes, noncanonical forms of autophagy or autophagic proteins, which function beyond autophagy, are equally important in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and pathogenesis. This chapter summarizes the most up-to-date findings of autophagy proteins in the regulation of immune-related diseases. Understanding of the autophagy machinery offers therapeutic strategies for treating inflammatory diseases.
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956
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Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is one the fastest renewing tissues in mammals and is endowed with extensive adaptability. The more traditional view of a hierarchical organization of the gut has recently given way to a more dynamic model in which various cell types within the intestinal epithelium can de-differentiate and function as an alternative source of stem cells upon tissue damage and stress conditions such as inflammation and tumorigenesis. Here, we will review the mechanistic principles and key players involved in intestinal plasticity and discuss potential therapeutic implications of cellular plasticity in regenerative medicine and cancer.
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957
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Rodriguez J, Ren G, Day CR, Zhao K, Chow CC, Larson DR. Intrinsic Dynamics of a Human Gene Reveal the Basis of Expression Heterogeneity. Cell 2018; 176:213-226.e18. [PMID: 30554876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation in metazoans occurs through long-range genomic contacts between enhancers and promoters, and most genes are transcribed in episodic "bursts" of RNA synthesis. To understand the relationship between these two phenomena and the dynamic regulation of genes in response to upstream signals, we describe the use of live-cell RNA imaging coupled with Hi-C measurements and dissect the endogenous regulation of the estrogen-responsive TFF1 gene. Although TFF1 is highly induced, we observe short active periods and variable inactive periods ranging from minutes to days. The heterogeneity in inactive times gives rise to the widely observed "noise" in human gene expression and explains the distribution of protein levels in human tissue. We derive a mathematical model of regulation that relates transcription, chromosome structure, and the cell's ability to sense changes in estrogen and predicts that hypervariability is largely dynamic and does not reflect a stable biological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gang Ren
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Behesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher R Day
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keji Zhao
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Behesda, MD, USA
| | - Carson C Chow
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Daniel R Larson
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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958
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Goldspink DA, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Models and Tools for Studying Enteroendocrine Cells. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3874-3884. [PMID: 30239642 PMCID: PMC6215081 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gut hormones produced by gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells modulate key physiological processes including glucose homeostasis and food intake, making them potential therapeutic candidates to treat obesity and diabetes. Understanding the function of enteroendocrine cells and the molecular mechanisms driving hormone production is a key step toward mobilizing endogenous hormone reserves in the gut as a therapeutic strategy. In this review, we will discuss the variety of ex vivo and in vitro model systems driving this research and their contributions to our current understanding of nutrient-sensing mechanisms in enteroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Goldspink
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Fiona M. Gribble, DPhil, BM, BCh, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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959
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Brazovskaja A, Treutlein B, Camp JG. High-throughput single-cell transcriptomics on organoids. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 55:167-171. [PMID: 30504008 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) tissues grown in culture from human stem cells offer the incredible opportunity to analyze and manipulate human development, and to generate patient-specific models of disease. Methods to sequence DNA and RNA in single cells are being used to analyze these so-called 'organoid' systems in high-resolution. Single-cell transcriptomics has been used to quantitate the similarity of organoid cells to primary tissue counterparts in the brain, intestine, liver, and kidney, as well as identify cell-specific responses to environmental variables and disease conditions. The merging of these two technologies, single-cell genomics and organoids, will have profound impact on personalized medicine in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Treutlein
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Technical University Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - J Gray Camp
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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960
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Lafzi A, Moutinho C, Picelli S, Heyn H. Tutorial: guidelines for the experimental design of single-cell RNA sequencing studies. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:2742-2757. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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961
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Wang M, Zhang FK, Elsheikha HM, Zhang NZ, He JJ, Luo JX, Zhu XQ. Transcriptomic insights into the early host-pathogen interaction of cat intestine with Toxoplasma gondii. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:592. [PMID: 30428922 PMCID: PMC6236892 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although sexual reproduction of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii exclusively occurs in the cat intestine, knowledge about the alteration of gene expression in the intestine of cats infected with T. gondii is still limited. Here, we investigated the temporal transcriptional changes that occur in the cat intestine during T. gondii infection. Methods Cats were infected with 100 T. gondii cysts and their intestines were collected at 6, 12, 18, 24, 72 and 96 hours post-infection (hpi). RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) Illumina technology was used to gain insight into the spectrum of genes that are differentially expressed due to infection. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was also used to validate the level of expression of a set of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained by sequencing. Results Our transcriptome analysis revealed 2363 DEGs that were clustered into six unique patterns of gene expression across all the time points after infection. Our analysis revealed 56, 184, 404, 508, 400 and 811 DEGs in infected intestines compared to uninfected controls at 6, 12, 18, 24, 72 and 96 hpi, respectively. RNA-Seq results were confirmed by qRT-PCR. DEGs were mainly enriched in catalytic activity and metabolic process based on gene ontology enrichment analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that transcriptional changes in the intestine of infected cats evolve over the course of infection, and the largest difference in the enriched pathways was observed at 96 hpi. The anti-T. gondii defense response of the feline host was mediated by Major Histocompatibility Complex class I, proteasomes, heat-shock proteins and fatty acid binding proteins. Conclusions This study revealed novel host factors, which may be critical for the successful establishment of an intracellular niche during T. gondii infection in the definitive feline host. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3179-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Nian-Zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Xun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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962
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Gracz AD, Samsa LA, Fordham MJ, Trotier DC, Zwarycz B, Lo YH, Bao K, Starmer J, Raab JR, Shroyer NF, Reinhardt RL, Magness ST. Sox4 Promotes Atoh1-Independent Intestinal Secretory Differentiation Toward Tuft and Enteroendocrine Fates. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1508-1523.e10. [PMID: 30055169 PMCID: PMC6232678 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The intestinal epithelium is maintained by intestinal stem cells (ISCs), which produce postmitotic absorptive and secretory epithelial cells. Initial fate specification toward enteroendocrine, goblet, and Paneth cell lineages requires the transcription factor Atoh1, which regulates differentiation of the secretory cell lineage. However, less is known about the origin of tuft cells, which participate in type II immune responses to parasite infections and appear to differentiate independently of Atoh1. We investigated the role of Sox4 in ISC differentiation. METHODS We performed experiments in mice with intestinal epithelial-specific disruption of Sox4 (Sox4fl/fl:vilCre; SOX4 conditional knockout [cKO]) and mice without disruption of Sox4 (control mice). Crypt- and single-cell-derived organoids were used in assays to measure proliferation and ISC potency. Lineage allocation and gene expression changes were studied by immunofluorescence, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and RNA-seq analyses. Intestinal organoids were incubated with the type 2 cytokine interleukin 13 and gene expression was analyzed. Mice were infected with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and intestinal tissues were collected 7 days later for analysis. Intestinal tissues collected from mice that express green fluorescent protein regulated by the Atoh1 promoter (Atoh1GFP mice) and single-cell RNA-seq analysis were used to identify cells that coexpress Sox4 and Atoh1. We generated SOX4-inducible intestinal organoids derived from Atoh1fl/fl:vilCreER (ATOH1 inducible knockout) mice and assessed differentiation. RESULTS Sox4cKO mice had impaired ISC function and secretory differentiation, resulting in decreased numbers of tuft and enteroendocrine cells. In control mice, numbers of SOX4+ cells increased significantly after helminth infection, coincident with tuft cell hyperplasia. Sox4 was activated by interleukin 13 in control organoids; SOX4cKO mice had impaired tuft cell hyperplasia and parasite clearance after infection with helminths. In single-cell RNA-seq analysis, Sox4+/Atoh1- cells were enriched for ISC, progenitor, and tuft cell genes; 12.5% of Sox4-expressing cells coexpressed Atoh1 and were enriched for enteroendocrine genes. In organoids, overexpression of Sox4 was sufficient to induce differentiation of tuft and enteroendocrine cells-even in the absence of Atoh1. CONCLUSIONS We found Sox4 promoted tuft and enteroendocrine cell lineage allocation independently of Atoh1. These results challenge the longstanding model in which Atoh1 is the sole regulator of secretory differentiation in the intestine and are relevant for understanding epithelial responses to parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Gracz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Leigh Ann Samsa
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew J Fordham
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Danny C Trotier
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bailey Zwarycz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yuan-Hung Lo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Katherine Bao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joshua Starmer
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jesse R Raab
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Noah F Shroyer
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - R Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Scott T Magness
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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963
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Biton M, Haber AL, Rogel N, Burgin G, Beyaz S, Schnell A, Ashenberg O, Su CW, Smillie C, Shekhar K, Chen Z, Wu C, Ordovas-Montanes J, Alvarez D, Herbst RH, Zhang M, Tirosh I, Dionne D, Nguyen LT, Xifaras ME, Shalek AK, von Andrian UH, Graham DB, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Shi HN, Kuchroo V, Yilmaz OH, Regev A, Xavier RJ. T Helper Cell Cytokines Modulate Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal and Differentiation. Cell 2018; 175:1307-1320.e22. [PMID: 30392957 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the small intestine, a niche of accessory cell types supports the generation of mature epithelial cell types from intestinal stem cells (ISCs). It is unclear, however, if and how immune cells in the niche affect ISC fate or the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to identify MHC class II (MHCII) machinery enrichment in two subsets of Lgr5+ ISCs. We show that MHCII+ Lgr5+ ISCs are non-conventional antigen-presenting cells in co-cultures with CD4+ T helper (Th) cells. Stimulation of intestinal organoids with key Th cytokines affects Lgr5+ ISC renewal and differentiation in opposing ways: pro-inflammatory signals promote differentiation, while regulatory cells and cytokines reduce it. In vivo genetic perturbation of Th cells or MHCII expression on Lgr5+ ISCs impacts epithelial cell differentiation and IEC fate during infection. These interactions between Th cells and Lgr5+ ISCs, thus, orchestrate tissue-wide responses to external signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Biton
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Adam L Haber
