1001
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Dotz V, Wuhrer M. N-glycome signatures in human plasma: associations with physiology and major diseases. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2966-2976. [PMID: 31509238 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-glycome analysis in total plasma or serum yields information about the levels and glycosylation patterns of major plasma glycoproteins, including immunoglobulins, acute-phase proteins, and apolipoproteins. Until recently, glycomic studies in disease settings largely suffered from small cohort sizes, poor analytical resolution, and poor comparability of results owing to the diversity of analytical techniques. Here, we report on recent advances in high-throughput mass spectrometry glycomics technology that enabled elucidation of N-glycome signatures in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, or colorectal cancer. Use of this technology revealed both commonalities and differences among disease fingerprints. Moreover, we summarize findings on glycomic signatures associated with age, sex, and body mass index. High-throughput, high-resolution glycomics technologies, together with robust data analysis workflows, will advance clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Dotz
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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1002
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Grotz AK, Abaitua F, Navarro-Guerrero E, Hastoy B, Ebner D, Gloyn AL. A CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing pipeline in the EndoC-βH1 cell line to study genes implicated in beta cell function. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:150. [PMID: 31976379 PMCID: PMC6961417 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15447.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global pandemic with a strong genetic component, but most causal genes influencing the disease risk remain unknown. It is clear, however, that the pancreatic beta cell is central to T2D pathogenesis. In vitro gene-knockout (KO) models to study T2D risk genes have so far focused on rodent beta cells. However, there are important structural and functional differences between rodent and human beta cell lines. With that in mind, we have developed a robust pipeline to create a stable CRISPR/Cas9 KO in an authentic human beta cell line (EndoC-βH1). The KO pipeline consists of a dual lentiviral sgRNA strategy and we targeted three genes ( INS, IDE, PAM) as a proof of concept. We achieved a significant reduction in mRNA levels and complete protein depletion of all target genes. Using this dual sgRNA strategy, up to 94 kb DNA were cut out of the target genes and the editing efficiency of each sgRNA exceeded >87.5%. Sequencing of off-targets showed no unspecific editing. Most importantly, the pipeline did not affect the glucose-responsive insulin secretion of the cells. Interestingly, comparison of KO cell lines for NEUROD1 and SLC30A8 with siRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) approaches demonstrate phenotypic differences. NEUROD1-KO cells were not viable and displayed elevated markers for ER stress and apoptosis. NEUROD1-KD, however, only had a modest elevation, by 34%, in the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP and a gene expression profile indicative of chronic ER stress without evidence of elevated cell death. On the other hand, SLC30A8-KO cells demonstrated no reduction in K ATP channel gene expression in contrast to siRNA silencing. Overall, this strategy to efficiently create stable KO in the human beta cell line EndoC-βH1 will allow for a better understanding of genes involved in beta cell dysfunction, their underlying functional mechanisms and T2D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje K. Grotz
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Fernando Abaitua
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Benoit Hastoy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Anna L. Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
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1003
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Raulerson CK, Ko A, Kidd JC, Currin KW, Brotman SM, Cannon ME, Wu Y, Spracklen CN, Jackson AU, Stringham HM, Welch RP, Fuchsberger C, Locke AE, Narisu N, Lusis AJ, Civelek M, Furey TS, Kuusisto J, Collins FS, Boehnke M, Scott LJ, Lin DY, Love MI, Laakso M, Pajukanta P, Mohlke KL. Adipose Tissue Gene Expression Associations Reveal Hundreds of Candidate Genes for Cardiometabolic Traits. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:773-787. [PMID: 31564431 PMCID: PMC6817527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified thousands of genetic loci associated with cardiometabolic traits including type 2 diabetes (T2D), lipid levels, body fat distribution, and adiposity, although most causal genes remain unknown. We used subcutaneous adipose tissue RNA-seq data from 434 Finnish men from the METSIM study to identify 9,687 primary and 2,785 secondary cis-expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL; <1 Mb from TSS, FDR < 1%). Compared to primary eQTL signals, secondary eQTL signals were located further from transcription start sites, had smaller effect sizes, and were less enriched in adipose tissue regulatory elements compared to primary signals. Among 2,843 cardiometabolic GWAS signals, 262 colocalized by LD and conditional analysis with 318 transcripts as primary and conditionally distinct secondary cis-eQTLs, including some across ancestries. Of cardiometabolic traits examined for adipose tissue eQTL colocalizations, waist-hip ratio (WHR) and circulating lipid traits had the highest percentage of colocalized eQTLs (15% and 14%, respectively). Among alleles associated with increased cardiometabolic GWAS risk, approximately half (53%) were associated with decreased gene expression level. Mediation analyses of colocalized genes and cardiometabolic traits within the 434 individuals provided further evidence that gene expression influences variant-trait associations. These results identify hundreds of candidate genes that may act in adipose tissue to influence cardiometabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea K Raulerson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Arthur Ko
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - John C Kidd
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kevin W Currin
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sarah M Brotman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Maren E Cannon
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan P Welch
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen, University of Lübeck, Bolzano/Bozen 39100, Italy
| | - Adam E Locke
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Narisu Narisu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mete Civelek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Terrence S Furey
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Francis S Collins
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dan-Yu Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael I Love
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Päivi Pajukanta
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute for Precision Health, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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1004
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Golden SH, Yajnik C, Phatak S, Hanson RL, Knowler WC. Racial/ethnic differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes over the life course: a focus on the USA and India. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1751-1760. [PMID: 31451876 PMCID: PMC7181870 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a common disease worldwide, but its prevalence varies widely by geographical region and by race/ethnicity. This review summarises differences in the frequencies of type 2 diabetes according to race, ethnicity, socioeconomic position, area of residence and environmental toxins. Type 2 diabetes susceptibility often begins early in life, starting with genetic susceptibility at conception and continuing in later life, via in utero, childhood and adult exposures. Early-life factors may lead to overt type 2 diabetes in childhood or in later life, supporting the concept of developmental origins of health and disease. The causes of the racial/ethnic differences in incidence of type 2 diabetes are not well understood. Specifically, the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to such differences are largely unknown. With a few exceptions in isolated populations, there is little evidence that differences in frequencies of known type 2 diabetes susceptibility genetic alleles account for racial/ethnic differences, although the search for genetic susceptibility has not been uniform among the world's racial/ethnic groups. In the USA, race/ethnicity is associated with many other risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including being overweight/obese, diet and socioeconomic status. Some studies suggest that some of these factors may account for the race/ethnic differences in prevalence of type 2 diabetes, although there is inadequate research in this area. A better understanding of the impact of these factors on type 2 diabetes risk should lead to more effective prevention and treatment of this disease. This has not yet been achieved but should be a goal for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherita H Golden
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sanat Phatak
- Diabetes Unit, KEM Hospital and Research Center, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Robert L Hanson
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 1550 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85014, USA
| | - William C Knowler
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 1550 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85014, USA.
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1005
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Tin A, Marten J, Halperin Kuhns VL, Li Y, Wuttke M, Kirsten H, Sieber KB, Qiu C, Gorski M, Yu Z, Giri A, Sveinbjornsson G, Li M, Chu AY, Hoppmann A, O'Connor LJ, Prins B, Nutile T, Noce D, Akiyama M, Cocca M, Ghasemi S, van der Most PJ, Horn K, Xu Y, Fuchsberger C, Sedaghat S, Afaq S, Amin N, Ärnlöv J, Bakker SJL, Bansal N, Baptista D, Bergmann S, Biggs ML, Biino G, Boerwinkle E, Bottinger EP, Boutin TS, Brumat M, Burkhardt R, Campana E, Campbell A, Campbell H, Carroll RJ, Catamo E, Chambers JC, Ciullo M, Concas MP, Coresh J, Corre T, Cusi D, Felicita SC, de Borst MH, De Grandi A, de Mutsert R, de Vries APJ, Delgado G, Demirkan A, Devuyst O, Dittrich K, Eckardt KU, Ehret G, Endlich K, Evans MK, Gansevoort RT, Gasparini P, Giedraitis V, Gieger C, Girotto G, Gögele M, Gordon SD, Gudbjartsson DF, Gudnason V, Haller T, Hamet P, Harris TB, Hayward C, Hicks AA, Hofer E, Holm H, Huang W, Hutri-Kähönen N, Hwang SJ, Ikram MA, Lewis RM, Ingelsson E, Jakobsdottir J, Jonsdottir I, Jonsson H, Joshi PK, Josyula NS, Jung B, Kähönen M, Kamatani Y, Kanai M, Kerr SM, Kiess W, Kleber ME, Koenig W, Kooner JS, Körner A, Kovacs P, Krämer BK, Kronenberg F, Kubo M, Kühnel B, La Bianca M, Lange LA, Lehne B, Lehtimäki T, Liu J, Loeffler M, Loos RJF, Lyytikäinen LP, Magi R, Mahajan A, Martin NG, März W, Mascalzoni D, Matsuda K, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Metspalu A, Milaneschi Y, O'Donnell CJ, Wilson OD, Gaziano JM, Mishra PP, Mohlke KL, Mononen N, Montgomery GW, Mook-Kanamori DO, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nadkarni GN, Nalls MA, Nauck M, Nikus K, Ning B, Nolte IM, Noordam R, O'Connell JR, Olafsson I, Padmanabhan S, Penninx BWJH, Perls T, Peters A, Pirastu M, Pirastu N, Pistis G, Polasek O, Ponte B, Porteous DJ, Poulain T, Preuss MH, Rabelink TJ, Raffield LM, Raitakari OT, Rettig R, Rheinberger M, Rice KM, Rizzi F, Robino A, Rudan I, Krajcoviechova A, Cifkova R, Rueedi R, Ruggiero D, Ryan KA, Saba Y, Salvi E, Schmidt H, Schmidt R, Shaffer CM, Smith AV, Smith BH, Spracklen CN, Strauch K, Stumvoll M, Sulem P, Tajuddin SM, Teren A, Thiery J, Thio CHL, Thorsteinsdottir U, Toniolo D, Tönjes A, Tremblay J, Uitterlinden AG, Vaccargiu S, van der Harst P, van Duijn CM, Verweij N, Völker U, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Waldenberger M, Whitfield JB, Wild SH, Wilson JF, Yang Q, Zhang W, Zonderman AB, Bochud M, Wilson JG, Pendergrass SA, Ho K, Parsa A, Pramstaller PP, Psaty BM, Böger CA, Snieder H, Butterworth AS, Okada Y, Edwards TL, Stefansson K, Susztak K, Scholz M, Heid IM, Hung AM, Teumer A, Pattaro C, Woodward OM, Vitart V, Köttgen A. Target genes, variants, tissues and transcriptional pathways influencing human serum urate levels. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1459-1474. [PMID: 31578528 PMCID: PMC6858555 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevated serum urate levels cause gout and correlate with cardiometabolic diseases via poorly understood mechanisms. We performed a trans-ancestry genome-wide association study of serum urate in 457,690 individuals, identifying 183 loci (147 previously unknown) that improve the prediction of gout in an independent cohort of 334,880 individuals. Serum urate showed significant genetic correlations with many cardiometabolic traits, with genetic causality analyses supporting a substantial role for pleiotropy. Enrichment analysis, fine-mapping of urate-associated loci and colocalization with gene expression in 47 tissues implicated the kidney and liver as the main target organs and prioritized potentially causal genes and variants, including the transcriptional master regulators in the liver and kidney, HNF1A and HNF4A. Experimental validation showed that HNF4A transactivated the promoter of ABCG2, encoding a major urate transporter, in kidney cells, and that HNF4A p.Thr139Ile is a functional variant. Transcriptional coregulation within and across organs may be a general mechanism underlying the observed pleiotropy between urate and cardiometabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Tin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Welch Centre for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jonathan Marten
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Yong Li
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wuttke
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Holger Kirsten
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten B Sieber
- Target Sciences-Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Chengxiang Qiu
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zhi Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ayush Giri
- Division of Quantitative Sciences, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (626)/Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Man Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Anselm Hoppmann
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luke J O'Connor
- Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bram Prins
- Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Damia Noce
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Masato Akiyama
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama (Kanagawa), Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sahar Ghasemi
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Katrin Horn
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yizhe Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Sanaz Sedaghat
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Saima Afaq
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Public Health & Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Ärnlöv
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nisha Bansal
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mary L Biggs
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Centre, University of Texas Health Science Centre, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thibaud S Boutin
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marco Brumat
- University of Trieste, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eric Campana
- University of Trieste, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Trieste, Italy
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert J Carroll
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eulalia Catamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso-CNR, Naples, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italy National Research Council, Milano, Italy
- Bio4Dreams, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Martin H de Borst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Renée de Mutsert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Aiko P J de Vries
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Graciela Delgado
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ayşe Demirkan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katalin Dittrich
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Centre for Pediatric Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Ehret
- Cardiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michele K Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- University of Trieste, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Trieste, Italy
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- University of Trieste, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Trieste, Italy
| | - Martin Gögele
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Scott D Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kópavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pavel Hamet
- Montreal University Hospital Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de lUniversité de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Medpharmgene, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Edith Hofer
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE Genetics, Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Centre, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- The Centre for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raychel M Lewis
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Johanna Jakobsdottir
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kópavogur, Iceland
- The Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Helgi Jonsson
- Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Navya Shilpa Josyula
- Geisinger Research, Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Bettina Jung
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama (Kanagawa), Japan
- Kyoto-McGill International Collaborative School in Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama (Kanagawa), Japan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shona M Kerr
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wieland Kiess
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Centre for Pediatric Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, 323 School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Antje Körner
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Centre for Pediatric Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard K Krämer
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama (Kanagawa), Japan
| | - Brigitte Kühnel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martina La Bianca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Reedik Magi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Winfried März
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Diabetology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München at UNIKA-T Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Otis D Wilson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Cooperative Studies Program, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pashupati P Mishra
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nina Mononen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Girish N Nadkarni
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kjell Nikus
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Cardiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Boting Ning
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Perls
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Section, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, UOS of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Nicola Pirastu
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Gen-info Ltd, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Belen Ponte
- Nephrology Service, Department of Specialties in Internal Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tanja Poulain
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael H Preuss
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory of Experimental Vascular Research, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Laura M Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Rainer Rettig
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Myriam Rheinberger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kenneth M Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- ePhood Scientific Unit, ePhood SRL, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alena Krajcoviechova
- Center for Cardiovascular Prevention, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Cifkova
- Center for Cardiovascular Prevention, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medicine II, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rico Rueedi
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso-CNR, Naples, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Kathleen A Ryan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yasaman Saba
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Centre for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Erika Salvi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian M Shaffer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Blair H Smith
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Salman M Tajuddin
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrej Teren
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Heart Centre Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chris H L Thio
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johanne Tremblay
- Montreal University Hospital Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de lUniversité de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simona Vaccargiu
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, UOS of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Durrer Centre for Cardiovascular Research, the Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Genomics plc, Oxford, UK
| | - Uwe Völker
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Waeber
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - John B Whitfield
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah H Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James F Wilson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Centre, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Sarah A Pendergrass
- Geisinger Research, Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Ho
- Kidney Health Research Institute, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
- Department of Nephrology, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Afshin Parsa
- Division of Kidney, Urologic and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Department of Health Service, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carsten A Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kliniken Südostbayern AG, Traunstein, Germany
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (626)/Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Katalin Susztak
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Iris M Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Adriana M Hung
- Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (626)/Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Owen M Woodward
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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1006
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Zeggini E, Gloyn AL, Barton AC, Wain LV. Translational genomics and precision medicine: Moving from the lab to the clinic. Science 2019; 365:1409-1413. [PMID: 31604268 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax4588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Translational genomics aims to improve human health by building on discoveries made through genetics research and applying them in the clinical setting. This progress has been made possible by technological advances in genomics and analytics and by the digital revolution. Such advances should enable the development of prognostic markers, tailored interventions, and the design of prophylactic preventive approaches. We are at the cusp of predicting disease risk for some disorders by means of polygenic risk scores integrated with classical epidemiological risk factors. This should lead to better risk stratification and clinical decision-making. A deeper understanding of the link between genome-wide sequence and association with well-characterized phenotypes will empower the development of biomarkers to aid diagnosis, inform disease progression trajectories, and allow better targeting of treatments to those patients most likely to respond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne C Barton
- Versus Arthritis Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Louise V Wain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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1007
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Spaeth JM, Liu JH, Peters D, Guo M, Osipovich AB, Mohammadi F, Roy N, Bhushan A, Magnuson MA, Hebrok M, Wright CVE, Stein R. The Pdx1-Bound Swi/Snf Chromatin Remodeling Complex Regulates Pancreatic Progenitor Cell Proliferation and Mature Islet β-Cell Function. Diabetes 2019; 68:1806-1818. [PMID: 31201281 PMCID: PMC6702633 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors positively and/or negatively impact gene expression by recruiting coregulatory factors, which interact through protein-protein binding. Here we demonstrate that mouse pancreas size and islet β-cell function are controlled by the ATP-dependent Swi/Snf chromatin remodeling coregulatory complex that physically associates with Pdx1, a diabetes-linked transcription factor essential to pancreatic morphogenesis and adult islet cell function and maintenance. Early embryonic deletion of just the Swi/Snf Brg1 ATPase subunit reduced multipotent pancreatic progenitor cell proliferation and resulted in pancreas hypoplasia. In contrast, removal of both Swi/Snf ATPase subunits, Brg1 and Brm, was necessary to compromise adult islet β-cell activity, which included whole-animal glucose intolerance, hyperglycemia, and impaired insulin secretion. Notably, lineage-tracing analysis revealed Swi/Snf-deficient β-cells lost the ability to produce the mRNAs for Ins and other key metabolic genes without effecting the expression of many essential islet-enriched transcription factors. Swi/Snf was necessary for Pdx1 to bind to the Ins gene enhancer, demonstrating the importance of this association in mediating chromatin accessibility. These results illustrate how fundamental the Pdx1:Swi/Snf coregulator complex is in the pancreas, and we discuss how disrupting their association could influence type 1 and type 2 diabetes susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Spaeth
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Jin-Hua Liu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Daniel Peters
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Anna B Osipovich
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Fardin Mohammadi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Nilotpal Roy
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Anil Bhushan
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mark A Magnuson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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1008
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Au Yeung SL, Luo S, Schooling CM. The impact of GDF-15, a biomarker for metformin, on the risk of coronary artery disease, breast and colorectal cancer, and type 2 diabetes and metabolic traits: a Mendelian randomisation study. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1638-1646. [PMID: 31161347 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), a suggested biomarker for metformin use, may explain the potential cardioprotective and anti-cancer properties of metformin. We conducted a Mendelian randomisation study to examine the role of GDF-15 in risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and breast and colorectal cancer. Secondary analyses included examination of the association of GDF-15 with type 2 diabetes, glycaemic traits, BP, lipids and BMI. METHODS We obtained SNPs strongly (p value <5 × 10-8) predicting GDF-15 from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) (n = 5440) and applied them to genetic studies of CAD (CARDIoGRAMplusC4D 1000 Genomes-based GWAS [n = 184,305]), type 2 diabetes (DIAGRAM [DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis; n = 898,130]), glycaemic traits (MAGIC [the Meta-Analyses of Glucose and Insulin-related traits Consortium; HbA1c: n = 123,665; fasting glucose: n = 46,186]), BP, breast cancer and colorectal cancer (UK Biobank [n ≤ 401,447]), lipids (GLGC [Global Lipids Genetic Consortium; n ≤ 92,820]) and adiposity (GIANT [Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits Consortium; n = 681,275]). Causal estimates were obtained using inverse variance weighting, taking into account correlations between SNPs. Sensitivity analyses included focusing on the lead SNP (rs888663) and validation for CAD in the UK Biobank and for breast cancer in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. RESULTS Using 5 SNPs, increased GDF-15 was associated with lower CAD (OR 0.93 per SD increase, 95% CI 0.87, 0.99) and breast cancer (OR 0.89 per SD increase, 95% CI 0.82, 0.96), with similar results from lead SNP analysis. However, the associations with CAD (OR 0.99 per SD increase, 95% CI 0.93, 1.04) and breast cancer (OR 0.97 per SD increase, 95% CI 0.94, 1.01) in the validation studies were not as apparent. GDF-15 was not associated with type 2 diabetes, glycaemic traits, CAD risk factors or colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION There is no convincing evidence that GDF-15 reduces risk of CAD or breast or colorectal cancer. Whether the observed inverse association of metformin use with cancer risk is via other unexplored mechanistic pathways warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu Lun Au Yeung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Shan Luo
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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1009
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Grant SFA. The TCF7L2 Locus: A Genetic Window Into the Pathogenesis of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:1624-1629. [PMID: 31409726 PMCID: PMC6702598 DOI: 10.2337/dci19-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past ∼15 years there has been great progress in our understanding of the genetics of both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. This has been driven principally by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in increasingly larger sample sizes, where many distinct loci have now been reported for both traits. One of the loci that dominates these studies is the TCF7L2 locus for type 2 diabetes. This genetic signal has been leveraged to explore multiple aspects of disease risk, including developments in genetic risk scores, genetic commonalities with cancer, and for gaining insights into diabetes-related molecular pathways. Furthermore, the TCF7L2 locus has aided in providing insights into the genetics of both latent autoimmune diabetes in adults and various presentations of type 1 diabetes. This review outlines the knowledge gained to date and highlights how work with this locus leads the way in guiding how many other genetic loci could be similarly used to gain insights into the pathogenesis of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Struan F A Grant
- Divisions of Human Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Spatial and Functional Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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1010
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are major public health issues worldwide, and put a significant burden on the healthcare system. Genetic variants, along with traditional risk factors such as diet and physical activity, could account for up to approximately a quarter of disease risk. Epigenetic factors have demonstrated potential in accounting for additional phenotypic variation, along with providing insights into the causal relationship linking genetic variants to phenotypes. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review article, we discuss the epidemiological and functional insights into epigenetic disturbances in obesity and diabetes, along with future research directions and approaches, with a focus on DNA methylation. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to contribute to obesity and T2D disease development, as well as potential differences in disease risks between ethnic populations. Technology to investigate epigenetic profiles in diseased individuals and tissues has advanced significantly in the last years, and suggests potential in application of epigenetic factors in clinical monitoring and as therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Loh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University 308232, Singapore; Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR) 138648, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117596, Singapore; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Li Zhou
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University 308232, Singapore
| | - Hong Kiat Ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University 308232, Singapore
| | - John Campbell Chambers
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University 308232, Singapore; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Southall UB1 3HW, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0HS, UK.
