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Abstract
Shaping global water and carbon cycles, plants lift water from roots to leaves through xylem conduits. The importance of xylem water conduction makes it crucial to understand how natural selection deploys conduit diameters within and across plants. Wider conduits transport more water but are likely more vulnerable to conduction-blocking gas embolisms and cost more for a plant to build, a tension necessarily shaping xylem conduit diameters along plant stems. We build on this expectation to present the Widened Pipe Model (WPM) of plant hydraulic evolution, testing it against a global dataset. The WPM predicts that xylem conduits should be narrowest at the stem tips, widening quickly before plateauing toward the stem base. This universal profile emerges from Pareto modeling of a trade-off between just two competing vectors of natural selection: one favoring rapid widening of conduits tip to base, minimizing hydraulic resistance, and another favoring slow widening of conduits, minimizing carbon cost and embolism risk. Our data spanning terrestrial plant orders, life forms, habitats, and sizes conform closely to WPM predictions. The WPM highlights carbon economy as a powerful vector of natural selection shaping plant function. It further implies that factors that cause resistance in plant conductive systems, such as conduit pit membrane resistance, should scale in exact harmony with tip-to-base conduit widening. Furthermore, the WPM implies that alterations in the environments of individual plants should lead to changes in plant height, for example, shedding terminal branches and resprouting at lower height under drier climates, thus achieving narrower and potentially more embolism-resistant conduits.
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102
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Bennett AC, Dargie GC, Cuni-Sanchez A, Tshibamba Mukendi J, Hubau W, Mukinzi JM, Phillips OL, Malhi Y, Sullivan MJP, Cooper DLM, Adu-Bredu S, Affum-Baffoe K, Amani CA, Banin LF, Beeckman H, Begne SK, Bocko YE, Boeckx P, Bogaert J, Brncic T, Chezeaux E, Clark CJ, Daniels AK, de Haulleville T, Djuikouo Kamdem MN, Doucet JL, Evouna Ondo F, Ewango CEN, Feldpausch TR, Foli EG, Gonmadje C, Hall JS, Hardy OJ, Harris DJ, Ifo SA, Jeffery KJ, Kearsley E, Leal M, Levesley A, Makana JR, Mbayu Lukasu F, Medjibe VP, Mihindu V, Moore S, Nssi Begone N, Pickavance GC, Poulsen JR, Reitsma J, Sonké B, Sunderland TCH, Taedoumg H, Talbot J, Tuagben DS, Umunay PM, Verbeeck H, Vleminckx J, White LJT, Woell H, Woods JT, Zemagho L, Lewis SL. Resistance of African tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2003169118. [PMID: 34001597 PMCID: PMC8166131 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003169118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The responses of tropical forests to environmental change are critical uncertainties in predicting the future impacts of climate change. The positive phase of the 2015-2016 El Niño Southern Oscillation resulted in unprecedented heat and low precipitation in the tropics with substantial impacts on the global carbon cycle. The role of African tropical forests is uncertain as their responses to short-term drought and temperature anomalies have yet to be determined using on-the-ground measurements. African tropical forests may be particularly sensitive because they exist in relatively dry conditions compared with Amazonian or Asian forests, or they may be more resistant because of an abundance of drought-adapted species. Here, we report responses of structurally intact old-growth lowland tropical forests inventoried within the African Tropical Rainforest Observatory Network (AfriTRON). We use 100 long-term inventory plots from six countries each measured at least twice prior to and once following the 2015-2016 El Niño event. These plots experienced the highest temperatures and driest conditions on record. The record temperature did not significantly reduce carbon gains from tree growth or significantly increase carbon losses from tree mortality, but the record drought did significantly decrease net carbon uptake. Overall, the long-term biomass increase of these forests was reduced due to the El Niño event, but these plots remained a live biomass carbon sink (0.51 ± 0.40 Mg C ha-1 y-1) despite extreme environmental conditions. Our analyses, while limited to African tropical forests, suggest they may be more resistant to climatic extremes than Amazonian and Asian forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Bennett
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;
| | - Greta C Dargie
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Aida Cuni-Sanchez
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - John Tshibamba Mukendi
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, 3080 Belgium
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, R408, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Faculté des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Wannes Hubau
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, 3080 Belgium
- Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacques M Mukinzi
- Democratic Republic of Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Salonga National Park, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- World Wide Fund for Nature, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J P Sullivan
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, United Kingdom
| | - Declan L M Cooper
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Christian A Amani
- Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor 16115, Indonesia
| | - Lindsay F Banin
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, 3080 Belgium
| | - Serge K Begne
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Yannick E Bocko
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Botanique et Ecologie, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory (ISOFYS), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Biodiversity and Landscape Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Terry Brncic
- Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Connie J Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Armandu K Daniels
- Forestry Development Authority of the Government of Liberia (FDA), Monrovia, Liberia
| | | | - Marie-Noël Djuikouo Kamdem
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jean-Louis Doucet
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Forest Is Life, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Corneille E N Ewango
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, R408, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Democratic Republic of Congo Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Conservation Forestiere (CEFRECOF), Epulu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest G Foli
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG), Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Jefferson S Hall
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC 20560
| | - Olivier J Hardy
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - David J Harris
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH3 5NZ, United Kingdom
| | - Suspense A Ifo
- École Normale Supérieure, Département des Sciences et Vie de la Terre, Laboratoire de Géomatique et d'Ecologie Tropicale Appliquée, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Kathryn J Jeffery
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Kearsley
- Department of Environment, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Environment, Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology (Cavelab), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miguel Leal
- Uganda Programme, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aurora Levesley
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Remy Makana
- Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire d'écologie et aménagement forestier, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Faustin Mbayu Lukasu
- Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, R408, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Vianet Mihindu
- Commission of Central African Forests (COMIFAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Sam Moore
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Jan Reitsma
- Bureau Waardenburg, 4101 CK Culemborg, The Netherlands
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Terry C H Sunderland
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor 16115, Indonesia
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hermann Taedoumg
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Biodiversity International, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Joey Talbot
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Darlington S Tuagben
- Forestry Development Authority of the Government of Liberia (FDA), Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Peter M Umunay
- Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY 11224
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- Department of Environment, Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology (Cavelab), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jason Vleminckx
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, University Park, FL 33199
- Faculté des Sciences, Service d'Évolution Biologique et écologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Lee J T White
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
- Ministry of Forests, Seas, Environment and Climate, Libreville, Gabon
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - John T Woods
- William R. Tolbert, Jr. College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Lise Zemagho
- Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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103
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Camarero JJ. Within- versus between-species size effects on drought-induced dieback and mortality. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:679-682. [PMID: 33331903 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Julio Camarero
- Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza 50059, Spain
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104
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Importance of hydraulic strategy trade-offs in structuring response of canopy trees to extreme drought in central Amazon. Oecologia 2021; 197:13-24. [PMID: 33948691 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant ecophysiological trade-offs between different strategies for tolerating stresses are widely theorized to shape forest functional diversity and vulnerability to climate change. However, trade-offs between hydraulic and stomatal regulation during natural droughts remain under-studied, especially in tropical forests. We investigated eleven mature forest canopy trees in central Amazonia during the strong 2015 El Niño. We found greater xylem embolism resistance ([Formula: see text] = - 3.3 ± 0.8 MPa) and hydraulic safety margin (HSM = 2.12 ± 0.57 MPa) than previously observed in more precipitation-seasonal rainforests of eastern Amazonia and central America. We also discovered that taller trees exhibited lower embolism resistance and greater stomatal sensitivity, a height-structured trade-off between hydraulic resistance and active stomatal regulation. Such active regulation of tree water status, triggered by the onset of stem embolism, acted as a feedback to avoid further increases in embolism, and also explained declines in photosynthesis and transpiration. These results suggest that canopy trees exhibit a conservative hydraulic strategy to endure drought, with trade-offs between investment in xylem to reduce vulnerability to hydraulic failure, and active stomatal regulation to protect against low water potentials. These findings improve our understanding of strategies in tropical forest canopies and contribute to more accurate prediction of drought responses.