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Noga Rogel
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Grace Burgin
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Semir Beyaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Alexandra Schnell
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Orr Ashenberg
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chien-Wen Su
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Christopher Smillie
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Karthik Shekhar
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science (IMES) and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology and Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca H Herbst
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mei Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Itay Tirosh
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Danielle Dionne
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lan T Nguyen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael E Xifaras
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science (IMES) and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology and Center for Immune Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel B Graham
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Hai Ning Shi
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Vijay Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Omer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Microbiome informatics and Therapeutics, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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964
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Raj B, Gagnon JA, Schier AF. Large-scale reconstruction of cell lineages using single-cell readout of transcriptomes and CRISPR-Cas9 barcodes by scGESTALT. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:2685-2713. [PMID: 30353175 PMCID: PMC6279253 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lineage relationships among the large number of heterogeneous cell types generated during development are difficult to reconstruct in a high-throughput manner. We recently established a method, scGESTALT, that combines cumulative editing of a lineage barcode array by CRISPR-Cas9 with large-scale transcriptional profiling using droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). The technique generates edits in the barcode array over multiple timepoints using Cas9 and pools of single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) introduced during early and late zebrafish embryonic development, which distinguishes it from similar Cas9 lineage-tracing methods. The recorded lineages are captured, along with thousands of cellular transcriptomes, to build lineage trees with hundreds of branches representing relationships among profiled cell types. Here, we provide details for (i) generating transgenic zebrafish; (ii) performing multi-timepoint barcode editing; (iii) building scRNA-seq libraries from brain tissue; and (iv) concurrently amplifying lineage barcodes from captured single cells. Generating transgenic lines takes 6 months, and performing barcode editing and generating single-cell libraries involve 7 d of hands-on time. scGESTALT provides a scalable platform to map lineage relationships between cell types in any system that permits genome editing during development, regeneration, or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Raj
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - James A Gagnon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alexander F Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Allen Discovery Center for Cell Lineage Tracing, Seattle, WA, USA
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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965
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Bankaitis ED, Ha A, Kuo CJ, Magness ST. Reserve Stem Cells in Intestinal Homeostasis and Injury. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1348-1361. [PMID: 30118745 PMCID: PMC7493459 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renewal of the intestinal epithelium occurs approximately every week and requires a careful balance between cell proliferation and differentiation to maintain proper lineage ratios and support absorptive, secretory, and barrier functions. We review models used to study the mechanisms by which intestinal stem cells (ISCs) fuel the rapid turnover of the epithelium during homeostasis and might support epithelial regeneration after injury. In anatomically defined zones of the crypt stem cell niche, phenotypically distinct active and reserve ISC populations are believed to support homeostatic epithelial renewal and injury-induced regeneration, respectively. However, other cell types previously thought to be committed to differentiated states might also have ISC activity and participate in regeneration. Efforts are underway to reconcile the proposed relatively strict hierarchical relationships between reserve and active ISC pools and their differentiated progeny; findings from models provide evidence for phenotypic plasticity that is common among many if not all crypt-resident intestinal epithelial cells. We discuss the challenges to consensus on ISC nomenclature, technical considerations, and limitations inherent to methodologies used to define reserve ISCs, and the need for standardized metrics to quantify and compare the relative contributions of different epithelial cell types to homeostatic turnover and post-injury regeneration. Increasing our understanding of the high-resolution genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that regulate reserve ISC function and cell plasticity will help refine these models and could affect approaches to promote tissue regeneration after intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Bankaitis
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology & Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Andrew Ha
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Division, and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Calvin J. Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Division, and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305,Co-Corresponding Authors: Calvin J. Kuo: , Scott T. Magness: , Calvin J. Kuo: Stanford University School of Medicine, Lokey Stem Cell Research Building G2034A, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305; Scott T. Magness, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Rd. CB# 7032, MBRB Rm 4337, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Joint Departments of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology & Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Co-Corresponding Authors: Calvin J. Kuo: , Scott T. Magness: , Calvin J. Kuo: Stanford University School of Medicine, Lokey Stem Cell Research Building G2034A, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305; Scott T. Magness, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Rd. CB# 7032, MBRB Rm 4337, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
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966
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Knoop KA, Newberry RD. Goblet cells: multifaceted players in immunity at mucosal surfaces. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1551-1557. [PMID: 29867079 PMCID: PMC8767637 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Goblet cells (GCs) are specialized epithelial cells that line multiple mucosal surfaces and have a well-appreciated role in barrier maintenance through the secretion of mucus. Moreover, GCs secrete anti-microbial proteins, chemokines, and cytokines demonstrating functions in innate immunity beyond barrier maintenance. Recently it was appreciated that GCs can form goblet cell-associated antigen passages (GAPs) and deliver luminal substances to underlying lamina propria (LP) antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in a manner capable of inducing adaptive immune responses. GCs at other mucosal surfaces share characteristics with the GAP forming intestinal GCs, suggesting that GAP formation may not be restricted to the gut, and that GCs may perform this gatekeeper function at other mucosal surfaces. Here we review observations of how GCs contribute to immunity at mucosal surfaces through barrier maintenance, the delivery of luminal substances to APCs, interactions with APCs, and secretion of factors modulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Knoop
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO 63123,Send correspondence to: , 314-362-2670, Fax 314-362-2609, Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to KAK
| | - Rodney D. Newberry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO 63123
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967
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O'Leary CE, Schneider C, Locksley RM. Tuft Cells-Systemically Dispersed Sensory Epithelia Integrating Immune and Neural Circuitry. Annu Rev Immunol 2018; 37:47-72. [PMID: 30379593 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuft cells-rare solitary chemosensory cells in mucosal epithelia-are undergoing intense scientific scrutiny fueled by recent discovery of unsuspected connections to type 2 immunity. These cells constitute a conduit by which ligands from the external space are sensed via taste-like signaling pathways to generate outputs unique among epithelial cells: the cytokine IL-25, eicosanoids associated with allergic immunity, and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The classic type II taste cell transcription factor POU2F3 is lineage defining, suggesting a conceptualization of these cells as widely distributed environmental sensors with effector functions interfacing type 2 immunity and neural circuits. Increasingly refined single-cell analytics have revealed diversity among tuft cells that extends from nasal epithelia and type II taste cells to ex-Aire-expressing medullary thymic cells and small-intestine cells that mediate tissue remodeling in response to colonizing helminths and protists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E O'Leary
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; , ,
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; , ,
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; , , .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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968
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Kaelberer MM, Buchanan KL, Klein ME, Barth BB, Montoya MM, Shen X, Bohórquez DV. A gut-brain neural circuit for nutrient sensory transduction. Science 2018; 361:361/6408/eaat5236. [PMID: 30237325 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat5236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain is thought to sense gut stimuli only via the passive release of hormones. This is because no connection has been described between the vagus and the putative gut epithelial sensor cell-the enteroendocrine cell. However, these electrically excitable cells contain several features of epithelial transducers. Using a mouse model, we found that enteroendocrine cells synapse with vagal neurons to transduce gut luminal signals in milliseconds by using glutamate as a neurotransmitter. These synaptically connected enteroendocrine cells are referred to henceforth as neuropod cells. The neuroepithelial circuit they form connects the intestinal lumen to the brainstem in one synapse, opening a physical conduit for the brain to sense gut stimuli with the temporal precision and topographical resolution of a synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bradley B Barth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marcia M Montoya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Diego V Bohórquez
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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969
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Modeling Host-Pathogen Interactions in the Context of the Microenvironment: Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Comes of Age. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00282-18. [PMID: 30181350 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00282-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissues and organs provide the structural and biochemical landscapes upon which microbial pathogens and commensals function to regulate health and disease. While flat two-dimensional (2-D) monolayers composed of a single cell type have provided important insight into understanding host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease mechanisms, these reductionist models lack many essential features present in the native host microenvironment that are known to regulate infection, including three-dimensional (3-D) architecture, multicellular complexity, commensal microbiota, gas exchange and nutrient gradients, and physiologically relevant biomechanical forces (e.g., fluid shear, stretch, compression). A major challenge in tissue engineering for infectious disease research is recreating this dynamic 3-D microenvironment (biological, chemical, and physical/mechanical) to more accurately model the initiation and progression of host-pathogen interactions in the laboratory. Here we review selected 3-D models of human intestinal mucosa, which represent a major portal of entry for infectious pathogens and an important niche for commensal microbiota. We highlight seminal studies that have used these models to interrogate host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease mechanisms, and we present this literature in the appropriate historical context. Models discussed include 3-D organotypic cultures engineered in the rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor, extracellular matrix (ECM)-embedded/organoid models, and organ-on-a-chip (OAC) models. Collectively, these technologies provide a more physiologically relevant and predictive framework for investigating infectious disease mechanisms and antimicrobial therapies at the intersection of the host, microbe, and their local microenvironments.