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1011
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Olaiya MT, Wedekind LE, Hanson RL, Sinha M, Kobes S, Nelson RG, Baier LJ, Knowler WC. Birthweight and early-onset type 2 diabetes in American Indians: differential effects in adolescents and young adults and additive effects of genotype, BMI and maternal diabetes. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1628-1637. [PMID: 31111170 PMCID: PMC6679754 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this work was to estimate the impact of birthweight on early-onset (age <40 years) type 2 diabetes. METHODS A longitudinal study of American Indians, aged ≥5 years, was conducted from 1965 to 2007. Participants who had a recorded birthweight were followed until they developed diabetes or their last examination before the age of 40 years, whichever came first. Age- and sex-adjusted diabetes incidence rates were computed and Poisson regression was used to model the effect of birthweight on diabetes incidence, adjusted for sex, BMI, a type 2 diabetes susceptibility genetic risk score (GRS) and maternal covariates. RESULTS Among 3039 participants, there were 652 incident diabetes cases over a median follow-up of 14.3 years. Diabetes incidence increased with age and was greater in the lowest and highest quintiles of birthweight. Adjusted for covariates, the effect of birthweight on diabetes varied over time, with a non-linear effect at 10-19 years (p < 0.001) and a negative linear effect at older age intervals (20-29 years, p < 0.001; 30-39 years, p = 0.003). Higher GRS, greater BMI and maternal diabetes had additive but not interactive effects on the association between birthweight and diabetes incidence. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In this high-risk population, both low and high birthweights were associated with increased type 2 diabetes risk in adolescence (age 10-19 years) but only low birthweight was associated with increased risk in young adulthood (20-39 years). Higher type 2 diabetes GRS, greater BMI and maternal diabetes added to the risk of early-onset diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muideen T Olaiya
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 1550 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85014, USA.
| | - Lauren E Wedekind
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 1550 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85014, USA
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert L Hanson
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 1550 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85014, USA
| | - Madhumita Sinha
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 1550 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85014, USA
| | - Sayuko Kobes
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 1550 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85014, USA
| | - Robert G Nelson
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 1550 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85014, USA
| | - Leslie J Baier
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 1550 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85014, USA
| | - William C Knowler
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 1550 East Indian School Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85014, USA
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1012
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A global overview of pleiotropy and genetic architecture in complex traits. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1339-1348. [PMID: 31427789 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
After a decade of genome-wide association studies (GWASs), fundamental questions in human genetics, such as the extent of pleiotropy across the genome and variation in genetic architecture across traits, are still unanswered. The current availability of hundreds of GWASs provides a unique opportunity to address these questions. We systematically analyzed 4,155 publicly available GWASs. For a subset of well-powered GWASs on 558 traits, we provide an extensive overview of pleiotropy and genetic architecture. We show that trait-associated loci cover more than half of the genome, and 90% of these overlap with loci from multiple traits. We find that potential causal variants are enriched in coding and flanking regions, as well as in regulatory elements, and show variation in polygenicity and discoverability of traits. Our results provide insights into how genetic variation contributes to trait variation. All GWAS results can be queried and visualized at the GWAS ATLAS resource ( https://atlas.ctglab.nl ).
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1013
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Sun J, Have CT, Hollensted M, Grarup N, Linneberg A, Pedersen O, Nielsen JS, Rungby J, Christensen C, Brandslund I, Kristiansen K, Jun W, Hansen T, Gjesing AP. Sequencing reveals protective and pathogenic effects on development of diabetes of rare GLIS3 variants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220805. [PMID: 31415576 PMCID: PMC6695102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Based on the association of common GLIS3 variants with various forms of diabetes and the biological role of GLIS3 in beta-cells, we sequenced GLIS3 in non-diabetic and diabetic Danes to investigate the effect of rare missense variants on glucose metabolism. Methods We sequenced 53 patients with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), 5,726 non-diabetic participants, 2,930 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 206 patients with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA) -positive diabetes. Results In total we identified 86 rare (minor allele frequency < 0.1%) missense variants. None was considered causal for the presence of MODY. Among patients with type 2 diabetes, we observed a higher prevalence of rare GLIS3 missense variants (2.5%) compared to non-diabetic individuals (1.8%) (odds ratio of 1.37 (interquartile range:1.01–1.88, p = 0.04)). A significantly increased HbA1c was found among patients with type 2 diabetes and with GADA-positive diabetes carrying rare GLIS3 variants compared to non-carriers of rare GLIS3 variants with diabetes (p = 0.02 and p = 0.004, respectively). One variant (p.I28V) was found to have a minor allele frequency of only 0.03% among patients with type 2 diabetes compared to 0.2% among non-diabetic individuals suggesting a protective function (odds ratio of 0.20 (interquartile range: 0.005–1.4, p = 0.1)), an effect which was supported by publically available data. This variant was also associated with a lower level of fasting plasma glucose among non-diabetic individuals (p = 0.046). Conclusion Rare missense variants in GLIS3 associates nominally with increased level of HbA1c and increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In contrast, the rare p.I28V variant associate with reduced level of fasting plasma glucose and may be protective against type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Sun
- Biology Department, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- BGI-Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Theil Have
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Hollensted
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Steen Nielsen
- DD2, Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Rungby
- Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Laboratory of Genomics and
| | - Cramer Christensen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, SLB, Hospital Lillebaelt, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Lillebaelt, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- BGI-Research, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette P. Gjesing
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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1014
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Vaxillaire M, Froguel P, Bonnefond A. How Recent Advances in Genomics Improve Precision Diagnosis and Personalized Care of Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young. Curr Diab Rep 2019; 19:79. [PMID: 31385057 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-019-1202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Non-autoimmune monogenic diabetes (MD) in young people shows a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, which is largely explained by multiple genetic etiologies. This review discusses how the application of state-of-the-art genomics research to precision diagnosis of MD, particularly the various subtypes of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), has increasingly informed diabetes precision medicine and patient care throughout life. RECENT FINDINGS Due to extended genetic and clinical heterogeneity of MODY, diagnosis approaches based on next-generation sequencing have been worthwhile to better ascribe a specific subtype to each patient with young-onset diabetes. This guides the best appropriate treatment and clinical follow-up. Early etiological diagnosis of MD and individualized treatment are essential for achieving metabolic targets and avoiding long-term diabetes complications, as well as for drastically decreasing the financial and societal burden of diabetes-related healthcare. Genomic medicine-based practices help to optimize long-term clinical follow-up and patient care management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Vaxillaire
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, CNRS UMR 8199, 1 Place de Verdun, F-59045, Lille, France.
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), University Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
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1015
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Ingelsson E, McCarthy MI. Human Genetics of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Past, Present, and Future. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2019; 11:e002090. [PMID: 29899044 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.118.002090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and obesity already represent 2 of the most prominent risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and are destined to increase in importance given the global changes in lifestyle. Ten years have passed since the first round of genome-wide association studies for T2D and obesity. During this decade, we have witnessed remarkable developments in human genetics. We have graduated from the despair of candidate gene-based studies that generated few consistently replicated genotype-phenotype associations, to the excitement of an exponential harvest of loci robustly associated with medical outcomes through ever larger genome-wide association study meta-analyses. As well as discovering hundreds of loci, genome-wide association studies have provided transformative insights into the genetic architecture of T2D and other complex traits, highlighting the extent of polygenicity and the tiny effect sizes of many common risk alleles. Genome-wide association studies have also provided a critical starting point for discovering new biology relevant to these traits. Expectations are high that these discoveries will foster development of more effective strategies for intervention, through optimization of precision medicine approaches. In this article, we review current knowledge and provide suggestions for the next steps in genetic research for T2D and obesity. We focus on four areas relevant to precision medicine: genetic architecture, pharmacogenetics and other gene-environment interactions, mechanistic inference, and drug development. As we describe, the genetic architecture of complex traits has major implications for the prospects of precision medicine, rendering some anticipated approaches decidedly unrealistic. We highlight obstacles to the translation of human genetic findings into mechanism inference but are optimistic that, as these are overcome, there is untapped potential for novel drugs and more effective strategies for treating and preventing T2D and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ingelsson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (E.I.) .,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, CA (E.I.)
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics (M.I.M.).,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.I.M.).,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, United Kingdom (M.I.M.)