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105
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Hofhansl F, Chacón‐Madrigal E, Brännström Å, Dieckmann U, Franklin O. Mechanisms driving plant functional trait variation in a tropical forest. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:3856-3870. [PMID: 33976780 PMCID: PMC8093716 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant functional trait variation in tropical forests results from taxonomic differences in phylogeny and associated genetic differences, as well as, phenotypic plastic responses to the environment. Accounting for the underlying mechanisms driving plant functional trait variation is important for understanding the potential rate of change of ecosystems since trait acclimation via phenotypic plasticity is very fast compared to shifts in community composition and genetic adaptation. We here applied a statistical technique to decompose the relative roles of phenotypic plasticity, genetic adaptation, and phylogenetic constraints. We examined typically obtained plant functional traits, such as wood density, plant height, specific leaf area, leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf dry mass content, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf phosphorus content. We assumed that genetic differences in plant functional traits between species and genotypes increase with environmental heterogeneity and geographic distance, whereas trait variation due to plastic acclimation to the local environment is independent of spatial distance between sampling sites. Results suggest that most of the observed trait variation could not be explained by the measured environmental variables, thus indicating a limited potential to predict individual plant traits from commonly assessed parameters. However, we found a difference in the response of plant functional traits, such that leaf traits varied in response to canopy-light regime and nutrient availability, whereas wood traits were related to topoedaphic factors and water availability. Our analysis furthermore revealed differences in the functional response of coexisting neotropical tree species, which suggests that endemic species with conservative ecological strategies might be especially prone to competitive exclusion under projected climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hofhansl
- International Institute for Applied Systems AnalysisLaxenburgAustria
| | | | - Åke Brännström
- International Institute for Applied Systems AnalysisLaxenburgAustria
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical StatisticsUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- International Institute for Applied Systems AnalysisLaxenburgAustria
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of BiosystemsThe Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai)HayamaJapan
| | - Oskar Franklin
- International Institute for Applied Systems AnalysisLaxenburgAustria
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106
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Nolan RH, Gauthey A, Losso A, Medlyn BE, Smith R, Chhajed SS, Fuller K, Song M, Li X, Beaumont LJ, Boer MM, Wright IJ, Choat B. Hydraulic failure and tree size linked with canopy die-back in eucalypt forest during extreme drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1354-1365. [PMID: 33629360 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eastern Australia was subject to its hottest and driest year on record in 2019. This extreme drought resulted in massive canopy die-back in eucalypt forests. The role of hydraulic failure and tree size on canopy die-back in three eucalypt tree species during this drought was examined. We measured pre-dawn and midday leaf water potential (Ψleaf ), per cent loss of stem hydraulic conductivity and quantified hydraulic vulnerability to drought-induced xylem embolism. Tree size and tree health was also surveyed. Trees with most, or all, of their foliage dead exhibited high rates of native embolism (78-100%). This is in contrast to trees with partial canopy die-back (30-70% canopy die-back: 72-78% native embolism), or relatively healthy trees (little evidence of canopy die-back: 25-31% native embolism). Midday Ψleaf was significantly more negative in trees exhibiting partial canopy die-back (-2.7 to -6.3 MPa), compared with relatively healthy trees (-2.1 to -4.5 MPa). In two of the species the majority of individuals showing complete canopy die-back were in the small size classes. Our results indicate that hydraulic failure is strongly associated with canopy die-back during drought in eucalypt forests. Our study provides valuable field data to help constrain models predicting mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael H Nolan
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Bushfire Risk Management Research Hub, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Alice Gauthey
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Adriano Losso
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Rhiannon Smith
- Ecosystem Management, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Shubham S Chhajed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Kathryn Fuller
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Bushfire Risk Management Research Hub, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Magnolia Song
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Xine Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Linda J Beaumont
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Matthias M Boer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Bushfire Risk Management Research Hub, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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107
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Oliveira RS, Eller CB, Barros FDV, Hirota M, Brum M, Bittencourt P. Linking plant hydraulics and the fast-slow continuum to understand resilience to drought in tropical ecosystems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:904-923. [PMID: 33570772 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropical ecosystems have the highest levels of biodiversity, cycle more water and absorb more carbon than any other terrestrial ecosystem on Earth. Consequently, these ecosystems are extremely important components of Earth's climatic system and biogeochemical cycles. Plant hydraulics is an essential discipline to understand and predict the dynamics of tropical vegetation in scenarios of changing water availability. Using published plant hydraulic data we show that the trade-off between drought avoidance (expressed as deep-rooting, deciduousness and capacitance) and hydraulic safety (P50 - the water potential when plants lose 50% of their maximum hydraulic conductivity) is a major axis of physiological variation across tropical ecosystems. We also propose a novel and independent axis of hydraulic trait variation linking vulnerability to hydraulic failure (expressed as the hydraulic safety margin (HSM)) and growth, where inherent fast-growing plants have lower HSM compared to slow-growing plants. We surmise that soil nutrients are fundamental drivers of tropical community assembly determining the distribution and abundance of the slow-safe/fast-risky strategies. We conclude showing that including either the growth-HSM or the resistance-avoidance trade-off in models can make simulated tropical rainforest communities substantially more vulnerable to drought than similar communities without the trade-off. These results suggest that vegetation models need to represent hydraulic trade-off axes to accurately project the functioning and distribution of tropical ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Cleiton B Eller
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de V Barros
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Marina Hirota
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Mauro Brum
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, USA
| | - Paulo Bittencourt
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
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108
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Hollunder RK, Mariotte P, Carrijo TT, Holmgren M, Luber J, Stein-Soares B, Guidoni-Martins KG, Ferreira-Santos K, Scarano FR, Garbin ML. Topography and vegetation structure mediate drought impacts on the understory of the South American Atlantic Forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144234. [PMID: 33418256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Droughts have increased in frequency, duration, and severity across most of the tropics but their effect on forest communities remain not fully understood. Here we assessed the effects of a severe El Niño-induced drought event on dominant and low abundance understory plant species and the consequent impacts on ecosystem functions in the South American Atlantic Forest. We established 20 permanent plots with contrasting vegetation structure and topography. In each plot, we measured the stem diameter at breast height (DBH) of every understory woody plant (i.e. 1 to 10 cm stem diameter) before and after a severe 4-year drought event to calculate relative growth and mortality rates after drought. Litter biomass, litter nutrient content and soil nutrients, as well as tree canopy cover, were also quantified. High stem density reduced survival to drought for both dominant and low abundance understory woody species. The growth rate of dominant and low abundance species was lower on steeper slopes during the drought. Dominant species were the main contributor of litter biomass production whereas low abundance species were important drivers of litter quality. Overall, our findings suggest that habitats with low tree density and larger trees on flat areas, such as in valleys, can act as refuges for understory plant species during drought periods. These habitats are resource-rich, providing nutrients and water during unfavorable drought periods and might improve forest resilience to climate change in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Köpp Hollunder
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, IB, CCS, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-970 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pierre Mariotte
- Grazing Systems, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana Tavares Carrijo
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Alto Universitário, Guararema, 29.500-000 Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Milena Holmgren
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaquelini Luber
- Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, 22.460-036 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bethina Stein-Soares
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Alto Universitário, Guararema, 29.500-000 Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Karina Ferreira-Santos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, IB, CCS, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-970 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabio Rubio Scarano
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, IB, CCS, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-970 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mário Luís Garbin
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Alto Universitário, Guararema, 29.500-000 Alegre, ES, Brazil.
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109
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Signori-Müller C, Oliveira RS, Barros FDV, Tavares JV, Gilpin M, Diniz FC, Zevallos MJM, Yupayccana CAS, Acosta M, Bacca J, Chino RSC, Cuellar GMA, Cumapa ERM, Martinez F, Mullisaca FMP, Nina A, Sanchez JMB, da Silva LF, Tello L, Tintaya JS, Ugarteche MTM, Baker TR, Bittencourt PRL, Borma LS, Brum M, Castro W, Coronado ENH, Cosio EG, Feldpausch TR, Fonseca LDM, Gloor E, Llampazo GF, Malhi Y, Mendoza AM, Moscoso VC, Araujo-Murakami A, Phillips OL, Salinas N, Silveira M, Talbot J, Vasquez R, Mencuccini M, Galbraith D. Non-structural carbohydrates mediate seasonal water stress across Amazon forests. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2310. [PMID: 33875648 PMCID: PMC8055652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are major substrates for plant metabolism and have been implicated in mediating drought-induced tree mortality. Despite their significance, NSC dynamics in tropical forests remain little studied. We present leaf and branch NSC data for 82 Amazon canopy tree species in six sites spanning a broad precipitation gradient. During the wet season, total NSC (NSCT) concentrations in both organs were remarkably similar across communities. However, NSCT and its soluble sugar (SS) and starch components varied much more across sites during the dry season. Notably, the proportion of leaf NSCT in the form of SS (SS:NSCT) increased greatly in the dry season in almost all species in the driest sites, implying an important role of SS in mediating water stress in these sites. This adjustment of leaf NSC balance was not observed in tree species less-adapted to water deficit, even under exceptionally dry conditions. Thus, leaf carbon metabolism may help to explain floristic sorting across water availability gradients in Amazonia and enable better prediction of forest responses to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Signori-Müller
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Vasconcellos Barros
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Manuel J Marca Zevallos
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Martin Acosta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Jean Bacca
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | | | - Gina M Aramayo Cuellar
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Franklin Martinez
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Alex Nina
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Leticia Fernandes da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Ligia Tello
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | | | - Maira T Martinez Ugarteche
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Paulo R L Bittencourt
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Laura S Borma
- Earth System Science Centre, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Mauro Brum
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wendeson Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | | | - Eric G Cosio
- Sección Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | | | | | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | | | - Norma Salinas
- Sección Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Joey Talbot
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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110
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Herrera-Ramírez D, Sierra CA, Römermann C, Muhr J, Trumbore S, Silvério D, Brando PM, Hartmann H. Starch and lipid storage strategies in tropical trees relate to growth and mortality. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:139-154. [PMID: 33507548 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbon (NSC) storage (i.e. starch, soluble sugras and lipids) in tree stems play important roles in metabolism and growth. Their spatial distribution in wood may explain species-specific differences in carbon storage dynamics, growth and survival. However, quantitative information on the spatial distribution of starch and lipids in wood is sparse due to methodological limitations. Here we assessed differences in wood NSC and lipid storage between tropical tree species with different growth and mortality rates and contrasting functional types. We measured starch and soluble sugars in wood cores up to 4 cm deep into the stem using standard chemical quantification methods and histological slices stained with Lugol's iodine. We also detected neutral lipids using histological slices stained with Oil-Red-O. The histological method allowed us to group individuals into two categories according to their starch storage strategy: fiber-storing trees and parenchyma-storing trees. The first group had a bigger starch pool, slower growth and lower mortality rates than the second group. Lipid storage was found in wood parenchyma in five species and was related to low mortality rates. The quantification of the spatial distribution of starch and lipids in wood improves our understanding of NSC dynamics in trees and reveals additional dimensions of tree growth and survival strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos A Sierra
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Christine Römermann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
- Department of Bioclimatology, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Jan Muhr
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 16, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Susan Trumbore
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Divino Silvério
- Department of Biology, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Capitão Poço, Pará, 68650-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Brando
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, Brasília, DF, 70863-520, Brazil
- Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA, 02540, USA
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
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111
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Gora EM, Esquivel-Muelbert A. Implications of size-dependent tree mortality for tropical forest carbon dynamics. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:384-391. [PMID: 33782580 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests are mitigating the ongoing climate crisis by absorbing more atmospheric carbon than they emit. However, widespread increases in tree mortality rates are decreasing the ability of tropical forests to assimilate and store carbon. A relatively small number of large trees dominate the contributions of these forests to the global carbon budget, yet we know remarkably little about how these large trees die. Here, we propose a cohesive and empirically informed framework for understanding and investigating size-dependent drivers of tree mortality. This theory-based framework enables us to posit that abiotic drivers of tree mortality-particularly drought, wind and lightning-regulate tropical forest carbon cycling via their disproportionate effects on large trees. As global change is predicted to increase the pressure from abiotic drivers, the associated deaths of large trees could rapidly and lastingly reduce tropical forest biomass stocks. Focused investigations of large tree death are needed to understand how shifting drivers of mortality are restructuring carbon cycling in tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Gora
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.
| | - Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert
- School of Geography, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, Birmingham, UK.
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112
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Why is Tree Drought Mortality so Hard to Predict? Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:520-532. [PMID: 33674131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Widespread tree mortality following droughts has emerged as an environmentally and economically devastating 'ecological surprise'. It is well established that tree physiology is important in understanding drought-driven mortality; however, the accuracy of predictions based on physiology alone has been limited. We propose that complicating factors at two levels stymie predictions of drought-driven mortality: (i) organismal-level physiological and site factors that obscure understanding of drought exposure and vulnerability and (ii) community-level ecological interactions, particularly with biotic agents whose effects on tree mortality may reverse expectations based on stress physiology. We conclude with a path forward that emphasizes the need for an integrative approach to stress physiology and biotic agent dynamics when assessing forest risk to drought-driven morality in a changing climate.
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113
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Long-Term Tree-Ring Response to Drought and Frost in Two Pinus halepensis Populations Growing under Contrasting Environmental Conditions in Peninsular Italy. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pinus halepensis dominates coastal to mountain areas throughout the Mediterranean Basin. Its growth plasticity, based on polycyclic shoot formation and dynamic cambial activity, and tolerance to extreme drought and exceptional frosts, allows it to colonize a vast array of environments. We used tree-rings from codominant pines to compare lifespan, growth rates, age and size distribution in a typical coastal (i.e., prolonged drought, occasional low-intensity fires) vs. inland hilly (i.e., moister conditions, recurrent frosts) population. BAI trends, growth-limiting climate factors and tree-ring anatomical anomalies were analyzed considering the differences in climate and phenology obtained from multispectral satellite images. The species maximum lifespan was 100–125 years. Mortality was mainly due to fire on the coast, or heart-rot in the inland site. Populations differed in productivity, which was maintained over time despite recent warming. Site conditions affected the growing season dynamics, the control over ring formation by summer drought vs. winter cold and the frequency of anatomical anomalies. Recurrent frost rings, associated with temperatures below −10 °C, occurred only at the inland site. Pinus halepensis confirmed its remarkable growth plasticity to diverse and variable environmental conditions. Its ability to survive extreme events and sustain productivity confirmed its adaptability to climate change in coastal areas as well as on Mediterranean mountains.