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970
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Fothergill LJ, Furness JB. Diversity of enteroendocrine cells investigated at cellular and subcellular levels: the need for a new classification scheme. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:693-702. [PMID: 30357510 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells were historically classified by a letter code, each linked to a single hormone, deduced to be the only hormone produced by the cell. One type, the L cell, was recognised to store and secrete two products, peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-related peptides. Many other exceptions to the one-cell one-hormone classifications have been reported over the last 40 years or so, and yet the one-hormone dogma has persisted. In the last 6 years, a plethora of data has appeared that makes the concept unviable. Here, we describe the evidence that multiple hormone transcripts and their products reside in single cells and evidence that the hormones are often, but not always, processed into separate storage vesicles. It has become clear that most enteroendocrine cells contain multiple hormones. For example, most secretin cells contain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and in mouse many of these also contain cholecystokinin (CCK). Furthermore, CCK cells also commonly store ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), neurotensin, and PYY. Several hormones, for example, secretin and 5-HT, are in separate storage vesicles at a subcellular level. Hormone patterns can differ considerably between species. Another complication is that relative levels of expression vary substantially. This means that data are significantly influenced by the sensitivities of detection techniques. For example, a hormone that can be detected in storage vesicles by super-resolution microscopy may not be above threshold for detection by conventional fluorescence microscopy. New nomenclature for cell clusters with common attributes will need to be devised and old classifications abandoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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971
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Yap GS, Gause WC. Helminth Infections Induce Tissue Tolerance Mitigating Immunopathology but Enhancing Microbial Pathogen Susceptibility. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2135. [PMID: 30386324 PMCID: PMC6198046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminths are ubiquitous and have chronically infected vertebrates throughout their evolution. As such helminths have likely exerted considerable selection pressure on our immune systems. The large size of multicellular helminths and their limited replicative capacity in the host necessarily elicits different host protective mechanisms than the immune response evoked by microbial pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and intracellular parasites. The cellular damage resulting from helminth migration through tissues is a major trigger of the type 2 and regulatory immune responses, which activates wound repair mechanisms that increases tissue tolerance to injury and resistance mechanisms that enhance resistance to further colonization with larval stages. While these wound healing and anti-inflammatory responses may be beneficial to the helminth infected host, they may also compromise the host's ability to mount protective immune responses to microbial pathogens. In this review we will first describe helminth-induced tolerance mechanisms that develop in specific organs including the lung and the intestine, and how adaptive immunity may contribute to these responses through differential activation of T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs. We will then integrate studies that have examined how the immune response is modulated in these specific tissues during coinfection of helminths with viruses, protozoa, and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Yap
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - William C Gause
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
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972
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Nakamura T. Recent progress in organoid culture to model intestinal epithelial barrier functions. Int Immunol 2018; 31:13-21. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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973
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Schaum N, Karkanias J, Neff NF, May AP, Quake SR, Wyss-Coray T, Darmanis S, Batson J, Botvinnik O, Chen MB, Chen S, Green F, Jones R, Maynard A, Penland L, Pisco AO, Sit RV, Stanley GM, Webber JT, Zanini F, Baghel AS, Bakerman I, Bansal I, Berdnik D, Bilen B, Brownfield D, Cain C, Chen MB, Chen S, Cho M, Cirolia G, Conley SD, Darmanis S, Demers A, Demir K, de Morree A, Divita T, du Bois H, Dulgeroff LBT, Ebadi H, Espinoza FH, Fish M, Gan Q, George BM, Gillich A, Green F, Genetiano G, Gu X, Gulati GS, Hang Y, Hosseinzadeh S, Huang A, Iram T, Isobe T, Ives F, Jones R, Kao KS, Karnam G, Kershner AM, Kiss BM, Kong W, Kumar ME, Lam J, Lee DP, Lee SE, Li G, Li Q, Liu L, Lo A, Lu WJ, Manjunath A, May AP, May KL, May OL, Maynard A, McKay M, Metzger RJ, Mignardi M, Min D, Nabhan AN, Neff NF, Ng KM, Noh J, Patkar R, Peng WC, Penland L, Puccinelli R, Rulifson EJ, Schaum N, Sikandar SS, Sinha R, Sit RV, Szade K, Tan W, Tato C, Tellez K, Travaglini KJ, Tropini C, Waldburger L, van Weele LJ, Wosczyna MN, Xiang J, Xue S, Youngyunpipatkul J, Zanini F, Zardeneta ME, Zhang F, Zhou L, Bansal I, Chen S, Cho M, Cirolia G, Darmanis S, Demers A, Divita T, Ebadi H, Genetiano G, Green F, Hosseinzadeh S, Ives F, Lo A, May AP, Maynard A, McKay M, Neff NF, Penland L, Sit RV, Tan W, Waldburger L, oungyunpipatkul JY, Batson J, Botvinnik O, Castro P, Croote D, Darmanis S, DeRisi JL, Karkanias J, Pisco AO, Stanley GM, Webber JT, Zanini F, Baghel AS, Bakerman I, Batson J, Bilen B, Botvinnik O, Brownfield D, Chen MB, Darmanis S, Demir K, de Morree A, Ebadi H, Espinoza FH, Fish M, Gan Q, George BM, Gillich A, Gu X, Gulati GS, Hang Y, Huang A, Iram T, Isobe T, Karnam G, Kershner AM, Kiss BM, Kong W, Kuo CS, Lam J, Lehallier B, Li G, Li Q, Liu L, Lu WJ, Min D, Nabhan AN, Ng KM, Nguyen PK, Patkar R, Peng WC, Penland L, Rulifson EJ, Schaum N, Sikandar SS, Sinha R, Szade K, Tan SY, Tellez K, Travaglini KJ, Tropini C, van Weele LJ, Wang BM, Wosczyna MN, Xiang J, Yousef H, Zhou L, Batson J, Botvinnik O, Chen S, Darmanis S, Green F, May AP, Maynard A, Pisco AO, Quake SR, Schaum N, Stanley GM, Webber JT, Wyss-Coray T, Zanini F, Beachy PA, Chan CKF, de Morree A, George BM, Gulati GS, Hang Y, Huang KC, Iram T, Isobe T, Kershner AM, Kiss BM, Kong W, Li G, Li Q, Liu L, Lu WJ, Nabhan AN, Ng KM, Nguyen PK, Peng WC, Rulifson EJ, Schaum N, Sikandar SS, Sinha R, Szade K, Travaglini KJ, Tropini C, Wang BM, Weinberg K, Wosczyna MN, Wu SM, Yousef H, Barres BA, Beachy PA, Chan CKF, Clarke MF, Darmanis S, Huang KC, Karkanias J, Kim SK, Krasnow MA, Kumar ME, Kuo CS, May AP, Metzger RJ, Neff NF, Nusse R, Nguyen PK, Rando TA, Sonnenburg J, Wang BM, Weinberg K, Weissman IL, Wu SM, Quake SR, Wyss-Coray T. Single-cell transcriptomics of 20 mouse organs creates a Tabula Muris. Nature 2018; 562:367-372. [PMID: 30283141 PMCID: PMC6642641 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1604] [Impact Index Per Article: 267.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a compendium of single-cell transcriptomic data from the model organism Mus musculus that comprises more than 100,000 cells from 20 organs and tissues. These data represent a new resource for cell biology, reveal gene expression in poorly characterized cell populations and enable the direct and controlled comparison of gene expression in cell types that are shared between tissues, such as T lymphocytes and endothelial cells from different anatomical locations. Two distinct technical approaches were used for most organs: one approach, microfluidic droplet-based 3'-end counting, enabled the survey of thousands of cells at relatively low coverage, whereas the other, full-length transcript analysis based on fluorescence-activated cell sorting, enabled the characterization of cell types with high sensitivity and coverage. The cumulative data provide the foundation for an atlas of transcriptomic cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Schaum
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jim Karkanias
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Norma F. Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew P. May
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen R. Quake
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, V.A. Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | | - Joshua Batson
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Michelle B. Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Steven Chen
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Foad Green
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rene V. Sit
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey M. Stanley
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Fabio Zanini
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ankit S Baghel
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Isaac Bakerman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ishita Bansal
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniela Berdnik
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Biter Bilen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Douglas Brownfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Corey Cain
- Flow Cytometry Core, V.A. Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Michelle B. Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Steven Chen
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Min Cho
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Giana Cirolia
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephanie D. Conley
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Aaron Demers
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kubilay Demir
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
| | - Antoine de Morree
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tessa Divita
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Haley du Bois
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Laughing Bear Torrez Dulgeroff
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hamid Ebadi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - F. Hernán Espinoza
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matt Fish
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Qiang Gan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benson M. George
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Astrid Gillich
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Foad Green
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Xueying Gu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gunsagar S. Gulati
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yan Hang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Albin Huang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tal Iram
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Taichi Isobe
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Feather Ives
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert Jones
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kevin S. Kao
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Guruswamy Karnam
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aaron M. Kershner
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bernhard M. Kiss
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - William Kong
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Maya E. Kumar
- Sean N. Parker Center for Asthma and Allergy Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Lam
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Davis P. Lee
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, V.A. Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Song E. Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Annie Lo
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wan-Jin Lu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anoop Manjunath
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrew P. May
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kaia L. May
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Oliver L. May
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Marina McKay
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ross J. Metzger
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Marco Mignardi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dullei Min
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University school of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ahmad N. Nabhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Norma F. Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Katharine M. Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Joseph Noh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rasika Patkar
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Weng Chuan Peng
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | | | - Eric J. Rulifson
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Schaum
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shaheen S. Sikandar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rene V. Sit
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Krzysztof Szade
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Weilun Tan
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cristina Tato
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Krissie Tellez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kyle J. Travaglini
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Carolina Tropini
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Linda J. van Weele
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael N. Wosczyna
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jinyi Xiang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Soso Xue
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Fabio Zanini