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1016
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Balboa D, Prasad RB, Groop L, Otonkoski T. Genome editing of human pancreatic beta cell models: problems, possibilities and outlook. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1329-1336. [PMID: 31161346 PMCID: PMC6647170 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind beta cell dysfunction is essential for the development of effective and specific approaches for diabetes care and prevention. Physiological human beta cell models are needed for this work. We review the possibilities and limitations of currently available human beta cell models and how they can be dramatically enhanced using genome-editing technologies. In addition to the gold standard, primary isolated islets, other models now include immortalised human beta cell lines and pluripotent stem cell-derived islet-like cells. The scarcity of human primary islet samples limits their use, but valuable gene expression and functional data from large collections of human islets have been made available to the scientific community. The possibilities for studying beta cell physiology using immortalised human beta cell lines and stem cell-derived islets are rapidly evolving. However, the functional immaturity of these cells is still a significant limitation. CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) has enabled precise engineering of specific genetic variants, targeted transcriptional modulation and genome-wide genetic screening. These approaches can now be exploited to gain understanding of the mechanisms behind coding and non-coding diabetes-associated genetic variants, allowing more precise evaluation of their contribution to diabetes pathogenesis. Despite all the progress, genome editing in primary pancreatic islets remains difficult to achieve, an important limitation requiring further technological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Balboa
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, (Haartmaninkatu 8), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rashmi B Prasad
- Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Leif Groop
- Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, CRC, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Centre of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, (Haartmaninkatu 8), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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1017
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The genetic risk for type 1 diabetes has been studied for over half a century, with the strong genetic associations of type 1 diabetes forming critical evidence for the role of the immune system in pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss some of the original research leading to recent developments in type 1 diabetes genetics. RECENT FINDINGS We examine the translation of polygenic scores for type 1 diabetes into tools for prediction and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, in particular, when used in combination with other biomarkers and clinical features, such as age and islet-specific autoantibodies. Furthermore, we review the description of age associations with type 1 diabetes genetic risk, and the investigation of loci linked to type 2 diabetes in progression of type 1 diabetes. Finally, we consider current limitations, including the scarcity of data from racial and ethnic minorities, and future directions. SUMMARY The development of polygenic risk scores has allowed the integration of type 1 diabetes genetics into diagnosis and prediction. Emerging information on the role of specific genes in subgroups of individuals with the disease, for example, early-onset, mild autoimmunity, and so forth, is facilitating our understanding of the heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes, with the ultimate goal of using genetic information in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Oram
- RILD Level 3, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School
- The Academic Renal Unit, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Maria J Redondo
- Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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1018
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Boutchueng-Djidjou M, Faure RL. Network medicine-travelling with the insulin receptor: Encounter of the second type. EClinicalMedicine 2019; 13:14-20. [PMID: 31517259 PMCID: PMC6734015 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Important progress has been made in understanding many aspects of insulin action in the last 10 years. Attention will be focused here on the physical protein interaction network of the internalized insulin receptor (IR) and its relationships with the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). The IR recognizes signals from the outside (circulating insulin) and engages the insulin signaling response. Within seconds, the IR is also involved in insulin internalization and its subsequent degradation in endosomes (physiological clearance of insulin). A T2D disease module sharing functional similarities with insulin secretion in pancreatic islets was recently identified in the close neighborhood of the internalized IR in liver. This module brought a new light on the apparent functional heterogeneity of numerous genes at risk to T2D by linking them to a few noncanonical layers of signaling feedback loops. These findings should be translated into a better understanding of the primary mechanisms of the disease and consequently a more precise sub-classification of T2D, ultimately leading to precision medicine and the development of new therapeutical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial Boutchueng-Djidjou
- Départment of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, CHU de Québec Research Center, Québec City G1V4G2, Canada
| | - Robert L. Faure
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, local T3-55 2705, Boulevard Laurier Québec, QC, G1V4G2
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1019
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Keller MP, Rabaglia ME, Schueler KL, Stapleton DS, Gatti DM, Vincent M, Mitok KA, Wang Z, Ishimura T, Simonett SP, Emfinger CH, Das R, Beck T, Kendziorski C, Broman KW, Yandell BS, Churchill GA, Attie AD. Gene loci associated with insulin secretion in islets from non-diabetic mice. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4419-4432. [PMID: 31343992 DOI: 10.1172/jci129143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes is primarily due to β-cell dysfunction. However, a genetic study to directly interrogate β-cell function ex vivo has never been previously performed. We isolated 233,447 islets from 483 Diversity Outbred (DO) mice maintained on a Western-style diet, and measured insulin secretion in response to a variety of secretagogues. Insulin secretion from DO islets ranged >1,000-fold even though none of the mice were diabetic. The insulin secretory response to each secretagogue had a unique genetic architecture; some of the loci were specific for one condition, whereas others overlapped. Human loci that are syntenic to many of the insulin secretion QTL from mouse are associated with diabetes-related SNPs in human genome-wide association studies. We report on three genes, Ptpn18, Hunk and Zfp148, where the phenotype predictions from the genetic screen were fulfilled in our studies of transgenic mouse models. These three genes encode a non-receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase, a serine/threonine protein kinase, and a Krϋppel-type zinc-finger transcription factor, respectively. Our results demonstrate that genetic variation in insulin secretion that can lead to type 2 diabetes is discoverable in non-diabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Keller
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Biochemistry Department, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mary E Rabaglia
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Biochemistry Department, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kathryn L Schueler
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Biochemistry Department, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Donnie S Stapleton
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Biochemistry Department, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | - Kelly A Mitok
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Biochemistry Department, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ziyue Wang
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Shane P Simonett
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Biochemistry Department, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Rahul Das
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Biochemistry Department, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tim Beck
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Kendziorski
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Karl W Broman
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brian S Yandell
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Horticulture, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Alan D Attie
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Biochemistry Department, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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1020
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Merino J, Guasch-Ferré M, Ellervik C, Dashti HS, Sharp SJ, Wu P, Overvad K, Sarnowski C, Kuokkanen M, Lemaitre RN, Justice AE, Ericson U, Braun KVE, Mahendran Y, Frazier-Wood AC, Sun D, Chu AY, Tanaka T, Luan J, Hong J, Tjønneland A, Ding M, Lundqvist A, Mukamal K, Rohde R, Schulz CA, Franco OH, Grarup N, Chen YDI, Bazzano L, Franks PW, Buring JE, Langenberg C, Liu CT, Hansen T, Jensen MK, Sääksjärvi K, Psaty BM, Young KL, Hindy G, Sandholt CH, Ridker PM, Ordovas JM, Meigs JB, Pedersen O, Kraft P, Perola M, North KE, Orho-Melander M, Voortman T, Toft U, Rotter JI, Qi L, Forouhi NG, Mozaffarian D, Sørensen TIA, Stampfer MJ, Männistö S, Selvin E, Imamura F, Salomaa V, Hu FB, Wareham NJ, Dupuis J, Smith CE, Kilpeläinen TO, Chasman DI, Florez JC. Quality of dietary fat and genetic risk of type 2 diabetes: individual participant data meta-analysis. BMJ 2019; 366:l4292. [PMID: 31345923 PMCID: PMC6652797 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l4292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the genetic burden of type 2 diabetes modifies the association between the quality of dietary fat and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. DESIGN Individual participant data meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Eligible prospective cohort studies were systematically sourced from studies published between January 1970 and February 2017 through electronic searches in major medical databases (Medline, Embase, and Scopus) and discussion with investigators. REVIEW METHODS Data from cohort studies or multicohort consortia with available genome-wide genetic data and information about the quality of dietary fat and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in participants of European descent was sought. Prospective cohorts that had accrued five or more years of follow-up were included. The type 2 diabetes genetic risk profile was characterized by a 68-variant polygenic risk score weighted by published effect sizes. Diet was recorded by using validated cohort-specific dietary assessment tools. Outcome measures were summary adjusted hazard ratios of incident type 2 diabetes for polygenic risk score, isocaloric replacement of carbohydrate (refined starch and sugars) with types of fat, and the interaction of types of fat with polygenic risk score. RESULTS Of 102 305 participants from 15 prospective cohort studies, 20 015 type 2 diabetes cases were documented after a median follow-up of 12 years (interquartile range 9.4-14.2). The hazard ratio of type 2 diabetes per increment of 10 risk alleles in the polygenic risk score was 1.64 (95% confidence interval 1.54 to 1.75, I2=7.1%, τ2=0.003). The increase of polyunsaturated fat and total omega 6 polyunsaturated fat intake in place of carbohydrate was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, with hazard ratios of 0.90 (0.82 to 0.98, I2=18.0%, τ2=0.006; per 5% of energy) and 0.99 (0.97 to 1.00, I2=58.8%, τ2=0.001; per increment of 1 g/d), respectively. Increasing monounsaturated fat in place of carbohydrate was associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.19, I2=25.9%, τ2=0.006; per 5% of energy). Evidence of small study effects was detected for the overall association of polyunsaturated fat with the risk of type 2 diabetes, but not for the omega 6 polyunsaturated fat and monounsaturated fat associations. Significant interactions between dietary fat and polygenic risk score on the risk of type 2 diabetes (P>0.05 for interaction) were not observed. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that genetic burden and the quality of dietary fat are each associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes. The findings do not support tailoring recommendations on the quality of dietary fat to individual type 2 diabetes genetic risk profiles for the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes, and suggest that dietary fat is associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes across the spectrum of type 2 diabetes genetic risk.
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1021
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genome-wide association studies have delineated the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes. While functional studies to identify target transcripts are ongoing, new genetic knowledge can be translated directly to health applications. The review covers several translation directions but focuses on genomic polygenic scores for screening and prevention. RECENT FINDINGS Over 400 genomic variants associated with T2D and its related quantitative traits are now known. Genetic scores comprising dozens to millions of associated variants can predict incident T2D. However, measurement of body mass index is more efficient than genetic scores to detect T2D risk groups, and knowledge of T2D genetic risk alone seems insufficient to improve health. Genetically determined metabolic sub-phenotypes can be identified by clustering variants associated with physiological axes like insulin resistance. Genetic sub-phenotyping may be a way forward to identify specific individual phenotypes for prevention and treatment. Genomic polygenic scores for T2D can predict incident diabetes but may not be useful to improve health overall. Genetic detection of T2D sub-phenotypes could be useful to personalize screening and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Meigs
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge St 16th Floor, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- MGH Division of Clinical Research Clinical Effectiveness Research Unit, Boston, USA.
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, USA.