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114
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Mujawamariya M, Wittemann M, Manishimwe A, Ntirugulirwa B, Zibera E, Nsabimana D, Wallin G, Uddling J, Dusenge ME. Complete or overcompensatory thermal acclimation of leaf dark respiration in African tropical trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2548-2561. [PMID: 33113226 PMCID: PMC7898918 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tropical climates are getting warmer, with pronounced dry periods in large areas. The productivity and climate feedbacks of future tropical forests depend on the ability of trees to acclimate their physiological processes, such as leaf dark respiration (Rd ), to these new conditions. However, knowledge on this is currently limited due to data scarcity. We studied the impact of growth temperature on Rd and its dependency on net photosynthesis (An ), leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents, and leaf mass per unit area (LMA) in 16 early-successional (ES) and late-successional (LS) tropical tree species in multispecies plantations along an elevation gradient (Rwanda TREE project). Moreover, we explored the effect of drought on Rd in one ES and one LS species. Leaf Rd at 20°C decreased at warmer sites, regardless if it was expressed per unit leaf area, mass, N or P. This acclimation resulted in an 8% and a 28% decrease in Rd at prevailing nighttime temperatures in trees at the intermediate and warmest sites, respectively. Moreover, drought reduced Rd , particularly in the ES species and at the coolest site. Thermal acclimation of Rd is complete or overcompensatory and independent of changes in leaf nutrients or LMA in African tropical trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Mujawamariya
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| | - Maria Wittemann
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| | - Aloysie Manishimwe
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| | - Bonaventure Ntirugulirwa
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
- Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Development BoardPO Box 5016KigaliRwanda
| | - Etienne Zibera
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
| | - Donat Nsabimana
- School of Forestry and Biodiversity and Biological SciencesUniversity of RwandaBusogoRwanda
| | - Göran Wallin
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| | - Johan Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
| | - Mirindi Eric Dusenge
- Department of BiologyUniversity of RwandaUniversity AvenuePO Box 117HuyeRwanda
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgPO Box 461GothenburgSE‐405 30Sweden
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115
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Burt A, Boni Vicari M, da Costa ACL, Coughlin I, Meir P, Rowland L, Disney M. New insights into large tropical tree mass and structure from direct harvest and terrestrial lidar. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:201458. [PMID: 33972856 PMCID: PMC8074798 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A large portion of the terrestrial vegetation carbon stock is stored in the above-ground biomass (AGB) of tropical forests, but the exact amount remains uncertain, partly owing to the lack of measurements. To date, accessible peer-reviewed data are available for just 10 large tropical trees in the Amazon that have been harvested and directly measured entirely via weighing. Here, we harvested four large tropical rainforest trees (stem diameter: 0.6-1.2 m, height: 30-46 m, AGB: 3960-18 584 kg) in intact old-growth forest in East Amazonia, and measured above-ground green mass, moisture content and woody tissue density. We first present rare ecological insights provided by these data, including unsystematic intra-tree variations in density, with both height and radius. We also found the majority of AGB was usually found in the crown, but varied from 42 to 62%. We then compare non-destructive approaches for estimating the AGB of these trees, using both classical allometry and new lidar-based methods. Terrestrial lidar point clouds were collected pre-harvest, on which we fitted cylinders to model woody structure, enabling retrieval of volume-derived AGB. Estimates from this approach were more accurate than allometric counterparts (mean tree-scale relative error: 3% versus 15%), and error decreased when up-scaling to the cumulative AGB of the four trees (1% versus 15%). Furthermore, while allometric error increased fourfold with tree size over the diameter range, lidar error remained constant. This suggests error in these lidar-derived estimates is random and additive. Were these results transferable across forest scenes, terrestrial lidar methods would reduce uncertainty in stand-scale AGB estimates, and therefore advance our understanding of the role of tropical forests in the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Burt
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ingrid Coughlin
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lucy Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mathias Disney
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
- NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), Leicester, UK
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116
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Rowland L, Oliveira RS, Bittencourt PRL, Giles AL, Coughlin I, Costa PDB, Domingues T, Ferreira LV, Vasconcelos SS, Junior JAS, Oliveira AAR, da Costa ACL, Meir P, Mencuccini M. Plant traits controlling growth change in response to a drier climate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1363-1374. [PMID: 32981040 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant traits are increasingly being used to improve prediction of plant function, including plant demography. However, the capability of plant traits to predict demographic rates remains uncertain, particularly in the context of trees experiencing a changing climate. Here we present data combining 17 plant traits associated with plant structure, metabolism and hydraulic status, with measurements of long-term mean, maximum and relative growth rates for 176 trees from the world's longest running tropical forest drought experiment. We demonstrate that plant traits can predict mean annual tree growth rates with moderate explanatory power. However, only combinations of traits associated more directly with plant functional processes, rather than more commonly employed traits like wood density or leaf mass per area, yield the power to predict growth. Critically, we observe a shift from growth being controlled by traits related to carbon cycling (assimilation and respiration) in well-watered trees, to traits relating to plant hydraulic stress in drought-stressed trees. We also demonstrate that even with a very comprehensive set of plant traits and growth data on large numbers of tropical trees, considerable uncertainty remains in directly interpreting the mechanisms through which traits influence performance in tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brasil
- Biological Sciences, UWA, Perth, Crawle, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Paulo R L Bittencourt
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP 13083-970, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre L Giles
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP 13083-970, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Coughlin
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brasil
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Patricia de Britto Costa
- Biological Sciences, UWA, Perth, Crawle, WA, 6009, Australia
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Tomas Domingues
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brasil
| | | | | | - João A S Junior
- Instituto de Geosciências, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brasil
| | - Alex A R Oliveira
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Antonio C L da Costa
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, 66040-170, Brasil
- EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, 14 Belém, PA, 66095-903, Brasil
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
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117
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Levionnois S, Jansen S, Wandji RT, Beauchêne J, Ziegler C, Coste S, Stahl C, Delzon S, Authier L, Heuret P. Linking drought-induced xylem embolism resistance to wood anatomical traits in Neotropical trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1453-1466. [PMID: 32964439 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Drought-induced xylem embolism is considered to be one of the main factors driving mortality in woody plants worldwide. Although several structure-functional mechanisms have been tested to understand the anatomical determinants of embolism resistance, there is a need to study this topic by integrating anatomical data for many species. We combined optical, laser, and transmission electron microscopy to investigate vessel diameter, vessel grouping, and pit membrane ultrastructure for 26 tropical rainforest tree species across three major clades (magnoliids, rosiids, and asteriids). We then related these anatomical observations to previously published data on drought-induced embolism resistance, with phylogenetic analyses. Vessel diameter, vessel grouping, and pit membrane ultrastructure were all predictive of xylem embolism resistance, but with weak predictive power. While pit membrane thickness was a predictive trait when vestured pits were taken into account, the pit membrane diameter-to-thickness ratio suggests a strong importance of the deflection resistance of the pit membrane. However, phylogenetic analyses weakly support adaptive coevolution. Our results emphasize the functional significance of pit membranes for air-seeding in tropical rainforest trees, highlighting also the need to study their mechanical properties due to the link between embolism resistance and pit membrane diameter-to-thickness ratio. Finding support for adaptive coevolution also remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Levionnois
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Ruth Tchana Wandji
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Jacques Beauchêne
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Camille Ziegler
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Silva, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Sabrina Coste
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Clément Stahl
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- UMR BIOGECO, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Louise Authier
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, 97310, France
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118
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Wang W, English NB, Grossiord C, Gessler A, Das AJ, Stephenson NL, Baisan CH, Allen CD, McDowell NG. Mortality predispositions of conifers across western USA. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:831-844. [PMID: 32918833 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conifer mortality rates are increasing in western North America, but the physiological mechanisms underlying this trend are not well understood. We examined tree-ring-based radial growth along with stable carbon (C) and oxygen (O) isotope composition (δ13 C and δ18 O, respectively) of dying and surviving conifers at eight old-growth forest sites across a strong moisture gradient in the western USA to retrospectively investigate mortality predispositions. Compared with surviving trees, lower growth of dying trees was detected at least one decade before mortality at seven of the eight sites. Intrinsic water-use efficiency increased over time in both dying and surviving trees, with a weaker increase in dying trees at five of the eight sites. C starvation was a strong correlate of conifer mortality based on a conceptual model incorporating growth, δ13 C, and δ18 O. However, this approach does not capture processes that occur in the final months of survival. Ultimately, C starvation may lead to increased mortality vulnerability, but hydraulic failure or biotic attack may dominate the process during the end stages of mortality in these conifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu,, 610041, China
| | - Nathan B English
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland University, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Functional Plant Ecology, Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, Lausanne,, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne,, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Functional Plant Ecology, Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, Lausanne,, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitaetsstrasse 16, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Adrian J Das
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, Three Rivers, CA, 93271, USA
| | - Nathan L Stephenson
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, Three Rivers, CA, 93271, USA
| | | | - Craig D Allen
- Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, US Geological Survey, Los Alamos, NM,, 87544, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
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119
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Nardini A, Petruzzellis F, Marusig D, Tomasella M, Natale S, Altobelli A, Calligaris C, Floriddia G, Cucchi F, Forte E, Zini L. Water 'on the rocks': a summer drink for thirsty trees? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:199-212. [PMID: 32772381 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drought-induced tree mortality frequently occurs in patches with different spatial and temporal distributions, which is only partly explained by inter- and intraspecific variation in drought tolerance. We investigated whether bedrock properties, with special reference to rock water storage capacity, affects tree water status and drought response in a rock-dominated landscape. We measured primary porosity and available water content of breccia (B) and dolostone (D) rocks. Saplings of Fraxinus ornus were grown in pots filled with soil or soil mixed with B and D rocks, and subjected to an experimental drought. Finally, we measured seasonal changes in water status of trees in field sites overlying B or D bedrock. B rocks were more porous and stored more available water than D rocks. Potted saplings grown with D rocks had less biomass and suffered more severe water stress than those with B rocks. Trees in sites with B bedrock had more favourable water status than those on D bedrock which also suffered drought-induced canopy dieback. Bedrock represents an important water source for plants under drought. Different bedrock features translate into contrasting below-ground water availability, leading to landscape-level heterogeneity of the impact of drought on tree water status and dieback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italia
| | - Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italia
| | - Daniel Marusig
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italia
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali Sostenibili, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via E. Parmense 84, Piacenza, 29122, Italia
| | - Martina Tomasella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italia
| | - Sara Natale
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italia
| | - Alfredo Altobelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italia
| | - Chiara Calligaris
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, Trieste, 34128, Italia
| | - Gabriele Floriddia
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, Trieste, 34128, Italia
| | - Franco Cucchi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, Trieste, 34128, Italia
| | - Emanuele Forte
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, Trieste, 34128, Italia
| | - Luca Zini
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università di Trieste, Via E. Weiss 2, Trieste, 34128, Italia
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120
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Yan YM, Fan ZX, Fu PL, Chen H, Lin LX. Size dependent associations between tree diameter growth rates and functional traits in an Asian tropical seasonal rainforest. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:231-240. [PMID: 33119999 DOI: 10.1071/fp20226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many studies focus on the relationships between plant functional traits and tree growth performances. However, little is known about the ontogenetic shifts of the relationships between functional traits and tree growth. This study examined associations between stem and leaf functional traits and growth rates and their ontogenetic shifts across 20 tropical tree species in a tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbanna, south-west China. For each species, physiological active branches of individual trees belonged to three size classes (i.e. small, diameter at breast height (DBH) 5-10 cm; middle, DBH 10-20 cm; big, DBH >20 cm) were sampled respectively. We measured 18 morphological and structural traits, which characterised plant hydraulic properties or leaf economic spectrum. Associations between diameter growth rates and functional traits were analysed across three size classes. Our results revealed that diameter growth rates of big-sized trees were mainly related to traits related to plant hydraulic efficiency (i.e. theoretical hydraulic conductivity (Ktheo) and leaf vein density (Dvein)), which suggests that the growth of large trees is limited mainly by their xylem water transport capacity. For middle-sized trees, growth rates were significantly related to traits representing leaf economic spectrum (i.e. specific leaf area (SLA), individual leaf mass (ILM), palisade thickness (PT) and spongy thickness (SP)). Diameter growth rates of small-sized trees were not correlated with hydraulic or leaf economic traits. Thus, the associations between tree growth rates and functional traits are size dependent. Our results suggest ontogenetic shift of functional traits which could potential contribute to different growth response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ze-Xin Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China; and Centre of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, 666303, China; and Corresponding author.