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Macy E. Zardeneta
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, V.A. Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Ishita Bansal
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven Chen
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Min Cho
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Giana Cirolia
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Aaron Demers
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tessa Divita
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hamid Ebadi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Foad Green
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Feather Ives
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Annie Lo
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew P. May
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Marina McKay
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Norma F. Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Rene V. Sit
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Weilun Tan
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua Batson
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Paola Castro
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Derek Croote
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Jim Karkanias
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey M. Stanley
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Fabio Zanini
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ankit S. Baghel
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Isaac Bakerman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Joshua Batson
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Biter Bilen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Douglas Brownfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michelle B. Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Kubilay Demir
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
| | - Antoine de Morree
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hamid Ebadi
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - F. Hernán Espinoza
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matt Fish
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Qiang Gan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benson M. George
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Astrid Gillich
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Xueying Gu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gunsagar S. Gulati
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yan Hang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Albin Huang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tal Iram
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Taichi Isobe
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Guruswamy Karnam
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aaron M. Kershner
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bernhard M. Kiss
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - William Kong
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christin S. Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University school of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Lam
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benoit Lehallier
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wan-Jin Lu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dullei Min
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University school of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ahmad N. Nabhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Katharine M. Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Patricia K. Nguyen
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rasika Patkar
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Weng Chuan Peng
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Eric J. Rulifson
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Schaum
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shaheen S. Sikandar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Krzysztof Szade
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Serena Y. Tan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Krissie Tellez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kyle J. Travaglini
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Carolina Tropini
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Linda J. van Weele
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bruce M. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael N. Wosczyna
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jinyi Xiang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hanadie Yousef
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Joshua Batson
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Steven Chen
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Foad Green
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew P. May
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen R. Quake
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Schaum
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey M. Stanley
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, V.A. Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Fabio Zanini
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Philip A. Beachy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Charles K. F. Chan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California USA
| | - Antoine de Morree
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benson M. George
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gunsagar S. Gulati
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yan Hang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tal Iram
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Taichi Isobe
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Aaron M. Kershner
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bernhard M. Kiss
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - William Kong
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Qingyun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wan-Jin Lu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ahmad N. Nabhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Katharine M. Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Patricia K. Nguyen
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Weng Chuan Peng
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric J. Rulifson
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Schaum
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shaheen S. Sikandar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Krzysztof Szade
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Kyle J. Travaglini
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Carolina Tropini
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bruce M. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenneth Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University school of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael N. Wosczyna
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sean M. Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hanadie Yousef
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ben A. Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Philip A. Beachy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Charles K. F. Chan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California USA
| | - Michael F. Clarke
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jim Karkanias
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Seung K. Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California USA
| | - Mark A. Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
| | - Maya E. Kumar
- Sean N. Parker Center for Asthma and Allergy Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christin S. Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University school of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrew P. May
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ross J. Metzger
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Norma F. Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Roel Nusse
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Patricia K. Nguyen
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas A. Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, V.A. Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Justin Sonnenburg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bruce M. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenneth Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University school of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sean M. Wu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephen R. Quake
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, V.A. Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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974
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Abstract
After decades of directed research, no effective regenerative therapy is currently available to repair the injured human heart. The epicardium, a layer of mesothelial tissue that envelops the heart in all vertebrates, has emerged as a new player in cardiac repair and regeneration. The epicardium is essential for muscle regeneration in the zebrafish model of innate heart regeneration, and the epicardium also participates in fibrotic responses in mammalian hearts. This structure serves as a source of crucial cells, such as vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and fibroblasts, during heart development and repair. The epicardium also secretes factors that are essential for proliferation and survival of cardiomyocytes. In this Review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of the biology of the epicardium and the effect of these findings on the candidacy of this structure as a therapeutic target for heart repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Cao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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975
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Moor AE, Harnik Y, Ben-Moshe S, Massasa EE, Rozenberg M, Eilam R, Bahar Halpern K, Itzkovitz S. Spatial Reconstruction of Single Enterocytes Uncovers Broad Zonation along the Intestinal Villus Axis. Cell 2018; 175:1156-1167.e15. [PMID: 30270040 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a highly structured tissue composed of repeating crypt-villus units. Enterocytes perform the diverse tasks of absorbing a wide range of nutrients while protecting the body from the harsh bacterium-rich environment. It is unknown whether these tasks are spatially zonated along the villus axis. Here, we extracted a large panel of landmark genes characterized by transcriptomics of laser capture microdissected villus segments and utilized it for single-cell spatial reconstruction, uncovering broad zonation of enterocyte function along the villus. We found that enterocytes at villus bottoms express an anti-bacterial gene program in a microbiome-dependent manner. They next shift to sequential expression of carbohydrates, peptides, and fat absorption machineries in distinct villus compartments. Finally, they induce a Cd73 immune-modulatory program at the villus tips. Our approach can be used to uncover zonation patterns in other organs when prior knowledge of landmark genes is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas E Moor
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Yotam Harnik
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shani Ben-Moshe
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efi E Massasa
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Milena Rozenberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Raya Eilam
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Keren Bahar Halpern
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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976
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin U Hoffman
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ellen A Lumpkin
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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977
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Modulation of the immune response by helminths: a role for serotonin? Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180027. [PMID: 30177522 PMCID: PMC6148219 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gut is a remarkable organ: with a nervous system that rivals the spinal cord, it is the body’s largest repository of immune and endocrine cells and houses an immense and complex microbiota. Infection with helminth parasites elicits a conserved program of effector and regulatory immune responses to eradicate the worm, limit tissue damage, and return the gut to homeostasis. Discrete changes in the nervous system, and to a lesser extent the enteroendocrine system, occur following helminth infection but the importance of these adaptations in expelling the worm is poorly understood. Approximately 90% of the body’s serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) is made in enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gut, indicative of the importance of this amine in intestinal function. Signaling via a plethora of receptor subtypes, substantial evidence illustrates that 5-HT affects immunity. A small number of studies document changes in 5-HT levels following infection with helminth parasites, but these have not been complemented by an understanding of the role of 5-HT in the host–parasite interaction. In reviewing this area, the gap in knowledge of how changes in the enteric serotonergic system affects the outcome of infection with intestinal helminths is apparent. We present this as a call-to-action by investigators in the field. We contend that neuronal EC cell–immune interactions in the gut are essential in maintaining homeostasis and, when perturbed, contribute to pathophysiology. The full affect of infection with helminth parasites needs to define, and then mechanistically dissect the role of the enteric nervous and enteroendocrine systems of the gut.