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1022
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Manduchi E, Orzechowski PR, Ritchie MD, Moore JH. Exploration of a diversity of computational and statistical measures of association for genome-wide genetic studies. BioData Min 2019; 12:14. [PMID: 31320928 PMCID: PMC6617598 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-019-0201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The principal line of investigation in Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) is the identification of main effects, that is individual Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) which are associated with the trait of interest, independent of other factors. A variety of methods have been proposed to this end, mostly statistical in nature and differing in assumptions and type of model employed. Moreover, for a given model, there may be multiple choices for the SNP genotype encoding. As an alternative to statistical methods, machine learning methods are often applicable. Typically, for a given GWAS, a single approach is selected and utilized to identify potential SNPs of interest. Even when multiple GWAS are combined through meta-analyses within a consortium, each GWAS is typically analyzed with a single approach and the resulting summary statistics are then utilized in meta-analyses. Results In this work we use as case studies a Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and a breast cancer GWAS to explore a diversity of applicable approaches spanning different methods and encoding choices. We assess similarity of these approaches based on the derived ranked lists of SNPs and, for each GWAS, we identify a subset of representative approaches that we use as an ensemble to derive a union list of top SNPs. Among these are SNPs which are identified by multiple approaches as well as several SNPs identified by only one or a few of the less frequently used approaches. The latter include SNPs from established loci and SNPs which have other supporting lines of evidence in terms of their potential relevance to the traits. Conclusions Not every main effect analysis method is suitable for every GWAS, but for each GWAS there are typically multiple applicable methods and encoding options. We suggest a workflow for a single GWAS, extensible to multiple GWAS from consortia, where representative approaches are selected among a pool of suitable options, to yield a more comprehensive set of SNPs, potentially including SNPs that would typically be missed with the most popular analyses, but that could provide additional valuable insights for follow-up. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13040-019-0201-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Manduchi
- 1Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA.,2Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Patryk R Orzechowski
- 1Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA.,2Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- 1Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA.,3Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Jason H Moore
- 1Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA.,2Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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1023
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Nasykhova YA, Barbitoff YA, Serebryakova EA, Katserov DS, Glotov AS. Recent advances and perspectives in next generation sequencing application to the genetic research of type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2019; 10:376-395. [PMID: 31363385 PMCID: PMC6656706 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i7.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus is a common complex disease that currently affects more than 400 million people worldwide and has become a global health problem. High-throughput sequencing technologies such as whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing approaches have provided numerous new insights into the molecular bases of T2D. Recent advances in the application of sequencing technologies to T2D research include, but are not limited to: (1) Fine mapping of causal rare and common genetic variants; (2) Identification of confident gene-level associations; (3) Identification of novel candidate genes by specific scoring approaches; (4) Interrogation of disease-relevant genes and pathways by transcriptional profiling and epigenome mapping techniques; and (5) Investigation of microbial community alterations in patients with T2D. In this work we review these advances in application of next-generation sequencing methods for elucidation of T2D pathogenesis, as well as progress and challenges in implementation of this new knowledge about T2D genetics in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Nasykhova
- Laboratory of Biobanking and Genomic Medicine of Institute of Translation Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductology, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Yury A Barbitoff
- Laboratory of Biobanking and Genomic Medicine of Institute of Translation Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Bioinformatics Institute, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Elena A Serebryakova
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductology, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Department of Genetics, City Hospital No. 40, St. Petersburg 197706, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Katserov
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad 236016, Russia
| | - Andrey S Glotov
- Laboratory of Biobanking and Genomic Medicine of Institute of Translation Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Department of Genomic Medicine, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductology, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Department of Genetics, City Hospital No. 40, St. Petersburg 197706, Russia
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad 236016, Russia
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1024
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Type 2 diabetes (T2D), which accounts for the vast majority of diabetes cases, is essentially a diagnosis of exclusion in current clinical practice. Therefore, it is not surprising that T2D is heterogenous in terms of patients' clinical presentation, disease course, and response to treatment. This review summarizes published attempts to improve diabetes subclassification, with a particular focus on the role of genetics. RECENT FINDINGS A handful of diabetes subclassification schemas have been proposed using clinical data (patient characteristics and laboratory values), with some subgroups associated with distinct management trends or complication risks. However, phenotypically driven classifications suffer from dependencies on time of variable measurement and are not readily linked to disease mechanism. Germline genetic data, in contrast, are essentially unchanged over a person's lifetime and rooted in mechanism. Clustering of T2D genetic loci has identified at least five groupings of loci representing mechanisms of disease that may aid in deconstructing heterogeneity of T2D, but further work is needed to determine clinical utility. Exciting progress in subclassification of diabetes has demonstrated initial steps in deconstructing disease heterogeneity. Incorporation of genetics into classification schemas will require additional research but has the potential to improve our understanding and management of T2D, both as a single disease and as a part of an integrated metabolic disease network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Udler
- Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, 50 Staniford St, Suite 340, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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1025
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease usually diagnosed with little regard to aetiology. In the broader sense, it is a mix of different clearly defined aetiologies, such as monogenic diabetes, that we need to be better at identifying as this has major implications for treatment and patient management. Beyond this, however, type 2 diabetes is a highly heterogeneous polygenic disease. This review outlines the recent developments that recognise this heterogeneity by deconvoluting the aetiology of type 2 diabetes into pathophysiological processes, either by measuring physiological variables (such as beta cell function or insulin resistance) or using partitioned polygenic scores, and addresses recent work that clusters type 2 diabetes into distinct subgroups. Increasing evidence suggests that considering the aetiological components of type 2 diabetes matters, in terms of progression rates, treatment response and complications. In other words, clinicians need to recognise that type 2 diabetes is multifaceted and that its characteristics are important for how patients are managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan R Pearson
- Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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1026
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Liao ZZ, Wang YD, Qi XY, Xiao XH. JAZF1, a relevant metabolic regulator in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3148. [PMID: 30838734 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Excessive adiposity and metabolic inflammation are the key risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Juxtaposed with another zinc finger gene 1 (JAZF1) has been identified as a novel transcriptional cofactor, with function of regulating glucose and lipid homeostasis and inflammation. JAZF1 is involved in metabolic process of T2DM via interaction with several nuclear receptors and protein kinases. Additionally, increasing evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has shown that JAZF1 polymorphisms are closely associated with T2DM. In this review, we have updated the latest research advances on JAZF1 and discussed its regulatory network in T2DM. The association between JAZF1 polymorphisms and T2DM is discussed as well. The information provided is of importance for guiding future studies as well as for the design of JAZF1-based T2DM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Zhen Liao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ya-Di Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Qi
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xin-Hua Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
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1027
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Human pancreatic islet three-dimensional chromatin architecture provides insights into the genetics of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1137-1148. [PMID: 31253982 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies promise to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes (T2D). Variants associated with T2D are often located in tissue-specific enhancer clusters or super-enhancers. So far, such domains have been defined through clustering of enhancers in linear genome maps rather than in three-dimensional (3D) space. Furthermore, their target genes are often unknown. We have created promoter capture Hi-C maps in human pancreatic islets. This linked diabetes-associated enhancers to their target genes, often located hundreds of kilobases away. It also revealed >1,300 groups of islet enhancers, super-enhancers and active promoters that form 3D hubs, some of which show coordinated glucose-dependent activity. We demonstrate that genetic variation in hubs impacts insulin secretion heritability, and show that hub annotations can be used for polygenic scores that predict T2D risk driven by islet regulatory variants. Human islet 3D chromatin architecture, therefore, provides a framework for interpretation of T2D genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals.
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1028
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Rudman N, Gornik O, Lauc G. Altered N-glycosylation profiles as potential biomarkers and drug targets in diabetes. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1598-1615. [PMID: 31215021 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a ubiquitous protein modification, and N-glycosylation profiles are emerging as both biomarkers and functional effectors in various types of diabetes. Genome-wide association studies identified glycosyltransferase genes as candidate causal genes for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Studies focused on N-glycosylation changes in type 2 diabetes demonstrated that patients can be distinguished from healthy controls based on N-glycome composition. In addition, individuals at an increased risk of future disease development could be identified based on N-glycome profiles. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates that N-glycans have a major role in preventing the impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by maintaining the glucose transporter in proper orientation, indicating that interindividual variation in protein N-glycosylation might be a novel risk factor contributing to diabetes development. Defective N-glycosylation of T cells has been implicated in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Furthermore, studies of N-glycan alterations have successfully been used to identify individuals with rare types of diabetes (such as the HNF1A-MODY), and also to evaluate functional significance of novel diabetes-associated mutations. In conclusion, both N-glycans and glycosyltransferases emerge as potential therapeutic targets in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najda Rudman
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Olga Gornik
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia.,Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
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1029
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Noordam R, Young WJ, Salman R, Kanters JK, van den Berg ME, van Heemst D, Lin HJ, Barreto SM, Biggs ML, Biino G, Catamo E, Concas MP, Ding J, Evans DS, Foco L, Grarup N, Lyytikäinen LP, Mangino M, Mei H, van der Most PJ, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nelson CP, Qian Y, Repetto L, Said MA, Shah N, Schramm K, Vidigal PG, Weiss S, Yao J, Zilhao NR, Brody JA, Braund PS, Brumat M, Campana E, Christofidou P, Caulfield MJ, De Grandi A, Dominiczak AF, Doney ASF, Eiriksdottir G, Ellervik C, Giatti L, Gögele M, Graff C, Guo X, van der Harst P, Joshi PK, Kähönen M, Kestenbaum B, Lima-Costa MF, Linneberg A, Maan AC, Meitinger T, Padmanabhan S, Pattaro C, Peters A, Petersmann A, Sever P, Sinner MF, Shen X, Stanton A, Strauch K, Soliman EZ, Tarasov KV, Taylor KD, Thio CHL, Uitterlinden AG, Vaccargiu S, Waldenberger M, Robino A, Correa A, Cucca F, Cummings SR, Dörr M, Girotto G, Gudnason V, Hansen T, Heckbert SR, Juhl CR, Kääb S, Lehtimäki T, Liu Y, Lotufo PA, Palmer CNA, Pirastu M, Pramstaller PP, Ribeiro ALP, Rotter JI, Samani NJ, Snieder H, Spector TD, Stricker BH, Verweij N, Wilson JF, Wilson JG, Jukema JW, Tinker A, Newton-Cheh CH, Sotoodehnia N, Mook-Kanamori DO, Munroe PB, Warren HR. Effects of Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium Concentrations on Ventricular Repolarization in Unselected Individuals. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73:3118-3131. [PMID: 31221261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical changes on the electrocardiogram are risk factors for cardiovascular mortality. Recognition and knowledge of electrolyte associations in cardiac electrophysiology are based on only in vitro models and observations in patients with severe medical conditions. OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate associations between serum electrolyte concentrations and changes in cardiac electrophysiology in the general population. METHODS Summary results collected from 153,014 individuals (54.4% women; mean age 55.1 ± 12.1 years) from 33 studies (of 5 ancestries) were meta-analyzed. Linear regression analyses examining associations between electrolyte concentrations (mmol/l of calcium, potassium, sodium, and magnesium), and electrocardiographic intervals (RR, QT, QRS, JT, and PR intervals) were performed. The study adjusted for potential confounders and also stratified by ancestry, sex, and use of antihypertensive drugs. RESULTS Lower calcium was associated with longer QT intervals (-11.5 ms; 99.75% confidence interval [CI]: -13.7 to -9.3) and JT duration, with sex-specific effects. In contrast, higher magnesium was associated with longer QT intervals (7.2 ms; 99.75% CI: 1.3 to 13.1) and JT. Lower potassium was associated with longer QT intervals (-2.8 ms; 99.75% CI: -3.5 to -2.0), JT, QRS, and PR durations, but all potassium associations were driven by use of antihypertensive drugs. No physiologically relevant associations were observed for sodium or RR intervals. CONCLUSIONS The study identified physiologically relevant associations between electrolytes and electrocardiographic intervals in a large-scale analysis combining cohorts from different settings. The results provide insights for further cardiac electrophysiology research and could potentially influence clinical practice, especially the association between calcium and QT duration, by which calcium levels at the bottom 2% of the population distribution led to clinically relevant QT prolongation by >5 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - William J Young
- Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reem Salman
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jørgen K Kanters
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marten E van den Berg
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Henry J Lin
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sandhi Maria Barreto
- Faculty of Medicine and Clinical Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mary L Biggs
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, and Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eulalia Catamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jun Ding
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel S Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Luisa Foco
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Mei
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Qian
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Linda Repetto
- Centre for Global Health Reasearch, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - M Abdullah Said
- Department of Cardiology and Thorax Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nabi Shah
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Katharina Schramm
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pedro G Vidigal
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jie Yao
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | | | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter S Braund
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Brumat
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eric Campana
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paraskevi Christofidou
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro De Grandi
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Anna F Dominiczak
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alex S F Doney
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christina Ellervik
- Department of Production, Research and Innovation, Region Zealand, SorØ, Denmark; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luana Giatti
- Faculty of Medicine and Clinical Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Martin Gögele
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Claus Graff
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Division of Genomic Outcomes, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology and Thorax Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Reasearch, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Bryan Kestenbaum
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Maria F Lima-Costa
- Rene Rachou Reserch Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arie C Maan
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Annette Peters
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Astrid Petersmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Sever
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mortiz F Sinner
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Xia Shen
- Centre for Global Health Reasearch, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Biostatistics Group, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Alice Stanton
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elsayed Z Soliman
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina; Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Section, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kirill V Tarasov
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Division of Genomic Outcomes, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Chris H L Thio
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Human Genotyping Facility, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simona Vaccargiu
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, UOS of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Steven R Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Marcus Dörr
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine B - Cardiology, Intensive Care, Pulmonary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kópavogur, Iceland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit and the Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christian R Juhl
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Kääb
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Paulo A Lotufo
- Medical School and Center for Clinical and Epidemiologic Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, UOS of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Eurac Research, Institute for Biomedicine, affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy; Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy; Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Antonio Luiz P Ribeiro
- Hospital das Clínicas and School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Division of Genomic Outcomes, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno H Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology and Thorax Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Global Health Reasearch, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew Tinker
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher H Newton-Cheh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Helen R Warren
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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1030
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Mitochondrial Dysfunctions: A Thread Sewing Together Alzheimer's Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7210892. [PMID: 31316720 PMCID: PMC6604285 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7210892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are severe and chronic impairments of the health of many people and represent a challenge for the society as a whole that has to deal with an ever-increasing number of affected individuals. Among common metabolic disorders are Alzheimer's disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. These disorders do not have a univocal genetic cause but rather can result from the interaction of multiple genes, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Mitochondrial alterations have emerged as a feature common to all these disorders, underlining perhaps an impaired coordination between cellular needs and mitochondrial responses that could contribute to their development and/or progression.