| | - Pei-Li Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China; and Centre of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, 666303, China
| | - Hui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China; and Xishuangbanna Station for Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem Studies, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Lu-Xiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China; and Xishuangbanna Station for Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem Studies, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
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121
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Gorgens EB, Nunes MH, Jackson T, Coomes D, Keller M, Reis CR, Valbuena R, Rosette J, de Almeida DRA, Gimenez B, Cantinho R, Motta AZ, Assis M, de Souza Pereira FR, Spanner G, Higuchi N, Ometto JP. Resource availability and disturbance shape maximum tree height across the Amazon. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:177-189. [PMID: 33118242 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tall trees are key drivers of ecosystem processes in tropical forest, but the controls on the distribution of the very tallest trees remain poorly understood. The recent discovery of grove of giant trees over 80 meters tall in the Amazon forest requires a reevaluation of current thinking. We used high-resolution airborne laser surveys to measure canopy height across 282,750 ha of old-growth and second-growth forests randomly sampling the entire Brazilian Amazon. We investigated how resources and disturbances shape the maximum height distribution across the Brazilian Amazon through the relations between the occurrence of giant trees and environmental factors. Common drivers of height development are fundamentally different from those influencing the occurrence of giant trees. We found that changes in wind and light availability drive giant tree distribution as much as precipitation and temperature, together shaping the forest structure of the Brazilian Amazon. The location of giant trees should be carefully considered by policymakers when identifying important hot spots for the conservation of biodiversity in the Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Gorgens
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Gimenez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Alline Z Motta
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro Assis
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Spanner
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Niro Higuchi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Jean Pierre Ometto
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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122
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Doughty CE, Cheesman AW, Riutta T, Thomson ER, Shenkin A, Nottingham AT, Telford EM, Huaraca Huasco W, Majalap N, Arn Teh Y, Meir P, Malhi Y. Predicting tropical tree mortality with leaf spectroscopy. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Doughty
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
| | - Alexander W. Cheesman
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
- College of Science & Engineering James Cook University Cairns Qld Australia
| | - Terhi Riutta
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Ascot UK
| | - Eleanor R. Thomson
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Alexander Shenkin
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Andrew T. Nottingham
- School of Geography, University of Leeds Leeds UK
- School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | | | - Walter Huaraca Huasco
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Noreen Majalap
- Forest Research Centre Sabah Forestry Department Sandakan Malaysia
| | - Yit Arn Teh
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
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123
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Effect of Various Types of ENSO Events on Moisture Conditions in the Humid and Subhumid Tropics. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11121354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Moisture anomaly conditions within humid and subhumid tropics that are associated with different types of El Niño and La Niña phenomena are described and analyzed with a focus on their spatial distribution and seasonal variability. Five dryness indices (Keetch–Byram Drought Index, Weighted Anomaly Standardized Precipitation Index, Standardized Precipitation Index, Palmer Drought Severity Index, and Percent of Normal Precipitation) were derived from ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) fifth generation reanalysis (ERA5) reanalysis and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) datasets for the period from 1979 to 2019. Cross-correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and selected dryness indices. To describe the seasonal variability of the ENSO–surface moisture relationships, the composite maps of dryness indices in different seasons were analyzed. The results showed a significant heterogeneity of the ENSO-induced moisture anomaly conditions both within and across various geographical regions. Four main areas in humid and subhumid tropics with the maximum effects of El Niño/La Niña events on the surface moisture conditions were found: Southeast Asia and Australia, Eastern and South Africa, Northeastern and Eastern South America, and Central America. It was shown that the effects of La Niña were usually opposite to those of El Niño, while the responses to the two types of El Niño differed mostly in the moisture anomaly intensity and its spatial patterns.
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124
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Li Y, Xu Y, Chen Y, Ling L, Jiang Y, Duan H, Liu J. Effects of drought regimes on growth and physiological traits of a typical shrub species in subtropical China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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125
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Maia VA, Santos ABM, de Aguiar-Campos N, de Souza CR, de Oliveira MCF, Coelho PA, Morel JD, da Costa LS, Farrapo CL, Fagundes NCA, de Paula GGP, Santos PF, Gianasi FM, da Silva WB, de Oliveira F, Girardelli DT, de Carvalho Araújo F, Vilela TA, Pereira RT, da Silva LCA, de Oliveira Menino GC, Garcia PO, Fontes MAL, Dos Santos RM. The carbon sink of tropical seasonal forests in southeastern Brazil can be under threat. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabd4548. [PMID: 33355136 PMCID: PMC11206208 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests have played an important role as a carbon sink over time. However, the carbon dynamics of Brazilian non-Amazon tropical forests are still not well understood. Here, we used data from 32 tropical seasonal forest sites, monitored from 1987 to 2020 (mean site monitoring length, ~15 years) to investigate their long-term trends in carbon stocks and sinks. Our results highlight a long-term decline in the net carbon sink (0.13 Mg C ha-1 year-1) caused by decreasing carbon gains (2.6% by year) and increasing carbon losses (3.4% by year). The driest and warmest sites are experiencing the most severe carbon sink decline and have already moved from carbon sinks to carbon sources. Because of the importance of the terrestrial carbon sink for the global climate, policies are needed to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases and to restore and protect tropical seasonal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Andrade Maia
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Natália de Aguiar-Campos
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Cléber Rodrigo de Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | | | - Polyanne Aparecida Coelho
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Jean Daniel Morel
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Lauana Silva da Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Laís Farrapo
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Nathalle Cristine Alencar Fagundes
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 431, Ituiutaba, MG 38302-192, Brazil
| | | | - Paola Ferreira Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Moreira Gianasi
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Wilder Bento da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Diego Teixeira Girardelli
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe de Carvalho Araújo
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Taynara Andrade Vilela
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Tavares Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Oswaldo Garcia
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul de Minas Gerais-Campus Muzambinho, P.O. Box 02, Muzambinho, MG 37890-000, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Leite Fontes
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Rubens Manoel Dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil.
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
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126
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Esquivel-Muelbert A, Phillips OL, Brienen RJW, Fauset S, Sullivan MJP, Baker TR, Chao KJ, Feldpausch TR, Gloor E, Higuchi N, Houwing-Duistermaat J, Lloyd J, Liu H, Malhi Y, Marimon B, Marimon Junior BH, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Poorter L, Silveira M, Torre EV, Dávila EA, Del Aguila Pasquel J, Almeida E, Loayza PA, Andrade A, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets E, Arroyo L, Aymard C GA, Baisie M, Baraloto C, Camargo PB, Barroso J, Blanc L, Bonal D, Bongers F, Boot R, Brown F, Burban B, Camargo JL, Castro W, Moscoso VC, Chave J, Comiskey J, Valverde FC, da Costa AL, Cardozo ND, Di Fiore A, Dourdain A, Erwin T, Llampazo GF, Vieira ICG, Herrera R, Honorio Coronado E, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Jimenez-Rojas E, Killeen T, Laurance S, Laurance W, Levesley A, Lewis SL, Ladvocat KLLM, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Lovejoy T, Meir P, Mendoza C, Morandi P, Neill D, Nogueira Lima AJ, Vargas PN, de Oliveira EA, Camacho NP, Pardo G, Peacock J, Peña-Claros M, Peñuela-Mora MC, Pickavance G, Pipoly J, Pitman N, Prieto A, Pugh TAM, Quesada C, Ramirez-Angulo H, de Almeida Reis SM, Rejou-Machain M, Correa ZR, Bayona LR, Rudas A, Salomão R, Serrano J, Espejo JS, Silva N, Singh J, Stahl C, Stropp J, Swamy V, Talbot J, Ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Thomas R, Toledo M, Torres-Lezama A, Gamarra LV, van der Heijden G, van der Meer P, van der Hout P, Martinez RV, Vieira SA, Cayo JV, Vos V, Zagt R, Zuidema P, Galbraith D. Tree mode of death and mortality risk factors across Amazon forests. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5515. [PMID: 33168823 PMCID: PMC7652827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbon sink capacity of tropical forests is substantially affected by tree mortality. However, the main drivers of tropical tree death remain largely unknown. Here we present a pan-Amazonian assessment of how and why trees die, analysing over 120,000 trees representing > 3800 species from 189 long-term RAINFOR forest plots. While tree mortality rates vary greatly Amazon-wide, on average trees are as likely to die standing as they are broken or uprooted-modes of death with different ecological consequences. Species-level growth rate is the single most important predictor of tree death in Amazonia, with faster-growing species being at higher risk. Within species, however, the slowest-growing trees are at greatest risk while the effect of tree size varies across the basin. In the driest Amazonian region species-level bioclimatic distributional patterns also predict the risk of death, suggesting that these forests are experiencing climatic conditions beyond their adaptative limits. These results provide not only a holistic pan-Amazonian picture of tree death but large-scale evidence for the overarching importance of the growth-survival trade-off in driving tropical tree mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert
- School of Geography, Earth and Enviornmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | | | | | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Martin J P Sullivan
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Kuo-Jung Chao
- International Master Program of Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Niro Higuchi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Jon Lloyd
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life, Imperial College London Sciences, London, UK
| | - Haiyan Liu
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beatriz Marimon
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso PPG-Ecologia e Conservação, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon Junior
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso PPG-Ecologia e Conservação, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | | | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | - Emilio Vilanova Torre
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Esteban Alvarez Dávila
- Escuela de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Boyacá, Colombia
- Fundación ConVida, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Everton Almeida
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Brazil
| | - Patricia Alvarez Loayza
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, University in Durham, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ana Andrade
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Florestais, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Eric Arets
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Dirección de la Carrera de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Gerardo A Aymard C
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela Compensation International Progress S.A. Ciprogress-Greenlife, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Michel Baisie
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Jorcely Barroso
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lilian Blanc
- UR Forest & Societies, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Damien Bonal
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - René Boot
- Department of Biology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Benoit Burban
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - José Luís Camargo
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Florestais, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Wendeson Castro
- Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | | | - Jerome Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversite Biologique, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - James Comiskey
- Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Antonio Lola da Costa
- Instituto de Geociências, Faculdade de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Para, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology and Primate Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Aurélie Dourdain
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - Terry Erwin
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Rafael Herrera
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Venezuela
- IIAMA, Universitat Politécnica de València, València, Spain
| | | | | | - Eliana Jimenez-Rojas
- Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Imani, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonia, Leticia, Colombia
| | | | - Susan Laurance
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - William Laurance
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas Lovejoy
- Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Escuela de Ciencias Forestales, Unidad Académica del Trópico, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Paulo Morandi
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso PPG-Ecologia e Conservação, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - David Neill
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Edmar Almeida de Oliveira
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso PPG-Ecologia e Conservação, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Nadir Pallqui Camacho
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Perú
| | - Guido Pardo
- Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Trinidad, Bolivia
| | | | - Marielos Peña-Claros
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - John Pipoly
- Broward County Parks Recreation, Oakland Park, FL, USA
| | - Nigel Pitman
- Keller Science Action Center, Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Thomas A M Pugh
- School of Geography, Earth and Enviornmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carlos Quesada
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Hirma Ramirez-Angulo
- Institute of Research for Forestry Development (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Simone Matias de Almeida Reis
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- UNEMAT - Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso PPG-Ecologia e Conservação, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Maxime Rejou-Machain
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | | | - Lily Rodriguez Bayona
- Centro de Conservacion, Investigacion y Manejo de Areas Naturales, CIMA Cordillera Azul, Lima, Peru
| | - Agustín Rudas
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rafael Salomão
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Julio Serrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Javier Silva Espejo
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Perú
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | | | - James Singh
- Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Clement Stahl
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG, CNRS, Cirad, AgroParisTech, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | | | - Varun Swamy
- Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, CA, USA
| | - Joey Talbot
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Systems Ecology, Free University, De Boelelaan 1087, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John Terborgh
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Marisol Toledo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | | | | | | | - Peter van der Meer
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Simone Aparecida Vieira
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Vincent Vos
- Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián, Trinidad, Bolivia
| | | | - Pieter Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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127
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Willing CE, Pierroz G, Coleman-Derr D, Dawson TE. The generalizability of water-deficit on bacterial community composition; Site-specific water-availability predicts the bacterial community associated with coast redwood roots. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4721-4734. [PMID: 33000868 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Experimental drought has been shown to delay the development of the root microbiome and increase the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, however, the generalizability of these findings to natural systems or other diverse plant hosts remains unknown. Bacterial cell wall thickness and growth morphology (e.g., filamentous or unicellular) have been proposed as traits that may mediate bacterial responses to environmental drivers. Leveraging a natural gradient of water-availability across the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) range, we tested three hypotheses: (a) that site-specific water-availability is an important predictor of bacterial community composition for redwood roots and rhizosphere soils; (b) that there is relative enrichment of Actinobacteria and other monoderm bacterial groups within the redwood microbiome in response to drier conditions; and (c) that bacterial growth morphology is an important predictor of bacteria response to water-availability, where filamentous taxa will become more dominant at drier sites compared to unicellular bacteria. We find that both α- and β-diversity of redwood bacterial communities is partially explained by water-availability and that Actinobacterial enrichment is a conserved response of land plants to water-deficit. Further, we highlight how the trend of Actinobacterial enrichment in the redwood system is largely driven by the Actinomycetales. We propose bacterial growth morphology (filamentous vs. unicellular) as an additional mechanism behind the increase in Actinomycetales with increasing aridity. A trait-based approach including cell-wall thickness and growth morphology may explain the distribution of bacterial taxa across environmental gradients and help to predict patterns of bacterial community composition for a wide range of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Willing
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Grady Pierroz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Devin Coleman-Derr
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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128
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Green JK, Berry J, Ciais P, Zhang Y, Gentine P. Amazon rainforest photosynthesis increases in response to atmospheric dryness. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/47/eabb7232. [PMID: 33219023 PMCID: PMC7679161 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb7232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Earth system models predict that increases in atmospheric and soil dryness will reduce photosynthesis in the Amazon rainforest, with large implications for the global carbon cycle. Using in situ observations, solar-induced fluorescence, and nonlinear machine learning techniques, we show that, in reality, this is not necessarily the case: In many of the wettest parts of this region, photosynthesis and biomass tend to increase with increased atmospheric dryness, despite the associated reductions in canopy conductance to CO2 These results can be largely explained by changes in canopy properties, specifically, new leaves flushed during the dry season have higher photosynthetic capacity than the leaves they replace, compensating for the negative stomatal response to increased dryness. As atmospheric dryness will increase with climate change, our study highlights the importance of reframing how we represent the response of ecosystem photosynthesis to atmospheric dryness in very wet regions, to accurately quantify the land carbon sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Green
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J Berry
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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129
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Rowland L, Costa ACL, Oliveira RS, Bittencourt PRL, Giles AL, Coughlin I, Britto Costa P, Bartholomew D, Domingues TF, Miatto RC, Ferreira LV, Vasconcelos SS, Junior JAS, Oliveira AAR, Mencuccini M, Meir P. The response of carbon assimilation and storage to long‐term drought in tropical trees is dependent on light availability. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Rowland
- Department of Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Antonio C. L. Costa
- Instituto de Geosciências Universidade Federal do Pará Belém Brazil
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia Belém Brazil
| | | | - Paulo R. L. Bittencourt
- Department of Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
- Instituto de Biologia University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil
| | - André L. Giles
- Instituto de Biologia University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Institute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas Brazil
| | - Ingrid Coughlin
- Departamento de Biologia FFCLRPUniversidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto Brazil
- Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Patricia Britto Costa
- Instituto de Biologia University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Institute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas Brazil
| | - David Bartholomew
- Department of Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Tomas F. Domingues
- Departamento de Biologia FFCLRPUniversidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Raquel C. Miatto
- Departamento de Biologia FFCLRPUniversidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Leandro V. Ferreira
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia Belém Brazil
| | | | | | - Alex A. R. Oliveira
- Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | | | - Patrick Meir
- Departamento de Biologia FFCLRPUniversidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto Brazil
- School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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130
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Timofeeva G, Treydte K, Bugmann H, Salmon Y, Rigling A, Schaub M, Vollenweider P, Siegwolf R, Saurer M. How does varying water supply affect oxygen isotope variations in needles and tree rings of Scots pine? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1366-1380. [PMID: 32589748 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In many regions, drought is suspected to be a cause of Scots pine decline and mortality, but the underlying physiological mechanisms remain unclear. Because of their relationship to ecohydrological processes, δ18O values in tree rings are potentially useful for deciphering long-term physiological responses and tree adaptation to increasing drought. We therefore analyzed both needle- and stem-level isotope fractionations in mature trees exposed to varying water supply. In a first experiment, we investigated seasonal δ18O variations in soil and needle water of Scots pine in a dry inner Alpine valley in Switzerland, comparing drought-stressed trees with trees that were irrigated for more than 10 years. In a second experiment, we analyzed twentieth-century δ18O variations in tree rings of the same forest, including a group of trees that had recently died. We observed less 18O enrichment in needle water of drought-stressed compared with irrigated trees. We applied different isotope fractionation models to explain these results, including the Péclet and the two-pool correction, which considers the ratio of unenriched xylem water in the needles to total needle water. Based on anatomical measurements, we found this ratio to be unchanged in drought-stressed needles, although they were shorter. The observed lower 18O enrichment in needles of stressed trees was therefore likely caused by increased effective path length for water movement within the leaf lamina. In the tree-ring study, we observed lower δ18O values in tree rings of dead trees compared with survivors during several decades prior to their death. These lower values in declining trees are consistent with the lower needle water 18O enrichment observed for drought-stressed compared with irrigated trees, suggesting that this needle-level signal is reflected in the tree rings, although changes in rooting depth could also play a role. Our study demonstrates that long-term effects of drought are reflected in the tree-ring δ18O values, which helps to provide a better understanding of past tree physiological changes of Scots pine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Timofeeva
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Yann Salmon
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Siegwolf
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
- Research Unit Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
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131
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Bartholomew DC, Bittencourt PRL, da Costa ACL, Banin LF, de Britto Costa P, Coughlin SI, Domingues TF, Ferreira LV, Giles A, Mencuccini M, Mercado L, Miatto RC, Oliveira A, Oliveira R, Meir P, Rowland L. Small tropical forest trees have a greater capacity to adjust carbon metabolism to long-term drought than large canopy trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2380-2393. [PMID: 32643169 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The response of small understory trees to long-term drought is vital in determining the future composition, carbon stocks and dynamics of tropical forests. Long-term drought is, however, also likely to expose understory trees to increased light availability driven by drought-induced mortality. Relatively little is known about the potential for understory trees to adjust their physiology to both decreasing water and increasing light availability. We analysed data on maximum photosynthetic capacity (Jmax , Vcmax ), leaf respiration (Rleaf ), leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf thickness and leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations from 66 small trees across 12 common genera at the world's longest running tropical rainfall exclusion experiment and compared responses to those from 61 surviving canopy trees. Small trees increased Jmax , Vcmax , Rleaf and LMA (71, 29, 32, 15% respectively) in response to the drought treatment, but leaf thickness and leaf nutrient concentrations did not change. Small trees were significantly more responsive than large canopy trees to the drought treatment, suggesting greater phenotypic plasticity and resilience to prolonged drought, although differences among taxa were observed. Our results highlight that small tropical trees have greater capacity to respond to ecosystem level changes and have the potential to regenerate resilient forests following future droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bartholomew