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978
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Kelly D, Kotliar M, Woo V, Jagannathan S, Whitt J, Moncivaiz J, Aronow BJ, Dubinsky MC, Hyams JS, Markowitz JF, Baldassano RN, Stephens MC, Walters TD, Kugathasan S, Haberman Y, Sundaram N, Rosen MJ, Helmrath M, Karns R, Barski A, Denson LA, Alenghat T. Microbiota-sensitive epigenetic signature predicts inflammation in Crohn's disease. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122104. [PMID: 30232290 PMCID: PMC6237229 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered response to the intestinal microbiota strongly associates with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, how commensal microbial cues are integrated by the host during the pathogenesis of IBD is not understood. Epigenetics represents a potential mechanism that could enable intestinal microbes to modulate transcriptional output during the development of IBD. Here, we reveal a histone methylation signature of intestinal epithelial cells isolated from the terminal ilea of newly diagnosed pediatric IBD patients. Genes characterized by significant alterations in histone H3-lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) showed differential enrichment in pathways involving immunoregulation, cell survival and signaling, and metabolism. Interestingly, a large subset of these genes was epigenetically regulated by microbiota in mice and several microbiota-sensitive epigenetic targets demonstrated altered expression in IBD patients. Remarkably though, a substantial proportion of these genes exhibited H3K4me3 levels that correlated with the severity of intestinal inflammation in IBD, despite lacking significant differential expression. Collectively, these data uncover a previously unrecognized epigenetic profile of IBD that can be primed by commensal microbes and indicate sensitive targets in the epithelium that may underlie how microbiota predispose to subsequent intestinal inflammation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kelly
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
| | | | - Vivienne Woo
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance
| | | | - Jordan Whitt
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance
| | | | - Bruce J. Aronow
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Marla C. Dubinsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Hyams
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Robert N. Baldassano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael C. Stephens
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas D. Walters
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yael Haberman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated with the Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Nambirajan Sundaram
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, CCHMC and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Michael Helmrath
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, CCHMC and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
| | - Artem Barski
- Divisions of Allergy and Immunology and Human Genetics, and
| | - Lee A. Denson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance
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979
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Zha JM, Li HS, Lin Q, Kuo WT, Jiang ZH, Tsai PY, Ding N, Wu J, Xu SF, Wang YT, Pan J, Zhou XM, Chen K, Tao M, Odenwald MA, Tamura A, Tsukita S, Turner JR, He WQ. Interleukin 22 Expands Transit-Amplifying Cells While Depleting Lgr5 + Stem Cells via Inhibition of Wnt and Notch Signaling. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:255-274. [PMID: 30686779 PMCID: PMC6352747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epithelial regeneration is essential for homeostasis and repair of the mucosal barrier. In the context of infectious and immune-mediated intestinal disease, interleukin (IL) 22 is thought to augment these processes. We sought to define the mechanisms by which IL22 promotes mucosal healing. METHODS Intestinal stem cell cultures and mice were treated with recombinant IL22. Cell proliferation, death, and differentiation were assessed in vitro and in vivo by morphometric analysis, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS IL22 increased the size and number of proliferating cells within enteroids but decreased the total number of enteroids. Enteroid size increases required IL22-dependent up-regulation of the tight junction cation and water channel claudin-2, indicating that enteroid enlargement reflected paracellular flux-induced swelling. However, claudin-2 did not contribute to IL22-dependent enteroid loss, depletion of Lgr5+ stem cells, or increased epithelial proliferation. IL22 induced stem cell apoptosis but, conversely, enhanced proliferation within and expanded numbers of transit-amplifying cells. These changes were associated with reduced wnt and notch signaling, both in vitro and in vivo, as well as skewing of epithelial differentiation, with increases in Paneth cells and reduced numbers of enteroendocrine cells. CONCLUSIONS IL22 promotes transit-amplifying cell proliferation but reduces Lgr5+ stem cell survival by inhibiting notch and wnt signaling. IL22 can therefore promote or inhibit mucosal repair, depending on whether effects on transit-amplifying or stem cells predominate. These data may explain why mucosal healing is difficult to achieve in some inflammatory bowel disease patients despite markedly elevated IL22 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Min Zha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hua-Shan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhi-Hui Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pei-Yun Tsai
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ning Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shao-Fang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi-Tang Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jian Pan
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Min Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Wei-Qi He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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980
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Adriaenssens AE, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Distribution and Stimulus Secretion Coupling of Enteroendocrine Cells along the Intestinal Tract. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1603-1638. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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981
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Santos AJM, Lo YH, Mah AT, Kuo CJ. The Intestinal Stem Cell Niche: Homeostasis and Adaptations. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:1062-1078. [PMID: 30195922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a rapidly renewing cellular compartment. This constant regeneration is a hallmark of intestinal homeostasis and requires a tightly regulated balance between intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation and differentiation. Since intestinal epithelial cells directly contact pathogenic environmental factors that continuously challenge their integrity, ISCs must also actively divide to facilitate regeneration and repair. Understanding niche adaptations that maintain ISC activity during homeostatic renewal and injury-induced intestinal regeneration is therefore a major and ongoing focus for stem cell biology. Here, we review recent concepts and propose an active interconversion of the ISC niche between homeostasis and injury-adaptive states that is superimposed upon an equally dynamic equilibrium between active and reserve ISC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- António J M Santos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuan-Hung Lo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amanda T Mah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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982
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Ito Y, Ashenberg O, Pyrdol J, Luoma AM, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Hofree M, Christian E, Ferrari de Andrade L, Tay RE, Teyton L, Regev A, Dougan SK, Wucherpfennig KW. Rapid CLIP dissociation from MHC II promotes an unusual antigen presentation pathway in autoimmunity. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2617-2635. [PMID: 30185635 PMCID: PMC6170167 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous CLIP dissociation from an autoimmunity-associated MHC II protein enhances presentation of peptides released by insulin-producing β cells. Presentation of such extracellular peptides does not require endosomal antigen processing and augments islet infiltration by CD4 T cells. A number of autoimmunity-associated MHC class II proteins interact only weakly with the invariant chain–derived class II–associated invariant chain peptide (CLIP). CLIP dissociates rapidly from I-Ag7 even in the absence of DM, and this property is related to the type 1 diabetes–associated β57 polymorphism. We generated knock-in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice with a single amino acid change in the CLIP segment of the invariant chain in order to moderately slow CLIP dissociation from I-Ag7. These knock-in mice had a significantly reduced incidence of spontaneous type 1 diabetes and diminished islet infiltration by CD4 T cells, in particular T cells specific for fusion peptides generated by covalent linkage of proteolytic fragments within β cell secretory granules. Rapid CLIP dissociation enhanced the presentation of such extracellular peptides, thus bypassing the conventional MHC class II antigen-processing pathway. Autoimmunity-associated MHC class II polymorphisms therefore not only modify binding of self-peptides, but also alter the biochemistry of peptide acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinaga Ito
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Orr Ashenberg
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jason Pyrdol
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Adrienne M Luoma
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Matan Hofree
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Elena Christian
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Lucas Ferrari de Andrade
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rong En Tay
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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983
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Nakamura Y, Kimura S, Hase K. M cell-dependent antigen uptake on follicle-associated epithelium for mucosal immune surveillance. Inflamm Regen 2018; 38:15. [PMID: 30186536 PMCID: PMC6120081 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-018-0072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) covering mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is distinct from the villous epithelium in cellular composition and functions. Interleukin-22 binding protein (IL-22BP), provided by dendritic cells at the sub-epithelial dome region, inhibits the IL-22-mediated secretion of antimicrobial peptides by the FAE. The Notch signal from stromal cells underneath the FAE diminishes goblet cell differentiation. These events dampen the mucosal barrier functions to allow luminal microorganisms to readily gain access to the luminal surface of the FAE. Furthermore, receptor activator of nucleic factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) from a certain stromal cell type induces differentiation into microfold (M) cells that specialize in antigen uptake in the mucosa. Microfold (M) cells play a key role in mucosal immune surveillance by actively transporting external antigens from the gut lumen to the lymphoid follicle. The molecular basis of antigen uptake by M cells has been gradually identified in the last decade. For example, GPI-anchored molecules (e.g., glycoprotein 2 (GP2) and cellular prion protein (PrPC)) and β1-integrin facilitate the transport of specific types of xenobiotics. The antigen transport by M cells initiates antigen-specific mucosal immune responses represented by the induction of secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA). Meanwhile, several invasive pathogens exploit M cells as a portal to establish a systemic infection. Recent findings have uncovered the molecular machinery of differentiation and functions of M cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakamura
- 1Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011 Japan.,2Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- 3Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638 Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- 1Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011 Japan.,4International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
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984
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The Intestinal Epithelium: Central Coordinator of Mucosal Immunity. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:677-696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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985
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Packer J, Trapnell C. Single-Cell Multi-omics: An Engine for New Quantitative Models of Gene Regulation. Trends Genet 2018; 34:653-665. [PMID: 30007833 PMCID: PMC6097890 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells in a multicellular organism fulfill specific functions by enacting cell-type-specific programs of gene regulation. Single-cell RNA sequencing technologies have provided a transformative view of cell-type-specific gene expression, the output of cell-type-specific gene regulatory programs. This review discusses new single-cell genomic technologies that complement single-cell RNA sequencing by providing additional readouts of cellular state beyond the transcriptome. We highlight regression models as a simple yet powerful approach to relate gene expression to other aspects of cellular state, and in doing so, gain insights into the biochemical mechanisms that are necessary to produce a given gene expression output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Packer
- Department of Genome Sciences, Room S333, Foege Building, Box 355065, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Cole Trapnell
- Department of Genome Sciences, Room S333, Foege Building, Box 355065, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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986
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Smith K, Karimian Azari E, LaMoia TE, Hussain T, Vargova V, Karolyi K, Veldhuis PP, Arnoletti JP, de la Fuente SG, Pratley RE, Osborne TF, Kyriazis GA. T1R2 receptor-mediated glucose sensing in the upper intestine potentiates glucose absorption through activation of local regulatory pathways. Mol Metab 2018; 17:98-111. [PMID: 30201274 PMCID: PMC6197762 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Beyond the taste buds, sweet taste receptors (STRs; T1R2/T1R3) are also expressed on enteroendocrine cells, where they regulate gut peptide secretion but their regulatory function within the intestine is largely unknown. Methods Using T1R2-knock out (KO) mice we evaluated the role of STRs in the regulation of glucose absorption in vivo and in intact intestinal preparations ex vivo. Results STR signaling enhances the rate of intestinal glucose absorption specifically in response to the ingestion of a glucose-rich meal. These effects were mediated specifically by the regulation of GLUT2 transporter trafficking to the apical membrane of enterocytes. GLUT2 translocation and glucose transport was dependent and specific to glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) secretion and subsequent intestinal neuronal activation. Finally, high-sucrose feeding in wild-type mice induced rapid downregulation of STRs in the gut, leading to reduced glucose absorption. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that STRs have evolved to modulate glucose absorption via the regulation of its transport and to prevent the development of exacerbated hyperglycemia due to the ingestion of high levels of sugars. The intestinal T1R2 receptor enhances glucose absorption in vivo and ex vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of STRs reduces glucose flux in human intestinal preparations. T1R2 regulates glucose absorption dependent on GLUT2 activity in enterocytes. GLP-2 mediates the effects of T1R2 signaling through activation of enteric neurons. High sucrose diet rapidly downregulates STRs leading to reduced glucose absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Smith
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Elnaz Karimian Azari
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Traci E LaMoia
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Tania Hussain
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Veronika Vargova
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Katalin Karolyi
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Paula P Veldhuis
- Institute for Surgical Advancement, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Richard E Pratley
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Timothy F Osborne
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - George A Kyriazis
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA; Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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987
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Alcaino C, Knutson KR, Treichel AJ, Yildiz G, Strege PR, Linden DR, Li JH, Leiter AB, Szurszewski JH, Farrugia G, Beyder A. A population of gut epithelial enterochromaffin cells is mechanosensitive and requires Piezo2 to convert force into serotonin release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7632-E7641. [PMID: 30037999 PMCID: PMC6094143 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804938115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterochromaffin (EC) cells constitute the largest population of intestinal epithelial enteroendocrine (EE) cells. EC cells are proposed to be specialized mechanosensory cells that release serotonin in response to epithelial forces, and thereby regulate intestinal fluid secretion. However, it is unknown whether EE and EC cells are directly mechanosensitive, and if so, what the molecular mechanism of their mechanosensitivity is. Consequently, the role of EE and EC cells in gastrointestinal mechanobiology is unclear. Piezo2 mechanosensitive ion channels are important for some specialized epithelial mechanosensors, and they are expressed in mouse and human EC cells. Here, we use EC and EE cell lineage tracing in multiple mouse models to show that Piezo2 is expressed in a subset of murine EE and EC cells, and it is distributed near serotonin vesicles by superresolution microscopy. Mechanical stimulation of a subset of isolated EE cells leads to a rapid inward ionic current, which is diminished by Piezo2 knockdown and channel inhibitors. In these mechanosensitive EE cells force leads to Piezo2-dependent intracellular Ca2+ increase in isolated cells as well as in EE cells within intestinal organoids, and Piezo2-dependent mechanosensitive serotonin release in EC cells. Conditional knockout of intestinal epithelial Piezo2 results in a significant decrease in mechanically stimulated epithelial secretion. This study shows that a subset of primary EE and EC cells is mechanosensitive, uncovers Piezo2 as their primary mechanotransducer, defines the molecular mechanism of their mechanotransduction and mechanosensitive serotonin release, and establishes the role of epithelial Piezo2 mechanosensitive ion channels in regulation of intestinal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Alcaino
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Kaitlyn R Knutson
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Anthony J Treichel
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Gulcan Yildiz
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Peter R Strege
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - David R Linden
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Joyce H Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Andrew B Leiter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Joseph H Szurszewski
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Arthur Beyder
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905;
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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988
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Yu T. A new dynamic correlation algorithm reveals novel functional aspects in single cell and bulk RNA-seq data. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006391. [PMID: 30080856 PMCID: PMC6095616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic correlations are pervasive in high-throughput data. Large numbers of gene pairs can change their correlation patterns in response to observed/unobserved changes in physiological states. Finding changes in correlation patterns can reveal important regulatory mechanisms. Currently there is no method that can effectively detect global dynamic correlation patterns in a dataset. Given the challenging nature of the problem, the currently available methods use genes as surrogate measurements of physiological states, which cannot faithfully represent true underlying biological signals. In this study we develop a new method that directly identifies strong latent dynamic correlation signals from the data matrix, named DCA: Dynamic Correlation Analysis. At the center of the method is a new metric for the identification of pairs of variables that are highly likely to be dynamically correlated, without knowing the underlying physiological states that govern the dynamic correlation. We validate the performance of the method with extensive simulations. We applied the method to three real datasets: a single cell RNA-seq dataset, a bulk RNA-seq dataset, and a microarray gene expression dataset. In all three datasets, the method reveals novel latent factors with clear biological meaning, bringing new insights into the data. Dynamic correlation is an important area in expression data. However it hasn’t received much attention because of the lack of effective methods that can unravel the complex relationship. Here we describe a new method that represents a substantial improvement over existing approaches. It achieves the goal of efficiently finding patterns of dynamic correlation in RNA-seq data, as well as detecting biological functions associated with the dynamic correlation patterns. Unlike traditional methods that focus on first-order structures, linear or nonlinear, our method finds second-order patterns that bring insights into the regulations of the complex system. Some of the interesting discoveries by the new method, such as immunological functions of some intestinal epithelial cells, are validated by recent biological publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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989