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1031
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Flannick J, Mercader JM, Fuchsberger C, Udler MS, Mahajan A, Wessel J, Teslovich TM, Caulkins L, Koesterer R, Barajas-Olmos F, Blackwell TW, Boerwinkle E, Brody JA, Centeno-Cruz F, Chen L, Chen S, Contreras-Cubas C, Córdova E, Correa A, Cortes M, DeFronzo RA, Dolan L, Drews KL, Elliott A, Floyd JS, Gabriel S, Garay-Sevilla ME, García-Ortiz H, Gross M, Han S, Heard-Costa NL, Jackson AU, Jørgensen ME, Kang HM, Kelsey M, Kim BJ, Koistinen HA, Kuusisto J, Leader JB, Linneberg A, Liu CT, Liu J, Lyssenko V, Manning AK, Marcketta A, Malacara-Hernandez JM, Martínez-Hernández A, Matsuo K, Mayer-Davis E, Mendoza-Caamal E, Mohlke KL, Morrison AC, Ndungu A, Ng MCY, O'Dushlaine C, Payne AJ, Pihoker C, Post WS, Preuss M, Psaty BM, Vasan RS, Rayner NW, Reiner AP, Revilla-Monsalve C, Robertson NR, Santoro N, Schurmann C, So WY, Soberón X, Stringham HM, Strom TM, Tam CHT, Thameem F, Tomlinson B, Torres JM, Tracy RP, van Dam RM, Vujkovic M, Wang S, Welch RP, Witte DR, Wong TY, Atzmon G, Barzilai N, Blangero J, Bonnycastle LL, Bowden DW, Chambers JC, Chan E, Cheng CY, Cho YS, Collins FS, de Vries PS, Duggirala R, Glaser B, Gonzalez C, Gonzalez ME, Groop L, Kooner JS, Kwak SH, Laakso M, Lehman DM, Nilsson P, Spector TD, Tai ES, Tuomi T, Tuomilehto J, Wilson JG, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Bottinger E, Burke B, Carey DJ, Chan JCN, Dupuis J, Frossard P, Heckbert SR, Hwang MY, Kim YJ, Kirchner HL, Lee JY, Lee J, Loos RJF, Ma RCW, Morris AD, O'Donnell CJ, Palmer CNA, Pankow J, Park KS, Rasheed A, Saleheen D, Sim X, Small KS, Teo YY, Haiman C, Hanis CL, Henderson BE, Orozco L, Tusié-Luna T, Dewey FE, Baras A, Gieger C, Meitinger T, Strauch K, Lange L, Grarup N, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Zeitler P, Dabelea D, Abecasis G, Bell GI, Cox NJ, Seielstad M, Sladek R, Meigs JB, Rich SS, Rotter JI, Altshuler D, Burtt NP, Scott LJ, Morris AP, Florez JC, McCarthy MI, Boehnke M. Exome sequencing of 20,791 cases of type 2 diabetes and 24,440 controls. Nature 2019; 570:71-76. [PMID: 31118516 PMCID: PMC6699738 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein-coding genetic variants that strongly affect disease risk can yield relevant clues to disease pathogenesis. Here we report exome-sequencing analyses of 20,791 individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 24,440 non-diabetic control participants from 5 ancestries. We identify gene-level associations of rare variants (with minor allele frequencies of less than 0.5%) in 4 genes at exome-wide significance, including a series of more than 30 SLC30A8 alleles that conveys protection against T2D, and in 12 gene sets, including those corresponding to T2D drug targets (P = 6.1 × 10-3) and candidate genes from knockout mice (P = 5.2 × 10-3). Within our study, the strongest T2D gene-level signals for rare variants explain at most 25% of the heritability of the strongest common single-variant signals, and the gene-level effect sizes of the rare variants that we observed in established T2D drug targets will require 75,000-185,000 sequenced cases to achieve exome-wide significance. We propose a method to interpret these modest rare-variant associations and to incorporate these associations into future target or gene prioritization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Flannick
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Josep M Mercader
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Miriam S Udler
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Wessel
- Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Diabetes Translational Research Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tanya M Teslovich
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Lizz Caulkins
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan Koesterer
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Thomas W Blackwell
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ling Chen
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siying Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Emilio Córdova
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Maria Cortes
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lawrence Dolan
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly L Drews
- Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Elliott
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James S Floyd
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Maria Eugenia Garay-Sevilla
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Myron Gross
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sohee Han
- Division of Genome Research, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Nancy L Heard-Costa
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marit E Jørgensen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Greenland Centre for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Hyun Min Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Megan Kelsey
- Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Division of Genome Research, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki and Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicin, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Allan Linneberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alisa K Manning
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Marcketta
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Malacara-Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Karen Matsuo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne Ndungu
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maggie C Y Ng
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Colm O'Dushlaine
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Anthony J Payne
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Wendy S Post
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Preuss
- Charles R. Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology, Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N William Rayner
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | | | - Neil R Robertson
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Charles R. Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wing Yee So
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xavier Soberón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Heather M Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia H T Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Farook Thameem
- Health Science Center, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason M Torres
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Robert Larner M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, The Robert Larner M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marijana Vujkovic
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan P Welch
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Lori L Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edmund Chan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Francis S Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ravindranath Duggirala
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Clicerio Gonzalez
- Unidad de Diabetes y Riesgo Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Genetics Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaspal Singh Kooner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Soo Heon Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicin, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Donna M Lehman
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Genetics Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Center for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universario LaPaz (IdiPAZ), University Hospital LaPaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Erwin Bottinger
- Charles R. Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Burke
- Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Juliana C N Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Josée Dupuis
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Susan R Heckbert
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mi Yeong Hwang
- Division of Genome Research, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Division of Genome Research, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | | | - Jong-Young Lee
- Department of Business Data Convergence, Chungbuk National University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Juyoung Lee
- Division of Genome Research, Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Charles R. Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Insititute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Clinical Research Centre, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare, Boston, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Intramural Administration Management Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - James Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Asif Rasheed
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Craig L Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian E Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresa Tusié-Luna
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Frederick E Dewey
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Aris Baras
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Leslie Lange
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Niels Grarup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip Zeitler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Graeme I Bell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rob Sladek
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James B Meigs
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noël P Burtt
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jose C Florez
- Program in Metabolism, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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1032
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Brazel DM, Jiang Y, Hughey JM, Turcot V, Zhan X, Gong J, Batini C, Weissenkampen JD, Liu M, Barnes DR, Bertelsen S, Chou YL, Erzurumluoglu AM, Faul JD, Haessler J, Hammerschlag AR, Hsu C, Kapoor M, Lai D, Le N, de Leeuw CA, Loukola A, Mangino M, Melbourne CA, Pistis G, Qaiser B, Rohde R, Shao Y, Stringham H, Wetherill L, Zhao W, Agrawal A, Bierut L, Chen C, Eaton CB, Goate A, Haiman C, Heath A, Iacono WG, Martin NG, Polderman TJ, Reiner A, Rice J, Schlessinger D, Scholte HS, Smith JA, Tardif JC, Tindle HA, van der Leij AR, Boehnke M, Chang-Claude J, Cucca F, David SP, Foroud T, Howson JMM, Kardia SLR, Kooperberg C, Laakso M, Lettre G, Madden P, McGue M, North K, Posthuma D, Spector T, Stram D, Tobin MD, Weir DR, Kaprio J, Abecasis GR, Liu DJ, Vrieze S. Exome Chip Meta-analysis Fine Maps Causal Variants and Elucidates the Genetic Architecture of Rare Coding Variants in Smoking and Alcohol Use. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:946-955. [PMID: 30679032 PMCID: PMC6534468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking and alcohol use have been associated with common genetic variants in multiple loci. Rare variants within these loci hold promise in the identification of biological mechanisms in substance use. Exome arrays and genotype imputation can now efficiently genotype rare nonsynonymous and loss of function variants. Such variants are expected to have deleterious functional consequences and to contribute to disease risk. METHODS We analyzed ∼250,000 rare variants from 16 independent studies genotyped with exome arrays and augmented this dataset with imputed data from the UK Biobank. Associations were tested for five phenotypes: cigarettes per day, pack-years, smoking initiation, age of smoking initiation, and alcoholic drinks per week. We conducted stratified heritability analyses, single-variant tests, and gene-based burden tests of nonsynonymous/loss-of-function coding variants. We performed a novel fine-mapping analysis to winnow the number of putative causal variants within associated loci. RESULTS Meta-analytic sample sizes ranged from 152,348 to 433,216, depending on the phenotype. Rare coding variation explained 1.1% to 2.2% of phenotypic variance, reflecting 11% to 18% of the total single nucleotide polymorphism heritability of these phenotypes. We identified 171 genome-wide associated loci across all phenotypes. Fine mapping identified putative causal variants with double base-pair resolution at 24 of these loci, and between three and 10 variants for 65 loci. Twenty loci contained rare coding variants in the 95% credible intervals. CONCLUSIONS Rare coding variation significantly contributes to the heritability of smoking and alcohol use. Fine-mapping genome-wide association study loci identifies specific variants contributing to the biological etiology of substance use behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Brazel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jordan M Hughey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Valérie Turcot