- School of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Paulo R L Bittencourt
- School of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sarah I Coughlin
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Tomas F Domingues
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - André Giles
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Mercado
- School of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - Raquel C Miatto
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lucy Rowland
- School of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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132
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Olson ME. From Carlquist's ecological wood anatomy to Carlquist's Law: why comparative anatomy is crucial for functional xylem biology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1328-1341. [PMID: 33078405 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
All students of xylem structure-function relations need to be familiar with the work of Sherwin Carlquist. He studies xylem through the lens of the comparative method, which uses the appearance of similar anatomical features under similar conditions of natural selection to infer function. "Function" in biology implies adaptation; maximally supported adaptation inferences require experimental and comparative xylem scientists to work with one another. Engaging with comparative inferences of xylem function will, more likely sooner rather than later, bring one to the work of Sherwin Carlquist. To mark his 90th birthday, I highlight just a few examples of his extraordinarily perceptive and general comparative insights. One is "Carlquist's Law", the pervasive tendency for vessels to be solitary when background cells are conductive. I cover his pioneering of "ecological" wood anatomy, viewing xylem variation as reflecting the effects of selection across climate and habit variation. Another is the embolism vulnerability-conduit diameter relationship, one of the most widely invoked structure-function relationships in xylem biology. I discuss the inferential richness within the notion of Carlquistian paedomorphosis, including detailed functional inferences regarding ray cell orientation. My final example comes from his very recent work offering the first satisfactory hypothesis accounting for the geographical and histological distribution of scalariform perforation plates as an adaptation, including "Carlquist's Ratchet", why scalariform plates are adaptive but do not re-evolve once lost. This extraordinarily rich production over six decades is filled with comparative inferences that should keep students of xylem function busy testing for decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, DF, 04510, México
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133
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De Kauwe MG, Medlyn BE, Ukkola AM, Mu M, Sabot MEB, Pitman AJ, Meir P, Cernusak LA, Rifai SW, Choat B, Tissue DT, Blackman CJ, Li X, Roderick M, Briggs PR. Identifying areas at risk of drought-induced tree mortality across South-Eastern Australia. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5716-5733. [PMID: 32512628 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
South-East Australia has recently been subjected to two of the worst droughts in the historical record (Millennium Drought, 2000-2009 and Big Dry, 2017-2019). Unfortunately, a lack of forest monitoring has made it difficult to determine whether widespread tree mortality has resulted from these droughts. Anecdotal observations suggest the Big Dry may have led to more significant tree mortality than the Millennium drought. Critically, to be able to robustly project future expected climate change effects on Australian vegetation, we need to assess the vulnerability of Australian trees to drought. Here we implemented a model of plant hydraulics into the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) land surface model. We parameterized the drought response behaviour of five broad vegetation types, based on a common garden dry-down experiment with species originating across a rainfall gradient (188-1,125 mm/year) across South-East Australia. The new hydraulics model significantly improved (~35%-45% reduction in root mean square error) CABLE's previous predictions of latent heat fluxes during periods of water stress at two eddy covariance sites in Australia. Landscape-scale predictions of the greatest percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) of about 40%-60%, were broadly consistent with satellite estimates of regions of the greatest change in both droughts. In neither drought did CABLE predict that trees would have reached critical PLC in widespread areas (i.e. it projected a low mortality risk), although the model highlighted critical levels near the desert regions of South-East Australia where few trees live. Overall, our experimentally constrained model results imply significant resilience to drought conferred by hydraulic function, but also highlight critical data and scientific gaps. Our approach presents a promising avenue to integrate experimental data and make regional-scale predictions of potential drought-induced hydraulic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G De Kauwe
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna M Ukkola
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Mengyuan Mu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Manon E B Sabot
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Pitman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
| | - Sami W Rifai
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris J Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Ximeng Li
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Roderick
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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134
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Rambal S, Cavender-Bares J, Sparks KL, Sparks JP. Consequences of drought severity for tropical live oak (Quercus oleoides) in Mesoamerica. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02135. [PMID: 32304117 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In two Costa Rican and three Honduran sites that vary in rainfall and soil properties, we used natural isotopes, a soil water balance model, and broad-scale climate-based drought indices to study shifts in water use with ontogeny from seedlings to mature tropical live oak (Quercus oleoides) trees. Water use patterns help to explain persistence of this broadly distributed species in Mesoamerica and to evaluate likely threats of ongoing climate changes. At the end of the dry season, soil δ18 O profiles can be described by one-phase exponential decay curves. Minimum values reflect geographic origins of the last significant rain event, and curvature is inversely related to canopy closure, demonstrating its role in controlling topsoil evaporation. Partitioning of soil water sources for transpiration was analyzed with a mixing model. In the Costa Rican sites, in a relatively dry year, saplings and mature trees took up water from the upper soil. In a relatively wet year in the Honduran sites, we observed deeper water extraction. In all sites, soil storage dampens extreme variation in water availability. The size dependence of water uptake with larger stems exploiting deeper layers is translated into variation in bulk leaf δ13 C-based water use efficiency (WUE) with the exception of mature trees. From 1932 to 2015, drought severity was evaluated with the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) concurrently with simulations of the soil water balance model. Drought occurrence increased, regardless of the time period, averaged across 6, 12, or 24 months. All ontogenetic stages in all populations experienced frequent water limitation. We found evidence for linear trends toward aridification with increases of return periods of drought for October SPEI-24 declining from 42 to 6 yr in Costa Rica and from 21 to 7 yr in Honduras and recent occurrence of multiyear droughts from 2013 to 2016. October SPEI-12 and SPEI-24 were significantly related to the Oceanic Niño Indices demonstrating that local inter-annual variations in drought severity in Mesoamerica are modulated by large-scale climate forces. Drought severity in the near-term future depends on the extent to which the Pacific will adopt a more La Niña-like vs. a more El Niño-like state under ongoing climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Rambal
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR5175, CNRS, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34293, France
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CP 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, CEP 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Kimberlee L Sparks
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Jed P Sparks
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
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135
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Guo T, Tian C, Chen C, Duan Z, Zhu Q, Sun LZ. Growth and carbohydrate dynamic of perennial ryegrass seedlings during PEG-simulated drought and subsequent recovery. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:85-93. [PMID: 32535324 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing occurrence of drought events, drought recovery has become equally important as drought resistance for long-term growth and survival of plants. However, information regarding the mechanism that controls growth recovery of herbaceous perennials is not available. In this study, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was rewatered after eight-day exposure to three drought intensities simulated by polyethylene glycol-6000. The growth, nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC, i.e. sucrose, glucose, fructose and starch), shoot δ13C, and activities of enzymes for sucrose conversion were monitored for 24 days after rewatering, allowing investigation of the dynamic of NSCs and its relation with growth in the recovery phase. In response to drought, growth and NSC content decreased mainly in shoot rather than root, and the total dry matter was negatively correlated to shoot δ13C. After rewatering, the growth of drought-treated groups still lagged behind that of control (CK) group for more than 16 days, but it was no longer correlated to shoot δ13C, suggesting that the limited growth is caused by non-stomatal factors related to photosynthesis. On day 24 after rewatering, the final growth of drought-treated groups caught up or even exceeded that of CK group, and was accompanied by higher dry weight root to shoot ratio (R/S) and root NSC content, which may facilitate water and nutrient acquisition and emergency of new tillers, respectively. During drought and subsequent recovery, the variation of R/S and root NSC content mainly attributed to root acid invertase rather than leaf sucrose phosphate synthase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtian Guo
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chen Tian
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhaoyang Duan
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Luan Zi Sun
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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136
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Jiménez EM, Peñuela‐Mora MC, Moreno F, Sierra CA. Spatial and temporal variation of forest net primary productivity components on contrasting soils in northwestern Amazon. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana M. Jiménez
- Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones IMANI Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonia Km. 2 vía Tarapacá Leticia Colombia
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry P.O. Box 10 01 64 Jena07701Germany
| | - María Cristina Peñuela‐Mora
- Grupo de Ecosistemas Tropicales y Cambio Global Universidad Regional Amazónica‐Ikiam Ciudad de Tena Napo Ecuador
| | - Flavio Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín Medellin Colombia
| | - Carlos A. Sierra
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry P.O. Box 10 01 64 Jena07701Germany
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137
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Unmanned Aerial System and Machine Learning Techniques Help to Detect Dead Woody Components in a Tropical Dry Forest. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11080827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Increased frequency and intensity of drought events are predicted to occur throughout the world because of climate change. These extreme climate events result in higher tree mortality and fraction of dead woody components, phenomena that are currently being reported worldwide as critical indicators of the impacts of climate change on forest diversity and function. In this paper, we assess the accuracy and processing times of ten machine learning (ML) techniques, applied to multispectral unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data to detect dead canopy woody components. Materials and Methods: This work was conducted on five secondary dry forest plots located at the Santa Rosa National Park Environmental Monitoring Super Site, Costa Rica. Results: The coverage of dead woody components at the selected secondary dry forest plots was estimated to range from 4.8% to 16.1%, with no differences between the successional stages. Of the ten ML techniques, the support vector machine with radial kernel (SVMR) and random forests (RF) provided the highest accuracies (0.982 vs. 0.98, respectively). Of these two ML algorithms, the processing time of SVMR was longer than the processing time of RF (8735.64 s vs. 989 s). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that it is feasible to detect and quantify dead woody components, such as dead stands and fallen trees, using a combination of high-resolution UAV data and ML algorithms. Using this technology, accuracy values higher than 95% were achieved. However, it is important to account for a series of factors, such as the optimization of the tuning parameters of the ML algorithms, the environmental conditions and the time of the UAV data acquisition.