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Beumer J, Artegiani B, Post Y, Reimann F, Gribble F, Nguyen TN, Zeng H, Van den Born M, Van Es JH, Clevers H. Enteroendocrine cells switch hormone expression along the crypt-to-villus BMP signalling gradient. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:909-916. [PMID: 30038251 PMCID: PMC6276989 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) control a wide range of physiological processes linked to metabolism1. We show that EEC hormones are differentially expressed between crypts (for example, Glp1) and villi (for example, secretin). As demonstrated by single-cell mRNA sequencing using murine Lgr5+ cell-derived organoids, BMP4 signals alter the hormone expression profiles of individual EECs to resemble those found in the villus. Accordingly, BMP4 induces hormone switching of EECs migrating up the crypt-villus axis in vivo. Our findings imply that EEC lineages in the small intestine exhibit a more flexible hormone repertoire than previously proposed. We also describe a protocol to generate human EECs in organoids and demonstrate a similar regulation of hormone expression by BMP signalling. These findings establish alternative strategies to target EECs with therapeutically relevant hormone production through BMP modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Beumer
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Artegiani
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yorick Post
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maaike Van den Born
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan H Van Es
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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990
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La Manno G, Soldatov R, Zeisel A, Braun E, Hochgerner H, Petukhov V, Lidschreiber K, Kastriti ME, Lönnerberg P, Furlan A, Fan J, Borm LE, Liu Z, van Bruggen D, Guo J, He X, Barker R, Sundström E, Castelo-Branco G, Cramer P, Adameyko I, Linnarsson S, Kharchenko PV. RNA velocity of single cells. Nature 2018; 560:494-498. [PMID: 30089906 PMCID: PMC6130801 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2081] [Impact Index Per Article: 346.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
RNA abundance is a powerful indicator of the state of individual cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing can reveal RNA abundance with high quantitative accuracy, sensitivity and throughput1. However, this approach captures only a static snapshot at a point in time, posing a challenge for the analysis of time-resolved phenomena such as embryogenesis or tissue regeneration. Here we show that RNA velocity-the time derivative of the gene expression state-can be directly estimated by distinguishing between unspliced and spliced mRNAs in common single-cell RNA sequencing protocols. RNA velocity is a high-dimensional vector that predicts the future state of individual cells on a timescale of hours. We validate its accuracy in the neural crest lineage, demonstrate its use on multiple published datasets and technical platforms, reveal the branching lineage tree of the developing mouse hippocampus, and examine the kinetics of transcription in human embryonic brain. We expect RNA velocity to greatly aid the analysis of developmental lineages and cellular dynamics, particularly in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele La Manno
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ruslan Soldatov
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amit Zeisel
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Emelie Braun
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hannah Hochgerner
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Viktor Petukhov
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St, Petersburg, Russia
| | - Katja Lidschreiber
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria E Kastriti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Lönnerberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Furlan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean Fan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lars E Borm
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Zehua Liu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David van Bruggen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jimin Guo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoling He
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erik Sundström
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Cramer
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Peter V Kharchenko
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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991
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Courtney CM, Onufer EJ, Seiler KM, Warner BW. An anatomic approach to understanding mechanisms of intestinal adaptation. Semin Pediatr Surg 2018; 27:229-236. [PMID: 30342597 DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen M Courtney
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, One Children's Place, Suite 6110, St. Louis, 63110 MO, USA; Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Emily J Onufer
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, One Children's Place, Suite 6110, St. Louis, 63110 MO, USA; Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Kristen M Seiler
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, One Children's Place, Suite 6110, St. Louis, 63110 MO, USA; Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Brad W Warner
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, One Children's Place, Suite 6110, St. Louis, 63110 MO, USA; Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA.
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992
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Montoro DT, Haber AL, Biton M, Vinarsky V, Lin B, Birket SE, Yuan F, Chen S, Leung HM, Villoria J, Rogel N, Burgin G, Tsankov AM, Waghray A, Slyper M, Waldman J, Nguyen L, Dionne D, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Tata PR, Mou H, Shivaraju M, Bihler H, Mense M, Tearney GJ, Rowe SM, Engelhardt JF, Regev A, Rajagopal J. A revised airway epithelial hierarchy includes CFTR-expressing ionocytes. Nature 2018; 560:319-324. [PMID: 30069044 PMCID: PMC6295155 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 749] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The airways of the lung are the primary sites of disease in asthma and cystic fibrosis. Here we study the cellular composition and hierarchy of the mouse tracheal epithelium by single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and in vivo lineage tracing. We identify a rare cell type, the Foxi1+ pulmonary ionocyte; functional variations in club cells based on their location; a distinct cell type in high turnover squamous epithelial structures that we term 'hillocks'; and disease-relevant subsets of tuft and goblet cells. We developed 'pulse-seq', combining scRNA-seq and lineage tracing, to show that tuft, neuroendocrine and ionocyte cells are continually and directly replenished by basal progenitor cells. Ionocytes are the major source of transcripts of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in both mouse (Cftr) and human (CFTR). Knockout of Foxi1 in mouse ionocytes causes loss of Cftr expression and disrupts airway fluid and mucus physiology, phenotypes that are characteristic of cystic fibrosis. By associating cell-type-specific expression programs with key disease genes, we establish a new cellular narrative for airways disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Montoro
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adam L Haber
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Moshe Biton
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir Vinarsky
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brian Lin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susan E Birket
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Feng Yuan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sijia Chen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hui Min Leung
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorge Villoria
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Noga Rogel
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Grace Burgin
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander M Tsankov
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Avinash Waghray
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michal Slyper
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julia Waldman
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lan Nguyen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Danielle Dionne
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Purushothama Rao Tata
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongmei Mou
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manjunatha Shivaraju
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hermann Bihler
- CFFT Lab, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Martin Mense
- CFFT Lab, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven M Rowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John F Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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993
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Heitman N, Saxena N, Rendl M. Advancing insights into stem cell niche complexities with next-generation technologies. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 55:87-95. [PMID: 30031324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult tissue-specific stem cells are essential for homeostatic tissue maintenance and key to regeneration during injury repair or disease. Many critical stem cell functions rely on the presence of well-timed cues from the microenvironment or niche, which includes a diverse range of components, including neuronal, circulating and extracellular matrix inputs as well as an array of neighboring niche cells directly interacting with the stem cells. However, studies of stem cells and their niche have been challenging due to the complexity of adult stem cell functions, their intrinsic controls and the multiple regulatory niche components. Here, we review recent major advances in our understanding of the complex interplay between stem cells and their niche that were enabled by the tremendous technological leaps in single-cell transcriptome analyses, 3D in vitro cultures and 4D in vivo microscopy of stem cell niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Heitman
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1022, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nivedita Saxena
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1022, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1047, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA,; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1022, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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994
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Subcellular Imaging of Liquid Silicone Coated-Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10763. [PMID: 30018393 PMCID: PMC6050225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28912-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface contamination and the formation of water bridge at the nanoscopic contact between an atomic force microscope tip and cell surface limits the maximum achievable spatial resolution on cells under ambient conditions. Structural information from fixed intestinal epithelial cell membrane is enhanced by fabricating a silicone liquid membrane that prevents ambient contaminants and accumulation of water at the interface between the cell membrane and the tip of an atomic force microscope. The clean and stable experimental platform permits the visualisation of the structure and orientation of microvilli present at the apical cell membrane under standard laboratory conditions together with registering subcellular details within a microvillus. The method developed here can be implemented for preserving and imaging contaminant-free morphology of fixed cells which is central for both fundamental studies in cell biology and in the emerging field of digital pathology.