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Department of Clinical Science, Center for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jian Gong
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chiara Batini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - J Dylan Weissenkampen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - MengZhen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel R Barnes
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yi-Ling Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Jessica D Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeff Haessler
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anke R Hammerschlag
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris Hsu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nhung Le
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Christiaan A de Leeuw
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anu Loukola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carl A Melbourne
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Beenish Qaiser
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rebecca Rohde
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yaming Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Heather Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Laura Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Chu Chen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, Head and Neck Surgery Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles B Eaton
- Department of Family Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Christopher Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Tinca J Polderman
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex Reiner
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, Head and Neck Surgery Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Mathematics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - H Steven Scholte
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hilary A Tindle
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Andries R van der Leij
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Sean P David
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joanna M M Howson
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pamela Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kari North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Timothy Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - David R Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dajiang J Liu
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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1033
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Ma J, Nano J, Ding J, Zheng Y, Hennein R, Liu C, Speliotes EK, Huan T, Song C, Mendelson MM, Joehanes R, Long MT, Liang L, Smith JA, Reynolds LM, Ghanbari M, Muka T, van Meurs JBJ, Alferink LJM, Franco OH, Dehghan A, Ratliff S, Zhao W, Bielak L, Kardia SLR, Peyser PA, Ning H, VanWagner LB, Lloyd-Jones DM, Carr JJ, Greenland P, Lichtenstein AH, Hu FB, Liu Y, Hou L, Darwish Murad S, Levy D. A Peripheral Blood DNA Methylation Signature of Hepatic Fat Reveals a Potential Causal Pathway for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Diabetes 2019; 68:1073-1083. [PMID: 30936141 PMCID: PMC6477898 DOI: 10.2337/db18-1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to identify the peripheral blood DNA methylation signature of hepatic fat. We conducted epigenome-wide association studies of hepatic fat in 3,400 European ancestry (EA) participants and in 401 Hispanic ancestry and 724 African ancestry participants from four population-based cohort studies. Hepatic fat was measured using computed tomography or ultrasound imaging and DNA methylation was assessed at >400,000 cytosine-guanine dinucleotides (CpGs) in whole blood or CD14+ monocytes using a commercial array. We identified 22 CpGs associated with hepatic fat in EA participants at a false discovery rate <0.05 (corresponding P = 6.9 × 10-6) with replication at Bonferroni-corrected P < 8.6 × 10-4 Mendelian randomization analyses supported the association of hypomethylation of cg08309687 (LINC00649) with NAFLD (P = 2.5 × 10-4). Hypomethylation of the same CpG was also associated with risk for new-onset T2D (P = 0.005). Our study demonstrates that a peripheral blood-derived DNA methylation signature is robustly associated with hepatic fat accumulation. The hepatic fat-associated CpGs may represent attractive biomarkers for T2D. Future studies are warranted to explore mechanisms and to examine DNA methylation signatures of NAFLD across racial/ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Ma
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
- Nutrition Data Science, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Jana Nano
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jingzhong Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Yinan Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Rachel Hennein
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Tianxiao Huan
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Ci Song
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael M Mendelson
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Roby Joehanes
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Michelle T Long
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lindsay M Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Taulant Muka
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise J M Alferink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Scott Ratliff
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lawrence Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Hongyan Ning
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lisa B VanWagner
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Donald M Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - John Jeffrey Carr
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Philip Greenland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Sarwa Darwish Murad
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Levy
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
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1034
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Yeung CHC, Au Yeung SL, Fong SSM, Schooling CM. Lean mass, grip strength and risk of type 2 diabetes: a bi-directional Mendelian randomisation study. Diabetologia 2019; 62:789-799. [PMID: 30798333 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Muscle mass and strength may protect against type 2 diabetes as a sink for glucose disposal. In randomised controlled trials, resistance training improves glucose metabolism in people with the metabolic syndrome. Whether increasing muscle mass and strength protects against diabetes in the general population is unknown. We assessed the effect of markers of muscle mass and strength on diabetes and glycaemic traits using bi-directional Mendelian randomisation. METHODS Inverse variance weighting estimates were obtained by applying genetic variants that predict male lean mass, female lean mass and grip strength, obtained from the UK Biobank GWAS, to the largest available case-control study of diabetes (DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis [DIAGRAM]; n = 74,124 cases and 824,006 controls) and to a study of glycaemic traits (Meta-Analyses of Glucose and Insulin-related traits Consortium [MAGIC]). Conversely, we also applied genetic variants that predict diabetes, HbA1c, fasting glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA-B to UK Biobank summary statistics for genetic association with lean mass and grip strength. As sensitivity analyses we used weighted median, Mendelian randomisation (MR)-Egger and Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) and removed pleiotropic SNPs. RESULTS Grip strength was not significantly associated with diabetes using inverse variance weighting (OR 0.72 per SD increase in grip strength, 95% CI 0.51, 1.01, p = 0.06) and including pleiotropic SNPs but was significantly associated with diabetes using MR-PRESSO (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62, 0.95, p = 0.02) after removing pleiotropic SNPs. Female lean mass was significantly associated with diabetes (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.84, 0.99, p = 0.02) while male lean mass was not significant but directionally similar (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.88, 1.01, p = 0.09). Conversely, diabetes was inversely and significantly associated with male lean mass (β -0.02 SD change in lean mass, 95% CI -0.04, -0.00, p = 0.04) and grip strength (β -0.01, 95% CI -0.02, -0.00, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Increased muscle mass and strength may be related to lower diabetes risk. Diabetes may also be associated with grip strength and lean mass. Muscle strength could warrant further investigation as a possible target of intervention for diabetes prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Ho Ching Yeung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shiu Lun Au Yeung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shirley Siu Ming Fong
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, USA.
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1035
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Kyono Y, Kitzman JO, Parker SCJ. Genomic annotation of disease-associated variants reveals shared functional contexts. Diabetologia 2019; 62:735-743. [PMID: 30756131 PMCID: PMC6451673 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Variation in non-coding DNA, encompassing gene regulatory regions such as enhancers and promoters, contributes to risk for complex disorders, including type 2 diabetes. While genome-wide association studies have successfully identified hundreds of type 2 diabetes loci throughout the genome, the vast majority of these reside in non-coding DNA, which complicates the process of determining their functional significance and level of priority for further study. Here we review the methods used to experimentally annotate these non-coding variants, to nominate causal variants and to link them to diabetes pathophysiology. In recent years, chromatin profiling, massively parallel sequencing, high-throughput reporter assays and CRISPR gene editing technologies have rapidly become indispensable tools. Rather than treating individual variants in isolation, we discuss the importance of accounting for context, both genetic (such as flanking DNA sequence) and environmental (such as cellular state or environmental exposure). Incorporating these features shows promise in terms of revealing biologically convergent molecular signatures across distant and seemingly unrelated loci. Studying regulatory elements in the proper context will be crucial for interpreting the functional significance of disease-associated variants and applying the resulting knowledge to improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kyono
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, 2049 Palmer Commons Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacob O Kitzman
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, 2049 Palmer Commons Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen C J Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, 2049 Palmer Commons Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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1036
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Martens FK, Janssens ACJ. How the Intended Use of Polygenic Risk Scores Guides the Design and Evaluation of Prediction Studies. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40471-019-00203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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1037
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Noncoding Variations in the Gene Encoding Ceramide Synthase 6 are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in a Large Indigenous Australian Pedigree. Twin Res Hum Genet 2019; 22:79-87. [PMID: 31012404 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2019.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic disease that disproportionately affects Indigenous Australians. We have previously reported the localization of a novel T2D locus by linkage analysis to chromosome 2q24 in a large admixed Indigenous Australian pedigree (Busfield et al. (2002). American Journal of Human Genetics, 70, 349-357). Here we describe fine mapping of this region in this pedigree, with the identification of SNPs showing strong association with T2D: rs3845724 (diabetes p = 7 × 10-4), rs4668106 (diabetes p = 9 × 10-4) and rs529002 (plasma glucose p = 3 × 10-4). These associations were successfully replicated in an independent collection of Indigenous Australian T2D cases and controls. These SNPs all lie within the gene encoding ceramide synthase 6 (CERS6) and thus may regulate ceramide synthesis.