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138
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Reply to "Height-related changes in forest composition explain increasing tree mortality with height during an extreme drought". Nat Commun 2020; 11:3401. [PMID: 32636374 PMCID: PMC7340790 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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139
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Soriano D, Echeverría A, Anfodillo T, Rosell JA, Olson ME. Hydraulic traits vary as the result of tip-to-base conduit widening in vascular plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4232-4242. [PMID: 32219309 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant hydraulic traits are essential metrics for characterizing variation in plant function, but they vary markedly with plant size and position in a plant. We explore the potential effect of conduit widening on variation in hydraulic traits along the stem. We examined three species that differ in conduit diameter at the stem base for a given height (Moringa oleifera, Casimiroa edulis, and Pinus ayacahuite). We made anatomical and hydraulic measurements at different distances from the stem tip, constructed vulnerability curves, and examined the safety-efficiency trade-off with height-standardized data. Our results showed that segment-specific hydraulic resistance varied predictably along the stem, paralleling changes in mean conduit diameter and total number of conduits. The Huber value and leaf specific conductivity also varied depending on the sampling point. Vulnerability curves were markedly less noisy with height standardization, making the vulnerability-efficiency trade-off clearer. Because conduits widen predictably along the stem, taking height and distance from the tip into account provides a way of enhancing comparability and interpretation of hydraulic traits. Our results suggest the need for rethinking hydraulic sampling for comparing plant functional differences and strategies across individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Soriano
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP, CDMX, México
| | - Alberto Echeverría
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP, CDMX, México
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Julieta A Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Mark E Olson
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP, CDMX, México
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Bittencourt PRL, Oliveira RS, da Costa ACL, Giles AL, Coughlin I, Costa PB, Bartholomew DC, Ferreira LV, Vasconcelos SS, Barros FV, Junior JAS, Oliveira AAR, Mencuccini M, Meir P, Rowland L. Amazonia trees have limited capacity to acclimate plant hydraulic properties in response to long-term drought. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3569-3584. [PMID: 32061003 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The fate of tropical forests under future climate change is dependent on the capacity of their trees to adjust to drier conditions. The capacity of trees to withstand drought is likely to be determined by traits associated with their hydraulic systems. However, data on whether tropical trees can adjust hydraulic traits when experiencing drought remain rare. We measured plant hydraulic traits (e.g. hydraulic conductivity and embolism resistance) and plant hydraulic system status (e.g. leaf water potential, native embolism and safety margin) on >150 trees from 12 genera (36 species) and spanning a stem size range from 14 to 68 cm diameter at breast height at the world's only long-running tropical forest drought experiment. Hydraulic traits showed no adjustment following 15 years of experimentally imposed moisture deficit. This failure to adjust resulted in these drought-stressed trees experiencing significantly lower leaf water potentials, and higher, but variable, levels of native embolism in the branches. This result suggests that hydraulic damage caused by elevated levels of embolism is likely to be one of the key drivers of drought-induced mortality following long-term soil moisture deficit. We demonstrate that some hydraulic traits changed with tree size, however, the direction and magnitude of the change was controlled by taxonomic identity. Our results suggest that Amazonian trees, both small and large, have limited capacity to acclimate their hydraulic systems to future droughts, potentially making them more at risk of drought-induced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R L Bittencourt
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Biological Sciences, UWA, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Andre L Giles
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Coughlin
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Patricia B Costa
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Biological Sciences, UWA, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David C Bartholomew
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | | | - Fernanda V Barros
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Joao A S Junior
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lucy Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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141
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Guo JS, Gear L, Hultine KR, Koch GW, Ogle K. Non-structural carbohydrate dynamics associated with antecedent stem water potential and air temperature in a dominant desert shrub. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1467-1483. [PMID: 32112440 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are necessary for plant growth and affected by plant water status, but the temporal dynamics of water stress impacts on NSC are not well understood. We evaluated how seasonal NSC concentrations varied with plant water status (predawn xylem water potential, Ψ) and air temperature (T) in the evergreen desert shrub Larrea tridentata. Aboveground sugar and starch concentrations were measured weekly or monthly for ~1.5 years on 6-12 shrubs simultaneously instrumented with automated stem psychrometers; leaf photosynthesis (Anet ) was measured monthly for 1 year. Leaf sugar increased during the dry, premonsoon period, associated with lower Ψ (greater water stress) and high T. Leaf sugar accumulation coincided with declines in leaf starch and stem sugar, suggesting the prioritization of leaf sugar during low photosynthetic uptake. Leaf starch was strongly correlated with Anet and peaked during the spring and monsoon seasons, while stem starch remained relatively constant except for depletion during the monsoon. Recent photosynthate appeared sufficient to support spring growth, while monsoon growth required the remobilization of stem starch reserves. The coordinated responses of different NSC fractions to water status, photosynthesis, and growth demands suggest that NSCs serve multiple functions under extreme environmental conditions, including severe drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Linnea Gear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation, and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - George W Koch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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142
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Eller CB, Rowland L, Mencuccini M, Rosas T, Williams K, Harper A, Medlyn BE, Wagner Y, Klein T, Teodoro GS, Oliveira RS, Matos IS, Rosado BHP, Fuchs K, Wohlfahrt G, Montagnani L, Meir P, Sitch S, Cox PM. Stomatal optimization based on xylem hydraulics (SOX) improves land surface model simulation of vegetation responses to climate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1622-1637. [PMID: 31916258 PMCID: PMC7318565 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Land surface models (LSMs) typically use empirical functions to represent vegetation responses to soil drought. These functions largely neglect recent advances in plant ecophysiology that link xylem hydraulic functioning with stomatal responses to climate. We developed an analytical stomatal optimization model based on xylem hydraulics (SOX) to predict plant responses to drought. Coupling SOX to the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) LSM, we conducted a global evaluation of SOX against leaf- and ecosystem-level observations. SOX simulates leaf stomatal conductance responses to climate for woody plants more accurately and parsimoniously than the existing JULES stomatal conductance model. An ecosystem-level evaluation at 70 eddy flux sites shows that SOX decreases the sensitivity of gross primary productivity (GPP) to soil moisture, which improves the model agreement with observations and increases the predicted annual GPP by 30% in relation to JULES. SOX decreases JULES root-mean-square error in GPP by up to 45% in evergreen tropical forests, and can simulate realistic patterns of canopy water potential and soil water dynamics at the studied sites. SOX provides a parsimonious way to incorporate recent advances in plant hydraulics and optimality theory into LSMs, and an alternative to empirical stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleiton B. Eller
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QFUK
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of CampinasCampinas13083‐862Brazil
| | - Lucy Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QFUK
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAFBellaterra08193BarcelonaSpain
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
| | - Teresa Rosas
- CREAFBellaterra08193BarcelonaSpain
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Anna Harper
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QFUK
| | - Belinda E. Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Yael Wagner
- Department of Plant & Environmental SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science76100RehovotIsrael
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant & Environmental SciencesWeizmann Institute of Science76100RehovotIsrael
| | | | - Rafael S. Oliveira
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of CampinasCampinas13083‐862Brazil
| | - Ilaine S. Matos
- Department of Ecology – IBRAGRio de Janeiro State University (UERJ)Rio de Janeiro20550‐013Brazil
| | - Bruno H. P. Rosado
- Department of Ecology – IBRAGRio de Janeiro State University (UERJ)Rio de Janeiro20550‐013Brazil
| | - Kathrin Fuchs
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 28092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Department of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruck6020Austria
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Forest ServicesAutonomous Province of BolzanoVia Brennero 639100BolzanoItaly
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityActonACT2601Australia
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FFUK
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QFUK
| | - Peter M. Cox
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QFUK
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143
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de Meira Junior MS, Pinto JRR, Ramos NO, Miguel EP, Gaspar RDO, Phillips OL. The impact of long dry periods on the aboveground biomass in a tropical forests: 20 years of monitoring. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2020; 15:12. [PMID: 32474791 PMCID: PMC7261387 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-020-00147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term studies of community and population dynamics indicate that abrupt disturbances often catalyse changes in vegetation and carbon stocks. These disturbances include the opening of clearings, rainfall seasonality, and drought, as well as fire and direct human disturbance. Such events may be super-imposed on longer-term trends in disturbance, such as those associated with climate change (heating, drying), as well as resources. Intact neotropical forests have recently experienced increased drought frequency and fire occurrence, on top of pervasive increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but we lack long-term records of responses to such changes especially in the critical transitional areas at the interface of forest and savanna biomes. Here, we present results from 20 years monitoring a valley forest (moist tropical forest outlier) in central Brazil. The forest has experienced multiple drought events and includes plots which have and which have not experienced fire. We focus on how forest structure (stem density and aboveground biomass carbon) and dynamics (stem and biomass mortality and recruitment) have responded to these disturbance regimes. RESULTS Overall, the biomass carbon stock increased due to the growth of the trees already present in the forest, without any increase in the overall number of tree stems. Over time, both recruitment and especially mortality of trees tended to increase, and periods of prolonged drought in particular resulted in increased mortality rates of larger trees. This increased mortality was in turn responsible for a decline in aboveground carbon toward the end of the monitoring period. CONCLUSION Prolonged droughts influence the mortality of large trees, leading to a decline in aboveground carbon stocks. Here, and in other neotropical forests, recent droughts are capable of shutting down and reversing biomass carbon sinks. These new results add to evidence that anthropogenic climate changes are already adversely impacting tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Oliver L. Phillips
- Department of Forest Engineering, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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144
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Powers JS, Vargas G G, Brodribb TJ, Schwartz NB, Pérez-Aviles D, Smith-Martin CM, Becknell JM, Aureli F, Blanco R, Calderón-Morales E, Calvo-Alvarado JC, Calvo-Obando AJ, Chavarría MM, Carvajal-Vanegas D, Jiménez-Rodríguez CD, Murillo Chacon E, Schaffner CM, Werden LK, Xu X, Medvigy D. A catastrophic tropical drought kills hydraulically vulnerable tree species. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3122-3133. [PMID: 32053250 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought-related tree mortality is now a widespread phenomenon predicted to increase in magnitude with climate change. However, the patterns of which species and trees are most vulnerable to drought, and the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive, in part due to the lack of relevant data and difficulty of predicting the location of catastrophic drought years in advance. We used long-term demographic records and extensive databases of functional traits and distribution patterns to understand the responses of 20-53 species to an extreme drought in a seasonally dry tropical forest in Costa Rica, which occurred during the 2015 El Niño Southern Oscillation event. Overall, species-specific mortality rates during the drought ranged from 0% to 34%, and varied little as a function of tree size. By contrast, hydraulic safety margins correlated well with probability of mortality among species, while morphological or leaf economics spectrum traits did not. This firmly suggests hydraulic traits as targets for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Powers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - German Vargas G
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Naomi B Schwartz
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel Pérez-Aviles
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Chris M Smith-Martin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Filippo Aureli
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Instituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Roger Blanco
- Programa de Investigación, Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservación, Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, Liberia, Costa Rica
| | - Erick Calderón-Morales
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | - María Marta Chavarría
- Programa de Investigación, Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservación, Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, Liberia, Costa Rica
| | | | - César D Jiménez-Rodríguez
- Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica
- Water Resources Section, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Evin Murillo Chacon
- Programa de Investigación, Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservación, Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, Liberia, Costa Rica
| | - Colleen M Schaffner
- Instituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Psychology Department, Adams State University, Alamosa, CO, USA
| | - Leland K Werden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David Medvigy
- Department of Biological Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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145
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Jennifer Powers
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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146
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Rozendaal DMA, Phillips OL, Lewis SL, Affum-Baffoe K, Alvarez-Davila E, Andrade A, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Baker TR, Bánki O, Brienen RJW, Camargo JLC, Comiskey JA, Djuikouo Kamdem MN, Fauset S, Feldpausch TR, Killeen TJ, Laurance WF, Laurance SGW, Lovejoy T, Malhi Y, Marimon BS, Marimon Junior BH, Marshall AR, Neill DA, Núñez Vargas P, Pitman NCA, Poorter L, Reitsma J, Silveira M, Sonké B, Sunderland T, Taedoumg H, Ter Steege H, Terborgh JW, Umetsu RK, van der Heijden GMF, Vilanova E, Vos V, White LJT, Willcock S, Zemagho L, Vanderwel MC. Competition influences tree growth, but not mortality, across environmental gradients in Amazonia and tropical Africa. Ecology 2020; 101:e03052. [PMID: 32239762 PMCID: PMC7379300 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Competition among trees is an important driver of community structure and dynamics in tropical forests. Neighboring trees may impact an individual tree's growth rate and probability of mortality, but large-scale geographic and environmental variation in these competitive effects has yet to be evaluated across the tropical forest biome. We quantified effects of competition on tree-level basal area growth and mortality for trees ≥10-cm diameter across 151 ~1-ha plots in mature tropical forests in Amazonia and tropical Africa by developing nonlinear models that accounted for wood density, tree size, and neighborhood crowding. Using these models, we assessed how water availability (i.e., climatic water deficit) and soil fertility influenced the predicted plot-level strength of competition (i.e., the extent to which growth is reduced, or mortality is increased, by competition across all individual trees). On both continents, tree basal area growth decreased with wood density and increased with tree size. Growth decreased with neighborhood crowding, which suggests that competition is important. Tree mortality decreased with wood density and generally increased with tree size, but was apparently unaffected by neighborhood crowding. Across plots, variation in the plot-level strength of competition was most strongly related to plot basal area (i.e., the sum of the basal area of all trees in a plot), with greater reductions in growth occurring in forests with high basal area, but in Amazonia, the strength of competition also varied with plot-level wood density. In Amazonia, the strength of competition increased with water availability because of the greater basal area of wetter forests, but was only weakly related to soil fertility. In Africa, competition was weakly related to soil fertility and invariant across the shorter water availability gradient. Overall, our results suggest that competition influences the structure and dynamics of tropical forests primarily through effects on individual tree growth rather than mortality and that the strength of competition largely depends on environment-mediated variation in basal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danaë M A Rozendaal