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995
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Yu S, Tong K, Zhao Y, Balasubramanian I, Yap GS, Ferraris RP, Bonder EM, Verzi MP, Gao N. Paneth Cell Multipotency Induced by Notch Activation following Injury. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:46-59.e5. [PMID: 29887318 PMCID: PMC6035085 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Paneth cells are post-mitotic intestinal epithelial cells supporting the stem cell niche and mucosal immunity. Paneth cell pathologies are observed in various gastrointestinal diseases, but their plasticity and response to genomic and environmental challenges remain unclear. Using a knockin allele engineered at the mouse Lyz1 locus, we performed detailed Paneth cell-lineage tracing. Irradiation induced a subset of Paneth cells to proliferate and differentiate into villus epithelial cells. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that Paneth cells sorted from irradiated mice acquired a stem cell-like transcriptome; when cultured in vitro, these individual Paneth cells formed organoids. Irradiation activated Notch signaling, and forced expression of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) in Paneth cells, but not Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation, induced their dedifferentiation. This study documents Paneth cell plasticity, particularly their ability to participate in epithelial replenishment following stem cell loss, adding to a growing body of knowledge detailing the molecular pathways controlling injury-induced regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Kevin Tong
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yanlin Zhao
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | | | - George S Yap
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Ronaldo P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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996
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Zwarycz B, Gracz AD, Rivera KR, Williamson IA, Samsa LA, Starmer J, Daniele MA, Salter-Cid L, Zhao Q, Magness ST. IL22 Inhibits Epithelial Stem Cell Expansion in an Ileal Organoid Model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:1-17. [PMID: 30364840 PMCID: PMC6199238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background & Aims Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that affects the ileum and is associated with increased cytokines. Although interleukin (IL)6, IL17, IL21, and IL22 are increased in Crohn's disease and are associated with disrupted epithelial regeneration, little is known about their effects on the intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that mediate tissue repair. We hypothesized that ILs may target ISCs and reduce ISC-driven epithelial renewal. Methods A screen of IL6, IL17, IL21, or IL22 was performed on ileal mouse organoids. Computational modeling was used to predict microenvironment cytokine concentrations. Organoid size, survival, proliferation, and differentiation were characterized by morphometrics, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunostaining on whole organoids or isolated ISCs. ISC function was assayed using serial passaging to single cells followed by organoid quantification. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to assess Il22ra1 expression patterns in ISCs and transit-amplifying (TA) progenitors. An IL22-transgenic mouse was used to confirm the impact of increased IL22 on proliferative cells in vivo. Results High IL22 levels caused decreased ileal organoid survival, however, resistant organoids grew larger and showed increased proliferation over controls. Il22ra1 was expressed on only a subset of ISCs and TA progenitors. IL22-treated ISCs did not show appreciable differentiation defects, but ISC biomarker expression and self-renewal-associated pathway activity was reduced and accompanied by an inhibition of ISC expansion. In vivo, chronically increased IL22 levels, similar to predicted microenvironment levels, showed increases in proliferative cells in the TA zone with no increase in ISCs. Conclusions Increased IL22 limits ISC expansion in favor of increased TA progenitor cell expansion.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorter
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IL, interleukin
- IL22RA1, IL22 receptor A1
- IL22TG, IL22 transgenic
- ILC, innate lymphoid cell
- ILC3, IL22-secreting lymphocyte
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Interleukin-22
- Intestinal Stem Cells
- OFE, organoid forming efficiency
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TA, transit-amplifying
- TBS, Tris-buffered saline
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Zwarycz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adam D Gracz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kristina R Rivera
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ian A Williamson
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leigh A Samsa
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Josh Starmer
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael A Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Scott T Magness
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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997
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Hamilton CA, Young R, Jayaraman S, Sehgal A, Paxton E, Thomson S, Katzer F, Hope J, Innes E, Morrison LJ, Mabbott NA. Development of in vitro enteroids derived from bovine small intestinal crypts. Vet Res 2018; 49:54. [PMID: 29970174 PMCID: PMC6029049 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are an economically important domestic animal species. In vitro 2D cultures of intestinal epithelial cells or epithelial cell lines have been widely used to study cell function and host-pathogen interactions in the bovine intestine. However, these cultures lack the cellular diversity encountered in the intestinal epithelium, and the physiological relevance of monocultures of transformed cell lines is uncertain. Little is also known of the factors that influence cell differentiation and homeostasis in the bovine intestinal epithelium, and few cell-specific markers that can distinguish the different intestinal epithelial cell lineages have been reported. Here we describe a simple and reliable procedure to establish in vitro 3D enteroid, or "mini gut", cultures from bovine small intestinal (ileal) crypts. These enteroids contained a continuous central lumen lined with a single layer of polarized enterocytes, bound by tight junctions with abundant microvilli on their apical surfaces. Histological and transcriptional analyses suggested that the enteroids comprised a mixed population of intestinal epithelial cell lineages including intestinal stem cells, enterocytes, Paneth cells, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells. We show that bovine enteroids can be successfully maintained long-term through multiple serial passages without observable changes to their growth characteristics, morphology or transcriptome. Furthermore, the bovine enteroids can be cryopreserved and viable cultures recovered from frozen stocks. Our data suggest that these 3D bovine enteroid cultures represent a novel, physiologically-relevant and tractable in vitro system in which epithelial cell differentiation and function, and host-pathogen interactions in the bovine small intestine can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A Hamilton
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Siddharth Jayaraman
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 5/20 Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Edith Paxton
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sarah Thomson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Jayne Hope
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Elisabeth Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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998
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Huang YH, Klingbeil O, He XY, Wu XS, Arun G, Lu B, Somerville TDD, Milazzo JP, Wilkinson JE, Demerdash OE, Spector DL, Egeblad M, Shi J, Vakoc CR. POU2F3 is a master regulator of a tuft cell-like variant of small cell lung cancer. Genes Dev 2018; 32:915-928. [PMID: 29945888 PMCID: PMC6075037 DOI: 10.1101/gad.314815.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is widely considered to be a tumor of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells; however, a variant form of this disease has been described that lacks neuroendocrine features. Here, we applied domain-focused CRISPR screening to human cancer cell lines to identify the transcription factor (TF) POU2F3 (POU class 2 homeobox 3; also known as SKN-1a/OCT-11) as a powerful dependency in a subset of SCLC lines. An analysis of human SCLC specimens revealed that POU2F3 is expressed exclusively in variant SCLC tumors that lack expression of neuroendocrine markers and instead express markers of a chemosensory lineage known as tuft cells. Using chromatin- and RNA-profiling experiments, we provide evidence that POU2F3 is a master regulator of tuft cell identity in a variant form of SCLC. Moreover, we show that most SCLC tumors can be classified into one of three lineages based on the expression of POU2F3, ASCL1, or NEUROD1. Our CRISPR screens exposed other unique dependencies in POU2F3-expressing SCLC lines, including the lineage TFs SOX9 and ASCL2 and the receptor tyrosine kinase IGF1R (insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor). These data reveal POU2F3 as a cell identity determinant and a dependency in a tuft cell-like variant of SCLC, which may reflect a previously unrecognized cell of origin or a trans-differentiation event in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Olaf Klingbeil
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Xue-Yan He
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Xiaoli S Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- Genetics Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Gayatri Arun
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Bin Lu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | | | - Joseph P Milazzo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - John E Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Osama E Demerdash
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - David L Spector
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Junwei Shi
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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999
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Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is currently transforming our understanding of biology, as it is a powerful tool to resolve cellular heterogeneity and molecular networks. Over 50 protocols have been developed in recent years and also data processing and analyzes tools are evolving fast. Here, we review the basic principles underlying the different experimental protocols and how to benchmark them. We also review and compare the essential methods to process scRNA-seq data from mapping, filtering, normalization and batch corrections to basic differential expression analysis. We hope that this helps to choose appropriate experimental and computational methods for the research question at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Ziegenhain
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 2, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Beate Vieth
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 2, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Swati Parekh
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 2, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ines Hellmann
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 2, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Großhaderner Str. 2, Martinsried, Germany
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1000
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Nusse YM, Savage AK, Marangoni P, Rosendahl-Huber AKM, Landman TA, de Sauvage FJ, Locksley RM, Klein OD. Parasitic helminths induce fetal-like reversion in the intestinal stem cell niche. Nature 2018. [PMID: 29950724 DOI: 10.1038/s41586‐018‐0257‐1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial surfaces form critical barriers to the outside world and are continuously renewed by adult stem cells1. Whereas dynamics of epithelial stem cells during homeostasis are increasingly well understood, how stem cells are redirected from a tissue-maintenance program to initiate repair after injury remains unclear. Here we examined infection by Heligmosomoides polygyrus, a co-evolved pathosymbiont of mice, to assess the epithelial response to disruption of the mucosal barrier. H. polygyrus disrupts tissue integrity by penetrating the duodenal mucosa, where it develops while surrounded by a multicellular granulomatous infiltrate2. Crypts overlying larvae-associated granulomas did not express intestinal stem cell markers, including Lgr53, in spite of continued epithelial proliferation. Granuloma-associated Lgr5- crypt epithelium activated an interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-dependent transcriptional program, highlighted by Sca-1 expression, and IFN-γ-producing immune cells were found in granulomas. A similar epithelial response accompanied systemic activation of immune cells, intestinal irradiation, or ablation of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells. When cultured in vitro, granuloma-associated crypt cells formed spheroids similar to those formed by fetal epithelium, and a sub-population of H. polygyrus-induced cells activated a fetal-like transcriptional program, demonstrating that adult intestinal tissues can repurpose aspects of fetal development. Therefore, re-initiation of the developmental program represents a fundamental mechanism by which the intestinal crypt can remodel itself to sustain function after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ysbrand M Nusse
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam K Savage
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Axel K M Rosendahl-Huber
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tyler A Landman
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard M Locksley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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