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1038
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Gorski M, Günther F, Winkler TW, Weber BHF, Heid IM. On the differences between mega- and meta-imputation and analysis exemplified on the genetics of age-related macular degeneration. Genet Epidemiol 2019; 43:559-576. [PMID: 31016765 PMCID: PMC6619271 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
While current genome‐wide association analyses often rely on meta‐analysis of study‐specific summary statistics, individual participant data (IPD) from multiple studies increase options for modeling. When multistudy IPD is available, however, it is unclear whether this data is to be imputed and modeled across all participants (mega‐imputation and mega‐analysis) or study‐specifically (meta‐imputation and meta‐analysis). Here, we investigated different approaches toward imputation and analysis using 52,189 subjects from 25 studies of the International Age‐related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Genomics Consortium including, 16,144 AMD cases and 17,832 controls for association analysis. From 27,448,454 genetic variants after 1,000‐Genomes‐based imputation, mega‐imputation yielded ~400,000 more variants with high imputation quality (mostly rare variants) compared to meta‐imputation. For AMD signal detection (P < 5 × 10−8) in mega‐imputed data, most loci were detected with mega‐analysis without adjusting for study membership (40 loci, including 34 known); we considered these loci genuine, since genetic effects and P‐values were comparable across analyses. In meta‐imputed data, we found 31 additional signals, mostly near chromosome tails or reference panel gaps, which disappeared after accounting for interaction of whole‐genome amplification (WGA) with study membership or after excluding studies with WGA‐participants. For signal detection with multistudy IPD, we recommend mega‐imputation and mega‐analysis, with meta‐imputation followed by meta‐analysis being a computationally appealing alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix Günther
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard H F Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Iris M Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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1039
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Patrick MT, Stuart PE, Raja K, Chi S, He Z, Voorhees JJ, Tejasvi T, Gudjonsson JE, Kahlenberg JM, Chandran V, Rahman P, Gladman DD, Nair RP, Elder JT, Tsoi LC. Integrative Approach to Reveal Cell Type Specificity and Gene Candidates for Psoriatic Arthritis Outside the MHC. Front Genet 2019; 10:304. [PMID: 31031798 PMCID: PMC6470186 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently conducted a large association analysis to compare the genetic profiles between patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and cutaneous-only psoriasis (PsC). Despite including over 7,000 genotyped patients, only the MHC achieved genome-wide significance. In this study, we hypothesized that appropriate epigenomic elements (H3K27ac marks for active enhancers) can guide us to reveal valuable information about the loci with suggestive evidence of association. Our aim is to investigate these loci and explore how they may lead to the development of PsA. We evaluated this potential by investigating the genes connected with these loci from the perspective of pharmacogenomics and gene expression. We illustrated that markers with suggestive evidence of association outside the MHC region are enriched in H3K27ac marks for osteoblast and chondrogenic differentiated cells; using pharmacogenomics resources, we showed that genes near these markers are targeted by existing drugs used to treat psoriatic arthritis. Significantly, six of the ten suggestive significant loci overlapping the regulatory elements encompass genes differentially expressed (FDR < 5%) in differentiated osteoblasts, including genes participating in the Wnt signaling such as RUNX1, FUT8, and CTNNAL1. Our approach shows that epigenomic information can be used as cost-effective approach to enhance the inferences for GWAS results, especially in situations when few genome-wide significant loci are available. Our results also point the way to more directed investigations comparing the genetics of PsA and PsC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Patrick
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Philip E. Stuart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kalpana Raja
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sunyi Chi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Zhi He
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John J. Voorhees
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Trilokraj Tejasvi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Johann E. Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - J. Michelle Kahlenberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Proton Rahman
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Dafna D. Gladman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajan P. Nair
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - James T. Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lam C. Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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1040
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Soon after the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) for type 2 diabetes (T2D) was published, it was hypothesized that rare and low-frequency variants might explain a substantial proportion of disease risk. Rare coding variants in particular were emphasized given their large expected role in disease. This review summarizes the extent to which recent T2D genetic studies provide evidence for or against this hypothesis. RECENT FINDINGS Following a comprehensive study of T2D genetic architecture using three sequencing and genotyping technologies, four even larger studies have provided a yet higher resolution view of the role of rare and low-frequency coding variation in T2D susceptibility. Empirical evidence strongly suggests that common regulatory variants are the dominant contributor to T2D heritability. However, rare coding variants may nonetheless be pervasive across T2D-relevant genes. A strategy using common variants to map disease genes, and rare coding variants to link molecular gene perturbations to cellular and phenotypic effects, may be an effective means to investigate T2D pathogenesis and potential new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Flannick
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Programs in Medical and Population Genetics and Metabolism, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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1041
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Liu S, Liu Y, Liao S. Heterogeneous impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus-related genetic variants on gestational glycemic traits: review and future research needs. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 294:811-847. [PMID: 30945019 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gestational glucose homeostasis influences mother's metabolic health, pregnancy outcomes, fetal development and offspring growth. To understand the genetic roles in pregnant glucose metabolism and genetic predisposition for gestational diabetes (GDM), we reviewed the recent literature up to Jan, 2018 and evaluated the influence of T2DM-related genetic variants on gestational glycemic traits and glucose tolerance. A total of 140 variants of 89 genes were integrated. Their associations with glycemic traits in and outside pregnancy were compared. The genetic circumstances underlying glucose metabolism exhibit a similarity between pregnant and non-pregnant populations. While, not all of the T2DM-associated genetic variants are related to pregnant glucose tolerance, such as genes involved in fasting insulin/C-peptide regulation. Some genetic variants may have distinct effects on gestational glucose homeostasis. And certain genes may be particularly involved in this process via specific mechanisms, such as HKDC1, MTNR1B, BACE2, genes encoding cell cycle regulators, adipocyte regulators, inflammatory factors and hepatic factors related to gestational glucose sensing and insulin signaling. However, it is currently difficult to evaluate these associations with quantitative synthesis due to inadequate data, different analytical methods, varied measurements for glycemic traits, controversies in diagnosis of GDM, and unknown ethnicity- and/or sex-related influences on pregnant maternal metabolism. In conclusion, different genetic associations with glycemic traits may exist between pregnant and non-pregnant conditions. Comprehensive research on specific genetic regulation in gestation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Liu
- Diabetes Center and Transplantation Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Yihuanlu Xierduan 32#, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yunqiang Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Division of Morbid Genomics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shunyao Liao
- Diabetes Center and Transplantation Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Yihuanlu Xierduan 32#, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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1042
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Weissenkampen JD, Jiang Y, Eckert S, Jiang B, Li B, Liu DJ. Methods for the Analysis and Interpretation for Rare Variants Associated with Complex Traits. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN HUMAN GENETICS 2019; 101:e83. [PMID: 30849219 PMCID: PMC6455968 DOI: 10.1002/cphg.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies, whole genome and whole exome DNA sequencing has become affordable for routine genetic studies. Coupled with improved genotyping arrays and genotype imputation methodologies, it is increasingly feasible to obtain rare genetic variant information in large datasets. Such datasets allow researchers to gain a more complete understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits caused by rare variants. State-of-the-art statistical methods for the statistical genetics analysis of sequence-based association, including efficient algorithms for association analysis in biobank-scale datasets, gene-association tests, meta-analysis, fine mapping methods that integrate functional genomic dataset, and phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS), are reviewed here. These methods are expected to be highly useful for next generation statistical genetics analysis in the era of precision medicine. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA
| | - Scott Eckert
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA
| | - Bibo Jiang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA
| | - Bingshan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Dajiang J. Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA
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1043
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Barroso I, McCarthy MI. The Genetic Basis of Metabolic Disease. Cell 2019; 177:146-161. [PMID: 30901536 PMCID: PMC6432945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in genetics and genomics are providing a detailed and systematic characterization of the genetic underpinnings of common metabolic diseases and traits, highlighting the inherent complexity within systems for homeostatic control and the many ways in which that control can fail. The genetic architecture underlying these common metabolic phenotypes is complex, with each trait influenced by hundreds of loci spanning a range of allele frequencies and effect sizes. Here, we review the growing appreciation of this complexity and how this has fostered the implementation of genome-scale approaches that deliver robust mechanistic inference and unveil new strategies for translational exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
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1044
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Tracey I, Woolf CJ, Andrews NA. Composite Pain Biomarker Signatures for Objective Assessment and Effective Treatment. Neuron 2019; 101:783-800. [PMID: 30844399 PMCID: PMC6800055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a subjective sensory experience that can, mostly, be reported but cannot be directly measured or quantified. Nevertheless, a suite of biomarkers related to mechanisms, neural activity, and susceptibility offer the possibility-especially when used in combination-to produce objective pain-related indicators with the specificity and sensitivity required for diagnosis and for evaluation of risk of developing pain and of analgesic efficacy. Such composite biomarkers will also provide improved understanding of pain pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tracey
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 MA, USA.
| | - Nick A Andrews
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
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1045
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Assessing the causal association of glycine with risk of cardio-metabolic diseases. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1060. [PMID: 30837465 PMCID: PMC6400990 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of glycine have previously been associated with lower incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) but it remains uncertain if glycine plays an aetiological role. We present a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for glycine in 80,003 participants and investigate the causality and potential mechanisms of the association between glycine and cardio-metabolic diseases using genetic approaches. We identify 27 genetic loci, of which 22 have not previously been reported for glycine. We show that glycine is genetically associated with lower CHD risk and find that this may be partly driven by blood pressure. Evidence for a genetic association of glycine with T2D is weaker, but we find a strong inverse genetic effect of hyperinsulinaemia on glycine. Our findings strengthen evidence for a protective effect of glycine on CHD and show that the glycine-T2D association may be driven by a glycine-lowering effect of insulin resistance.
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1046
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Suzuki K, Akiyama M, Ishigaki K, Kanai M, Hosoe J, Shojima N, Hozawa A, Kadota A, Kuriki K, Naito M, Tanno K, Ishigaki Y, Hirata M, Matsuda K, Iwata N, Ikeda M, Sawada N, Yamaji T, Iwasaki M, Ikegawa S, Maeda S, Murakami Y, Wakai K, Tsugane S, Sasaki M, Yamamoto M, Okada Y, Kubo M, Kamatani Y, Horikoshi M, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T. Identification of 28 new susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. Nat Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0332-4 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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1047
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Identification of 28 new susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. Nat Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0332-4 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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1048
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Musambil M, Siddiqui K. Genetics and genomics studies in type 2 diabetes: A brief review of the current scenario in the Arab region. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1629-1632. [PMID: 31336532 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a polygenic and multi-factorial complex disease, the challenge to find genetic markers that could explain the risk of development of this disease still remains unresolved. The Arab region is one among the populations with a high prevalence of T2D and a large number of studies have been carried out in exploring the genetic factors associated with T2D risk. AIM To summarize the recent developments in the Arab world based on the recent studies that had looked into genetic factors associated with the development of T2D in the Arab populations. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted to identify studies published between 2015 and 2018 reporting genetic factors or polymorphisms associated with the risk of T2D in the Arab world. The online databases PubMed and Web of Science were used to perform the literature search. CONCLUSION The present study has evaluated 14 studies published during the year 2015-2018. Studies from Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and United Arab Emirates had been explored studying the associations of GIPR, ADIPOQ, FTO, (GRCh38.p12), MLXIP, AKNAD1, KCNJ11 CDKAL1, CDKN2A/2B, TCF7L2, ACE, SNAP25, ELMO1, VDR, KCTD8, GABRA4 and PRKD1 genes with T2D development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohthash Musambil
- Strategic Center for Diabetes Research, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khalid Siddiqui
- Strategic Center for Diabetes Research, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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1049
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Suzuki K, Akiyama M, Ishigaki K, Kanai M, Hosoe J, Shojima N, Hozawa A, Kadota A, Kuriki K, Naito M, Tanno K, Ishigaki Y, Hirata M, Matsuda K, Iwata N, Ikeda M, Sawada N, Yamaji T, Iwasaki M, Ikegawa S, Maeda S, Murakami Y, Wakai K, Tsugane S, Sasaki M, Yamamoto M, Okada Y, Kubo M, Kamatani Y, Horikoshi M, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T. Identification of 28 new susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. Nat Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0332-4 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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1050
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Identification of 28 new susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. Nat Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0332-4 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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