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, S4S 0A2, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Simon L Lewis
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Esteban Alvarez-Davila
- Escuela ECAPMA, UNAD, Calle 14 Sur No. 14-23, Bogotá, Colombia.,Fundación Con Vida, Avenida del Río # 20-114, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Andrade
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, Av. dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12227-010, Brazil.,Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565, Casilla Postal 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Timothy R Baker
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Olaf Bánki
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2332 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roel J W Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - José Luis C Camargo
- Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - James A Comiskey
- Inventory & Monitoring Program, National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane, Fredericksburg, 22405, Virginia, USA.,Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1100 Jefferson Dr. SW, Suite 3123, Washington, 20560-0705, D.C., USA
| | - Marie Noël Djuikouo Kamdem
- Department of Botany & Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 063, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Timothy J Killeen
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565, Casilla Postal 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Road, Cairns, 4878, Australia
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Road, Cairns, 4878, Australia
| | - Thomas Lovejoy
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13QY, UK
| | - Beatriz S Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, s/n, Bairro Olaria, Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso, CEP 78690-000, Brazil
| | - Ben-Hur Marimon Junior
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, s/n, Bairro Olaria, Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso, CEP 78690-000, Brazil
| | - Andrew R Marshall
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, 4556, Australia.,Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK.,Flamingo Land Ltd., Malton, North Yorkshire, YO17 6UX, UK
| | - David A Neill
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | - Percy Núñez Vargas
- Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Peru
| | - Nigel C A Pitman
- Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, 60605-2496, Illinois, USA.,Center for Tropical Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, P.O. Box 90381, Durham, 27708, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Reitsma
- Bureau Waardenburg, P.O. Box 365, 4100 AJ, Culemborg, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Acre, Brazil
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Terry Sunderland
- Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor, 16115, Indonesia.,Forest Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hermann Taedoumg
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2332 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John W Terborgh
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Road, Cairns, 4878, Australia.,Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, Florida, USA
| | - Ricardo K Umetsu
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. Prof. Dr. Renato Figueiro Varella, s/n, Bairro Olaria, Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso, CEP 78690-000, Brazil
| | | | - Emilio Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Vincent Vos
- Universidad Autónoma de Beni, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia
| | - Lee J T White
- Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, BP 20379, Gabon.,Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, BP 13354, Gabon.,School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Simon Willcock
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Lise Zemagho
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Mark C Vanderwel
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, S4S 0A2, Saskatchewan, Canada
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147
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Fortunel C, Stahl C, Heuret P, Nicolini E, Baraloto C. Disentangling the effects of environment and ontogeny on tree functional dimensions for congeneric species in tropical forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:385-395. [PMID: 31872884 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil water and nutrient availability are key drivers of tree species distribution and forest ecosystem functioning, with strong species differences in water and nutrient use. Despite growing evidence for intraspecific trait differences, it remains unclear under which circumstances the effects of environmental gradients trump those of ontogeny and taxonomy on important functional dimensions related to resource use, particularly in tropical forests. Here, we explore how physiological, chemical, and morphological traits related to resource use vary between life stages in four species within the genus Micropholis that is widespread in lowland Amazonia. Specifically, we evaluate how environment, developmental stage, and taxonomy contribute to single-trait variation and multidimensional functional strategies. We find that environment, developmental stage, and taxonomy differentially contribute to functional dimensions. Habitats and seasons shape physiological and chemical traits related to water and nutrient use, whereas developmental stage and taxonomic identity impact morphological traits -especially those related to the leaf economics spectrum. Our findings suggest that combining environment, ontogeny, and taxonomy allows for a better understanding of important functional dimensions in tropical trees and highlights the need for integrating tree physiological and chemical traits with classically used morphological traits to improve predictions of tropical forests' responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Fortunel
- AMAP (Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Clément Stahl
- UMR EcoFoG (Ecology of Guiana Forests), INRA, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, Université de Guyane, Université des Antilles, 97379, Kourou, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- AMAP (Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Nicolini
- AMAP (Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations), Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- UMR EcoFoG (Ecology of Guiana Forests), INRA, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, Université de Guyane, Université des Antilles, 97379, Kourou, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33133, USA
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148
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Yoshifuji N, Kumagai T, Ichie T, Kume T, Tateishi M, Inoue Y, Yoneyama A, Nakashizuka T. Limited stomatal regulation of the largest-size class of Dryobalanops aromatica in a Bornean tropical rainforest in response to artificial soil moisture reduction. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:175-191. [PMID: 31858360 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The physiological response of trees to drought is crucial for understanding the risk of mortality and its feedbacks to climate under the increase in droughts due to climate change, especially for the largest trees in tropical rainforests because of their large contribution to total carbon storage and water use. We determined the response of the mean canopy stomatal conductance per unit leaf area (gs) and whole-tree hydraulic conductance (Gp) of the largest individuals (38-53 m in height) of a typical canopy tree species in a Bornean tropical rainforest, Dryobalanops aromatica C.F.Gaertn., to soil moisture reduction by a 4-month rainfall exclusion experiment (REE) based on the measurements of sap flux and leaf water potentials at midday and dawn. In the mesic condition, the gs at vapor pressure deficit (D) = 1 kPa (gsref) was small compared with the reported values in various biomes. The sensitivity of gs to D (m) at a given gsref (m/gsref) was ≥ 0.6 irrespective of soil moisture conditions, indicating intrinsically sensitive stomatal control with increasing D. The REE caused greater soil drought and decreased the mean leaf water potentials at midday and dawn to the more negative values than the control under the relatively dry conditions due to natural reduction in rainfall. However, the REE did not cause a greater decrease in gs nor any clear alteration in the sensitivity of gs to D compared with the control, and induced greater decreases in Gp during REE than the control. Thus, though the small gs and the sensitive stomatal response to D indicate the water saving characteristics of the studied trees under usual mesic conditions, their limited stomatal regulation in response to soil drought by REE and the resulting decline in Gp might suggest a poor resistance to the unusually severe drought expected in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Yoshifuji
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan.
- Kasuya Research Forest, Kyushu University, Sasaguri, Fukuoka, 811-2415, Japan.
| | - Tomo'omi Kumagai
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ichie
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kume
- Kasuya Research Forest, Kyushu University, Sasaguri, Fukuoka, 811-2415, Japan
| | - Makiko Tateishi
- Kyoto University Research Administration Office, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Inoue
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Aogu Yoneyama
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Tohru Nakashizuka
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kyoto, 603-8047, Japan
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149
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Lange J, Carrer M, Pisaric MFJ, Porter TJ, Seo JW, Trouillier M, Wilmking M. Moisture-driven shift in the climate sensitivity of white spruce xylem anatomical traits is coupled to large-scale oscillation patterns across northern treeline in northwest North America. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1842-1856. [PMID: 31799729 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tree growth at northern treelines is generally temperature-limited due to cold and short growing seasons. However, temperature-induced drought stress was repeatedly reported for certain regions of the boreal forest in northwestern North America, provoked by a significant increase in temperature and possibly reinforced by a regime shift of the pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). The aim of this study is to better understand physiological growth reactions of white spruce, a dominant species of the North American boreal forest, to PDO regime shifts using quantitative wood anatomy and traditional tree-ring width (TRW) analysis. We investigated white spruce growth at latitudinal treeline across a >1,000 km gradient in northwestern North America. Functionally important xylem anatomical traits (lumen area, cell-wall thickness, cell number) and TRW were correlated with the drought-sensitive standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index of the growing season. Correlations were computed separately for complete phases of the PDO in the 20th century, representing alternating warm/dry (1925-1946), cool/wet (1947-1976) and again warm/dry (1977-1998) climate regimes. Xylem anatomical traits revealed water-limiting conditions in both warm/dry PDO regimes, while no or spatially contrasting associations were found for the cool/wet regime, indicating a moisture-driven shift in growth-limiting factors between PDO periods. TRW reflected only the last shift of 1976/1977, suggesting different climate thresholds and a higher sensitivity to moisture availability of xylem anatomical traits compared to TRW. This high sensitivity of xylem anatomical traits permits to identify first signs of moisture-driven growth in treeline white spruce at an early stage, suggesting quantitative wood anatomy being a powerful tool to study climate change effects in the northwestern North American treeline ecotone. Projected temperature increase might challenge growth performance of white spruce as a key component of the North American boreal forest biome in the future, when drier conditions are likely to occur with higher frequency and intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lange
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marco Carrer
- Department TESAF, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michael F J Pisaric
- Department of Geography and Tourism Studies, Brock University, Saint Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor J Porter
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Jeong-Wook Seo
- Department of Wood & Paper Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mario Trouillier
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Wilmking
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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150
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DeSoto L, Cailleret M, Sterck F, Jansen S, Kramer K, Robert EMR, Aakala T, Amoroso MM, Bigler C, Camarero JJ, Čufar K, Gea-Izquierdo G, Gillner S, Haavik LJ, Hereş AM, Kane JM, Kharuk VI, Kitzberger T, Klein T, Levanič T, Linares JC, Mäkinen H, Oberhuber W, Papadopoulos A, Rohner B, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Stojanovic DB, Suárez ML, Villalba R, Martínez-Vilalta J. Low growth resilience to drought is related to future mortality risk in trees. Nat Commun 2020; 11:545. [PMID: 31992718 PMCID: PMC6987235 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe droughts have the potential to reduce forest productivity and trigger tree mortality. Most trees face several drought events during their life and therefore resilience to dry conditions may be crucial to long-term survival. We assessed how growth resilience to severe droughts, including its components resistance and recovery, is related to the ability to survive future droughts by using a tree-ring database of surviving and now-dead trees from 118 sites (22 species, >3,500 trees). We found that, across the variety of regions and species sampled, trees that died during water shortages were less resilient to previous non-lethal droughts, relative to coexisting surviving trees of the same species. In angiosperms, drought-related mortality risk is associated with lower resistance (low capacity to reduce impact of the initial drought), while it is related to reduced recovery (low capacity to attain pre-drought growth rates) in gymnosperms. The different resilience strategies in these two taxonomic groups open new avenues to improve our understanding and prediction of drought-induced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía DeSoto
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Spanish National Research Council (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain.
- Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- INRAE, Université Aix-Marseille, UMR Recover, Aix-en-Provence, France
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Koen Kramer
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Land Life Company, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M R Robert
- CREAF, Bellaterrra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Tuomas Aakala
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mariano M Amoroso
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural (IRNAD), Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Christof Bigler
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Spanish National Research Council (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Katarina Čufar
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Guillermo Gea-Izquierdo
- Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sten Gillner
- Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Ana-Maria Hereş
- Department of Forest Sciences, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
- BC3 - Basque Centre for Climate Change, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jeffrey M Kane
- Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA
| | - Vyacheslav I Kharuk
- Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bariloche, Argentina
- Department of Ecology, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tom Levanič
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Juan C Linares
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Harri Mäkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Espoo, Finland
| | - Walter Oberhuber
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Brigitte Rohner
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Dejan B Stojanovic
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maria Laura Suárez
- Grupo Ecología Forestal, CONICET - INTA, EEA Bariloche, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Villalba
- Instituto Argentino de Nivología Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA-CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterrra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterrra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
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